Reading #2: Challenging

Jim Crow Civil Unrest

Objective…Summarize the incidents of civil

disobedience that challenged segregation and the federal governments reaction to the fight against desegregation.

MLK’s background…• PHD- Boston U.- Theology• 1957 - Founder of SCLC • Philosophy: Nonviolent - Civil disobedience • Nobel Prize in 1968• Assassinated April, 1968

Civil disobedience…• Historically used to rebel against unfair laws. • Protests are confrontational, but non-violent

The influence of Walter Rauschenbusch on King…

The influence of Gandhi on King…

SCLCSouthern Christian Leadership Conference

• Organized black churches to conduct nonviolent protests in order to obtain civil rights reform.

Dr. MLK leading local CRs workers in a prayer

Montgomery, Ala. 1955

Rosa Parks

refuses to give up her bus seat

Fingerprinting Rosa Parks

Rosa Parks going to jail

Edgar Daniel "E.D." Nixon

-Leader of the MIA-Encourages Rosa Parks to

fight the arrest

Arrest record…

Dr. MLK - Spokesperson Montgomery Bus Boycott

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

“We are here this evening for serious business …. we are determined to apply our citizenship to the fullest of its means.”

- MLK

The principles of the boycott…

- Non-violence - Christian love - Unity

MLK & Abernathy being booked by Montgomery, ALA police. The civil rights leaders had been indicted for their

roles in the MBB. King & Abernathy's homes were firebombed during the boycott.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott• Lasts 381 days• Effects 42,000 African Americans• Montgomery Improvement Assoc. (MIA) coordinates

20K rides per day for ride • MLK & E.D. Nixon arrested and found guilty of

“hindering business”

Empty buses…Bus revenue drops by 67%

Significance of the MBB…• MLK becomes a national figure• Gave the CR movement momentum• The SCLC is founded & galvanizes the non-violence tactic

The Rosa Parks bus at the Henry Ford Museum in

Dearborn, Mich.

The Supreme Court ruled busing segregation illegal Dec, 1956

The Little Rock Crisis (1957)

“I had thought - we'd all thought - that once we got the Brown case, the thing was going to be over. You see, we were always looking for the one case to end all of it.” - Thurgood Marshall, 1977

Crisis in Little Rock (1957)• Federal judge orders desegregation in LR schools• LR school board complies• Gov. Faubus defied the order• DDE puts AK National Guard under federal control • Sends in the 101st Airborne Division to enforce the law

The Little Rock Nine

DDE meets with Arkansas Gov.

Faubus, Sept., 1957

“The Little Rock Nine” entering Little Rock Central High School

SNCC (pronounced Snick)

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee...• 1960 – Black college students• Youth branch SCLC - Gives Black youth a voice in CRs• More militant• SNCC activist strategies…

- Direct confrontation

- Mass action

- Civil disobedience

What do you know about SNCC based on this poster?

1960-1961: Sit-InsGreensboro, Nashville, Atlanta

• CORE & SNCC• Sit- in segregated diners in the South… Activism• Refuse to leave until served…hurts business profit….

Powerful method of protest.

The Greensboro Four