Re-creating Antigoni: Promoting Intercultural Understanding through Empathy

8/3/2019 Re-creating Antigoni: Promoting Intercultural Understanding through Empathy

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Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc811

}behnlcj i` nlx}iw| xlchb }nb bewf| 5<>1x# Hircxbff lwiclheff| wbdlcmx rx

}ne} qbwxqbh}lpb }eolcj ‖lx nlx}iw|$}behnbw nbew}fecm”ldejlce}lic

mlx}echlcj plbzqilc}x i}nbwcbxx ecm .znlxqbw zni mewbx, bdqe}n|# Zb

ociz }nb }bwwl}iw|#—5:

Xnb hfeldx }ne} bdqe}n| lc }nb }behnlcj i` nlx}iw|

xnirfm xbwpb ‖ex e ze| i` x}iqqlcj }nb ce}rwef }bcmbchlbx i` qrqlfx }i

qwikbh} dimbwc lmbex ecm exxrdq}licx ic}i qbiqfb lc }nb qex}#—5>

Ic }nb

hic}wew| xnb ewjrbx icb i` }nb delc jiefx i` rxlcj bdqe}n| lc nlx}iw|

xnirfm gb }i fbem x}rmbc}x ‖}i hic`wic} }nb x}wecjbcbxx i` }nb qex} ecm }i

hicx}wrh} diwb hidqfb~ dimbfx i` qbwlim pefrbx ecm gbflb`x#—5< Hircxbff“x

hichbq} i` bdqe}n| }ewjb}x qwldewlf| O$57 x}rmbc}x gr} l} de| gb rxb`rf

ìw @F fbewcbwx e} ec| fbpbf i` fecjrejb qwi`lhlbch| ecm lcx}wrh}lic

lchfrmlcj }nixb lc nljnbw bmrhe}lic# Nbw ewjrdbc} de| pbw| `wrl}`rff|

lc}bjwe}b }nb ìrw}n i` }nb `lpb jiefx xb} g| }nb EH]@F Ce}licef X}ecmewmx

cedbf| hidqewlxicx#71 ]nlx jief ehocizfbmjbx }nb ldqiw}echb ìw

x}rmbc}x }i ‖wbhijcl{b }ne} hrf}rwbx rxb ml``bwbc} qe}}bwcx i` lc}bweh}lic ecm

hec eqqf| }nlx ocizfbmjb }i }nblw izc hrf}rwb#—75

Ipbweff mbpbfiqlcj e

qbmejij| i` bdqe}n| lc @F bmrhe}lic dljn} nbfq bmrhe}iwx `lcm cbz qe}nx

}izewm ehnlbplcj }nb ‖Hidqewlxicx— jief nbfqlcj }nb x}rmbc}x }i wbeff|

empechb lc }wecxflcjref ecm }wecxhrf}rwef hidqb}bchb#

Wbxbewhn ic }behnlcj nlx}iw| nex b~qfiwbm dec| ze|x lc znlhn

bdqe}n| de| gb crw}rwbm ecm mbpbfiqbm mlxhrxxlcj ci} icf| }nbiwb}lhefexqbh}x i` }nb urbx}lic gr} efxi l}x qweh}lhef ldqflhe}licx# Hrcclcjned nex

lmbc}l`lbm ìrw hwl}lhef wburlxl}bx }ne} xnb nex heffbm ‖mbflhe}b mlfbddex—

znlhn hec deob }nb rxb i` bdqe}n| b``bh}lpb ecm hicmrhlpb }i }nb eh}lpb

ecm bqlx}bdifijlheff| hiwwbh} fbewclcj i` nlx}iw|; 5, bx}egflxnlcj e `lwd

hiccbh}lic gb}zbbc ldejlce}lic ecm nlx}iwlhef bplmbchb? 7, `wedlcj

bdqe}n| eh}lpl}lbx lc nlx}iwlhef ci} qbwxicef }bwdx ecm epilmlcj }nb

ldqixl}lic i` qwbxbc} rcmbwx}ecmlcj i` hbw}elc exqbh}x i` hrf}rwb ic}i }nb

qex} lc e ze| }ne} hirfm bflhl} fiz$fbpbf ecehnwiclx}lh wbxqicxbx? 8,

bchirwejlcj lmbc}l`lhe}lic ecm bdi}licef hiccbh}licx zl}n }nb igkbh} i`

x}rm| lc iwmbw }i hicpb| e mbbq xbcxb i` xljcl`lhechb ecm x}ldrfe}b }nb

fbewcbwx“ di}lpe}licx ecm lc}bwbx}x? ecm =, hicxlmbwlcj }nb bpbc}x lc

hic}b~} lc iwmbw }i gefechb }nb fbewcbwx“ iqlclicx ecm b}nlhef qixl}licx zl}n

‖qbwxqbh}lpb }eolcj#—77

Eff lc eff }nb mlxhrxxlic egir} bdqe}n| iw xrhn qbwxqbh}lpb }eolcj lc

}nbe}bw ecm lc nlx}iw| bdqnexl{bx xldlfew hneffbcjbx ex zbff ex qixl}lpb

qi}bc}lef# Lc gi}n `lbfmx xqbhlef ldqiw}echb lx jlpbc }i }nb ef}bwce}lic

gb}zbbc xbf`$qwikbh}lic ecm hic}b~}refl{e}lic lcxièw ex }nb lc}bjwe}lic i`

e``bh}lpb ecm hijcl}lpb eh}lpl}lbx nex qwipbm }i qwidi}b lc fbewcbwx

qx|hnifijlhef lcpifpbdbc} ecm mbbqbw ecef|}lhef hicxlmbwe}lic i` }nb

hrf}rwef hic}bc} e} necm#



Wb$Hwbe}lcj Ec}ljicl 815

]nb ‖Wbhrwwlcj— Ec}ljicb

]nb hirwxb ecm }nbe}wlhef ziwoxniq nbfm e} }nb Rclpbwxl}| i`

Qbccx|fpecle lc 7112 bcmbm zl}n }nb qbwìwdechb i` e qfe| bc}l}fbm

Ec}ljicl ec iwljlcef }nbe}wlhef qlîhb emeq}bm `wid e crdgbw i` ml``bwbc}

}b~}x xrhn ex Xiqnihfbx“x Ec}ljicb .==7 e#H#, Geflecl“x Hiwqi ml X}e}i

.5<<>, Qexiflcl“x ‖Lf widec{i mbffb x}wejl— .‖]nb Cipbf i` Dexxehwbx—

5<:=, ecm Efbxxecmwi ]wljice Ihhnlqlc}l“x Xbjrb Hidrclhe}i . E

Hiddrclurì Zlff @iffiz 5<<<, ecm qew}leff| zwl}}bc g| }nb x}rmbc}x# ]nb

}l}fb Ec}ljicl lx }nb L}eflec qfrwef ìw }nb Jwbbo Ec}ljicb znlhn hicx}l}r}bx

}nb d|}nlhef ecm ewhnb}|qlhef gehojwircm i` }nb x}rmbc}x“ qfe|# Gbxlmbx

xidb b~hbwq}x `wid }nb iwljlcef Ec}ljicb }nb x}rmbc}x“ emeq}e}lic

lchfrmbx xbpbwef Ec}ljicb$flob hneweh}bwx zni hiddbc} ic }nb bdi}licef

qifl}lhef ecm b}nlhef urbx}licx bflhl}bm g| }nb lxxrbx i` }bwwiwlxd ecm diwb

jbcbweff| g| qifl}lhef plifbchb# Lc qew}lhrfew }nb Ec}ljicbx ìhrx ic }nb

hic`flh} gb}zbbc qbwxicef ecm qrgflh xqnbwbx ecm ic }nb qx|hnifijlhef ecm

qifl}lhef prfcbweglfl}| }ne} mbwlpbx `wid }nlx hic`flh}#

Lc nbw qwbèhb }i }nb 5<>: bml}lic i` Xiqnihfbx“x Ec}ljicb L}eflec

lc}bffbh}ref Wixxece Wixxecme ewjrbx }ne} }nb Jwbbo nbwilcb hic}lcrbx }i

‖wbhrw— lc Zbx}bwc hrf}rwb zl}n e rclurb pilhb wbjewmfbxx i` }nb xqbhl`lh

hic}b~}x lc znlhn xnb eqqbewx;

Hbw}i î hnb em efhrcb }wejbmlb xl wl}iwce de ef}wb hidb Ec}ljicb

xbdgweci }iwcewb# Cic qbw bxxbwb xhepe}b b wlpbfewb cripl xbcxl de hidb

effrxlpb wlplxxr}b# # # # Fb qewifb ml Ec}ljicb b Hwbic}b xbdgweci b}bwcb xr

xìcml hrf}rwefl mbf }r}}i mlpbwxl# B cb plbcb cbhbxxewle fe midecme; urec}i

f“Ec}ljicb wlhiwwbc}b cbl cix}wl eccl hl qewfe mbff“Ec}ljicb xiìhfbe b

urec}i lcpbhb ml cil978

L} lx }wrb }ne} zb wb}rwc }i xidb }wejbmlbx gr} i}nbwx flob Ec}ljicb xbbd

}i wb}rwc }i rx# ]nb| hidb geho ci} }i gb b~edlcbm ecm }i wbpbef cbz

dbeclcjx gr} ex effrxlpb }b~}x }i gb flpbm ejelc }i wbflpb9# # # # Ec}ljicb“x

ecm Hwbic“x ziwmx xircm b}bwcef ejelcx} hidqfb}bf| ml``bwbc} hrf}rwef

gehojwircmx# Ecm }nlx cbhbxxewlf| welxbx e}nb9 urbx}lic; }i zne} b~}bc} lx

}nb Ec}ljicb wbhrwwlcj lc }nbxb }ldbx xqbeolcj egir} Xiqnihfbx“x

Ec}ljicb ecm }i zne} b~}bc} lx xnb xqbeolcj egir} rx lcx}bem9

Mbxql}b }nb qexxejb i` }ldb Wixxecme“x urbx}lic wbdelcx peflm# @iw

hbc}rwlbx zwl}bwx qnlfixiqnbwx ecm lc}bffbh}refx nepb b~qfiwbm }nb d|}n

i` Ec}ljicb Ibmlqrx“x merjn}bw zni zex xbc}bchbm }i mbe}n g| Hwbic

Ibmlqrx“x gwi}nbw$lc$fez ecm }|wec} i` ]nbgbx ìw grw|lcj nbw gwi}nbw

Qif|clhbx ejelcx} Hwbic“x zlff iw mbxql}b Hwbic“x qwinlgl}lic#7= Xlchb

Nbjbf“x xbdlcef lc}bwqwb}e}lic i` Ec}ljicb ex }nb empihe}b i` }nb qwlpe}b



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc817

ecm e``bh}lpb xqnbwb pbwxrx }nb xqnbwb i` wbexic .i` }nb X}e}b, ex

lchewce}bm g| Hwbic }nb `ljrwb i` Ec}ljicb nex bdgimlbm }nb

hic}wemlh}licx lc}wlcxlh }i irw qifl}lhef ecm b}nlhef qewemljdx; gb}zbbc

ciwdx ecm fezx qwlpe}b ecm qrgflh qizbw ecm qlb}ex }wecxjwbxxlic ecm

}weml}lic ìff| ecm zlxmid# L} lx ìw }nb qbwxlx}bchb i` xrhn }bcxlicx lc

hic}bdqiwew| xihlb}lbx }ne} ex Wixxecme qilc}x ir} Ec}ljicb x}lff lcxqlwbx

rx ecm lx lcpiobm lc pbw| ml``bwbc} hic}b~}x# Lc }nb 5<01x ecm 5<:1x ìw

b~edqfb Ec}ljicb zex qbwhblpbm ex }nb bxxbchb i` ec| ìwd i` wbgbfflic

}i er}niwl}ewlec wbjldbx# Krml}n Deflce icb i` }nb ìrcmbwx ecm fbembwx i`

]nb Flplcj ]nbe}wb hiddbc}x lc nbw qwbèhb }i Gwbhn}“x Ec}ljicb;

]nb Flplcj ]nbe}wb qbwìwdbm Ec}ljicb ipbw e qbwlim i` 71 |bewx lc 50

hirc}wlbx”ecm znbwbpbw zb qfe|bm l} l} xbbdbm }i gbhidb }nb x|dgif i`

}nb x}wrjjfb i` }ne} }ldb ecm qfehb”lc gfbbmlcj Lwbfecm lc @wechi“x Xqelc

lc Qifecm e dic}n gbìwb dew}lef fez zex mbhfewbm hfecmbx}lcbf| lc

Qwejrb$$}nb qfe| lx rchecclf| eqqwiqwle}b }i bpbw| x}wrjjfb ìw `wbbmid ìw

}nb qbwxicef flgbw}| }ne} Ec}ljicb mbdecmx ìw nbwxbf`#72

Lc diwb wbhbc} }ldbx }nb Jwbbo nbwilcb nex gbbc hicxlmbwbm e qix}$

`bdlclx} pilhb i` ‖ml``ìwbchb#—70 Ipbw }ldb Ec}ljicb nex gbbc xbbc ex e

qwigfbde}lh `ljrwb ecm nbw dec| wbemlcjx ewb qnlfixiqnlhef mlx}lffe}licx

i` }nb gexlh iqqixl}licx lcnbwbc} }i }nb nrdec hicml}lic; dec$zidec ifm

ejb$|ir}n xihlb}|$lcmlplmref flplcj$mbem ecm nrdec$mlplcl}|#7:

Effrxlicx iw b~qflhl} wb`bwbchbx }i }nb `ljrwb i` Ec}ljicb efxi eqqbew lc

}nb fl}bwew| }nbe}wlhef ecm hlcbde}lh wbcml}licx i` }nb dix} hic}wipbwxlef

ecm plifbc} qbwlim i` L}eflec wbhbc} nlx}iw|# Lc }nb fe}b 5<01x ecm 5<:1x

cedbm jfl eccl ml qlidgi .}nb |bewx i` fbem, L}ef| zex }nb ewbce i`

}bwwiwlx} e}}ehox ecm jrbwwlffe eh}licx hewwlbm ir} wbxqbh}lpbf| g| wljn}$

ecm fb`}$zlcj b~}wbdlx} iwjecl{e}licx# ]nb egmrh}lic ecm exxexxlce}lic i`

ìwdbw Qwldb Dlclx}bw Efmi Diwi .5<:>, ecm }nb gidglcjx i` Qle{{e

@ic}ece .5<0<, ecm i` }nb Gifijce }welc x}e}lic .5<>1, wbqwbxbc}bm }nb

dix} }wejlh didbc}x i` }nixb |bewx# Xlchb }nb gbjlcclcj i` jfl eccl ml

qlidgi Ec}ljicb nex gbbc lcpiobm }i x}ejb }nb qifl}lhef ecm b}nlhef

mlfbddex wbfe}bm }i zne} lc L}ef| zex heffbm ‖}nb ewdbm x}wrjjfb— iw fi}}e

ewde}e# Xnb eqqbewx ìw lcx}echb ex ec ewhnb}|qb i` qifl}lhef mlxigbmlbchblc Flflece Hepecl“x 5<0< `be}rwb `lfd L hecclgefl .]nb Hecclgefx, ecm ex e

`ljrwb i` dirwclcj lc Dewhi Geflecl“x 5<<> qwbplirxf| dbc}licbm

}nbe}wlhef dicifijrb Hiwqi ml X}e}i ecm xnb lx ìwbxnemizbm ex ec

bql}idb i` bdqe}n| lc }nb `bdefb qwi}ejiclx} i` Dewhi Gbffihhnli“x 7118

`lfd Gricjliwci ci}}b .Jiim Diwclcj Cljn} , }i cedb e `bz#7>

Lc }nb }zi hirwxbx mbxhwlgbm lc }nlx ew}lhfb Xiqnihfbx“x Ec}ljicb zex e

qilc} i` mbqew}rwb ìw }nb mlxhrxxlic i` }nb rxb i` plifbchb lc qifl}lhx# Lc




}nblw wbemlcj i` }nb qfe| }nb x}rmbc}x e}}bdq}bm }i hic}b~}refl{b Ec}ljicb“x

hfeldx egir} krx}lhb xiflmewl}| olcxnlq ecm nrdecl}| ecm demb ec b`ìw}

}i mb}ehn }nbdxbfpbx `wid }nblw izc exxrdq}licx egir} hic}bdqiwew|

qifl}lhx ecm b}nlhx# Lc }nlx qwihbxx ci} icf| mlm }nb| fbewc }ne} qifl}lhef

qbwxqbh}lpbx ewb bdi}liceff| hnewjbm ecm hrf}rweff| hicx}wrh}bm gr} }nb|

zbwb efxi egfb }i mlxhrxx niz ml``bwbc} xrgkbh}x rxbm ecm krx}l`lbm qifl}lhef

plifbchb lc ml``bwbc} nlx}iwlhef hic}b~}x `wid }nb mb`bcxb i` icb“x izc

hirc}w| }i }nb }bwwiwlx}x“ e}}ehox# Lc i}nbw ziwmx g| qixl}liclcj }nbdxbfpbx

lc }nb qex} ex cbz Ec}ljicbx x}rmbc}x fbewcbm }i b~qfiwb }nb ci}lic i`

qifl}lhef plifbchb ecm urbx}lic l}x b}nlhef bdi}licef ecm qnlfixiqnlhef

ldqflhe}licx lc }nb nlx}iwlhef hic}b~} }nb L}ef| i` jfl eccl ml qlidgi#

]nb Ec}ljicl Qwikbh}; Ec B~qbwldbc} lc Bdqe}n|

@wid }nb wbemlcjx }i }nb xhwlq}

Ec}ljicl lx ec iwljlcef }nbe}wlhef qlîhb gexbm ic e wbef bpbc} i` L}eflec

wbhbc} nlx}iw|; }nb egmrh}lic ecm exxexxlce}lic i` ìwdbw Qwldb Dlclx}bw

Efmi Diwi lc 5<:> e} }nb necmx i` }nb fb`}$zlcj b~}wbdlx} iwjecl{e}lic

Gwlje}b Wixxb .Wbm Gwljembx GW,# Ex dbc}licbm Ec}ljicl lx lcxqlwbm g|

ecm zex e rclurb wbzwl}lcj i` xbpbwef }b~}x }ne} }nb x}rmbc}x i` }nb

Rclpbwxl}| i` Qbccx|fpecle nem wbem ecm emeq}bm ecm }nbc qbwìwdbm e}

}nb bcm i` }nb hirwxb# ]nb xhwlq} zex }nbc wb$ziwobm ecm rxbm g| }nb

x}rmbc}x i` Dlmmfbgrw| Hiffbjb mrwlcj e xl~$zbbo `rff$lddbwxlic xrddbw

hirwxb }nb cb~} |bew# Lc }nbxb }zi mlx}lch} ehembdlh xb}}lcjx }nb hfexxbx

ml``bwbm lc }bwdx i` }nblw hiddrclhe}lpb xolffx hrf}rwef gehojwircm xniw}$

ecm ficj$}bwd jiefx ecm i` hirwxb }ldb b~}bcxlic# ]nbwbìwb znlfb }nb

}nbiwb}lhef `wedbziwo ic bdqe}n| qew} i` }nb wbemlcjx ecm xidb i` }nb

hrf}rwef ecm fl}bwew| igkbh}lpbx hilchlmbm }nb flcjrlx}lh bdqnexlx ecm }nb

hirwxb iwjecl{e}lic zbwb url}b mlxxldlfew# Lc emml}lic }nb }nbe}wlhef

hidqicbc}x }ne} lx }nb x}ejbx i` emeq}e}lic wb$hwbe}lic ecm qwimrh}lic

i` }nb Ec}ljicl qwikbh} pewlbm xrgx}ec}leff| lc }nb }zi xb}}lcjx#

E} }nb Rclpbwxl}| i` Qbccx|fpecle }nb 7112 Ec}ljicl qwikbh} zex qew}

i` }nb L}eflec Qfe| Qwimrh}lic hirwxb wbjrfewf| i``bwbm zl}nlc }nb rqqbw$fbpbf xburbchb znlhn lchfrmbm e hicpbwxe}lic hirwxb e jweddew wbplbz

hirwxb ecm e fl}bwe}rwb xrwpb|# ]nb jbcbwef jiefx i` L}eflec Qfe|

Qwimrh}lic zbwb }i lc}wimrhb x}rmbc}x }i xidb wbfbpec} exqbh}x i` L}eflec

hrf}rwb }i jrlmb }nbd }nwirjn }nb wbemlcj ecm eqqwbhle}lic i` L}eflec

fl}bwew| }b~}x ecm }i wblcìwhb }nblw flcjrlx}lh xolffx }nwirjn }nb rxb i`

}nbe}bw# E} }ne} }ldb x}rmbc}x zbwb ci} wburlwbm }i igxbwpb e xqbhl`lh

hirwxb qwijwbxxlic zl}nlc }nb xburbchb ecm e`}bw }nb hidqfb}lic i` }nb



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc81=

fecjrejb wburlwbdbc} }nb| hirfm }eob ec| i` }nb ìrw hirwxbx# Hicxburbc}f|

}nblw gehojwircmx ecm fecjrejb xolffx hirfm pew| xrgx}ec}leff| lc behn i`

}nb ìrw hirwxbx i` }nlx fbpbf# ]nlx zex lc èh} }nb hexb i` }nb Ec}ljicl

qwikbh} znlhn hidqwlxbm bljn} x}rmbc}x; icb zni nem krx} hidqfb}bm }nb

fecjrejb wburlwbdbc} ecm zex qfecclcj }i mbhfewb e dlciw lc L}eflec? }nwbb

L}eflec dekiwx zni zbwb lce }nblw xl~}n iw xbpbc}n xbdbx}bw i` L}eflec? ecm

icb zni nem krx} wb}rwcbm `wid e xbdbx}bw i` x}rm| lc L}ef|? ecm `lceff|

ìrw cic$ìwbljc fecjrejb x}rmbc}x .dekiwx lc grxlcbxx lc}bwce}licef

wbfe}licx Krmelh x}rmlbx ecm glifij|, zl}n mlxqewe}b flcjrlx}lh eglfl}lbx

zni zbwb dix}f| lc}bwbx}bm lc }nb }nbe}wlhef b~qbwlbchb# ]zi i` }nb L}eflec

dekiwx zbwb lc}bwce}licef x}rmbc}x .Db~lhi ecm @wechb, ecm }nrx ce}lpb

xqbeobwx i` Xqeclxn ecm @wbchn wbxqbh}lpbf|# @lceff| }zi L}eflec ce}lpb

xqbeobwx }nb }behnlcj exxlx}ec} .]E, ecm e x}rmbc} exxlx}ec} qew}lhlqe}bm

pbw| eh}lpbf| lc }nb wbnbewxefx ecm lc }nb `lcef qwimrh}lic#7<

Lc zbfhidlcj }nb flcjrlx}lh ecm hrf}rwef nb}bwijbcbl}| i` }nb hfexx }nb

lcx}wrh}iw }elfiwbm }nb Ec}ljicl qwikbh} }i }nb edqfb xqbh}wrd i` lc}bwbx}x

ecm ehembdlh b~qbwlbchbx i` }nb x}rmbc}x ecm mbxljcbm e xbwlbx i`

igkbh}lpbx }ne} emmwbxxbm ml``bwbc} ewbex i` ocizfbmjb ecm i` fecjrejb

xolffx# Lc qew}lhrfew xlchb ìw nef` i` }nb x}rmbc}x lc }nlx jwirq }nb }nbe}bw

hirwxb zex }nblw `lwx} iqqiw}rcl}| }i gb b~qixbm }i xiqnlx}lhe}bm wbemlcj

ecm zwl}lcj eh}lpl}lbx xnb lchfrmbm e zwl}lcj$lc}bcxlpb hidqicbc}wburlwlcj }nb hwbe}lic i` ec iwljlcef }nbe}wlhef emeq}e}lic# ]nwirjn }nb

wbemlcj ecm zwl}lcj eh}lpl}lbx hfexx mlxhrxxlicx ecm qwbxbc}e}licx ecm }nb

xqbhl`lh qweh}lhbx i` }nb }nbe}wlhef ziwoxniq }nb Ec}ljicl qwikbh} zex

dbec} }i fbem x}rmbc}x }i;

º `rw}nbw qwicrchle}lic ecm `frbch| }nwirjn ldqwiplxe}licef eh}lpl}lbx ecm

wbnbewxefx

º wbhijcl{b ecm qweh}lhb ml``bwbc} flcjrlx}lh wbjlx}bwx wnb}iwlhef mbplhbx ecm

jbcwbx

º mbpbfiq }nb eglfl}| }i rcmbwx}ecm xrddewl{b wbqnwexb }wecxfe}b ecm

hiccbh} hidqfb~ }b~}x

º ecef|{b }nb `lh}licef ecm cic$`lh}licef wbqwbxbc}e}licx i` }nb bpbc}x lc

ml``bwbc} jbcwbx ecm dbmle .}nbe}bw `lfd fl}bwe}rwb bxxe|x qeqbwx,

º xhwlq} e hinbwbc} ecm hidqfb}b qfe| }i eh} ir} ic }nb x}ejbº rcmbwx}ecm bpbc}x zl}nlc }nblw nlx}iwlhef ecm hrf}rwef hic}b~}x

º mbpbfiq lc}bwhrf}rwef ezewbcbxx g| hidqewlcj }nb L}eflec b~qbwlbchb zl}n

}ne} i` }nb Ciw}n Edbwlhec hrwwbc} qifl}lhef xhbcewli#

]nb xburbchbm eh}lpl}lbx mbxljcbm ìw }nb qwikbh} hicxlx}bm i`;

º wbemlcj ec ewwe| i` nb}bwijbcirx }b~}x .nlx}iw| hneq}bwx }nbiwb}lhef

mlxhrxxlicx ic qifl}lhx ecm }bwwiwlxd }nbe}wlhef }b~} xniw} x}iwlbx ecm bxxe|x,




º bx}egflxnlcj e hic}b~} ìw xrhn wbemlcjx

º b~qfiwlcj nlx}iwlhef ecm fl}bwew| lmbc}l}lbx

º lmbc}l`|lcj ecm hniixlcj qbwxqbh}lpbx

º wifb$qfe|lcj xl}re}licx

º mbge}lcj hneweh}bwx“ x}ecmqilc}x

º zwl}lcj x}ejlcj ecm eh}lcj e `rff qfe|

]nb qwldew| wbemlcjx flx}bm gbfiz zbwb eff lc L}eflec? nizbpbwx}rmbc}x wbem }nb xbhicmew| }b~}x bl}nbw lc Bcjflxn iw lc L}eflec mbqbcmlcj

ic }nblw fecjrejb qwi`lhlbch|# Ziwolcj ic }nb wbemlcjx }nb x}rmbc}x

jbcbwe}bm }nb qfi} ecm x}wrh}rwb i` }nblw izc qfe| wbzwi}b xidb qew}x i`

}nb }b~}x hwbe}bm icb bc}lwb Uremwi iw eh} ecm }wecxfe}bm ecm xrg}l}fbm }nb

znifb qfe| ìw }nb `lcef qwimrh}lic# ]nb hirwxb }ldb}egfb hicxlx}bm i`

}nwbb zbbof| hic}eh} nirwx qfrx e }nwbb$nirw }nbe}bw ziwoxniq mbmlhe}bm }i

ldqwiplxe}lic ecm wbnbewxef znlhn lc}bcxl`lbm mrwlcj }nb fex} dic}n i`

hfexxbx#81 ]nb qwimrh}lic }iio qfehb e} }nb bcm i` }nb xbdbx}bw lc e cic$

qwi`bxxlicef pbcrb }ne} lx icb i` }nb }nwbb xo|xhweqbwx lc }nb Rclpbwxl}|

i` Qbccx|fpecle miwd x|x}bd# ]nb ermlbchb i` }nb qfe| qwimrh}lic

hicxlx}bm i` egir} icb nrcmwbm ecm `l`}| xqbh}e}iwx; }nb L}eflec èhrf}| ecm

x}rmbc}x e} Qbcc ex zbff ex fihef L}efiqnlfbx ecm dbdgbwx i` }nb L}eflec ecm

L}eflec$Edbwlhec hiddrcl}lbx lc Qnlfembfqnle# ]nb }b~}x }ne} xneqbm }nb cewwe}lpb i` Ec}ljicl zbwb b~}weh}x `wid gi}n

}nb qwldew| ecm xbhicmew| wbemlcjx rxbm lc }nb hirwxb# ]nb qwldew|

wbemlcjx hidqwlxbm e hiwqrx i` ziwox i` ml``bwbc} jbcwbx ecm dbmle;

Dewhi Geflecl“x 5<<> dicifijrb Hiwqi ml X}e}i Dewhi Gbffihhnli“x 7118

`be}rwb ̀ lfd Gricjliwci ci}}b ec b~}weh} `wid Ecce Ferwe Gwejnb}}l“x ecm

Qeife ]epbffe“x 7118 dbdilw Lf qwljliclbwi .]nb Qwlxicbw, ecm Efbxxecmwi

]wljice Ihhnlqlc}l“x 5<<< qfe| Xbjrb hidrclhe}i# ]nb xbhicmew| wbemlcjx

lchfrmbm nlx}iwlhef lcìwde}lic b~}weh}x qwiplmbm `wid bxxe|x ic }nb

L}eflec hic}b~} i` jfl eccl ml qlidgi ecm `wid }nb hic}bdqiwew|

qnlfixiqnlhef wb`fbh}lic ic lc}bwce}licef }bwwiwlxd; Hnwlx}iqnbw Mrjjec“x

bxxe| E Hichlxb Nlx}iw| i` L}ef| L}efi Hefplci“x 5<:> ‖Lf qi}bc}b

lc}bwhedgleglfb— .‖Lc}bwhnecjbegfb Qizbw—, ‖Fb hixb del rxhl}b me urbffe

qwljlicb— .‖]nb ]nlcjx ]ne} Cbpbw Hedb ir} i` ]ne} Qwlxic—, ecm ‖Diwi

ippbwi rce }wejbmle mbf qi}bwb— .‖Diwi iw e ]wejbm| i` Qizbw—, Qlbw Qeifi Qexiflcl“x 5<:= ew}lhfb ‖Hix*î urbx}i jifqb9 Li xi— .‖Zne} Lx }nlx

Hirq9 L Ociz—, efxi ocizc ex ‖Lf widec{i mbffb x}wejl— Fbicewmi

Xhlexhle“x 5<:> bxxe| ‖F“e`èlwb Diwi— .‖]nb Diwi E`èlw—, Emwleci

Xi`wl“x 5<<5 F*idgwe ml Diwi .Diwi“x Xnemiz, Jlipecce Giwwemiwl“x

]bwwiwlxd lc e ]ldb i` ]bwwiw; Mlefijrbx zl}n K# Negbwdex ecm K#

Mbwwlme ecm Kbec Germwlffewm“x ]nb Xqlwl} i` ]bwwiwlxd# Xiqnihfbx“x

Ec}ljicb qwiplmbm }nb ewhnb}|qlhef }wejlh gehojwircm ìw e wb`fbh}lic ic



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc810

}nb hic`flh} gb}zbbc }nb qbwxicef ecm }nb qifl}lhef efxi lc }nb fljn} i` }nb

7115 lc}bwce}licef }bwwiwlx} e}}eho lc }nb Rcl}bm X}e}bx#

]nb pewlb}| i` }nb wbemlcjx zex ci} icf| lcx}wrdbc}ef }i qwiplmb }nb

x}rmbc}x zl}n ml``bwbc} qbwxqbh}lpbx ic }nb hic}wipbwxlef nlx}iwlhef bpbc}

ocizc ex }nb Diwi E`èlw gr} efxi }i bchirwejb }nbd }i urbx}lic }nblw

izc lmbex egir} }bwwiwlxd# ]nwirjn }nb rcmbwx}ecmlcj i` }nb nlx}iwlhef

hic}b~} ecm i` }nb qnlfixiqnlhef mlxhrxxlic ic }bwwiwlxd }nb| zbwb egfb }i

jwexq }nb mlpbwxl}| i` }nb qilc}x i` plbz }nb lmbifijlhef crechbx ecm }nb

èh}ref di}lpe}licx }ne} }wljjbwbm }bwwiwlx} eh}licx ecm qifl}lhef plifbchb ex

bpbc}x jwircmbm lc nlx}iw| ecm hrf}rwef hic}b~}x#

Lc }nb }wecxl}lic `wid }nb wbemlcj i` }nb }b~}x }i }nb zwl}lcj i` }nb

xhwlq} e qwldew| igkbh}lpb ìw }nb Rclpbwxl}| i` Qbccx|fpecle x}rmbc} }bed

lcpifpbm ecef|{lcj ml``bwbc} qilc}x i` plbz ec eh}lpl}| znlhn rcìfmbm lc

}nwbb qwijwbxxlpb x}bqx; .5, hidqwbnbcxlic i` }nb hic}b~}? .7, ecef|xlx i`

fl}bwew| ecm hrf}rwef bfbdbc}x? ecm .8, wbhijcl{lcj rcmbwx}ecmlcj ecm

bdqe}nl{lcj zl}n }nb qbwxqbh}lpbx i` }nb er}niwx ecm)iw hneweh}bwx# Lc iwmbw

}i jrlmb }nb x}rmbc}x }nwirjn }nlx drf}lìfm qwihbxx }nb lcx}wrh}iw

mbpbfiqbm xqbhl`lh qbmejijlhef }iifx xrhn ex qwb$wbemlcj eh}lpl}lbx

urbx}liccelwbx ecm wifb$qfe|x ìhrxlcj ic gi}n hijcl}lpb ecm e``bh}lpb

exqbh}x#

@lwx} i` eff x}rmbc}x ziwobm ic }nblw rcmbwx}ecmlcj i` L}ef|“x nlx}iw| qifl}lhx ecm xihlef fl`b# @wid Mrjjec“x Hichlxb Nlx}iw| }nb| wbem }nb

hneq}bw ic }nb L}eflec Wbqrgflh znlhn lchfrmbx jbcbwef lcìwde}lic ic

L}ef| `wid }nb Wbxlx}echb }i }nb 5<>1x# ]nb| ìhrxbm ic jfl eccl ml

qlidgi zl}n qew}lhrfew bdqnexlx ic }nb Efmi Diwi drwmbw hexb#

Xrgxburbc}f| g| wbemlcj b~hbwq}x `wid }nb }b~}x g| Negbwdex Mbwwlme ecm

Germwlffewm dbc}licbm egipb }nb| b~edlcbm ecm hwl}lhl{bm }nb hrwwbc} ex

zbff ex }nblw izc mb`lcl}licx i` }bwwiwlxd gi}n lc nlx}iwlhef ecm

qnlfixiqnlhef }bwdx# E urbx}liccelwb hwbe}bm g| }nb lcx}wrh}iw nbfqbm

x}rmbc}x }i qwigfbde}l{b }nb ci}lic i` }bwwiwlxd ecm }i ceplje}b }nwirjn

}nb wbemlcjx znlhn zbwb hneffbcjlcj ci} icf| ìw }nblw qnlfixiqnlhef

fecjrejb gr} efxi ìw }nb hic}wipbwxlef lxxrbx }ne} }nb| emmwbxxbm# ]nb

urbx}liccelwb hichbwcbm ìw b~edqfb }nb mb`lcl}licx ecm nlx}iwlhef

hic}b~}x i` ‖qew}lxec zew— ‖wbxlx}echb— ecm ‖fbjl}lde}b zew— }nb xrg}fbecm lc}wlhe}b mlx}lch}licx gb}zbbc lmbifijlhef b}nclh ecm wbfljlirx

}bwwiwlxd ecm }nb rcb~qbh}bm hiccbh}licx gb}zbbc }nb dbeclcjx i` }nb

ziwmx ‖giwmbw— ‖}bwwiwlxd— ecm ‖zew#—85

]nbxb urbx}licx xqewobm mlxhrxxlicx egir} }nb b}nlhef ecm bdi}licef

mlfbddex hbc}wef }i dix} i` }nb hirwxb wbemlcjx ecm nljnfljn}bm }nb wifb i`

nlx}iw| qbwxicef b~qbwlbchb ecm xrgkbh}lpl}| lc }nb rcmbwx}ecmlcj i`

qifl}lhef plifbchb ecm }bwwiwlxd# Flobzlxb }nwirjn }nb hwl}lhef ecef|xlx i`



Wb$Hwbe}lcj Ec}ljicl 81:

}nb }bwdx mlxhrxxbm lc }nbxb }b~}x x}rmbc}x wbefl{bm }ne} dbeclcj lx pbw|

wewbf| igkbh}lpb ecm lx i`}bc hnewjbm zl}n lmbifij|# @rw}nbwdiwb }nb

qnlfixiqnlhef ecm b}nlhef hicxlx}bch| i` }nbxb wbemlcjx qwbqewbm }nb

x}rmbc}x ìw }nb ecef|xlx i` }nb hiwb hichbq}x i` Xiqnihfbx“x Ec}ljicb#

Wbemlcj }nb iwljlcef Ec}ljicb hicx}l}r}bm e qlpi} qilc} lc }nb x}rmbc}x“

fbewclcj gbherxb l} gwlmjbm x}we}bjlbx rxreff| emiq}bm lc fl}bwew| ecef|xlx }i

}nb m|cedlh qwihbxx i` qbwxqbh}lpb }eolcj znlhn `rff| lcpifpbm }nb

x}rmbc}x“ e``bh}lpb ecm hijcl}lpb xqnbwbx# E`}bw xidb }|qlhef hidqwbnbcxlic

eh}lpl}lbx xrhn ex b~edlclcj }nb wbfe}licxnlqx ecm hic`flh}x gb}zbbc

hneweh}bwx ec}lhlqe}lcj }nblw eh}licx ecm gbnepliwx ecm he}bjiwl{lcj }nb

dexhrflcb ecm `bdlclcb `be}rwbx lc }nblw qbwxicefl}lbx x}rmbc}x xzl}hnbm }i

e diwb bdqe}n|$iwlbc}bm ecm hwbe}lpb eqqwiehn# @lwx} i` eff }nb| lmbc}l`lbm

bdi}licx ecm `bbflcjx bflhl}bm g| }nb hic`flh} gb}zbbc Ec}ljicb ecm

Hwbic xrhn ex ficbflcbxx jrlf} ecjbw ne}b `bew ql}| ecm wbjwb}# ]nbc

}nb| wbem efirm qexxejbx i` }nb }wejbm| ziwolcj ic }nblw }icb ecm qehb }i

b~qwbxx ml``bwbc} bdi}licx ecm }nb| mlxhrxxbm }nb ldqeh} i` xrhn

bdi}licx ic }nb mbpbfiqdbc} i` }nb }wejlh hic`flh}# ]nb| bxqbhleff|

mbge}bm niz bdqnexl{lcj hbw}elc `bbflcjx ecm i}nbw qx|hnifijlhef }wel}x

hic}wlgr}bm }i }nb hneweh}bwl{e}lic i` Ec}ljicb ex e xrgpbwxlpb `bdefb

`ljrwb zl}n wbxqbh} }i Hwbic“x er}niwl}| plx$á$plx }nb er}niwl}| i` Hwbic#

Lc}bwbx}lcjf| }nbxb hfexx mlxhrxxlicx ef}bwce}bm lc }nblw hichbwc ìw qifl}lhef pbwxrx qwlpe}b de}}bwx# @iw lcx}echb xbpbwef x}rmbc}x zicmbwbm

zn| Ec}ljicb mibx ci} mbc| nbw èrf} lc }nb èhb i` er}niwl}| }nrx

epilmlcj gblcj qrclxnbm? l` dexhrflcl}| lc Ec}ljicb lx mbqlh}bm ex e

cbje}lpb }|wecclhef ecm }nbwbìwb ex e gem }wel} znlhn olcm i` fezx

`bdlclcl}| wbkbh}x lc }nlx }wejbm| ecm zn|? znlhn dexhrflcb `be}rwbx }nb

nbwilcb xnizx ecm }i zne} bcm xnb bdqfi|x }nbd? ecm `lceff| }i zne}

b~}bc} icb xnirfm gb fi|ef }i }nb X}e}b# ]nb| hichfrmbm }nb ecef|xlx i`

Ec}ljicb zl}n e mwede}lh eh}lpl}| znlhn wburlwbm zwl}lcj e `lwx}$qbwxic

cewwe}lpb ecm qwbxbc}lcj l} }i }nb hfexx lc }nb ìwd i` e xniw} dicifijrb#

Nbwb lx ec b~edqfb i` icb i` }nb qwidq}x;

Exxrdbcmi fe qwixqb}}lpe ml Lxdbcb i Bdicb xhwlpl rc dicifiji ml 721

qewifb lc wbe{licb effb xbjrbc}l midecmb; ‖Qwipl qbce qbw Hwbic}b qbwhnìlcl{lefdbc}b ne hbwhe}i ml èwb lf gbcb b qil î x}e}i }wepif}i meffb

hlwhix}ec{b i hwbml hnb xle rc ridi er}iwl}ewli hnb ne wlhbpr}i hl÷ hnb

dbwl}e9 Qbwhnì9 B Ec}ljicb9 Urefl xbc}ldbc}l qwipl qbw fbl9 Qlb}á9

Hidqwbcxlicb9 Urefhix“ef}wi9 Xqlbje#—

Lf dicifiji mbpb;

$ bxqwldbwb hnlewedbc}b rc xbc}ldbc}i .weggle qlb}á imli qerwe ediwb

wldiwxi b}h#,

$ xqlbjewb efdbci mrb wejlicl mbf hidqiw}edbc}i ml Ec}ljicb b Hwbic}b



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc81>

$ bxxbwb xbxxre}i hliî mbpb wl`fb}}bwb lf xbxxi mbf qbwxicejjli hic hrl }l

lmbc}l`lhnl Lxdbcb i Bdicb

$ }bcbwb hic}i mbf hic}bx}i mbffe }wejbmle b cic }wexqiw}ewb Ec}ljicb b

Hwbic}b cbf qwbxbc}b%

Qwbxbc}bwel lf }ri dicifiji effe hfexxb#

]eolcj ic }nb qbwxqbh}lpb i` Lxdbcb iw Nebdic zwl}b e 721$ziwm

dicifijrb wbeh}lcj }i }nb ìffizlcj urbx}licx; ‖Mi |ir ql}| Hwbic gbherxb lcl}leff| nb }wlbm }i mi jiim ecm }nbc nb zex ipbwhidb g|

hlwhrdx}echbx iw mi |ir gbflbpb }ne} nb lx ec er}niwl}ewlec dec zni ji}

zne} nb mbxbwpbm9 Zn|9 Zne} egir} Ec}ljicb9 Zne} `bbflcjx mi |ir

nepb ìw nbw9 Ql}|9 Rcmbwx}ecmlcj9 Xidb}nlcj bfxb9 B~qfelc#—

]nb dicifijrb xnirfm;

$ hfbewf| b~qwbxx icb `bbflcj .ecjbw ql}| ne}b `bew fipb wbjwb} b}h#,

$ b~qfelc e} fbex} }zi wbexicx ìw Ec}ljicb“x ecm Hwbic“x gbnepliw

$ gb jbcmbwbm }ne} lx l} cbbmx }i wb`fbh} |irw jbcmbw mbqbcmlcj ic }nb

hneweh}bw |ir lmbc}l`| zl}n

$ }eob lc}i ehhirc} }nb hic}b~} i` }nb }wejbm| ecm ci} }wbe} Ec}ljicb ecm

Hwbic ex l` }nb| zbwb flplcj }ime|%

\ir zlff qwbxbc} |irw dicifijrb }i }nb hfexx#

]nb wburlwbdbc}x lc }nlx mwede eh}lpl}| }i b~qwbxx icb `bbflcj }i b~qfelc

e} fbex} }zi wbexicx }i qwiplmb e jbcmbwbm wbxqicxb ecm }i }eob lc}iehhirc} }nb hic}b~} wb`fbh} }nb lcx}wrh}iw“x db}nimifijlhef hichbwc zl}n

gefechlcj bdi}licef lmbc}l`lhe}lic zl}n e di}lpe}bm ecm hic}b~}refl{bm

lc}bwqwb}e}lic i` }nb }b~}# Ipbweff gbherxb i` }nb plgwec} hiccbh}licx i` }nb

‖wbhrwwlcj— Ec}ljicb lc Zbx}bwc hic}bdqiwew| hrf}rwb }nb wbemlcj ecm

mwede}l{e}lic i` }nb }b~} ce}rweff| x}ldrfe}bm x}rmbc}x }i b~qfiwb gi}n

e``bh}lpb ecm hijcl}lpb mldbcxlicx i` }nblw lc}bweh}lic zl}n }nb }b~}# Ex e

wbxrf} i` }nb bdqe}n| eqqwiehn emiq}bm lc }nb wbemlcj ecm lc xql}b i`

Ec}ljicb“x d|}nlhef gehomwiq }nb mlhni}id| gb}zbbc qrgflh ecm qwlpe}b

}ne} }nlx }wejbm| b~bdqfl`lbx nbfqbm x}rmbc}x }i jelc mbbqbw lcxljn}x egir}

}nb i}nbw hirwxb wbemlcjx ic qifl}lhef plifbchb ecm }bwwiwlxd ecm l}

hneffbcjbm }nblw izc b}nlhef ecm qifl}lhef hicplh}licx# Lc i}nbw ziwmx }nb

bdqe}n| eqqwiehn }i Ec}ljicb qwbqewbm x}rmbc}x }i wbeh} hicx}wrh}lpbf| }i

}nb ‖mbflhe}b mlfbddex— nljnfljn}bm g| Hrcclcjned lc }nb fbewclcj i` nlx}iw|#

]nb qweh}lhb i` qbwxqbh}lpb }eolcj zex `rff| mbpbfiqbm zl}n }nb wbemlcj

i` }nb }nbe}wlhef dicifijrb Hiwqi ml X}e}i }nb dbdilw Lf qwljliclbwi ecm

}nb qfe| Xbjrb hidrclhe}i#87

Geflecl“x Hiwqi ml X}e}i lx pbw| wlhn lc

mb}elflcj }nb cewwe}iw“x ecm nlx hidqeclicx“ }nirjn}x ecm bdi}licx ejelcx}

}nb gehojwircm i` }nb xihlef ecm qifl}lhef }rwdilf i` }nb 5<:1x qbeolcj

zl}n }nb egmrh}lic ecm exxexxlce}lic i` Efmi Diwi lc 5<:># Ex dbc}licbm



Wb$Hwbe}lcj Ec}ljicl 81<

lc }nb qwbplirx mlxhrxxlic ic }nb wifb i` bdqe}n| lc }nbe}bw Geflecl“x ziwo

qwbxbc}x e hic}lcref ef}bwce}lic i` bdqe}n| ecm bqlh dimbx# Hiwqi ml

X}e}i lx b~bdqfew| lc }nlx wbjewm gbherxb }nb cewwe}iw hic}lcreff| xzl}hnbx

`wid lmbc}l`lhe}lic zl}n }nb cewwe}bm xbf` }ne} lx }nb |ircj Dewhi ecm nlx

hidqeclicx .bdqe}n| dimb, }i hwl}lhef mb}ehndbc} `wid }nbd .bqlh

dimb,# ]nlx }bhnclurb znlhn eldx }i lchwbexb xqbh}e}iw ezewbcbxx efxi

nbfqx }i lchwbexb }nblw lc}bwbx} ìw ecm rcmbwx}ecmlcj i` nlx}iwlhef bpbc}x#

Bdqe}nl{lcj zl}n }nb xihlef eh}iwx i` }nb Diwi Hexb cedbf| qifl}lhlecx

|ircj wemlhefx gwlje}lx}l .dbdgbwx i` }nb Wbm Gwljembx, ecm Efmi Diwi

nldxbf` zex pbw| nbfq`rf ìw }nb x}rmbc}x“ jwexq i` }nb qifl}lhef crechbx#

]nb ìffizlcj eh}lpl}| b~}weh}bm `wid e ziwoxnbb} ic Hiwqi ml X}e}i lx

ec b~edqfb i` niz }nb x}rmbc}x b~qfiwbm ecm wifb$qfe|bm }nb ml``bwbc} ecm

hidqfb~ qbwxqbh}lpbx }ne} }nb dicifijrb nljnfljn}x ic }nb }niwc| urbx}lic

i` cbji}le}lic ìw }nb wbfbexb i` Efmi Diwi;

Lc Ewdecmi .q# 25, Dewhi wlexxrdb fb qixl{licl mbffb pewlb qew}l

qifl}lhnb xrf weqldbc}i ml Efmi Diwi; urbffl hnb xix}bcjici hnb fb GW

xici ‖hidqejcl hnb xgejfleci—? urbffl hnb qbcxeci hnb `we fb GW hl xleci

mbjfl ‖lc`lf}we}l decipwe}l mel xbwpl{l xbjwb}l? urbffl hnb qbcxeci hnb xl

mbgge ‖}we}}ewb lc ijcl dimi qbw i}}bcbwb fe flgbwe{licb ml Efmi Diwi—#

Wlbxhl e heqlwb ml hnl xici fb mlpbwxb qixl{licl9 Lc ef}wb qewifb hnb hixe qbcxepeci l mbdihwlx}lecl9 Hnb hixe qbcxepeci l hidrclx}l9 Hnb hixe

qbcxepeci l jwrqql bx}wbdlx}l9 Hnb hixe qbcxepeci l xbjrehl ml Hwe~l9

Miqi epbw fb}}i fe x}iwle ml Ewdecmi è“ rce gwbpb wlhbwhe b qwbqewe}l e

xix}bcbwb mlpbwxl qrc}l ml plx}e lc rc mlge}}l}i lc hfexxb xrff“ewjidbc}i mbffe

cbji{le{licb qbw fe flgbwe{licb mbf qwljliclbwi# Cbf mlge}}l}i exxrdbwel fe

qixl{licb ml rc qew}l}i qifl}lhi hnb }l pbwwá exxbjce}i meffe qwi`bxxiwbxxe#

Lc Ewdecmi .q# 25, Dewhi xrddewl{bx }nb qixl}licx i` }nb pewlirx

qifl}lhef xlmbx ic }nb egmrh}lic i` Diwi; }nixb zni ewjrb }ne} }nb GW ewb

‖hidwembx zni ewb deolcj e dlx}eob?— }nixb zni }nlco }ne} }nbwb ewb xidb

ejbc}x ‖lc`lf}we}bm `wid }nb xbhwb} xbwplhbx— edicj }nb GW? }nixb zni

}nlco }ne} }nb| xnirfm cbji}le}b lc iwmbw }i ig}elc }nb flgbwe}lic i` Diwi lc

ec| qixxlgfb ze|# Hec |ir rcmbwx}ecm }i znid }nb pewlirx qixl}licx

gbficj9 Lc i}nbw ziwmx zne} mlm }nb Hnwlx}lec Mbdihwe}x }nlco9 Zne} mlm

}nb b~}wbdlx} jwirqx }nlco9 Zne} mlm Hwe~l“x ìffizbwx }nlco9E`}bw wbemlcj Ewdecmi“x x}iw| mi xidb wbxbewhn ecm jb} wbem| }i

xrqqiw} ml``bwbc} qilc}x i` plbz lc e hfexx mbge}b ic cbji}le}lcj }nb

qwlxicbw“x wbfbexb# Lc }nb mbge}b |ir zlff exxrdb }nb qixl}lic i` e qifl}lhef

qew}| }ne} |irw qwi`bxxiw zlff exxljc }i |ir#

Bdqfi|lcj wbemlcj ecm wifb$qfe| eh}lpl}lbx xrhn ex }nixb mbxhwlgbm

egipb lc iwmbw }i rcmbwx}ecm }nb nlx}iwlhef hic}b~} i` }nb qfe| efxi nem

}nb b``bh} i` b~qecmlcj x}rmbc}x“ jbcbwef ecm xqbhlefl{bm pihegrfew|# ]nb



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc851

ìffizlcj b~}weh} `wid e ziwoxnbb} ic Xbjrb hidrclhe}i lchfrmbx

ldqiw}ec} lcìwde}lic ecm pihegrfew| ic }nb xnbf}bwlcj lc @wechb i` L}eflec

zidbc ecm dbc hnewjbm zl}n ehhrxe}licx i` }bwwiwlxd# X}rmbc}x

dbdiwl{bm }nb pihegrfew| ecm rxbm xrhn lcìwde}lic lc }nblw wifb$qfe|x;

Cbffe fb}}rwe ml urbx}e qew}b mbf }bx}i wlhiwme urbx}b lcìwde{licl; Cbjfl

eccl “:1 fe @wechle ne ehhif}i l }bwwiwlx}l l}eflecl lc `rje b cic cb ne

qbwdbxxi f“bx}weml{licb lc L}efle# Dif}l ml fiwi plpici echiwe fá b xici x}e}lhicmecce}l lc hic}rdehle .4 lc exxbc{e,# Lf mwedde xl xpifjb lc

rc“ef}bwcec{e ml qexxe}i b qwbxbc}b#

Lc }nb wbemlcj i` }nlx qew} i` }nb }b~} obbq lc dlcm }nlx lcìwde}lic; Lc }nb

5<:1x @wechb zbfhidbm }nb L}eflec }bwwiwlx} wb`rjbbx ecm nex ci} effizbm

}nblw mbqiw}e}lic }i L}ef|# Dec| i` }nbd x}lff flpb }nbwb ecm }nb| nepb gbbc

}wlbm ecm xbc}bchbm lc egxbc}le# ]nb mwede }eobx qfehb lc ec ef}bwce}lic i`

qex} ecm qwbxbc}#

]nb bdqe}n| eqqwiehn }welcbm x}rmbc}x ci} icf| }i pefrb bdi}licx ex

drhn ex wbexiclcj gr} efxi }i ìhrx ic xrhn bfbdbc}x ex qrwqixb ecm

ermlbchb lc }nblw ecef|xlx ecm mwede}l{e}lic i` }nb }b~}x# ]nb wbemlcj

hidqwbnbcxlic eh}lpl}lbx ic Xbjrb hidrclhe}i ìw lcx}echb hrfdlce}bm lc

e wifb$qfe| }ne} qixbm jwbe} bdqnexlx ic xbf`$mb`bcxb ecm ehhrxe}lic exxqbhl`lh qrwqixbx ecm ic }nb qiflhb ex e hichwb}b ermlbchb;

Qeifi b Hbhlfle hic`wic}eci fe diw}b mbf qemwb ml Qeifi hic urbffe ml ef}wl

ridlcl rhhlxl cbjfl eccl “:1 mef }bwwiwlxdi# Hbhlfle xix}lbcb hnb fb mrb

xl}re{licl xici dif}i mlpbwxb dbc}wb Qeifi pbmb qewbhhnlb ecefijlb#

Qwbqewe}l e lc}bwqwb}ewb rc dicifiji ml 521 qewifb qbw ijcrci mbl mrb

qbwxicejjl Hbhlfle i Qeifi me }bcbwb ml `wic}b effe qifl{le .b mepec}l effe

hfexxb%,# Qbw fe qew}b ml Hbhlfle mipwel lddejlcewb rce hic`bxxlicb me èwb

effe qifl{le lc hrl Hbhlfle xl ml`bcmb xqlbjecmi fb di}lpe{licl xle we{licefl

hnb bdi}lpb mbffb xrb e{licl# ]lbcl qwbxbc}b hnb Hbhlfle î dif}i

hidge}}r}e `we lf xri hwbmi qifl}lhi b lf xbcxi ml hifqe qbw fe plifbc{e rxe}e#

Qbw fe qew}b ml Qeifi ef hic}wewli mipwel qwbqewewb rc mlxhiwxi ml ehhrxe

hic}wi Hbhlfle xbdqwb me èwb effe qifl{le# Wlhiwme hnb Qeifi î dif}i }wlx}b

b ewweggle}i qbw fe diw}b mbf qemwb b qbw fe xhbf}e ml xre demwb cbffe fi}}e

hfecmbx}lce# Qeifi ecm Hbhlfle hidqewb }nb mbe}n i` Qeifi“x è}nbw zl}n }ne} i` i}nbw

dbc olffbm g| }bwwiwlxd lc }nb 5<:1x# Hbhlfle hfeldx }ne} }nb }zi xl}re}licx

ewb pbw| ml``bwbc} znlfb Qeifi xbbx dec| ecefijlbx# Gb wbem| }i lc}bwqwb} e

dicifijrb i` 521 ziwmx ìw behn hneweh}bw }ne} |ir zlff qbwìwd lc `wic}

i` }nb qiflhb .ecm lc `wic} i` }nb hfexx%,# @iw Hbhlfle“x qew} |ir xnirfm

ldejlcb e hic`bxxlic }i }nb qiflhb lc znlhn |ir b~qfelc }nb we}licef ecm




bdi}licef di}lpbx ìw Hbhlfle“x eh}licx# Obbq lc dlcm }ne} Hbhlfle lx }iwc

gb}zbbc nbw qifl}lhef gbflb`x ecm nbw xbcxb i` jrlf} ìw nbw rxb i` plifbchb#

@iw Qeifi“x qew} |ir xnirfm qwbqewb ec ehhrxe}lic xqbbhn ejelcx} Hbhlfle

}i deob }i }nb qiflhb ex zbff# Wbdbdgbw }ne} Qeifi lx pbw| xem ecm ecjw|

egir} nlx è}nbw“x mbe}n ecm egir} nlx di}nbw“x hnilhb }i ji rcmbwjwircm#

G| ecm fewjb `lwx}$qbwxic cewwe}lpb zwl}lcj ecm wifb$qfe|lcj zbwb

rchicpbc}licef |b} pbw| `wrl}`rf ze|x ìw x}rmbc}x }i rcmbwx}ecm }nbnlx}iwlhef bpbc}x hichbq}x ecm qbiqfb“x lmbex ecm b~qbwlbchbx mbxhwlgbm

lc }nb hirwxb wbemlcjx# ]nbxb eh}lpl}lbx efxi ziwobm ex qwbfldlcew| x}bqx }i

empechb `wid }nb wbemlcj }i }nb emeq}e}lic ecm `lcef qwimrh}lic? nizbpbw

}nb eh}ref zwl}lcj i` }nb qfe| Ec}ljicl }iio qfehb icf| e`}bw x}rmbc}x

ewwecjbm }nb dexx i` lcìwde}lic qbwxqbh}lpbx ecm bdi}licx lc}i e

hinbwbc} cewwe}lic ecm ec iwljlcef lc}bwqwb}e}lic#

]nbwbìwb }nb qwldew| }exo lc }nb mbxljc i` }nb qfe| zex }i iwjecl{b

}nb mlpbwxb x}rmbc}x“ lcqr} ewircm e fbemlcj }nbdb iw hneweh}bw# X}rmbc}x

ewjrbm }ne} }nb `ljrwb i` Ec}ljicb }nb }wejlh bql}idb i` }nb hic`flh}

gb}zbbc }nb qbwxicef ecm }nb qifl}lhef hirfm }eob xrhn e fbemlcj wifb#

]nb| efxi eldbm }i hwbe}b e cewwe}lpb }ne} zex lffrx}we}lpb i` xidb fewjbw

diwb hidqfb~ qilc} }nec }ne} i` }nb mbqlh}lic i` }nb nlx}iw| i` }bwwiwlxd lc

L}ef| lc }nb 5<:1x# ]nb `ljrwb i` Ec}ljicb hirfm bx}egflxn e hiccbh}liczl}n }nb xqbh}e}iwx ecm welxb xidb ldqiw}ec} urbx}licx xrhn ex; Zne} mibx

}nb qfe| }bff }nb xqbh}e}iwx egir} }nb x}rmbc}x9 ]nblw hiddrcl}|9 ]nblw

jbcbwe}lic9 ]nb nrdec hicml}lic9 Lc emml}lic }nb| ìrcm }wehbx i` }nb

‖wbhrwwlcj— Ec}ljicb lc ‖Mlewli— iw mlew| e xiw} i` eqqbcml~ }i Hiwqi ml

X}e}i lc znlhn Geflecl wbheffx Ec}ljicb“x dirwc`rf fedbc}e}licx lc iwmbw

}i hiddbc} ic }nb hwbe}lpb qwihbxx i` }nb dicifijrb ecm ic }nb }bwwiwlx}

eh}licx i` }nb 5<:1x# Lc }nlx ze| Hiwqi ml X}e}i efxi xbwpbm }i bx}egflxn e

hichbq}ref flco zl}n }nb }wejlh gehojwircm i` Xiqnihfbx“x Ec}ljicb ecm

zex e jwbe} xirwhb i` lcxqlwe}lic ìw }nb x}rmbc}x“ qfe|# ]nb Qwifijrb

Uremwi L ecm qew} i` Uremwi LL i` }nb qfe| Ec}ljicl zbwb eh}reff| gexbm

ic Hiwqi ml X}e}i# X}rmbc}x }nbc xhwlq}bm xidb gwlb` gr} lc}bcxb

dicifijrbx `wid Xi`wl“x Qexiflcl“x Hefplci“x ecm Xhlexhle“x bxxe|x ecm

hwbe}bm e `bz hneweh}bw$cewwe}iwx zni bdgimlbm }nb ml``bwbc} er}niwx“

qbwxqbh}lpbx ecm flcobm }nb Uremwl# ]nb cewwe}iwx“ dicifijrbx bhni }nb

ziwmx i` Ec}ljicb ic }nb hichbq}x i` krx}lhb jrlf} plifbchb ecm mbe}n

ecm }nb| qwikbh} Ec}ljicb“x wb`fbh}lic ic }nb }iqlh i` qifl}lhef plifbchb

ic}i }nb hic}bdqiwew| xhbcb#

]nb Ec}ljicl hwbe}bm g| }nb x}rmbc}x e} Qbcc bcjejbx }nb ermlbchb lc

}nbxb }iqlhx `wid }nb gbjlcclcj ecm ìw }nb znifb qfe|# Ec}ljicl lx

hidqwlxbm i` e qwifijrb znlhn lc}wimrhbx }nb ermlbchb }i }nb `ljrwb i`

Efmi Diwi ecm }i }nb nlx}iwlhef bpbc}x i` }nb }ldb ecm i` ìrw Uremwl



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc857

qlpi}lcj ewircm xqbhl`lh nlx}iwlhef ecm b}nlhef lxxrbx; }nb hic`flh} gb}zbbc

mr}| ecm xehwl`lhb }nb wbfe}licxnlq gb}zbbc qexxlic ecm lmbifij| }nb

fbjeh| i` nlx}iw| ic hic}bdqiwew| bpbc}x ecm }nb qwigfbd i` qifl}lhef

plifbchb lc }nb hic}bdqiwew| ziwfm# Behn Uremwi qwbxbc}x pewlirx

xl}re}licx ecm hneweh}bwx ecm lx lc}wimrhbm g| e ml``bwbc} `bdefb hneweh}bw$

cewwe}iw lcxqlwbm g| Xiqnihfbx“x Ec}ljicb# ]nb Jwbbo nbwilcb nbwxbf` lx

efxi e hneweh}bw lc }nb x}rmbc}x“ qfe| gr} wbdelcx lc }nb gehojwircm ecm

eqqbewx icf| }nwbb }ldbx }i hiddbc} ic }nb bpbc}x `wid e d|}nlhef

enlx}iwlhef qex} znlfb }nb dimbwc Ec}ljicl ew}lhrfe}b }nblw b~lx}bc}lef ecm

qifl}lhef mlfbddex lc wbfe}lpbf| ficj dicifijrbx#

]nbxb mlxurlb}lcj zidbc mwbxxbm lc kbecx ecm wbm }bb$xnlw}x }i

x|dgifl{b }nb hiddrclx} r}iqle welxb xbpbwef urbx}licx xrhn ex; hec icb

xehwl`lhb nbw izc `bbflcjx lc }nb cedb i` qifl}lhx”iw ìw qifl}lhef wbexicx9

Niz hec icb xifpb }nb hic`flh} gb}zbbc xbcxb i` mr}| ecm hewb9 Lx }nbwb e

mlx}lch}lic gb}zbbc }nb X}e}b ecm }nb lcmlplmref zni lx lc hnewjb i` l}9 Iw

ewb }nb| gi}n icf| x|dgifx i` qizbw9 Lc }nb dicifijrbx }nb Ec}ljicl

b~qwbxx }nblw ec~lb}lbx ìw }nb ìwdx i` lckrx}lhb }ne} }nb| xbb ewircm }nbd

ecm flob }nb iwljlcef Ec}ljicb }nb| ewb hicplchbm i` gblcj ic }nb wljn}

xlmb# ]nblw qwikbh}lic lc }nb hic}b~} i` jfl eccl ml qlidgi bdqnexl{bx }nb

hwrhlef lxxrb i` }nb }ldb znbc ìw |ircj eh}lplx}x”ecm }nbwb zbwb

dec|”hniixlcj }i ìffiz }nblw qexxlicx ecm ldqrfxbx dbec} }eolcj icewdx ecm `ljn}lcj ejelcx} }nb X}e}b# Lc i}nbw ziwmx l} dbec} gbhidlcj e

`wbbmid `ljn}bw iw e }bwwiwlx} mbqbcmlcj ic }nb qbwxqbh}lpb `wid znlhn

icb hicxlmbwbm }nbxb iq}licx#

Znlfb xnb lx wb`fbh}lcj ic nbw qex} ex e hfecmbx}lcb `ljn}bw icb i` }nb

Ec}ljicl hneweh}bwx xe|x;

Hbwhepedi cripb x}wemb cripb wlxqix}b# Cil qbcxepedi cil hwbmbpedi

ml bxxbwb cbf jlrx}i# Ec{l# ‖Cil bwepedi gricl hl xbc}lpedi gricl b

pifbpedi bxxbwb gricl—# B lcpbhb†88

Zb zbwb fiiolcj ìw cbz epbcrbx cbz ecxzbwx# Zb }nirjn} zb niqbm

}ne} zb zbwb wljn}# Lcmbbm ‖Zb zbwb jiim zb `bf} jiim ecm zec}bm }i gb

jiim#— Ecm lcx}bem†

Zne} ewb }nbxb zidbc“x ecxzbwx }i }nb lxxrb i` qifl}lhef plifbchb9 Niz

mi }nb| b~qfelc zne} l} dbec} }i gb wbpifr}licew| mrwlcj jfl eccl ml

qlidgi9 Ecm }i zne} b~}bc} mi }nb| x}lff `bbf wbpifr}licew| }ime|9 ]nb

mirg}x ecm }nb urbx}licx ewb xneqbm ex dbdiwlbx hic`bxxlicx mwbedx

ecm frhlm wb`fbh}licx }ne} hickrwb rq }nb ldejbx i` qbiqfb zni mlbm ìw

qifl}lhef wbexicx; Efmi Diwi e qew}lxec `wid }nb L}eflec Wbxlx}echb mrwlcj

Ziwfm Zew LL i}nbw |ircj dbc xbc}bchbm }i mbe}n g| }nb @exhlx}x ecm




Ce{lx mrwlcj }nb Wbqrgflh i` Xef÷ e |ircj dec zni wbkbh}x ewdbm

x}wrjjfb ecm ec lc}bffbh}ref zni mbcirchbx }nb hiwwrq}lic ecm hwrbf}| i`

qifl}lhef qizbw# ]nb Ec}ljicl xqbeo }i }nbxb jnix}$flob hneweh}bwx ecm }nbc

qixb }nblw urbx}licx mlwbh}f| }i }nb ermlbchb#

Lc}bwbx}lcjf| lc }nb ìrw}n Uremwi }ne} lx }nb iwljlcef qew} bc}lwbf|

zwl}}bc g| }nb x}rmbc}x eff }nb zidbc i` }nb qfe| je}nbw lc e hic}bdqiwew|

rclpbwxl}| xb}}lcj znbwb }nb| mlxhrxx }nb `ljrwb i` Efmi Diwi nlx qifl}lhef

wifb ecm }nb wbexicx ìw nlx olfflcj# ]nb| ewjrb egir} lcmlplmreflxd ecm

hiffbh}lplxd ecm mbge}b }nb lxxrb i` qifl}lhef plifbchb ex e dbecx }i

qrwxrb xihlef krx}lhb# ]nb Uremwi hfixbx zl}n e hirqb mb }nìç}wb znlhn

eldx }i welxb xidb urbx}licx# Znlfb }nb |ircj zidbc ewb x}lff }efolcj

egir} qifl}lhef plifbchb ec bbwlb defb hneweh}bw zni ex }nb xhwlq} xe|x

‖wbqwbxbc}x }nb bpbw|dec— eqqbewx ic }nb x}ejb ecm gbe}x icb i` }nbd

`lbwhbf| ‖zl}n plifbchb—;

Fe qlhhnle pbwedbc}b# Mbpb èwfi qbw efdbci rc dlcr}i qbw mewb ef

qrggflhi f“iqqiw}rcl}á ml èwb urefhixe# Fe weje{{{e qwipe e ml`bcmbwxl

de effe `lcb hemb xrf qepldbc}i# Lf qlhhnle}iwb xl jlwe pbwxi fb ef}wb

weje{{b#

Qlhhnle}iwb; Cb pifb}b echnb pil9

Xhri}ici fe }bx}e# Jrewme qbw dif}i }bdqi fb miccb# Fb weje{{b necci

qerwe ml frl de cic xl jlweci#

Nb gbe}x nbw ìw wbef# Nb cbbmx }i mi l} ìw e} fbex} icb dlcr}b }i jlpb }nb

qrgflh }nb iqqiw}rcl}| }i mi xidb}nlcj# Xnb }wlbx }i `ljn} geho gr}

bpbc}reff| xnb èffx ic }nb `fiiw# Nb fiiox e} }nb i}nbw jlwfx#

Gbe}bw; Mi |ir zec} xidb }ii9

]nb| cim ci# Nb fiiox e} }nbd ìw e ficj }ldb# ]nb| ewb xhewbm gr} }nb| mi

ci} dipb#

]nbc }nb plifbc} hneweh}bw emmwbxxbx }nb ermlbchb;

Qlhhnle}iwb; Pl î qlehlr}i9 Pl qlehb urecmi urefhrci xl è qlhhnlewb9

Xledi xldlfl# Ci# Xledi rjrefl# Qbcxe}b hnb urbffi hnb ni è}}i î ciwdefb#

@iwxb ci# De epb}b exhif}e}i lf mlfbdde ml urbx}b miccb# Xici x}rmbc}bxxb#

Jlipecl# Cic necci plxxr}i fe pl}e# Cic xici }bwwiwlx}b# Xici xifedbc}b

weje{{b hic qrc}l ml plx}e mlpbwxl xbc{e bxqbwlbc{e# Xici ldde}rwb# Rc

qi“ xhlihhnb ìwxb# De xbc{e ldqiw}ec{e# Ni qlhhnle}i fbl qbwhnì qi}bpi

èwfi# Qbwhnì ci9 Cic pifbpi dlhe hbcxrwewfb# Xl hbcxrweci me xifb cic

necci glxijci mbf dli elr}i# M“ef}wicmb urbx}i î lf wbjci mbffe hbcxrwe#



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc85=

Ci cic epbpi rce pbwe wejlicb# I dbjfli rce wejlicb hb f“epbpi; fb ni

hifql}b qbw pbmbwb urbffi hnb epwbx}b è}}i pil# B pil cic epb}b è}}i clbc}b#

Epb}b jrewme}i urbx}“e{licb `lcefb xbc{e dripbwpl xbc{e qwipewb e

`bwdewdl# Bhhife fe pix}we xihlb}á# Xlb}b plfl# ]r}}l# Fb miccb hidb jfl

ridlcl# Xbc{e xiflmewlb}á lcmlplmreflx}l# Fexhle}b x}ewb# Diwlwb}b qwbx}i

echnb pil#

Lf qlhhnle}iwb bxhb ml xhbce#

Mlm |ir flob }ne}9 Mibx l} eqqbef }i |ir znbc xidbicb lx e}}ehobm9 Zb ewb

xldlfew# Ci# Zb ewb buref# \ir }nlco }ne} d| gbnepliw zex ciwdef#

Qbwneqx ci}# Gr} |ir nepb flx}bcbm }i }nb mlfbdde i` }nbxb zidbc# ]nb|

ewb x}rmbc}x# \ircj femlbx# ]nb| nepb ci} b~qbwlbchbm fl`b# ]nb| ewb ci}

}bwwiwlx}x# ]nb| ewb icf| jlwfx zl}n ml``bwlcj qilc}x i` plbz zl}nir}

b~qbwlbchb# ]nb| ewb ldde}rwb# E gl} ìiflxn qbwneqx# Gr} rcldqiw}ec} lc

}nb jwecm xhefb i` }nlcjx# L nepb nl} nbw gbherxb L hirfm# Zn| ci}9 L mlm ci}

zec} }i hbcxrwb }nbxb jlwfx# ]nb| mi }ne} pbw| zbff }nbdxbfpbx ecm mi ci}

cbbm d| nbfq ìw l}# ]nlx lx }nb wbljc i` hbcxiwxnlq# Ci L mlm ci} nepb ec|

wbef wbexic ìw d| eh}# Iw we}nbw d| wbexic zex }ne} L nl} }nb jlwf }i xbb

zne} |ir zirfm mi# Ecm |ir mlm ci}nlcj# \ir nepb ze}hnbm }nlx `lcef

eh}lic zl}nir} diplcj zl}nir} }w|lcj }i x}iq db# ]nbwb l} lx |irw xihlb}|#

\ir ewb hizewmx# Eff i` |ir# ]nb zidbc flob }nb dbc# Zl}nir} ec irchb

i` xiflmewl}| lcmlplmreflx}lh# Cbpbw dlcm# \ir zlff xiic mlb }ii#

]nb gbe}bw fbepbx }nb x}ejb#

]nb dicifijrb i` }nb ‖gbe}bw— lx rcxb}}flcj# Zl}n }nb dec“x newxn

eqix}wiqnb }i }nb ermlbchb ecm }nb hic}wipbwxlef iqbc bcmlcj l} zex }nb

x}rmbc}x“ lc}bc}lic }i qwbpbc} e hicxife}iw| `lcefb ecm }i welxb ezewbcbxx lc

}nb ermlbchb egir} }nb b}nlhef wbxqicxlglfl}lbx gi}n qbwxicef ecm

hiffbh}lpb ex wbfe}bm }i }nb rxb plifbchb#

Nizbpbw }nb hichfrxlic efxi qwikbh}x }nlx pbw| hic`flh} ic}i }nb

ermlbchb# G| bflhl}lcj }nblw xbcxb i` jrlf} ìw qexxlpbf| zl}cbxxlcj }nb

e}}eho }nb ‖gbe}bw— hneffbcjbx }nb xqbh}e}iwx“ izc qbwxqbh}lpbx ic }nb

lxxrb i` plifbchb# Lc emml}lic }nb iqbc bcmlcj xnizx }ne} }nb }bcxlic

gb}zbbc }nb qwlpe}b ecm qrgflh xqnbwb e} }nb hiwb i` Xiqnihfbx“ Ec}ljicb lx

ci} fldl}bm }i ecc nlx}iwlhef qex}# We}nbw l} wbpbwgbwe}bx ic }nb nbwb ecmciz iw ex Wixxecme zirfm xe| l} lx ‖wbhrwwlcj— ecm e``bh}lcj }nb qwbxbc}

}ldb ecm qwlpe}b xbf`# @lceff| }nb bcmlcj qwiplmbx ec b~bdqfew| x|c}nbxlx

i` }nb ze| lc znlhn }nb Rclpbwxl}| i` Qbccx|fpecle x}rmbc}x rcmbwx}iim

}nb ef}bwce}lic i` bqlh dimb ecm bdqe}n| }nbiwl{bm g| Gwbhn} ecm lc }nb

L}eflec xb}}lcj g| Geflecl#

]nb hnecjb i` dimb rcìfmx qwijwbxxlpbf| lc }nb bcmlcj ecm l}

gbhidbx mb`lcl}lpb icf| znbc }nb ‖gbe}bw— b~qfelcx }i }nb qrgflh }ne} nlx




wbef qrwqixb ìw e}}eholcj }nb jlwf zex ‖}i xbb zne} |ir zirfm mi# Ecm |ir

mlm ci}nlcj#— E} }nlx qilc} }nb ‖gbe}bw— heffx }nb xqbh}e}iwx rqic }nb hiwb

i` }nb hic`flh} wb`bwwlcj gi}n }i }nb qwlpe}b .‖|ir ewb hizewmx—, ecm }nb

qrgflh mldbcxlicx .‖|irw xihlb}| # # # zl}nir} ec irchb i` xiflmewl}|

lcmlplmreflx}lh—,# @lceff| }nlx xhbcb ìwhbx }nb ermlbchb }i xnl`} qbwxqbh}lpb

`wid }ne} i` }nb xqbh}e}iwx bc}bw}elcbm ecm mlx}ec} }i }ne} i` }nb ‖gbe}bw—

zl}n znid }nb| ewb b~qflhl}f| exobm }i lmbc}l`| znbc nb x}e}bx zl}n jwld

}icb ‖Zb ewb xldlfew# Ci# Zb ewb buref#—

]nb ‖wbezeobclcj— i` }nb ermlbchb lc }nb dicifijrb i` }nb ‖gbe}bw—

qizbw`rff| hicmbcxbx }nb xrhhbxxlic i` bdqe}n| ecm bqlh dimbx

hicmrh}bm lc }nb Ec}ljicl qwikbh}# ]nlx xhbcb lx qew}lhrfewf| lc}bcxb znbc

qbwìwdbm ic x}ejb ecm nljnfljn}x }nb x}rmbc}x“ x}wicj bdi}licef

lcpifpbdbc} ex zbff ex }nblw zlfflcjcbxx }i urbx}lic }nb wedl`lhe}licx i`

qifl}lhef plifbchb lc irw qwlpe}b flpbx# Eff lc eff }nb znifb qfe| e}}bx}x }i e

nljn mbjwbb i` xihliqifl}lhef ezewbcbxx ic gbnef` i` }nb x}rmbc}x xnizlcj

}ne} }nb qweh}lhb i` bdqe}n| qwidi}bx ci} icf| e``bh}lpb qwihbxxbx gr} efxi

hijcl}lpb xolffx# ]nb Qbcc x}rmbc}x“ mwede zex xi plplm ecm hidqbfflcj

}ne} Dlmmfbgrw| x}rmbc}x emiq}bm l} ex e xhwlq} ìw }nblw L}eflec }nbe}bw

qwimrh}lic }nb cb~} |bew#

X}ejlcj Ec}ljicl ìw }nb hiddrcl}|

]nb Ec}ljicl qwikbh} e} Dlmmfbgrw| Hiffbjb zex hewwlbm ir} lc 7110 lc }nb

xb}}lcj i` }nb L}eflec xrddbw xhniif }ne} lx wbcizcbm ìw l}x pbw| xbfbh}lpb

`rff$lddbwxlic ecm xrqbw$lc}bcxlpb fecjrejb ecm hrf}rwb qwijwed# ]nb

}nbe}bw hirwxb zex icb i` }nb bfbh}lpbx lc }nb Dex}bw“x qwijwed# ]nb

igkbh}lpbx i` }nb hirwxb }ne} lc }nb Dlmmfbgrw| xrddbw xhniif zex }l}fbm

]be}wl ml jrbwwe iw ]nbe}bwx i` Zew zbwb hfixb }i }nixb mbxljcbm e} Qbcc

zl}n wbjewm }i }nb hrf}rwef fl}bwew| ecm nlx}iwlhef hic}bc}# Nizbpbw }nb

qwldew| jief i` ]be}wl ml jrbwwe zex }i qbw`bh} }nb iwef ecm erwef xolffx i`

}nixb x}rmbc}x zni ef}nirjn empechbm cbbmbm }i gwlcj }nblw

hiddrclhe}lpb eglfl}lbx }i e nljnbw fbpbf i` xiqnlx}lhe}lic mrwlcj }nb

fldl}bm }ldb i` }nb xrddbw lddbwxlic#

]be}wl ml jrbwwe zex ec lmbef pbcrb }i }nlx bcm# @lwx} i` eff l} qwiplmbmx}rmbc}x zl}n ec eh}ref x}ejb ic znlhn }nb| hirfm qweh}lhb ecm wblcìwhb

}nblw lc}bwqbwxicef hiddrclhe}lpb xolffx }nwirjn ldqwiplxe}lic wbnbewxefx

ecm dlxb$bc$xhîcb# Flobzlxb }nb fl}bwew| nlx}iwlhef ecm qifl}lhef hic}bc}

i` ]be}wl ml jrbwwe lc}bffbh}reff| hneffbcjbm x}rmbc}x }i b~qfiwb dekiw

exqbh}x i` L}ef|“x qex} gr}}wbxxlcj }nblw lc}bwqwb}lpb xolffx ecm b~qecmlcj

}nb gwbem}n i` }nblw xqbhlefl{bm pihegrfew|# Diwb ldqiw}ec}f| }nb

qbwxqbh}lpb$}eolcj eqqwiehn emiq}bm lc }nb hirwxb heffbm x}rmbc}x }i



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc850

bdgim| }nb hrf}rwef ecm qifl}lhef qilc}x i` plbz b~qwbxxbm lc }nb }b~}x

bcnechlcj }nblw dex}bwlcj i` }nb wnb}iwlhef fe|bwx i` }nb fecjrejb#

Gbherxb i` }nb qwliwl}lbx ir}flcbm egipb ecm }nb }ldb wbx}wlh}licx i` }nb

xrddbw qwijwed }nb zwl}lcj$lc}bcxlpb hidqicbc} mbpbfiqbm e} Qbcc zex

ci} lchiwqiwe}bm lc }nb Dlmmfbgrw| x|ffegrx# @iw }nb `lcef qfe| qwimrh}lic

Dlmmfbgrw| x}rmbc}x rxbm Ec}ljicl }nb iwljlcef emeq}e}lic er}niwbm g| }nb

Rclpbwxl}| i` Qbccx|fpecle L}eflec }nbe}bw }bed lc 7112# ]nb delc

qwbihhrqe}lic i` }nb Dlmmfbgrw| jwirq zex `wedlcj }nb qfe| lc xrhn e

ze| }ne} l} mlm ci} xbbd e qlbhb i` `lh}lic gr} e flobf| wbhicx}wrh}lic i`

}nb bpbc}x }ne} hirfm x}ldrfe}b mlxhrxxlic ecm welxb qifl}lhef ezewbcbxx plx$

á$plx }nb hic}bdqiwew| lc}bwce}licef xhbcewli# Egipb eff x}rmbc}x zbwb

bejbw }i rcmbwx}ecm ecm gb egfb }i b~qwbxx }nb `bbflcjx ecm dbml}e}licx i`

}nb qwi}ejiclx}x i` jfl eccl ml qlidgi#

]nlx zex ci} ec bex| }exo# Ex Hrcclcjned xrjjbx}x lc iwmbw }i epilm

}nb wlxo i` ipbwf| xrgkbh}lpb iw bhhbc}wlh wbxqicxbx }i ldejlcbm xl}re}licx

bdqe}n| xnirfm efze|x gb `lwdf| hiccbh}bm }i nlx}iwlhef bplmbchb#8=

]i

qrwxrb }nlx jief }nb lcx}wrh}iw xrqqfbdbc}bm }nb hiwqrx i` wbemlcjx zl}n

nlx}iwlhef ecm xbhicmew| }b~}x xrhn ex b~hbwq}x `wid Qerf Jlcxgiwj“x

X}iwle m“L}efle . Nlx}iw| i` L}ef|, ecm `wid Hewf Xhndl}}“x ]biwle mbf

qew}ljleci .]nbiw| i` }nb Qew}lxec, edicj i}nbwx#82

X}rmbc}x wbem eff }nb }b~}x b~hfrxlpbf| lc L}eflec ex wburlwbm g| }nbfecjrejb qiflh| i` }nb Dlmmfbgrw| Xrddbw Xhniif#

Gbxlmbx }nb hirwxb ìwde} ecm jiefx }nbwb zex ec ldqiw}ec} hic}b~}$

mwlpbc `be}rwb }i }eob lc}i ehhirc} ex zbff# ]nb L}eflec qfe| znlhn lx

qwimrhbm bpbw| |bew lx }nb hrfdlce}lcj xihlef ecm hrf}rwef bpbc} i` }nb

Dlmmfbgrw| xrddbw qwijwed# L} hicx}l}r}bx e hbc}wef b~}wehrwwlhrfew

eh}lpl}| ecm e dbeclcj`rf hrf}rwef iqqiw}rcl}| ìw }nb fewjbw hiddrcl}| i`

fbewcbwx }behnbwx jrbx} xqbeobwx ecm èdlf| dbdgbwx zni qew}lhlqe}b lc

}nb qwimrh}lic ex eh}iwx b~}wex ecm x}e`` hwbz iw xldqf| e}}bcm l} ex

xqbh}e}iwx# X}ejlcj }nb mlfbddex i` }nb Ec}ljicl lc }nb hic}b~} i` jfl eccl

ml qlidgi eldbm }i xqewo lc}bwbx} èhlfl}e}b rcmbwx}ecmlcj ecm x}ldrfe}b

}nb bdi}licef lcpifpbdbc} i` }nb nb}bwijbcbirx Dlmmfbgrw| hiddrcl}|

lc }nb xrgkbh} i` }nb qfe|# Lc emml}lic g| gfbcmlcj fl}bwe}rwb nlx}iw| ecm

qifl}lhx }nb Ec}ljicl qfe| }rwcbm }nb x}ejb lc}i e xqehb i` qifl}lhefmlxhrxxlic }nwirjn znlhn }i hwl}lurb lmbifijlhef x}echbx ecm }i lcpifpb }nb

ermlbchb lc e qwihbxx i` ‖hidlcj }i ezewbcbxx#—

]nb Dlmmfbgrw| L}eflec }nbe}bw jwirq x}wipb }i deob }nb qwimrh}lic

ehhbxxlgfb ecm dbeclcj`rf }i eff bpbc }i }nb fbxx b~qbw} dbdgbwx i` }nb

hiddrcl}| flob bfbdbc}ew| ecm lc}bwdbmle}b x}rmbc}x# Xlchb }nb xrddbw

xhniif wburlwbm ec L}eflec$icf| xqbeolcj bcplwicdbc} ecm xrg}l}fbx hirfm

ci} gb rxbm }nb }bed lc}bwpbcbm xrgx}ec}leff| ic }nb qewe}b~} lc iwmbw }i



Wb$Hwbe}lcj Ec}ljicl 85:

èhlfl}e}b }nb hidqwbnbcxlic i` }nb qfe|# ]nb| obq} }nb iwljlcef hipbw i`

}nb qfe|glff hnecjlcj icf| }nb fijlx}lhef mb}elfx# Nizbpbw }nb|

lchiwqiwe}bm lc }nb qfe|glff nlx}iwlhef lcìwde}lic ecm e mb}elfbm x|ciqxlx

zl}n hiddbc}x ecm urbx}licx egir} hic}wipbwxlef }iqlhx# ]nbxb urbx}licx

hichbwcbm ìw b~edqfb }nb lxxrb i` }nb mbnrdecl{e}lic i` }nb plh}ldx i`

}bwwiwlxd }nb lmbifijlhef wbexicx gbnlcm }nb mbhlxlic }i kilc }nb ewdbm

x}wrjjfb }nb fbjeh| i` }nb qex} lc }nb hic}bdqiwew| hic}b~} ecm qbiqfb“x

lcml``bwbchb }i bpbw|me| plifbchb# ]nb lcìwde}lic urbx}licx ecm

hiddbc}x lchfrmbm lc }nb qfe|glff zbwb dbec} }i xiflhl} }nb xqbh}e}iwx“

wb`fbh}lic ic }nb hbc}wef }iqlhx i` }nb qfe| ecm }i urbx}lic }nblw hicplh}licx

ic }bwwiwlxd ecm qifl}lhef plifbchb gbìwb }nb gbjlcclcj i` }nb qfe|

qwimrh}lic Ec}ljicl#

@lceff| }nb }nbe}bw }bed e}}bdq}bm }i wbplpb }nb ‖`fepiw— i` }nb 5<:1x

ìw }ne} qiw}lic i` ce}lpb xqbeobwx lc }nb hedqrx hiddrcl}| }ne} nem

eh}reff| flpbm }nwirjn jfl eccl ml qlidgi lc L}ef|# ]i }nlx bcm }nb|

lc}bwpbcbm ic }nb qwifijrb# ]nb iwljlcef }b~} lc}wimrhbm }nb `ljrwb i` Efmi

Diwi zl}n e x|dgiflh gr} ci} drhn lcìwde}lpb b~hnecjb# ]i }nlx

xrjjbx}lpb lc}wimrh}lic }nb Dlmmfbgrw| hfexx emmbm e qizbw`rf xhbcb lc

znlhn e dexx i` qwi}bx}lcj x}rmbc}x wec ic}i }nb x}ejb zl}n hnelcx x}lhox

ecm Difi}ip hiho}elfx# Znbc }nb xdiob i` }nb Difi}ipx mlxxifpbm e xiw}

i` mihrdbc}ew| ic jfl eccl ml qlidgi gbjec# E `bz x}rmbc} eh}iwxhiddbc}bm ic e xflmb xniz zl}n ldejbx i` }nb x}rmbc} ecm ziwobw

dipbdbc}x }nb wljn}$zlcj gidglcjx i` Qle{{e @ic}ece Gwbxhle ecm

Gifijce xbpbwef plh}ldx i` }nb fb`}$zlcj jrbwlffe iwjecl{e}licx ecm

`lceff| }nb `ljrwb i` Efmi Diwi zl}n nlx egmrh}lic ecm exxexxlce}lic# Lc

}nb gehojwircm xbpbwef 5<:1x qifl}lhef xicjx qfe|bm#

]nb wbx} i` }nb }b~} zex ef}bwbm icf| xfljn}f|# ]nb qew}lhlqe}lic lc }nb

}nbe}wlhef bcmbepiw ic gbnef` i` }nb L}eflec ic$hedqrx hiddrcl}| zex

ldqwbxxlpb#

Bqlfijrb

Lc gi}n hic}b~}x }nb Rclpbwxl}| i` Qbccx|fpecle rcmbwjwemre}b hrwwlhrfrd

ecm }nb Dlmmfbgrw| Hiffbjb jwemre}b xhniif }nb Ec}ljicl qwikbh} zex exrhhbxx`rf ze| }i b~qbwldbc} zl}n bdqe}n| lc }nb x}rm| i` L}eflec nlx}iw|

}nwirjn }nbe}bw# Znlfb }nb }zi hirwxbx ml``bwbm mrb }i }nb ehembdlh

xb}}lcj fecjrejb qwi`lhlbch| }ldb `wedb ecm qrwqixb i` x}rm| }nblw

ipbwewhnlcj jiefx hicpbwjbm# ]nb x}rmbc}x ceplje}bm }nwirjn }nb Ec}ljicl

qwikbh} g| rxlcj bdqe}n| ex e hrf}rwef fbewclcj }iif eldlcj }i qbw`bh} }nblw

lc}bwqbwxicef ecm lc}bwqwb}lpb xolffx ecm }i empechb }nblw lc}bwhrf}rwef

rcmbwx}ecmlcj `wid }nb lcxlmb# ]nb xburbchbm eh}lpl}lbx mbxljcbm ìw }nb



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc85>

qwikbh} xqeccbm `wid wbemlcj e hiwqrx i` nb}bwijbcbirx }b~}x }i

hic}b~}refl{lcj }nb wbemlcjx bcjejlcj lc wifb$qfe|lcj xl}re}licx }eolcj ic

ml``bwbc} qbwxqbh}lpbx ecm zwl}lcj x}ejlcj ecm eh}lcj ir} e `rff qfe|#

]nlx eqqwiehn ìw znlhn L nepb giwwizbm `wid nlx}iw| }behnlcj }nb

mb`lcl}lic i` ‖qbwxqbh}lpb }eolcj— nbfqbm x}rmbc}x }i ege}b }nblw

qx|hnifijlhef gewwlbwx }i fecjrejb fbewclcj ecm }i mbpbfiq ec iwljlcef qe}n

}i rcmbwx}ecmlcj urbx}liclcj ecm wbexiclcj ic lxxrbx i` qifl}lhef plifbchb

ecm }bwwiwlxd wbfe}bm }i }nb nlx}iw| i` L}ef| `wid }nb fe}b 5<01x }i }nb bewf|

5<>1x# @rw}nbwdiwb }nb emiq}lic i` Xiqnihfbx“ Ec}ljicb xneqbm }nb }wejlh

gehojwircm i` }nb qwikbh} ecm xbwpbm }i lc}bwwije}b }nb b}nlhef ecm qifl}lhef

lxxrbx e} x}eob#

Zl}nlc }nlx `wedbziwo emeq}e}lic }nb }zi }nbe}bw }bedx qwlplfbjbm

ml``bwbc} exqbh}x i` }nb qwihbxx# Qbcc x}rmbc}x bdqnexl{bm }nb zwl}lcj

qiw}lic i` }nb qwikbh} ecm er}niwbm }nb iwljlcef Ec}ljicl emeq}e}lic znlfb

Dlmmfbgrw| x}rmbc}x hbc}bwbm ic }nb x}ejlcj i` }nb Ec}ljicl ecm qwlplfbjbm

}nb hic}b~}refl{e}lic ecm }nb lc}bwqwb}lpb b~hnecjbx lcxlmb }nb hiddrcl}|#

]nb Ec}ljicl qwikbh} `lceff| nem e pbw| b~hl}lcj bqlfijrb lc }nb xqwlcj

i` 711< znbc qfe|zwljn} ecm eh}iw Dewhi Geflecl ecm mlwbh}iw Dewle

Dejflb}}e }irwbm xbpbwef hiffbjbx lc }nb Rcl}bm X}e}bx x}ejlcj icb i` }nb

hiwb }b~}x i` }nb Ec}ljicl qwikbh} }nb }nbe}wlhef dicifijrb Hiwqi ml

X}e}i#80 Ef}nirjn }nb| nemc“} bcjejbm zl}n Geflecl“x }b~} ex mbbqf| ex }nbx}rmbc}x e} Qbcc iw Dlmmfbgrw| nem d| x}rmbc}x e} Mlholcxic Hiffbjb

qew}lhlqe}bm lc }nb qbwìwdechb ex bc}nrxlex}lh ecm eqqwbhle}lpb xqbh}e}iwx#

Geflecl“x qbwìwdechbx }nbwbìwb hicx}l}r}bm }nb hichfrxlic i` e ficj$

}bwd qbmejijlhef b~qfiwe}lic lc }nb }bwwl}iw| i` bdqe}n| lc }nbe}bw ecm

nlx}iw| ecm }nb `lcef x}ejb i` d| ficj$}bwd xhnifewf| qwikbh} ic }nb

wbqwbxbc}e}lic i` }bwwiwlxd lc `lfd ecm }nbe}bw# Eff }ii i`}bc }nbwb lx ci iw

pbw| fl}}fb hiccbh}lic gb}zbbc xhnifewx“ ehembdlh qrwxrl}x ecm }nblw

}behnlcj xrgkbh} de}}bw# \b} lc ml``bwbc} hic}b~}x ecm qbmejijlhef

b~qbwldbc}x Ec}ljicl demb d| xhnifewf| eh}lpl}| hidb }i fl`b lc }nb

hfexxwiid#



Wb$Hwbe}lcj Ec}ljicl 85<

Eqqbcml~ E

Eh}lpl}| Ziwoxnbb} ic Efbxxecmwi ]wljice Ihhnlqlc}l& Xbjrb hidrclhe}i .5<<>$<<,

n}}q;))zzz#mwedde#l})flgwbwle)hiqlicl)xbjrbYhidrclhe}i#n}d

Lcìwde{licl

Cbffe fb}}rwe ml urbx}e qew}b mbf }bx}i wlhiwme urbx}b lcìwde{licl;

Cbjfl eccl “:1 fe @wechle ne ehhif}i l }bwwiwlx}l l}eflecl lc `rje b cic cb

ne qbwdbxxi f“bx}weml{licb lc L}efle# Dif}l ml fiwi plpici echiwe fá b

xici x}e}l hicmecce}l ‖lc hic}rdehle— .4 lc exxbc{e,#

Lf mwedde xl pifjb lc rc“ef}bwcec{e ml qexxe}i b qwbxbc}b#

Hidqwbcxlicb

Xhwlpl fb wlxqix}b effb midecmb 5$=# Qwbqewe}l e mlxhr}bwb fb }rb lmbb lc

hfexxb#

5# Hbhlfle mlhb; ‖Hicixhi f“ridi lf xri ejlwb†#Hbwhepi xifi ml mlwburec}i xle ml``lhlfb cbffe wbef}á mlx}lcjrbwb fe `rc{licb hnb f“ridi

wlhiqwb† meff“ridi x}bxxi#— .58, F“Ridi mlhb; ‖Mldbc}lhepi hnb pil

cic hifql}b del f“ridi de lf xldgifi fe `rc{licb†#— .==,# Hic}wi urefb

‖`rc{licb— hidge}}ici l }bwwiwlx}l9

7# Cbf hiffiurli `we Hbhlfle b f“Ridi .5<$77, Hbhlfle xqlbje lf qwiqwli

qrc}i ml plx}e xrffe fi}}e wlpifr{licewle# Urefl xici l xril iglb}}lpl9 Hnb

hixe fb wlxqicmb f“Ridi9

8# Cbf hiffiurli `we Edbmbi b Hbhlfle .81$82, l mrb wlhiwmeci lf è}}i hnb

fl ne xqlc}l e qwbcmbwb fb ewdl qbw fe fi}}e ewde}e# Uref î urbx}i è}}i9

=# Lc dif}b qew}l mbf }bx}i de bxqflhl}edbc}b e q# =8$== f“Ridi wlhiwme

Efmi Diwi echnb xb lf xri cidb cic î del hl}e}i mlwb}}edbc}b# Urefl xicifb ecefijlb }we fe xl}re{licb mbff“Ridi b urbffe ml Diwi9 Xhwlplfb url

xi}}i;



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc871

F“Ridi

f mi Diwi

Wifb$qfe|%

2# Qeifi b Hbhlfle hic`wic}eci fe diw}b mbf qemwb ml Qeifi hic urbffe ml

ef}wl ridlcl rhhlxl cbjfl eccl “:1 mef }bwwiwlxdi# Hbhlfle xix}lbcb hnb fb mrb

xl}re{licl xici dif}i mlpbwxb dbc}wb Qeifi pbmb qewbhhnlb ecefijlb#

Qwbqewe}l e lc}bwqwb}ewb rc dicifiji ml 521 qewifb qbw ijcrci mbl mrb

qbwxicejjl Hbhlfle i Qeifi me }bcbwb ml `wic}b effe qifl{le .b mepec}l effe

hfexxb%,# Qbw fe qew}b ml Hbhlfle mipwel lddejlcewb rce hic`bxxlicb me `ewb

effe qifl{le lc hrl Hbhlfle xl ml`bcmb xqlbjecmi fb di}lpe{licl xle we{licefl

hnb bdi}lpb mbffb xrb e{licl# ]lbcl qwbxbc}b hnb Hbhlfle î dif}ihidge}}r}e `we lf xri hwbmi qifl}lhi b lf xbcxi ml hifqe qbw fe plifbc{e

rxe}e# Qbw fe qew}b ml Qeifi ef hic}wewli mipwel qwbqewewb rc mlxhiwxi ml

ehhrxe hic}wi Hbhlfle xbdqwb me `ewb effe qifl{le# Wlhiwme hnb Qeifi î

dif}i }wlx}b b ewweggle}i qbw fe diw}b mbf qemwb b qbw fe xhbf}e ml xre demwb

cbffe fi}}e hfecmbx}lce#



Hneq}bw ]nlw}bbc877

Hirchlf i` Brwiqb# Hiddic Brwiqbec @wedbziwo i` Wb`bwbchb `iw

Fecjrejbx; Fbewclcj }behnlcj exxbxxdbc} # Hedgwlmjb; Hedgwlmjb

Rclpbwxl}| Qwbxx 7115#

Hircxbff Hnwlx}lcb# ‖Bml}iwlef#— ]behnlcj Nlx}iw| 511 .7111,; 7#

Hrcclcjned Mbgiwen F# ‖Bdqe}n| zl}nir} Lffrxlicx#— ]behnlcj Nlx}iw|

55= .711=,; 7=$7<#

Meplx I{wi Frob Bfl{egb}n Eccb \bejbw ecm X}rew} K# @ix}bw bmx#

Nlx}iwlhef Bdqe}n| ecm Qbwxqbh}lpb ]eolcj lc }nb Xihlef X}rmlbx# Cbz

\iwo; Wizdec & Fl}}fb`lbfm Qrgflxnbwx Lch# 7115#

Mbr}xhnfecm ld Nbwgx} _Jbwdec| lc Er}rdcT# Mlwx# Ef` Gwrx}bfflc Necx

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Re-creating Antigoni: Promoting Intercultural Understanding through Empathy

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