Reading in Depth Passage 1 Passage 2 Passage 3 Passage 4 Passage 5 Passage 6 Passage 7 Passage 8...

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Reading in DepthReading in DepthPassage 1 Passage 2

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Skimming and Scanning

Passage 1 Passage 2

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Passage 1

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

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People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some relationship. Thus many are convinced their dreams are prophetic(预言的) because a few have come true; they neglect or fail to notice the many that have not. Consider also the belief that “the phone always rings when I’m in the shower.” If it does ring while you are in the shower, the event will stand out and be remembered. If it doesn’t ring, that nonevent probably won’t even register(留下印象) .

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People want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. consider, for example, the common belief that things like personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths “happen in threes.” Such beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the time period. If three plane crashes occur in a month, then the period of time that counts as their “happening together” is one month; if three crashes occur in a year, the period of time is stretched. Flexible end points reinforce such beliefs.

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We also tend to believe what we want to believe. A majority of people think they are more intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobile than the average person. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our advantage. As economist Thomas Schelling explains, “Everybody ranks himself high in qualities he values: careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to skill, and those who are polite give weight to courtesy,” This way everyone ranks high on his own scale.

Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious(谨慎的) in drawing conclusions. The “evidence” of everyday life is sometimes misleading.

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1. In the first paragraph the author states that _________.

A) dreams cannot be said to be prophetic even though a few have come true.

B) dreams are prophetic because some of them did come true.

C) dreams may come true if clearly remembered.

D) dreams and reality are closely related.

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2. By “things like…” “happen in threes” (Para.3), the author indicates that people believe ___________.

A) personal misfortunes tend to happen every now and then.

B) personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths usually happen together.

C) misfortunes tend to occur according to certain patterns.

D) misfortunes will never occur more than three times to a person in his lifetime.

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3.3. The word “courtesy” (Para.4) The word “courtesy” (Para.4) probably means ____________.probably means ____________.

A) good mannersA) good manners

B) appropriate speechB) appropriate speech

C) friendly relationsC) friendly relations

D) satisfactory serviceD) satisfactory service

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4.4. What can be inferred from the What can be inferred from the passage?passage?

A) Happenings that go unnoticed A) Happenings that go unnoticed deserve more attention.deserve more attention.

B) In a series of misfortunes the third B) In a series of misfortunes the third one is usually the most serious.one is usually the most serious.

C) People tend to make use of C) People tend to make use of evidence that supports their own beliefs.evidence that supports their own beliefs.

D) Believers of misfortunes happening D) Believers of misfortunes happening in threes are cautious in interpreting in threes are cautious in interpreting events.events.

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5.5. It can be concluded from the passage It can be concluded from the passage that __________.that __________.

A) there is some truth even in the A) there is some truth even in the wildest dreams.wildest dreams.

B) one should take notice of other B) one should take notice of other peoplepeople’’s merits.s merits.

C) there is no order or pattern in world C) there is no order or pattern in world events.events.

D) we should not base our conclusions D) we should not base our conclusions on accidental evidence.on accidental evidence.

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Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

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It has been thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent. Because music is so important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is performed in Africa, we are inclined to think that all Africans are musicians. The impression is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find that we have become largely a society of musical spectators(旁观) . Music is important to us, but most of us can be considered consumers rather than producers of music. We have records, television, concerts, and radio to fulfill many of our musical needs. In most situations where music is performed in our culture it is not difficult to distinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa. Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute(长笛) and drum ensemble(歌舞团) is performing. “Anybody can take part”.

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This is true, but Kasena musicians recognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part in the music. Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even fewer can play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound. Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage) and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult to draw from our point of view.

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6. The difference between us and Africans, as far as music is concerned, is that __________.

A) most of us are consumers while most of them are producers of music.

B) we are musical performers and they are semiprofessional musicians.

C) most of us are passive spectators while they are active spectators.

D) we are the audience and they are the additional performers.

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7. The word “such” (Line 9) refers to the fact that _________.

A) music is performed with the participation of the audience.

B) music is performed without the participation of the audience.

C) people tend to distinguish the audience from the performers.

D) people have records, television sets and radio to fulfill their musical needs.

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8. The author of the passage implies that __________.

A) all Africans are musical and therefore much music is performed in Africa.

B) not all Africans are born with musical talent although music is important in their lives.

C) most Africans are capable of joining in the music by playing musical instruments.

D) most Africans perform as well as professional musicians.

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9. The word “nucleus” (Line 16) probably refers to _________.

A) musicians famous in Africa

B) musicians at the center of attention

C) musicians acting as the core in a performance

D) active participants in a musical performance

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10. The best title for this passage would be _________.

A) The Importance of Music to African People

B) Differences Between African Music and Music of Other Countries.

C) The Relationship Between Musicians and Their Audience.

D) A Characteristic Feature of African Musical Performances.

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Passage ThreePassage Three

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:

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Most people would agree that, although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define “wisdom” and consider means of promoting it.

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There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of there I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your mid. You have no time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say) as modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa.

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This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the parts of the world that have the greatest populations. To take an even more dramatic example, which is in everybody’s mind at the present time; you study the makeup of the atom from a disinterested(无利害关系的) desire for knowledge, and by chance place in the hands of a powerful mad man the means of destroying the human race.

Therefore, with every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments(增强) our capacity for realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise.

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11. Disagreement arises when people try to decide _________.

A) how much more wisdom we have no than before.

B) what wisdom is and how to develop it.

C) if there is a great increase of wisdom in our age.

D) whether wisdom can be developed or not.

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12. According to the author, “wisdom” is the ability to ___________.

A) carefully consider the bad effects any kind of research work

B) give each important problem some careful consideration

C) acquire a great deal of complex and special knowledge

D) give suitable consideration to all the possible elements in a problem

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13. Lowering the infant death-rate may ________.

A) prove to be helpful everywhere in the world

B) give rise to an increase in population in Europe.

C) cause food shortages in Asia and Africa

D) raise the living standard of the people in Africa.

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14. The author uses the examples in the passage to illustrate his point that _________.

A) it’s extremely difficult to consider all the important elements in problem

B) success in medical research has its negative effects

C) scientists may unknowingly cause destruction to the human race.

D) it’s unwise to be totally absorbed in research in scientific medicine

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15. What is the main idea of the passage?

A) It is unwise to place the results of scientific research in the hands of a powerful mad man.

B) The more knowledge one has, the wiser one becomes.

C) Any increase of knowledge could lead to disastrous results without the guidance of wisdom.

D) Wisdom increases in proportion to one’s age

 

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Passage FourPassage Four

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:

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For any given task in Britain there are more men than are needed. Strong unions keep them unions quarrel over three jobs, the argument is settled by giving each union two. That means 33 per cent overmanning, 33 per cent less productivity than could be obtained.

A reporter who has visited plants throughout Europe has an impression that the pace of work in much slower here. Nobody tries to hard. Tea breaks do matter and are frequent. It is hard to measure intensity of work, but Britons give a distinct impression of going at their tasks in a more leisurely way.

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But is all this so terrible? It certainly does not improve the gross national product or output per worker. Those observant visitors, however, have noticed something else about Britain. It is a pleasant place.

Street crowds in Stockholm. Paris and New York move quickly and silently heads down, all in a hurry. London crowds tend to walk at an easy pace (except in the profitable, efficient City, the financial district).

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Every stranger is struck by the patient and orderly way in which Britons queue for a bus: if the saleswoman is slow and out of stock she will likely say, ‘Oh dear, what a pity’; the rubbish collectors stop to chat(聊天) and call the housewives “Luv”. Crime rises here as in every city but there still remains a gentle tone and temper that is unmatched in Berlin, Milan or Detroit.

In short, what is wrong with Britain may also be what is right. Having reached a tolerable standard, Britons appear to be choosing leisure over goods.

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16. What happens when disputes over job opportunities arise among British unions?

A) Thirty three per cent of the workers will be out of work.

B) More people will be employed than necessary.

C) More jobs will be created by the government.

D) The unions will try to increase productivity

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17. What does the reporter who has visited plants throughout Europe think about Britain?

A) Tea breaks do not affect the intensity of work in Britain.

B) Britons do their work in an unhurried sort of way.

C) The pace of work in continental Europe is much slow than in Britain

D) Britons give the impression of working intensively.

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18. “Tea breaks matter” (para.2, Line 2) indicates that _________.

A) they are an important aspect of the British way of life.

B) they are greatly enjoyed by British workers.

C) they can be used by the workers as an excuse to take time off from work.

D) they help the workers to be on good terms with each other.

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19. The word “this” (Para.3, Line 1) refers to the fact that ____________.

A) there are more men on any given job than are needed

B) 33 per cent overmanning leads to 33 per cent less productivity.

C) it is difficult to measure the intensity of work

D) Britons generally do not want to work too hard.

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20. By “what is wrong with Britain may also he what is right” (Para.6, Line 1) the author means to say that __________.

A) quarrels between unions will help create jobs

B) a leisurely way of life helps Britons increase productivity

C) the gentle tone and temper of the people in Britain makes it a pleasant place

D) Britons will not sacrifice their leisure to further increase productivity.

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Keys to 1-20Keys to 1-20 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5.

A 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. C

11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. A

16. A 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. C

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Passage 5Passage 5

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.passage.

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At first sight the planet Mars (At first sight the planet Mars ( 火星火星 ) does not ) does not appear very welcome to any kind of life. It has appear very welcome to any kind of life. It has very little oxygen and water, the temperature at very little oxygen and water, the temperature at night is below -50night is below -50ООCC and winds of 100 miles per and winds of 100 miles per hour cause severe dust storms. However, the hour cause severe dust storms. However, the surface of the planet seems to show that water surface of the planet seems to show that water flowed across it at some time in the past, and it is flowed across it at some time in the past, and it is believed that there is enough ice at the poles to believed that there is enough ice at the poles to cover the planet with water if it melted. Although cover the planet with water if it melted. Although there is no life on the Mars now, some scientists there is no life on the Mars now, some scientists think that there may have been some form of life think that there may have been some form of life a long time ago. At that time, the planet had a long time ago. At that time, the planet had active volcanoes; the atmosphere was thicker active volcanoes; the atmosphere was thicker and warmer; and there was water. In fact, in and warmer; and there was water. In fact, in some ways Mars may have been similar to the some ways Mars may have been similar to the Earth, where life exists.Earth, where life exists.

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Some people believe that the Mars could support Some people believe that the Mars could support life in the future if the right conditions were life in the future if the right conditions were produced. The first step would be to warm the produced. The first step would be to warm the planet using certain gases which trap the Sun’s planet using certain gases which trap the Sun’s heat in the planet’s atmosphere. With warmth, heat in the planet’s atmosphere. With warmth, water and carbon dioxide, simple plants could water and carbon dioxide, simple plants could begin to grow. These plants could slowly make begin to grow. These plants could slowly make the Mars habitable. It is estimated that the whole the Mars habitable. It is estimated that the whole process might take between 100,000 and process might take between 100,000 and 200,000 years. In the meantime, people could 200,000 years. In the meantime, people could begin to live on the planet in special closed begin to live on the planet in special closed environments. They would provide a lot of useful environments. They would provide a lot of useful information about conditions on the Mars and the information about conditions on the Mars and the problems connected with living there.problems connected with living there.

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21. Some scientists think there may have been 21. Some scientists think there may have been life on the Mars in the past because ______.life on the Mars in the past because ______.

A)A)    there is no life there nowthere is no life there now

B)B)      there is a large amount of water at the polesthere is a large amount of water at the poles

C)C)    conditions may have been similar to those on conditions may have been similar to those on the Earththe Earth

D)D)    the Mars may be able to support life in the the Mars may be able to support life in the futurefuture

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22. There could be life on the Mars in the future if 22. There could be life on the Mars in the future if ______.______.

A)A)    it supported life in the pastit supported life in the past

B)B)      certain gases are used to cool the planetcertain gases are used to cool the planet

C)C)    the atmosphere can be heated enough to the atmosphere can be heated enough to grow simple plantsgrow simple plants

D)D)    the planet’s volcanoes become as active as the planet’s volcanoes become as active as they were in the pastthey were in the past

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23. People may be able to live on the Mars 23. People may be able to live on the Mars ______.______.

A)A)    within the next 200,000 yearswithin the next 200,000 years

B)B)      only 200,000 years from nowonly 200,000 years from now

C)C)    only 150,000 years from nowonly 150,000 years from now

D)D)    as soon as the planet becomes cool as soon as the planet becomes cool enoughenough

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24. The author’s attitude towards the 24. The author’s attitude towards the possibility of life on the Mars in the possibility of life on the Mars in the future is ______.future is ______.

A)A)    doubtfuldoubtful

B) indifferent B) indifferent

C) positiveC) positive

D) negativeD) negative

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25. The best title for this passage would 25. The best title for this passage would be ______.be ______.

A)A)    The Mars and the EarthThe Mars and the Earth

B) Future Conditions on the MarsB) Future Conditions on the Mars

C) The Possibility of Life on the MarsC) The Possibility of Life on the Mars

D) A Study of the Climate of the MarsD) A Study of the Climate of the Mars

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Passage 6Passage 6

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.following passage.

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In the West, cartoons are used chiefly to make In the West, cartoons are used chiefly to make people laugh. The important feature of all these people laugh. The important feature of all these cartoons is the joke and the element of surprise it cartoons is the joke and the element of surprise it contained. Even though it is very funny, however, contained. Even though it is very funny, however, a good cartoon is always based on close a good cartoon is always based on close observation of a particular feature of life and observation of a particular feature of life and usually has a serious purpose.usually has a serious purpose.

Cartoons in the West have been associated with Cartoons in the West have been associated with political and social matters for many years. In political and social matters for many years. In wartime, for example, they proved to be an wartime, for example, they proved to be an excellent way of spreading propaganda (excellent way of spreading propaganda ( 宣传宣传 ). ). Nowadays cartoons are often used to make short, Nowadays cartoons are often used to make short, sharp comments on politics and government as sharp comments on politics and government as well as on a variety of social matters. In this way, well as on a variety of social matters. In this way, the modern cartoon has become a very powerful the modern cartoon has become a very powerful force in influencing people in Europe and the force in influencing people in Europe and the United StatesUnited States..

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Unlike most American and European cartoons, Unlike most American and European cartoons, however, many Chinese cartoon drawings in the however, many Chinese cartoon drawings in the past have also attempted to educate people, past have also attempted to educate people, especially those who could not read and write. especially those who could not read and write. Such cartoons about the lives and sayings of Such cartoons about the lives and sayings of great men in China long ago have proved great men in China long ago have proved extremely useful in bringing education to illiterate extremely useful in bringing education to illiterate and semi-literate people throughout China. and semi-literate people throughout China. Confucius (Confucius ( 孔子孔子 ), Mencius (), Mencius ( 孟子孟子 ) and Lao Zi have ) and Lao Zi have all appeared in very interesting stories presented all appeared in very interesting stories presented in the form of cartoons. The cartoons themselves in the form of cartoons. The cartoons themselves have thus served to illustrate the teaching of the have thus served to illustrate the teaching of the Chinese sages (Chinese sages ( 圣人圣人 ) in a very attractive way.) in a very attractive way.

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In this sense, many Chinese In this sense, many Chinese cartoons are different from Western cartoons are different from Western cartoons in so far as they do not cartoons in so far as they do not depend chiefly on telling jokes. Often, depend chiefly on telling jokes. Often, there is nothing to laugh at when you there is nothing to laugh at when you see Chinese cartoons. This is not their see Chinese cartoons. This is not their primary aim. In addition to primary aim. In addition to commenting on serious political and commenting on serious political and social matters, Chinese cartoons have social matters, Chinese cartoons have aimed at spreading traditional Chinese aimed at spreading traditional Chinese thought and culture as widely as thought and culture as widely as possible among the people.possible among the people.

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26. What is very important for a Western 26. What is very important for a Western cartoonist to be able to do?cartoonist to be able to do?

A) Telling jokes.A) Telling jokes. B) Being serious. C) B) Being serious. C) Educating people.Educating people. D) Being observant.D) Being observant.

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27. Cartoons are useful for society in the 27. Cartoons are useful for society in the West because they ______.West because they ______.

A)A)   reveal political and social mattersreveal political and social matters

B)B)     comment on political and social comment on political and social mattersmatters

C)C)   are a very powerful force in supporting are a very powerful force in supporting governmentgovernment

D)D)   are a very powerful force in bringing are a very powerful force in bringing peace to the worldpeace to the world

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28. The word 28. The word ““illiterateilliterate”” in Para.3 in Para.3 means ___________.means ___________.

A)A)   at an early ageat an early age

B)B)     ignorant of politicsignorant of politics

C)C)   unable to read or writeunable to read or write

D)D)   too poor to receive formal too poor to receive formal educationeducation

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29. Which of the following is NOT the aim 29. Which of the following is NOT the aim of Chinese cartoons?of Chinese cartoons?

A)A)   Educating people.Educating people.

B) Commenting on politics.B) Commenting on politics.

C) Honoring Chinese sages.C) Honoring Chinese sages.

D) Spreading Chinese culture.D) Spreading Chinese culture.

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30. Chinese cartoons differ from Western 30. Chinese cartoons differ from Western cartoons in that they __________.cartoons in that they __________.

A)A)   use historical figures as their subjectsuse historical figures as their subjects

B)B)     have not been used to spread have not been used to spread propagandapropaganda

C)C)   are not a powerful force in influencing are not a powerful force in influencing peoplepeople

D)D)   are not used chiefly to make people are not used chiefly to make people laugh laugh

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Passage 7

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

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The Amish (门诺派中严密派的人 ) have become a great embarrassment to American agriculture. Many “English” farmers, as the Amish call the rest of us, are in a desperate financial situation these days and relatively few are making money. As a result it is fashionable among writers, politicians, farm machinery dealers and troubled farm banks to describe the Amish as a dying breed and to weep crocodile tears over the coming funeral. All of them seem to forget those small, conservatively-financed family farms that are doing quite well, of which the best example is the Amish.

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Amish farmers are still making money in these hard times despite (or rather because of) their supposedly old-fashioned, horse-farming ways. If one of them does get into financial difficulty, it is most often from listening to the promises of modern methods instead of traditional wisdom. His brothers will usually help him out of the trouble. More revealing, the Amish continue to farm profitably not only with an innocent disregard for modern technology, but without participation in direct government subsidies (补助金 ) other than those built into market prices, which they can’t avoid.

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I first learned about the surprisingly effective economy of Amish life when I was invited to a barn raising near Wooster, Ohio. A tornado ( 飓风 ) had pulled down four barns and acres of Amish timber. In just three weeks the downed trees were sawed into posts and beams, and the four barns rebuilt. The barns were not the usual modern, one-story metal boxes hung on poles. They were huge buildings, three and four stories high. I watched the raising of the last barn in great admiration. Some 400 Amish men and boys, acting and reacting like a group of bees in absolute harmony of cooperation, started at sunrise with only a foundation and floor and by noon, had the huge building.

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31. The Amish are ______________.

A) a group of English farmers

B) a group of American farmers

C) a group of barn builders

D) a big farming family

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32. What’s the most popular opinion on the Amish?

A) Their way of life won’t last long.

B) Their economy is highly effective.

C) The government is embarrassed about their way of farming.

D) The government should provide them with more subsidies.

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33. What is NOT true with the Amish?

A) They often help each other.

B) They do not have serious financial problems.

C) They’re unwilling to get help from the government.

D) They make use of modern technology.

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34. If one Amish has financial problems, it is because ___________.

A) his way of farming is old-fashioned

B) he can’t avoid the low market prices

C) he fails to follow Amish tradition

D) he is too innocent

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35. What is NOT true with the Amish barns?

A) The barns are one-story high.

B) The barns are huge buildings.

C) The Amish built the barns very efficiently.

D) Many Amish worked together to build the barns.

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Keys to 21-35Keys to 21-35Keys to 21-35Keys to 21-35

21. C 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. C 21. C 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. C

26. D 27. B 28. C 29. C 30. D 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. C 30. D

31. B 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. A 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. A

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Passage 8Passage 8

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.passage.

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Today air travel is very common, but the first Today air travel is very common, but the first flights were very different from today. When air flights were very different from today. When air travel began in the 1920s, it was very expensive, travel began in the 1920s, it was very expensive, and most people continued to travel by train or and most people continued to travel by train or ship. Only the rich and adventurous could afford ship. Only the rich and adventurous could afford to fly, and they expected the same kind of luxury to fly, and they expected the same kind of luxury they could get on a ship. The first planes had they could get on a ship. The first planes had chairs with cushions, and tables set with chairs with cushions, and tables set with tablecloths, china, and fresh flowers. The tablecloths, china, and fresh flowers. The passengers ate wonderful meals, served by men passengers ate wonderful meals, served by men wearing white jackets and gloves. wearing white jackets and gloves.

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Unfortunately, the trip wasn’t always smooth. The first Unfortunately, the trip wasn’t always smooth. The first planes shook, and many passengers became sick. planes shook, and many passengers became sick. Passengers were able to open the windows to get fresh Passengers were able to open the windows to get fresh air, but when they landed mud came in the window. The air, but when they landed mud came in the window. The planes were freezing, so people had to wear warm planes were freezing, so people had to wear warm coats, scarves and gloves. The planes were also coats, scarves and gloves. The planes were also extremely noisy, so people couldn’t talk to each other. To extremely noisy, so people couldn’t talk to each other. To communicate, they had to yell or write notes. communicate, they had to yell or write notes.

Back then only men worked as flight attendants. Their Back then only men worked as flight attendants. Their job was to carry passengers’ luggage, serve the meals, job was to carry passengers’ luggage, serve the meals, and keep people safe and warm. They even put cotton and keep people safe and warm. They even put cotton in passengers’ ears to block the noise, and gave them in passengers’ ears to block the noise, and gave them brown paper bags when they felt sick.brown paper bags when they felt sick.

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In the 1930s, women began to work on airplanes. In the 1930s, women began to work on airplanes. The first female flight attendants were all The first female flight attendants were all registered nurses. They wore green suits on the registered nurses. They wore green suits on the ground, but in the air they wore white nurses ground, but in the air they wore white nurses uniforms with caps. During the flight they held the uniforms with caps. During the flight they held the hands of scared passengers, and helped hands of scared passengers, and helped passengers who became sick. After the flight, passengers who became sick. After the flight, they had to dust the plane inside and out, and they had to dust the plane inside and out, and help the pilot put in fuel. Gradually, more women help the pilot put in fuel. Gradually, more women were hired. Only young and attractive women were hired. Only young and attractive women were accepted, and the airlines told them to smile were accepted, and the airlines told them to smile at the passengers all the time. They were not at the passengers all the time. They were not allowed to marry or to have children. Today both allowed to marry or to have children. Today both men and women work as flight attendants. They men and women work as flight attendants. They wear the same kinds of uniforms, and do the wear the same kinds of uniforms, and do the same kind of work.same kind of work.

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36. Which is the most probable reason why very 36. Which is the most probable reason why very few people traveled by air in the 1920s?few people traveled by air in the 1920s?

A) Because it was too dangerous.A) Because it was too dangerous.

B) Because it was too uncomfortable.B) Because it was too uncomfortable.

C) Because it was too expensive.C) Because it was too expensive.

D) Because it was too noisy.D) Because it was too noisy.

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37. The word “luxury” in Para.1 is closest in 37. The word “luxury” in Para.1 is closest in meaning to ______________.meaning to ______________.

A) a condition of great comfortA) a condition of great comfort

B) chairs with cushionsB) chairs with cushions

C) beautifully set tablesC) beautifully set tables

D) delicious mealsD) delicious meals

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38. Which of the following is not true about the 38. Which of the following is not true about the first air airplanes?first air airplanes?

A) They were very cold.A) They were very cold.

B) They shook so that many passengers got B) They shook so that many passengers got sick.sick.

C) Only men were hired to work as flight C) Only men were hired to work as flight attendants.attendants.

D) Passengers were not allowed to open the D) Passengers were not allowed to open the windows.windows.

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39. Which of the following was not the job of flight 39. Which of the following was not the job of flight attendants in the 1920s?attendants in the 1920s?

A) To carry passengers’ luggage.A) To carry passengers’ luggage.

B) To help the pilot put in fuel.B) To help the pilot put in fuel.

C) To serve the meals.C) To serve the meals.

D) To help passengers who felt sick.D) To help passengers who felt sick.

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40. Which of the following is true about flight 40. Which of the following is true about flight attendants in the 1930s?attendants in the 1930s?

A) They wore green suits in the air.A) They wore green suits in the air.

B) Only women were hired.B) Only women were hired.

C) They were either doctors or nurses.C) They were either doctors or nurses.

D) They had to dust the plane after the D) They had to dust the plane after the flight.flight.

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Passage 9

Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.

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At first sight the planet Mars ( 火星 ) does not appear very welcome to any kind of life. It has very little oxygen and water, the temperature at night is below -50ОC and winds of 100 miles per hour cause severe dust storms. However, the surface of the planet seems to show that water flowed across it at some time in the past, and it is believed that there is enough ice at the poles to cover the planet with water if it melted. Although there is no life on the Mars now, some scientists think that there may have been some form of life a long time ago. At that time, the planet had active volcanoes; the atmosphere was thicker and warmer; and there was water. In fact, in some ways the Mars may have been similar to the Earth, where life exists.

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Some people believe that the Mars could support life in the future if the right conditions were produced. The first step would be to warm the planet using certain gases which trap the Sun’s heat in the planet’s atmosphere. With warmth, water and carbon dioxide, simple plants could begin to grow. These plants could slowly make the Mars habitable. It is estimated that the whole process might take between 100,000 and 200,000 years. In the meantime, people could begin to live on the planet in special closed environments. They would provide a lot of useful information about conditions on the Mars and the problems connected with living there.

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41. Some scientists think there may have been life on the Mars in the past because ______.

A) there is no life there now

B) there is a large amount of water at the poles

C) conditions may have been similar to those on the Earth

D) Mars may be able to support life in the future

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42. There could be life on the Mars in the future if ______.

A) it supported life in the past

B) the atmosphere can be heated enough to grow simple plants

C) certain gases are used to cool the planet

D) the planet’s volcanoes become as active as they were in the past

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43. People may be able to live on the Mars ______.

A) within the next 200,000 years

B) only 200,000 years from now

C) only 150,000 years from now

D) as soon as the planet becomes cool enough

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44. The author’s attitude towards the possibility of life on the Mars in the future is ______.

A) doubtful

B) indifferent

C) positive

D) negative

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45. The best title for this passage would be ______.

A) The Mars and the Earth

B) Future Conditions on the Mars

C) The Possibility of Life on the Mars

D) A Study of the Climate of the Mars

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Key to 36-45 36. C 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. D

41. C 42. B 43. A 44. C 45. C

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Passage 10

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage

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Perhaps it was his own lack of adequate schooling that inspired Horace Mann to work so hard to accomplish the important reforms in education. While he was still a boy, his father died, and he had to support his family. Like most of the children in his town, he attended school two or three months a year. Later, with the help of several teachers, he was able to study law and become a member of the Massachusetts bar, but he never forgot those early struggles.

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While serving in the Massachusetts legislature, he signed an historic education bill that set up a state board of education. Without regret, he gave up his successful legal practice to become the first secretary of the board. There he exercised an enormous influence during the critical period of reconstruction that brought into existence the American graded elementary school as a substitute for the older district school system. Under his leadership, the curriculum was restructured, the school year was increased to a minimum of six months, and mandatory (义务性质的 ) schooling was extended to age sixteen. Other important reforms that came into existence under Mann’s guidance included the establishment of state normal schools for teacher training.

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Considered quite radical at the time, the Massachusetts reforms later served as a model for the nation’s educational system. Mann was formally recognized as the father of public education.

During his lifetime, Horace Mann worked tirelessly to extend educational opportunities to agrarian families and the children of poor laborers. In one of his last speeches he summed up his philosophy of education and life: “Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity.”

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46. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?

A.  The Father of American Public Education

B.   Philosophy of Education

C.   Policies of Educational Institutions

D. Horace Mann and the Massachusetts State Board of Education

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47. Why does the author mention Horace Mann’s early life?

A.   As an example to show the importance of education.

B.  To make the biography more complete.

C.  Because it served as the inspiration for his later work in education.

D.  In appreciation of the teachers who helped him succeed.

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48. The word “radical” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _________.

A.equal B. extreme C. excellent D. basic49. With which of the following statements would

the author most probably agree?A. Horace Mann’s influence on American

education was very great.B. Horace Mann exerted a small but important

influence on American education.C. Few educators fully understood Horace

Mann’s influence on American education.D. The influence on American education by

Horace Mann was not appreciated.

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50. The reforms that Horace Mann achieved _____________.

A.   were not very radical for the time

B. were used only by the state of Massachusetts

C.   were enforced by the Massachusetts bar

D. were later adopted as a model for the nation’s educational system

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KEYS to 46-50

46-50 A C B A D

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Passage 1

Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.

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Doing business in Asia

Many Westerners wanting to do business in Asian nations seek information and advice about things they need to know in order to be successful. By westerners who have already been working in Asian nations, they are told to remember as priorities the five “Fs”: family, face, fate, favors and friends. Although they do have some subtle differences in meanings and connotations in different parts of Asia, nevertheless, Western businessmen need to be sensitive to these issues if they wish to be successful. The five “Fs” are explained in the following way.

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Family: This means that business is often closely connected to family and that there is a family network that branches out regionally and internationally, providing efficient political, financial and emotional support, as well as distribution knowledge. This networking is particularly obvious among Chinese who control huge business segments in Asia and are by far the most successful business group in the region. Their large presence also helps—Singapore is 77 percent Chinese; Malaysia, 45 percent; Taiwan, a Chinese province, 99 percent. Indonesia and the Philippines also have sizable(相当的 ) and prosperous Chinese communities.

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It is explained that the importance of family goes back to Confucius, who taught that family represents relationships that one can trust. Although families in the West may be connected, they ‘re almost never as closely connected as in Confucian Asia. This family dependence is also true in Korea. The largest corporation in South Korea is Hyundai, a multibillion-dollar company. Headed by; the eldest brother, the company’s five major division are either managed by one of the five brother, a brother-in-law or a son-in-law.

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Face: Two interpretations are given for the meaning of “face”. One is literal —Asian like to do business face-to-face. They want to put a face together with a business, to recognize an individual and to associate an individual with a given company. Many foreign companies have made the mistake of sending a series of different executives to Asia during lengthy contract negotiations. They are advised not to do this; that if negotiations are started by one individual they should be completed by that same person if at all possible. However, if a change must be made, then the first person should take the new one and formally present himself as his successor so that the two faces are identified.

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The second interpretation of “face” is that in a way it means “respect”. The businessman is told that he must show the “proper respect” according to the age and position to any elderly persons attending a business meeting. They are also warned that it is very difficult for Japanese to speak directly and say no. This too has everything to do with “face”. They will do almost anything to avoid saying no, even to the point of not giving an answer at all. By giving no answer or saying something like “I’ll think about it”, or “I’ll consider it”, they are “saving face”, and really mean “no”. This is the opposite of the western “yes or no” mentality. Thus a western businessman is warned never to put a Japanese businessman in the position of having to say “yes” or “no”.

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Businessman are also given advice about how to show “face” to someone of higher rank. Richard Tallboy, CEO of the World Coal Organization, who has had extensive experience in Asia, tells foreigners not to forget the “Chairman’s ½ percent for the chairman’s own pocket”. He says that this means they should always start negotiating at a higher price with Asians. In the first round of negotiations foreigners should allow themselves to come down in price 10 percent. In the second round of negotiations they should at last come down another five percent. Then finally when everyone is ready to sign the contract, the Westerner should allow the chairman to negotiate another ½ percent off. This he gains great “face”. Tallboy concludes that this way everyone is happy and the Westerner is assured that his product will be well taken care of.

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Fate: Westerners are told that many Asians strongly believe that fate influence life, that certain events are destined, and that people have lived many lives and will live many more after death. Because of this philosophy, Asians are more willing than most Westerners to accept things they cannot change. Many Westerners may call these beliefs superstitious. However, they are warned to keep these thoughts to themselves and are told to learn about local customs and belief in Asia and to respect them.

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Favors: Westerners are told that “Always repay a favor” is a common saying among Asians. A favor or debt should never he forgotten. If a Westerner businessman gets a favor from an Asian, he should expect to repay this favor, no matter how much time passes. Asians are thus serious about the saying, “If you’ll scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.” In other words, Asian societies are reciprocal societies. The former deputy mayor of New York City, Kenneth Lipper, tells the following story. When he was in Japan for six months in the early 1960s, he suggested the name of a Japanese acquaintance for a possible scholarship. One day, 27years later in New York City, he received a call from this man who was making his first trip to the United States with his family. Now a top executive in a major Japanese company, he and his family wanted to pay their respects to the man who had done him a favor so long ago.

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Friends: if Westerners have no relatives in Asia, they are told that the nest best thing to have when doing business in Asia is to have gone to school with someone from there. Asians want to deal with people that they know well, or with people to whom they have been introduced by people they know well. One successful American business executive working in Asia tells people that he spent most of his time developing and maintaining GUANXI, which he explains as a Chinese word meaning ties, relationships, or connections. The Japanese equivalent is KONE. How can Western businessmen make the right connections in Asian countries? Hiring a consultant is one way, but the best way is to make friendships and to keep them. How can a Westerner do this? The answer for those people working in Korea, Thailand and Japan is “golf”. Successful businessmen agree that it’s the best way to get to know important people in society, the way to meet royalty, top government officials, and corporate chiefs. A lifetime golf membership in Tokyo can cost an incredible one million dollars, but some Western businessmen or their corporations have been willing to pay this because of the connections it will bring.

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So, these are the five “Fs”: family, face, fate, favors, and friends. These are the priorities for Westerners when they are doing business in Asia.

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For questions 1-7, mark Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

For questions 8-9, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

1. Westerners wanting to do business successfully in Asia should be sensitive to the five “Fs”.

2. Confucianism believes in that family relationship is the most trustworthy.

3. Asians like to do business face-to-face, so it is necessary for foreign company sending different negotiators to reach contract with them.

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4. It gives the higher rank person much “face” by allowing him to negotiate another ½ percent off.

5. It is superstitious to believe fate, so many Asians believing that certain events are destined should change their value in a more scientific one.

6. Since a generous person did an Asian a favor voluntarily, this Asian needn’t remember it much long.

7. Asian people like to do business with the one they know well.

8. The two meanings of “face” in Asian business are ______.

9. Fate influence life means that _______________________.

10. The best way for a Western business man to make the right connections in Asian countries is to make____________.

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KEYS

1. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. Y 5. NG 6. N 7. Y8. Face-to-face and respect9. Certain events are destined10. Friendships and to keep them

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Passage 2Passage 2

Questions 1 to 10 are based on the Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.following passage.

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School MannersSchool MannersManners in the schoolroom, as everywhere, are important Manners in the schoolroom, as everywhere, are important

to happy relations with the group. Western manners to happy relations with the group. Western manners here differ only slightly from good Chinese manners.here differ only slightly from good Chinese manners.

Greeting the TeacherGreeting the TeacherIf you are in a very large class, it may not be necessary to If you are in a very large class, it may not be necessary to

greet the teacher on arriving, but it is always quite greet the teacher on arriving, but it is always quite proper if you happen to catch the teacherproper if you happen to catch the teacher’’s eyes as you s eyes as you enter. In a small class the teacher will probably notice enter. In a small class the teacher will probably notice each one as he arrives, and you should smile and say, each one as he arrives, and you should smile and say, ““Good morning, Dr. Fenn.Good morning, Dr. Fenn.”” Western manners do not Western manners do not require you to stand still at the door for a moment when require you to stand still at the door for a moment when you come in. you come in.

One usually does not address oneOne usually does not address one’’s teacher by his first s teacher by his first name, either in speech or in writing. If onename, either in speech or in writing. If one ’’s teachers teacher’’s s name is Gordon Agnew, it is not proper to say name is Gordon Agnew, it is not proper to say ““GordonGordon””, , nor to write nor to write ““Dear Mr. Gordon.Dear Mr. Gordon.”” And one never speaks to And one never speaks to oneone’’s teacher as s teacher as ““TeacherTeacher””. It is quite proper to say . It is quite proper to say ““SirSir”” to a man, but if your teacher is a woman, you must use to a man, but if your teacher is a woman, you must use her surname.her surname.

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Coming LateComing Late

It is bad manners to come late to class. If It is bad manners to come late to class. If you are unavoidably late, an apology you are unavoidably late, an apology should be made to the teacher either at should be made to the teacher either at the time or after class. Repeated lateness the time or after class. Repeated lateness is a form of rudeness based not only on is a form of rudeness based not only on carelessness of outward forms, but on carelessness of outward forms, but on real unthoughtfulness of others, as a real unthoughtfulness of others, as a latecomer takes away everyonelatecomer takes away everyone’’s s thoughts from the lesson.thoughts from the lesson.

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Talking in ClassTalking in Class

It is bad manners in the schoolroom, as It is bad manners in the schoolroom, as elsewhere, to talk while else is talking. If elsewhere, to talk while else is talking. If you have something to say that is on the you have something to say that is on the subject, wait till you have a chance and subject, wait till you have a chance and say it to the whole class. If it is not on the say it to the whole class. If it is not on the subject, keep it till the class is over. Who subject, keep it till the class is over. Who has not been annoyed by having his has not been annoyed by having his attention taken from something attention taken from something interesting he really wants to hear! And it interesting he really wants to hear! And it is especially rude to the teacher, making is especially rude to the teacher, making it very difficult for him to continue the it very difficult for him to continue the lesson. Thoughtlessness of others is bad lesson. Thoughtlessness of others is bad manners at any time and in any place.manners at any time and in any place.

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Looking at OthersLooking at Others’’ Work WorkIt is bad manners in the classroom, as elsewhere, to It is bad manners in the classroom, as elsewhere, to

look at anything your neighbor has written, or to look at anything your neighbor has written, or to try to see what mark he has received without try to see what mark he has received without asking his permission. It is good manners for asking his permission. It is good manners for students to help each other if the desire is mutual students to help each other if the desire is mutual and the teacher allows it. In examinations and in and the teacher allows it. In examinations and in certain kinds of written work intended to measure certain kinds of written work intended to measure the pupilthe pupil’’s own progress it is not only dishonest s own progress it is not only dishonest and foolish to help or to ask help from others, it is and foolish to help or to ask help from others, it is also thoughtless of real values. For the sake of also thoughtless of real values. For the sake of being being ““partialpartial”” to one student much larger values to one student much larger values are destroyed. One may not agree with the are destroyed. One may not agree with the examination system, but at present it is basically examination system, but at present it is basically the only measure the teacher and the rest of the the only measure the teacher and the rest of the world can go by to determine whether a student is world can go by to determine whether a student is qualified in certain line or not.qualified in certain line or not.

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Laughing at OtherLaughing at Other

It is bad manners to laugh at othersIt is bad manners to laugh at others’’ mistakes or mistakes or accidents. You can realize why if you think how accidents. You can realize why if you think how you feel yourself when laughed at. It is very bad you feel yourself when laughed at. It is very bad manners to laugh at any unfortunate student who manners to laugh at any unfortunate student who has a peculiarity of walking or talking or any has a peculiarity of walking or talking or any deformity of the body. Such persons should be deformity of the body. Such persons should be treated with real kindness. Make them feel that treated with real kindness. Make them feel that you do not notice their misfortune. And be you do not notice their misfortune. And be friendly. snobbishnessfriendly. snobbishness——looking down on others looking down on others ——is one of the worst forms of rudeness, because it is one of the worst forms of rudeness, because it puts such ridiculous value on oneself. Take it for puts such ridiculous value on oneself. Take it for granted that the next person is as good as or granted that the next person is as good as or better than yourself. If he hasnbetter than yourself. If he hasn’’t as many qualities t as many qualities you can admire in the person you are tempted to you can admire in the person you are tempted to laugh at, if you are friendly and openhearted.laugh at, if you are friendly and openhearted.

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Thinking of OthersThinking of OthersGood manners are especially important in the Good manners are especially important in the

library. The general rule is: Do not do anything library. The general rule is: Do not do anything that might disturb your neighbor. Scraping that might disturb your neighbor. Scraping chairs and shuffling feet are impolite, as well as chairs and shuffling feet are impolite, as well as talking or laughing while others are trying to talking or laughing while others are trying to work. If you have a bad cold you might disturb work. If you have a bad cold you might disturb people by coughing or sneezing, it is better for people by coughing or sneezing, it is better for you to take out a book and read it at home.you to take out a book and read it at home.

Helping the TeacherHelping the TeacherMost teachers are sincerely anxious to help their Most teachers are sincerely anxious to help their

students in any way they can , and it is polite for students in any way they can , and it is polite for the students to help the teacher when they see the students to help the teacher when they see something they can do, especially if the teacher something they can do, especially if the teacher is a woman and the student a young man. is a woman and the student a young man. Sometimes the blackboard needs to be erased, Sometimes the blackboard needs to be erased, or the door or window shut or opened. or the door or window shut or opened. Sometimes there are papers to collect or Sometimes there are papers to collect or distribute. This kind of help is always distribute. This kind of help is always appreciated.appreciated.

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For questions 1-7, markFor questions 1-7, mark

Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;passage;

N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;passage;

NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

For questions 8-9, complete the sentences with the information given in the For questions 8-9, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.passage.

1. It is a wrong way for many Chinese students to greet their teacher like that: 1. It is a wrong way for many Chinese students to greet their teacher like that: ““Good Good morning, teacher!morning, teacher!””

2. One student should apologize to the teacher at once when he is late.2. One student should apologize to the teacher at once when he is late.

3. Because one doesn3. Because one doesn’’t know the answer, it is ok to keep silent to the teachert know the answer, it is ok to keep silent to the teacher ’’s s question.question.

4. There are sure some disadvantages of the present examination system, but it is 4. There are sure some disadvantages of the present examination system, but it is the only measure of a studentthe only measure of a student’’s level at present.s level at present.

5. Be polite to the teachers and classmates can earn many friends for you.5. Be polite to the teachers and classmates can earn many friends for you.

6. Do not do any thing that might disturb your neighbor6. Do not do any thing that might disturb your neighbor——it is a general rule in a it is a general rule in a library.library.

7. According to the passage, we know there is slightly difference between western 7. According to the passage, we know there is slightly difference between western and Chinese good manners.and Chinese good manners.

8. It is bad manners to come late to class, so you should________ to the teacher in 8. It is bad manners to come late to class, so you should________ to the teacher in convenient time.convenient time.

9. It is a courtesy for students________ do something.9. It is a courtesy for students________ do something.

10. If you are_________ you can learn something from the one you laugh at.10. If you are_________ you can learn something from the one you laugh at.

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KEYSKEYS

1. Y 2. N 3. N 4. Y 1. Y 2. N 3. N 4. Y

5. NG 6. Y 7. Y5. NG 6. Y 7. Y

8. make an apology8. make an apology

9. to help teacher9. to help teacher

10. friendly and open hearted10. friendly and open hearted

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Passage 3Passage 3

Question 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.

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Landfills You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and

you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You don’t think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You don’t have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.

Americans generate trash at an astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person, which translate to 600,000 ton per day or 210 million tons per year! This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash? Some get recycled(回收利用 ) or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfills.

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How much trash is Generated? of the 219 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in

the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled (glass, paper products, plastic, metals) or composted(做成堆肥 )(yard waste). The remaining trash, which is mostly unrecyclable, is discarded.

How is trash disposed of?The trash production in the united states has almost tripled

since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries(United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.

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What is a landfill? There are two ways to bury trash: Dump—an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and

that is full of various animals(rats, mice, birds). (this is most people’s idea of a landfill!)

Landfill—carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment(groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.

sanitary landfill—landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment

municipal solid waste(MSW) landfill—landfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment

The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under there conditions, trash will not decompose(腐烂 ) much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.

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Proposing the landfill

For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill.

In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environmental impact study must be done on the proposed site to determine:

the area of land necessary for the landfill the composition of the underlying soil and bedrock the flow of surface water over the site the impact of the proposed landfill on the local environment and

wildlife the historical value of the proposed site

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Building the landfill

Once the environmental impact study is complete, the permits are granted and the funds have been raised, then construction begins. First, access roads to the landfill site must be built if they do not already exist. These roads will be used by construction equipment, sanitation(环卫 ) services and the general public. After roads have been built, digging can begin. In the North Wake Country Landfill, the landfill began 10 feet below the road surface.

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What happens to trash in a landfill?

Trash put in a landfill will stay there for a very long time. Inside a landfill, there is little oxygen and little moisture. Under these conditions, trash does not break down very rapidly. In fact, when old landfills have been dug up or sampled, 40-year-old newspaper have been found with easily readable print. Landfill closes, the site, especially the ground water, must be monitored and maintained for up to 30 years!

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How is a landfill operated?

A landfill, such as the North Wake County Landfill, must be open and available every day. Customers are typically municipalities and construction companies, although residents may also use the landfill.

Near the entrance of the landfill is a recycling center where residents can drop off recyclable materials (aluminum cans, glass bottles, newspapers and paper products). This helps to reduce the amount of material tin the landfill. Some of these materials are banned from landfills by law because they can be recycled.

As customers enter the site, their trucks are weighed at the scale house. Customers are charged tipping fees for using the site. The tipping fees vary form $10 to $40 per ton. These fees are used to pay for operation costs. The North Wake County Landfill has an operating budget of approximately $4.5 million, and part of that comes from tipping fees.

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Along the site, there are drop-off stations for materials that are not wanted or legally banned by the landfill. A multi-material drop-off station is used for tires, motor oil, lead-acid batteries. Some of these materials can be recycled.

in addition, there is a household hazardous waster drop-off station for chemicals(paints, pesticides, other chemicals) that are banned from the landfill. These chemicals are disposed of by private companies. Some paints can be recycled and some organic chemicals can be burned in furnaces or power plants.

Other structure alongside the landfill are the borrowed area that supplies the soil for the landfill, the runoff collection pond and methane(甲烷 ) station.

Landfills are complicated structures that, when properly designed and managed, serve an important purpose. In the future, new technologies called bioreactors will be used to speed the breakdown of trash in landfills and produce more methane.

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For questions 1-7, mark Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-9, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.1. The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.2. Most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.3. Compared with other major industrialized countries, America buries a much higher

percentage of its solid waste in landfills.\4. Landfills are like compost piles in that they speed up decomposition of the buried

trash.5. In most countries the selection of a landfill site is governed by rules and regulations.6. In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local

governments.7. Hazardous wastes have to be treated before being dumped into landfills.8. Typical customers of a landfill are__________________.9. To dispose of a ton of trash in a landfill, customers have to pay a tipping fee of____.10. Materials that are not permitted to be buried in landfills should be dumped at______.

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KEYSKEYS

1. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. N

5. Y 6. N 7. NG8. municipalities and construction companies

9. $10 to $40

10. drop-off stations

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Passage 4

Question 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.

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Advertisement AppreciationLove at first sight it was love at first sight, I suppose. And yet it wasn’t just the way she

looked. It was also the way she talked. We’d been for a stroll in the country, one lazy, hazy summer Saturday. I felt about sixteen again—walking close enough for our hands to keep touching in the hope that she might hang on.

At a little country pub overlooking Evesham vale, I popped the inevitable question.

“I’ll have a Jameson,” she replied. “A what?” “A Jameson. You know, the famous Irish Whiskey.”

“Oh,” I said somewhat blankly. “Haven’t you tried it?” she said, laughing, “Don’t look so amazed, it’s

great. Made from the finest Irish barley, the softest spring water, and it’s distilled three times, so it’s really smooth.”

“Two Jamesons, please,” I said to the barman a moment later. And before going back to my partner I took a little sip—just to see if she was right/

“Was I right?” she said, “I saw you taking a crafty swig!” “Excellent taste,” I said. She raised an eyebrow quizzically and said, “Are you talking about

me, or the Jameson?”

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Can you control how well you age? Perhaps you’ve noticed while some women really

show age, others seem to defy it. Aging well is the result of many factors. Heredity, exposure to the elements, and, of course, the way you care for your skin. As you get older, your skin demands special care. The kind you get from oil of Olay. The remarkable beauty fluid that works in mysterious ways.

You’ll notice instantly how extraordinarily sheer and greaseless it feels. As each cool, light drop disappears under your touch, precious fluids work to replenish your skin’s natural fluid supply.

One touch will tell you just how smooth, how silky your skin has become. Your skin will take on an altogether younger appearance as tiny lines mysteriously seem to fade from view.

Discover the mystery of Oil of Olay and discover younger looks at every age.

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Why did you stop asking for the window seat? Frequent travelers often forget that a flight can be a

breathtaking experience, not merely a means of transportation. But at Hyatt, we believe every journey should be uplifting. Even after you’ve landed.

That’s why we fill our hotels and resorts with so many opportunities to broaden your horizons. Unique restaurants in the sky where you can dine with sparkling cities at your feet. Meeting rooms that free your imagination by opening to grand panoramas. And lobbies that greet you with spectacular architecture and dramatic vistas.

Instead of merely a place to stay at your destination, a Hyatt is a destination in it self. A place to experience. A window seat that always rewards you with a fresh perspective.

So next time, ask to stay with the people of Hyatt is a destination in itself. A place to experience. A window seat that always rewards you with a fresh perspective.

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If you think it’s hard getting to Mars, try getting to plaque three millimeters below the gumline.

With all due respect to the Pathfinder program, exploring the farthest reaches of inner space can be almost as challenging. That is unless you have the sonicare sonic toothbrush. Not only does it remove plaque bacteria from the surface, its 31,000 brush strokes per minute also create sonic waves which go beyond the reach of the bristles. Gently cleaning between teeth and even below the gumline. In fact, sonicare removes hidden plaque bacteria between teeth better than the leading power brush. So like the Mars sojourner, we too like to seek our life forms in hard-to-reach places. Only we blow them away.

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This is the truth. Human beings do not come with odometers.

So how do you tell who is a serious runner? We don’t believe serious runners are defined by how many miles they cover in a week. They’re defined by how important running is in their lives. It doesn’t matter why you run, or how far. If it’s important to you, you’re a serious runner to us. That’s why we work so hard to make great running shoes. Because the goal of a running shoe is very simple. To keep you running.

The more comfortable your are, the more miles you’ll run. That’s the idea behind the GEL-130.

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LOSE FAT FAST NO DIETING Are you tired of the diet-go-round? Why torture yourself

with diets that don’t work? MELTAWAY REDUCING CADY really works! NELTAWAY will help you lose weight the safe, natural, easy way!

SAFE AND EFFECTIVE! The unique MELTAWAY formula breaks up those stubborn

fat cells and melts them away! MELTAWAY speeds up your body’s natural fat burners. Eat as much as you want—you still lose weight!

SAFE AND EFFECTIVE! Clinical studies have proven MELTAWAY REDUCING

CANDY to be safe and effective. There are no unpleasant side effects when taken in the recommended doses.

Lose 6 pounds in 48 hours! Lose 14 pounds in 7 days! Lose 21 pounds in 14 days!

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Turn burglary into attempted burglary. When 3M Scotchshield Ultra Safety and Security

Film is applied to windows, it resists penetration and helps keep glass in place through attempted break-ins, storms, even earthquakes. It’s another innovative 3M product that helps make your home more safe and comfortable. And one more result of our unique culture, which lets us make the leap from need to 3M innovation.

Diversity works. It has long made sense to us at IBM to

welcome and value individual differences. We prove this commitment to our workforce every day. Programs such as employees networking groups, child/elder care, domestic partner benefits and flexible work hours help us attract and retain the best and most talented individuals. And in our diverse marketplace, that’s always good business.

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For questions 1-7, mark Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the

passage; N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the

passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For questions 8-9, complete the sentences with the information given in the

passage.1. The man had never heard the Irish whiskey name “Jameson” before, so he

responded the women frankly.2. The whole ad Love at first sight purposefully confuses the whiskey and the

man’s interest in the woman.3. Defying age means one’s appearance or behavior looks younger than he or

she really is.4. The Hyath is so wonderful that the hotel itself is worth visiting.]5. The 3M product is innovative but not effective.6. Having diverse types of employees will block the coming of success.7. MELTAWAY is the best choice for people wanting to lose fat said by scientist.]8. “Jameson” is a famous brand of _________ in Ireland.9. ___________________ makes one feet extraordianrily sheer and greaseless.10. Serious runners are defined by ____________________.

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KEYS

1. Y 2. Y 3. Y 4. Y 5. N 6. N 7. NG

8. whiskey

9. The remarkable beauty fluid oil of Olay

10. how important running in their lives

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Passage 5

Question 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.

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Microchips

No invention in history has so quickly spread throughout the world or so deeply touched so many parts of human existence as the microchip. Today there are nearly 15 billion microchips of some kind in use. In the face of that fact who can doubt that the microchip is not only changing the products we use, but also the way we live. Will it finally change the

way we view reality?

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If we were to take away the microchip from every application in which it is now used, we would be both stunned and frightened by the loss. The modern kitchen would become nearly useless, since the microwave, the dishwasher, and most other appliances would become unworkable. The television and VCR would fade to black, the stereo would become quiet, and most of the clocks would stop. The car wouldn' t start. Airplanes would be unable to leave the ground. The phone system would go dead , as would most streetlights, thermostats, and, of course, a half-billion computers. And these are only a few of the most obvious applications. Every factory in the industrial world would also shut down, as would the electrical grid, stock exchanges, and the global banking system. Pacemakers would stop too, as would surgical equipment and various monitoring machines used in hospitals. All because of the loss of a tiny square of silicon the size of a fingernail, weighing less than a postage stamp.

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The modern microchip contains as many as 20 million transistors, and each finished chip is the product ot processes more complicated than those used in building the atomic bomb. Yet despite an extraordinarily sophisticated manufacturing process, microchips are mass-produced at the rate of more than a billion a year. To put this complexity in perspective, imagine that within each tiny microchip there exists a structure as complex as a mid-size city, including all of its power lines, phone lines, sewer lines, buildings, streets, and homes. Now imagine that throughout that same city, millions of people are racing around at the speed of light and with perfect timing in an intricately planned dance. That is just one chip.

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Of all the stunning statistics used to describe the world of the microchip, none is more extraordinary than this: the total number of transistors packed onto all of the microchips produced in the world this year(1998) is equivalent to the number of raindrops that fell in the state of California during that period. Faced with such astounding numbers, it becomes even more difficult to ask what it all means for us and for the generations to come.

What is remarkable, and perhaps a little frightening, is that by all indication, we are only halfway through the story of the microchip. It is not far-fetched to suggest that it will take another century of humankind to realize all of the implications of this revolution. Thus, all the miracles we see around us today resulting from the microchip may be but a tiny fraction of all the wonders that will derive from this device well into the next century.

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It is not merely an invention, but a meta-invention, which enables us to create yet other inventions. Thousands of new devices and products have been made possible by the existence of the microchip and by the embedded intelligence it offers.

packed in a microprocessor, the microchip is not only giving us power over our own lives, it is also the greatest instrument for accessing information ever invented. It is allowing us to reach out from our desks, to grasp and share knowledge that was beyond the reach of the wealthiest man in the world just a century ago. It is freeing us to work at home, wherever we choose our home to be.

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By the middle of the next century, the typical microprocessor may have more computing power than today' s fastest supercomputers. It will talk, and more important, it will listen. The relationship we have with it will change in almost unimaginable ways. Yesterday, the microprocessor was a tool. Today, it is a partner and who knows what role it will play in our lives in the years to come? Just a few years ago who would have thought that in Shanghai, China, customers of the New World Department Store could try on clothes without undressing? A video camera takes a customer' s picture, the image is digitized, and changes of outfits or colors are as simple as point and click. In Baltimore, Maryland, prospective astronauts simulate weightlessness by floating in water at the University of Maryland' s Space Systems Lab pool. Buddhist monks in Thailand also have found important uses for computers. They use them to perform traditional tasks as well as to study the teachings of Buddha.

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For hundreds of years, humankind has searched for the philosophers' stone, the magical object that turns ordinary metal into gold. Who would have thought it would turn out to be a little silver of crystal with etching on its surface? The microchip, in the time of a single generation, has developed from a clever technical novelty to a tireless, almost invisible partner of humanity. Today there is no place on, above, or below the Earth that it has not reached.

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For questions 1-7, mark

Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;

N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;

NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

For questions 8-9, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

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1. No invention in history has affected so many parts of human existence as the microchip.

2. The modern microchip contains more than 20 million transistors.

3. Microchips are mass-produced at a very high rate.

4. The microchip in a microprocessor is the greatest instrument for accessing information ever invented.

5. Microchips play so important a role in our real society that it can change our reality.

6. Microchips can turn stone into gold.

7. Microchip' s development just begins.

8. Microchip is ______________________ the size of a fingernail.

9. By the year 2050, microprocessors may probably_________________.

10. We can see microchips from daily __________________________.

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KEYS

1. Y 2. N 3. Y 4. Y 5. NG 6. N 7. N

8. a tiny square of silicon

9. talk and listen

10. Applications

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Passage 6

Question 1 to 10 are based on the following passage.

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Twins six Years Apart Scientists in Scotland recently announced that, for

the first time, they have cloned an exact copy of an adult mammal. The cloned lamb, named Dolly, has the exact same genes as the adult sheep from which she

was cloned. In other words, the two are identical twins; only Dolly is six year younger. The goal of the Scottish

scientist Ian Wilmut is to develop a way to raise identical sheep that produce medicines for humans.

A week after Wilmut' s announcement, other scientists revealed that they had used a different

technique to clone monkeys, which are much more closely related to humans. These accomplishments

immediately set off a worldwide debate: Should scientists be allowed to clone animals? Is cloning morally wrong and dangerous — or is it a valuable

research tool?

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All attempts at cloning were largely unsuccessful until 1984. That' s when a scientist in Denmark separated cells from a sheep' s embryo.( embryo) An embryo is an early stage of development in which cells are busy dividing and “transforming” into specialized cells like skin, eye, or muscle cells.

Unlike a skin cell, an embryo is on its way to becoming a complete living thing: The Danish scientist combined an embryo cell with an egg cell from another sheep. He put the combined cell — then a newly growing embryo — into a grown female sheep. To much surprise, the embryo grew into a baby lamb. Since then, other scientists have used embryos to clone cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits — and, now, even monkeys.?$

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So what makes Wilmut' s sheep unique? Instead of using early- stage embryo cells, wilmut used cells from the udder( mammary glands) of an adult sheep. In theory, that' s like using on of your skin cells to clone a new you!

Wilmut knew that each cell of the body contains a full set of genetic instructions — instructions to grow a complete individual. (The only exceptions are egg and sperm cells, each of which contains half the genes to grow a new individual.) Once cells have specialized, on their way to becoming skin or eye or udder cells, most of the genetic instructions to make a full being are turned off. Until now, scientists believed that specialized cells could not be used to form a complete living thing.

Wilmut proved them wrong. He found a way to take an udder cell and make it grow into a new cloned lamb. An amazing fact: Dolly has no biological father.

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Wilmut' s success didn' t come easily. He has been studying this problem for more than two decades. Last year, he used embryos to successfully clone two sheep. Then he went ahead to clone an adult sheep. But, of 277 udder cells he fused with egg cells, only 30 began to develop into embryos. He implanted 29 of those into female sheep. Only one adult gave birth to a lamb.

Other scientists have jumped in to repeat Wilmut' s experiment with other animals, inclusing cows. And that' s what has scientists, animal- rights advocates, politicians — even president Clinton — up in arms. How far, they wonder, will cloning go?

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Wilmut maintains that cloning animals has tremendous potential for helping people. Cloned sheep, he says, could be used as living drug factories. Scientists could" engineer" sheep that produce drugs in their milk. And by altering the proteins on the surfaces of animal organs to make them more like human organs, scientists believe they may be able to create a plentiful source of organ donors for people.

Why not clone humans as organ donors? Theoretically, Wilmut says, there is no reason his techniques couldn' t someday be used to clone people. Think about the possibilities; a whole basketball team of Michael Jordans, a scientific panel of Albert Einsteins, a movie starring and co-starring Brad Pitts.

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On a more serious note, some experts argue that couples who have difficulty having a baby could make copies of themselves. And parents whose child has a fatal disease like cancer might be able to clone the child, creating a twin who could be a bone- marrow( marrow) donor.

But even Ian Wilmut draw the line at cloning humans. " All of us would find that offensive," he says. Several countries, including Britain, Denmark, Germany, and Australia, have made all scientific work on cloning humans illegal. The U. S. has no such law, but President Clinton has set up a panel of scientists and philosophers to study the issue. In the meantime, Clinton has imposed a ban on using federal money to clone humans.

Humans are more than the sum of their genes, argues a philosophers at one research institute. Though they look exactly the same, clones are not necessarily exact copies. The younger twin might grow up with different influences — say, unusual friends or special teachers. A cloned Albert Einstein might fail his physics class. A cloned pop star might sing terribly.

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Say you were cloned. Would your twin live a shorter life because he or she started out with DNA that was already 10, 20, or 30 years old? Scientists aren' t sure. And how could you prevent someone from taking a sample of your hair and making a clone of you? Again, no solutions.

Some people who oppose cloning also object to the use of animals as research tools. " Next, they' ll be cloning foxes to make more fur( furriery) coats," says the president of an animal rights group.

What do you think? Should scientists be allowed to clone animals? How about humans?

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For questions 1-7, mark

Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;

N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;

NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

For questions 8-9, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

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1. The cloned mammal was announced for the first time by Scottish scientists.

2. That Wilmut used cells from the udder of an adult sheep makes the sheep Dolly unique.

3. Each cell of the body contains a full set of genetic instructions.4. Although Dolly is cloned by skill cells, it also has biological

father.5. It is possible to have a cloned baby for couples who can' t bear

a baby naturally.6. All countries, including Britain, Denmark, Germany, Australia

and US, have made all scientific work on cloning human illegal.7. It is never allowed to clone human beings even if being used for

medical purpose.8. It is wrongly said that _____ should not be used to form a

complete living thing.9. Couple who have difficulty _____ could make copies of

themselves. This is still an argument.10. Some people who object using animals as ____ are opposing

cloning.

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KEYS

1. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. N 5. Y 6. N 7. NG

8. specialized cells

9. having a baby

10. research tools