Reading Comprehension

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Reading Comprehension Prepared by Patrice Bucci Title I Roberts School

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Transcript of Reading Comprehension

Page 1: Reading  Comprehension

Reading Comprehension

Prepared by Patrice Bucci

Title I Roberts School

Page 2: Reading  Comprehension

“If learning to read effectively is a journey toward ever increasing ability to comprehend texts, then teachers are the tour guides, ensuring that students stay on course, pausing

to make sure they appreciate the landscape of understanding, and encouraging the occasional diversion down an inviting and interesting cul-de-sac or by way.”

Nell Duke, P. David Pearson, Stephanie L. Strachan, Alison K.

Billman

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What Reading Scholars Have to Say about Reading Comprehension

• “Reading is not simply recognizing meaning that is written in a text. Reading requires that meaning be constructed with text. In other words, reading is a transaction in which the reader brings purposes and life experiences to the text.”– Doug Fisher, Dianne Lapp, – Nancy Frey

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What Reading Scholars Have to Say about Reading Comprehension ( cont.)• Comprehension strategies are thoughtful behaviors that

students use to facilitate their understanding as they read. *Afflerbach, Pearson, & Paris, 2008

• Text comprehension can be improved by instruction that helps readers use specific comprehension strategies

• Students can be taught to use comprehension strategies• Text Comprehension is purposeful and active• Text comprehension can be taught through explicit

instruction* Put Reading First, 2001

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What Reading Scholars Have to Say about Reading Comprehension ( cont.)• Reading Comprehension emphasizes both what the author has written

and the readers ability to use their background knowledge and thinking ability to make sense of what they read.

• Reading comprehension is the process of simultaneously extracting and constructing meaning through interaction and involvement with written language.

• Extracting meaning is to understand what the author has stated.

• Constructing meaning is to interpret what the author has said by bringing ones abilities, knowledge and experiences to what he or she is reading.

• IES WWC Practice Guide

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What Reading Scholars Have to Say about Reading Comprehension

• “Comprehension strategies are procedures that guide students as they attempt to read and write.”

• - National Reading Panel, 2000

• “Readers bring to the reading event their cognitive capabilities, purposes for reading, knowledge of language and the world, and prior experiences. Readers draw upon these resources to make sense of the texts they encounter.”

– Frank Serafini, The Reading Workshop

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Comprehension Strategies

• Students learn to use a variety of cognitive and metacognitive strategies to ensure that they comprehend what they are reading.

• Important comprehension strategies:– Activating Prior Knowledge– Making connections– Determining Importance– Drawing Inferences– Using Fix-Up Strategies ( Monitoring)– Questioning– Making Mental Images ( Visualizing)– Summarizing

– Tompkins, 2010

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Comprehension

Constructing meaning

• Involves utilizing comprehension strategies

• ( this is the reading part)

Conveying Meaning

• Involves retelling or summarizing text

• Can be Text Centered or Student Centered

• ( this is the response part)

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Teaching for Strategies• Strategies to Sustain

Processing

• “Fix up Strategies”– Self-Monitoring– Self Correcting– Searching cues– Solving Words: Taking

words apart while reading

• Strategies for Expanding Thinking

• Predicting/Previewing• Accessing/Developing Prior

Knowledge• Making Connections• Questioning• Determining the Big Idea• Inferring• Summarizing• Visualizing

• Fountas/Pinnell

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Factors that Effect ComprehensionReader Factors:• Readers level of

background knowledge• Readers vocabulary

knowledge• Readers oral fluency • Readers ability to use

skills and strategies• Readers level of

motivation and engagement

Text Factors:• Readers

familiarity/knowledge of genre

• Readers knowledge/understanding of text structures

• Readers knowledge/understanding of text features

Tompkins, 2010

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Motivation and Engagement: Many factors contribute to involvement in reading and writing

Tompkins, 2010)

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Best Practices10 essential elements of effective reading comprehension Instruction that research suggests every teacher should engage in to foster reading comprehension:

1.Build disciplinary and world knowledge.2.Provide exposure to volume and range of texts.

3.Provide motivating texts and contexts for reading.4.Teach strategies for comprehending.

5.Teach text structures.6.Engage students in discussion.

7. Build vocabulary and language knowledge8.Integrate reading and writing.

9. Observe and assess.10. Differentiate instruction.

-Duke & Pearson, et al, 2002

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Role of the Teacher• Know the reader

• Know what comprehension strategies are used and neglected

• Know the demands of the text

• Facilitate understanding….

• Think: Conversation, not interrogation

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Implications for TeachingTeaching for Comprehension Strategies:

• Instructional Practices:– Interactive Read Aloud– Shared reading– Guided Reading– Transactional Strategy Instruction– Concept Oriented Reading Instruction– QtA ( Questioning the Author)– DRTA ( Directed Reading Thinking Activity)

Keeping in mind the importance of :– Modeling– Gradual Release of Responsibility– Dialogic thinking/talking– Anchor Charts to chart thinking, keep track of thinking, a visual map of the

child’s/groups feed forward/feed backward thinking

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Anchor Charts

• Anchor charts are a record of thinking and learning. They are co-constructed by both teacher and students. They should have a prominent place in the classroom for teachers and students to refer to.

• http://www.readinglady.com/mosaic/tools/AnchorChartPhotographsfromKellyandGinger/slides/Fiction-Nonfiction.html

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Comprehension: Teachers need to engage in explicit comprehension instruction. Through modeling teachers can make comprehension more visible.

Comprehension is a multifaceted thinking process in which students engage with text. Readers construct meaning by interacting with the text.

Construct Meaning Convey MeaningWhen…

Tompkins, 2010

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Struggling Readers/ ELL LearnersReasons Comprehension is

difficult:• Limited background

knowledge• Limited cultural knowledge• Difficulty with figurative

language• Mismatch between reading

level and English proficiency level

Ways to Support these learners:

• Careful selection of text• Build background

knowledge and hierarchical knowledge

• Front-load, pre-teach important vocabulary

• Explicitly model use of comprehension strategies

• Utilize interactive reading aloud/think aloud instructional practice

Tompkins, 2010)

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Assessment• An effective reading program includes assessment of all the essential components of reading:

alphabetics/phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, comprehension and vocabulary.• Purposes of assessment practices:

– 1. Identify skills and strategies that need review– 2. Monitor student progress– 3.Guide teacher instruction– 4.Demonstrate effectiveness of instruction– 5. Provide teachers with information on how instruction can be improved.

• Why?

“We want our ongoing reading assessments to provide us with evidence that students are using systems of strategic actions across instructional texts”

Fountas & Pinnell

“We assess students for four reasons: 1. Screening 2. Diagnosis 3. Progress monitoring 4. Outcome measurement”

David Pearson

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Questions to Consider when choosing assessment tools:

• Does the tool you used yield evidence of:– Comprehension strategy use?– Use of strategies on text ( fix up strategies)?– Instructional level? Independent Level?– Highlight focus for further instruction?– Show evidence of progress?– Measure students growth in the reading process?

Or Measure students growth within standards based curriculum? Both?

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Assessment

Tools

• Tools that assess how students construct meaning:

• ( most neglected)

• Running Records• Miscue Analysis• DRA, QRI• Rubrics

• Tools that assess how students convey meaning:

• ( most used)

• Retellings/responses• Rubrics• Reading response logs

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• Understanding the “reader” involves considering:– the child’s prior experiences ( background

knowledge, prior knowledge, hierarchical knowledge)

– The child’s decoding knowledge– The child’s word knowledge– The child’s knowledge of language• ( this includes “book language” as well as oral language)

Assessment: Consider the Reader

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The Challenge?

• The challenge for us is to assure use of a variety of assessments that will allow us to:– Observe and analyze the reader– Observe and analyze both the process ( strategic behaviors that construct meaning) and

the products ( responses/retellings that convey meaning)

– Provide us with evidence of progress– Allow for planning for further instruction

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If…( based on assessment)…then…(instructional possibilities are)…-What's’ After Assessment, Kathy Strickland 2005

If the student… Then present opportunities for… Work on…-Reads word by word

-Repeated reading, readers theater Modeling fluent reading through shared reading, read aloud

-Reads slowly but comprehends

-Re-reading, readers theater, writing text for struggling readers

Modeling fluent reading, shared reading , read aloud

-Reads slowly and comprehension is compromised

-Activate prior knowledge, set purpose, use anticipation guides, KWL,

Take time for pre-reading activities, DRTA, Think aloud, careful selection of text

-Reads fluently but can’t retell

-Teach retelling, webbing, story mapping, story frames, anticipation guides

Guided reading, use of reciprocal teaching, DRTA

-Unable to identify main idea, infer, make connections

- Literature circles, response logs, story mapping, use of graphic organizers

Help reader understand how to examine text, discuss and revisit story

-Has problems with sight words

-Help reader build a repertoire of sight words, use word walls,

Word study activities

-Has little interest in reading

- Help reader set purpose, authentic purpose for reading, choice

Interactive read aloud, shared reading, improving self efficacy

-Has difficulty with new, unfamiliar or vocabulary words

-Help reader understand that reading is not just reading words, help in use of three cueing systems

Cloze activities, structural analysis, contextual analysis, word consciousness

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Differentiation• Student achievement levels differ

according to their interests, preferred ways of learning, as well as ability. When teachers differentiate instruction, they modify instructional programs so that all students can be successful.

• Teachers modify instruction by differentiating:– Content– Process– Product

• Characteristics of Differentiated Instruction:

• High Standards

• Assessment Instruction Link

• Flexible grouping

• Matching students with text

• Varied instructional activities

• Instructional modifications

Tompkins, 2010

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IRA: Excellent Reading Teachers

http://www.reading.org/Libraries/Position_Statements_and_Resolution

s/ps1041_excellent.sflb.ashx

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Suggested Reading

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Suggested Reading• Mosaic of Thought, Ellin Keene• Strategies that Work, Stephanie Harvey• Reading with Meaning, Debbie Miller• Teaching for Comprehension and Fluency, Fountas and Pinnell• Teaching Struggling Readers, Carol Lyons• Lessons in Comprehension, Frank Serafini• What Really Matters for Struggling Readers, Richard Allington• Teaching for Deep Comprehension, Linda Dorn• Comprehension Instruction, Michael Pressley• On Solid Ground, Sharon Taberski• Comprehension Going Forward, Ellin Keene,• To Understand, Ellin Keene• Reading Assessment, Peter Afflerbach• Reading Essentials, Regie Routman

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Suggested Resources• www.readinglady.com• http://reading.ecb.org/teacher• http://www.storylineonline.net/• http://www.readingrockets.org/atoz/reading_comprehension/• http://www.literacy.uconn.edu/compre.htm• www.choiceliteracy.comhttp://• http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/• http://www.reading.org/General/Publications/webinars-archive/webinars-free-

text-talk-task.aspx• http://www.reading.org/downloads/podcasts/II-LappFisher.mp3• http://www.cori.umd.edu/• http://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/resources.html• http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/29035/

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ReferencesTompkins, G., (2010). Literacy for the 21st Century, Boston, MA, PearsonSamuels, S.J., & Farstrup, A.E. (2011). What Research Has to Say About Reading Instruction (4th ed.). Newark, DE: International

Reading AssociationFisher, D.,Frey, N., and Lapp, D., (2009). In A Reading State of Mind. International Reading Association, Newark DEDuke, N.K., & Pearson, P.D. (2002). Effective practices for developing reading comprehension. In A.E. Farstrup & S.J. Samuels

(Eds.), What research has to say about reading instruction (3rd ed., pp. 205-242). Newark, De: International Reading Association.

Fountas, I., & Pinnell, G., ( 2006).Teaching for Comprehension and Fluency, Heinemann, Portsmouth, NHKeene,E.O., & Zimmerman, S. ( 1997). Mosaic of thought: Teaching comprehension in a readers workshop. Portsmouth, NH:

HeinemannAnderman, E., & Anderman, L., (2010). Classroom Motivation. Upper Saddle River, NJ PearsonAllington, Richard. (2001). What Really Matters for Struggling Readers. New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc.Tomlinson, C. A., (1995). Differentiating instruction for advanced learners in the mixed-ability middle school classroom.

ERIC Digest ED443572Johnston, Peter. (2010), RTI in Literacy- Responsive and Comprehensive. Newark, DE: International Reading AssociationStrickland, K.,(2005). What's’ After Assessment?. Portsmouth, NH: HeinemannShanahan, T., & North Central Regional Educational Lab., N. L. (2005). The National Reading Panel Report. Practical Advice for

Teachers. Learning Point Associates / North Central Regional Educational Laboratory (NCREL), Retrieved from EBSCOhost.Shanahan, T., Callison, K., Carriere, C., Duke, N. K., Pearson, P., Schatschneider, C., & ... What Works Clearinghouse, (. (2010).

Improving Reading Comprehension in Kindergarten through 3rd Grade: IES Practice Guide. NCEE 2010-4038. What Works Clearinghouse, Retrieved from EBSCOhost.