Choose your own learning partners! - 4 or less people per table- Sit at a regular table, not a lab table- I will move you if I feel your learning partner choices are inhibiting your learning.

DO NOW: 2 minutes to discuss with your tableTwo men went into a restaurant. They both ordered the same dish from the menu. After they tasted it, one of the men went outside the restaurant and shot himself. Why?

An Answer:

The dish that the two men ordered was albatross. They had been stranded many years earlier on a desert island. When the man tasted albatross he realized that he had never tasted it before. This meant that the meat he had been given on the island was not albatross as he had been told. Instead, he had eaten the of his son who had died when they first reached the island.

REACT !!!!!

R.E.A.C.T.R espect everyoneE nter and exit appropriatelyA ccept responsibilityC ooperate with everyoneT ake action

Turn to your learning partners and explain

why you chose them as your learning partners.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

CLASSIFY DRUGS ACCORDING TO THE FDA CLASSIFICATION

SYSTEM

I expect you to refrain from talking

or asking about personal

experiences that involve drugs

VIDEO:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtWJ4sPwlmg

Right PageWhat category would Lance’s

drugs fit into?

ANABOLIC STEROIDSSTIMULANTS

but “doping” can mean many different things

LEFT PAGE REFLECTION:Do you agree that Lance Armstrong

should have been stripped of his titles?

Stand up and discuss with your table:

Should athletes be allowed to use anabolic steroids? Why or

why not?

Should athletes be allowed to use coffee? Why or why not?

Do athletes at Crockett sign an agreement to consent to random

drug tests?

Should high school student athletes be required to consent

to random drugs tests?

SILENTLY choose: yes or no

No

Yes

CHOOSE

Thriller Bad

THRILLER:Stand up and state the 5 drug classifications from memory.

FIELD TRIP:CSI Exhibit Witte Museum in San Antonio DATE: Friday 1/24 9 AM – 2 PMCOST TO YOU: $5 + lunchHave 1 confirmed parent volunteer

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:• explain the absorption, distribution, and

elimination of alcohol through the human body;

• describe the blood alcohol laboratory procedures as they relate to blood alcohol concentration

• explain the levels of tolerance and impairment due to alcohol consumption

Alcohol Statistics:• Current statistics indicate that ethyl alcohol

(legal over-the-counter drug), is the most heavily abused drug in Western countries.

• It is less toxic than methanol or isopropyl alcohol

• U.S.: Approximately 17,500 automobile deaths (40% of all traffic deaths) are alcohol related with over two million persons per year requiring hospital treatment.

Introduction

• Forensic Toxicologists – responsibility for detecting and identifying the presence of

drugs and poisons in body fluids, tissues, and organs.

-work in crime laboratories and medical examiners’ offices, hospital laboratories and health facilities -identify a drug overdose or monitor the intake of drugs. -major branch of works on alcohol related incidents

Left page reflectionWHAT IS ONE THE MOST IMPORTANT THING YOU HAVE LEARNED ABOUT ALCOHOL TODAY SO FAR?

SILENTLY 30 SECONDS

Toxicology of Alcohol• Alcohol, or ethyl alcohol, is

– a colorless liquid

– depressant,

– affects the central nervous system, particularly the brain.

• appears in the blood within minutes – slowly increases in concentration while it is being

absorbed from the stomach and the small intestine into the bloodstream.

Alcohol Factors

• time taken to consume

• alcohol content,

• amount consumed,

• food present in the stomach

Maximum Blood-Alcohol Concentrations:

• Depending on several factors, maximum blood-alcohol concentration may not be reached until 2 to 3 hours have elapsed from the time of consumption.

• Under normal social drinking, it takes anywhere from 30 to 90 minutes from the time of final drink until the absorption process is completed.

Alcohol & the DOT:

• In 1992, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) recommended that states adopt a 0.08 % blood alcohol concentration as the legal measure of drunk driving.

• In 2003, any states not adopting this percent would lose part of their federal funds for highway construction. The 0.08% level applies only to noncommercial drivers and 0.04% for commercial truck and bus drivers.

Alcohol and Law• To prevent a person’s refusal to take a test for

alcohol consumption, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommended an “implied consent” law.

• Adopted by all states by 1973, this law states that the operation of a motor vehicle on a public highway automatically carries with it the stipulation that a driver will submit for a test for alcohol intoxication if requested or be subject to loss of the license.

Left page reflectionDRAW A PICTURE THAT SHOWS DEPICTS THE LAWS SURROUNDING ALCOHOL.

Parts of the brain affected by Alcohol

• Alcohol 1st affects the forebrain and moves backward

• Last affected is medulla oblongata

Alcohol Is:

1. absorbed into the bloodstream2. distributed throughout the body’s water 3. eliminated by oxidation and excretion

Alcohol & Circulatory System

• Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach and small intestines into the blood stream.

• Alcohol is carried to the liver where the process of its destruction starts.

• Blood, carrying alcohol, moves to the heart and is pumped to the lungs.

• Then the carbon dioxide and alcohol are exhaled during breathing.

Oxidation:

• This is the process of alcohol destruction.• It is the chemical combination of oxygen with other

substances to produce new products.• Nearly all alcohol consumed is oxidized to CO2 and

H2O.• Takes place almost entirely in the liver.• The elimination or “burn off” rate of alcohol varies in

different individuals (0.015% w/v is about average)

Excretion:

• Remaining portion of alcohol is excreted unchanged in the breath, urine, and perspiration.

• The amount of alcohol exhaled in the breath is in direct proportion to the concentration of alcohol in the blood.

Other Sources for Alcohol Content:

• When alcohol absorption is complete, alcohol will be distributed uniformly throughout the watery portions of the body.

• If blood is not available to a medical examiner for alcohol content, there are always options of selecting a water-rich organ or fluid such as:1. brain

2. cerebrospinal fluid 3. vitreous humor

Left page reflectionDRAW A PICTURE THAT SHOWS DEPICTS THE breakdown or distribution of alcohol in the body.

Under The Influence?

• The extent to which an individual may be under the influence is usually determined in one of two ways:– direct chemical analysis of the blood for its alcohol

content– measurement of the alcohol content of the breath

Analysis of BAC

• Blood Tests

• Breath Tests

• Field Sobriety Tests

The Screening Step

• A screening test is normally employed to provide the analyst with quick insight into the likelihood that a specimen contains a drug substance.

• Positive results arising from a screening test are considered to be tentative at best and must be verified with a confirmation test.

The Confirmation Step

• The GC separates the sample into its components, while the MS represents a unique “fingerprint” pattern that can be used for identification.

• Once the drug is extracted and identified, the toxicologist may be required to provide an opinion on the drug’s effect on an individual’s natural performance or physical state.

GC & Alcohol Testing:

• Gas chromatography offers the most widely used confirmatory approach for determining alcohol levels in blood

• (forensic labs normally use this device).

Field Sobriety Testing• Field sobriety testing consists of a series of

psychophysical tests and a preliminary breath test

• These tests are preliminary and nonevidential in nature—they only serve to establish probable cause requiring a more thorough breath or blood test.

• Two reasons for the field sobriety test:1. Used as a preliminary test to ascertain the

degree of the suspect’s physical impairment2. To see whether or not an evidential test is

justified.

Field Sobriety Tests

• Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus– Involuntary eye jerk as eye moves horizontally

• Walk and Turn (divided attention tasks)• One-Leg Stand

Breath Tests:

• Reflect the alcohol concentration in the pulmonary artery.

• The ratio of alcohol in the blood to alcohol in alveolar air is approximately 2100 to 1.

• More accurately reflect the concentration of alcohol reaching the brain and, therefore, directly reflect the effects of alcohol on the subject.

The Breathalyzer

• Common breath-testing instrument.

• Device for collecting and measuring the alcohol content of alveolar breath.

Left page reflection:• Predict 2 short answer

questions that will be on the quiz next week.

• Write the question plus answer, then share with learning partners.

The Breathalyzer• A type of spectrophotometer that measures the

absorption of light by potassium dichromate before and after its reaction to alcohol.

• The Breathalyzer traps 1/40 of 2100 milliliters of alveolar breath.

• Since the amount of alcohol in 2100 milliliters of breath approximates the amount of alcohol in 1 milliliter of blood—the Breathalyzer in essence measures the alcohol concentration present in 1/40 of a milliliter of blood.