RD - History-schmistory Rev Outline... · June 20 21Flight to Varennes (the King tries to flee!):...

1

Key Yellowshy important pointPinkshy Section headings

Greenshy headingBlueshy subshyheadings

FRENCH REVOLUTION (2008 notes)Burton F Beers unless otherwise noted

httpwebhwsedualumniremarkabledisplaynotablealumaspnotablealumid=14Sources Beers Burton Patterns of Civilization (Scarborough Ont Prentice Hall 1985)Corzine Phyllis The French Revolution (San Diego Lucent Books 1995)Censer Jack and Hunt Lynn Liberty Equality and Fraternity Exploring the French Revolution (University Park Penn Penn State Univesity Press 2001)Segarra Beth (director) The French Revolution History Channel Productions 2005

FRENCH REVOLUTION A QUICK CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

PREshyWARbull1715shy74 Louis XV pursues pleasure and runs up debtsbull1740shy48 War of the Austrian Succession France with Spain VS Austria (led by Maria Theresa (Antoinettersquos mom]) and Britainmdashgrew to worldwide conflict mostly between Br and FrmdashFr won in Europe Br abroad Result FRENCH HATE HAPSBURGSbull1770 The future Louis XVI marries Marie Antoinettebull1774 Accession of Louis XVI Louis XVrsquos grandsonbull1776 US Declaration of Independence NECKER joins the French govtbull1778 France enters the US War of Independence vs the Br Death of VoltaireRousseaubull1780s bad harvestsbull1781 Necker forced outbull1783 Peace of Paris=end of the American Revolution Calonne made finance ministerbull1788 Aug 8shy Estates General convoked for 1789 (hadnrsquot been since 1469)

Dec 27shy Doubling of the 3rd Estatebull1789 Abbe Sieyes publishes WHAT IS THE 3RD Estate

FRENCH REVOLUTION UNREST STARTSbull1789 Aprshy unrest begins at the Reveillon wallpaper factory

Mayshy Estates General meets where all 3 Estates bring cahiers of grievancesJune 17shy 3rd Estate transforms themselves into the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (NA) (or NATIONAL

CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY or CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY)mdashldquoMembers of the other Estates come write a constitution with usrdquo New govt is a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY MODERATE PHASE OF REV

June 20shyTennis Court oathJune 27shy 3 Estates or Orders finally uniteJuly 14shy Storming of the Bastille (ldquoBastille Dayrsquo)

2

CREATING A NEW FRANCEOVERVIEW 4 STAGES

1 MODERATE phase NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (1789shy91)=constitutional monarchy Creating a new France

2 RADICAL phase 1792shy94 Escalating violence leads to REIGN OF TERROR (1793shy94)3 REACTION phase (Thermidor) 1795shy99 Reaction against extremism with the DIRECTORY4 BACK TO DICTATORSHIPNEW TYPE OF EMPEROR Age of Napoleon 1799shy1815 Consolidates

and turns back some changes of the Revolution=360 degrees (not fully)

STAGE 1 MODERATE PHASE (1789shy91)

bull1789Julyshy Great Fear Paris in ArmsAug 4shy Abolition of feudalism privileges and venality=Aug 5=Feudalism abolishedAug 26shy DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MANOct 5shy6shy October DaysWomen March on Versaillesmdashroyal family moves to the Tulleries in Paris (1789shy91)Nov 2shy to pay state debt NA votes to take oversell Church landDec 12shy Assignats introduced

bull1790 Feb 13shy Monastic vows forbiddenmdashCatholic Church being put under state control Takes away a guarantee of salvationMay 22shy Foreign conquests renouncedJuly 12shy Civil Constitution of the Clergymdashbishopspriests elected=end PAPAL authority over French ChurchAug 16shy Parlements abolished=centralized control in Paris

bull1791Mar 2shy Guilds dissolvedJune 20shy 21shyFlight to Varennes (the King tries to flee) ldquoLong Live the Nationrdquo instead of ldquoLong Live the KingrdquoJuly 16shyKing reinstated accepts new constitution=CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHYJuly 17shy Champs de Mars MassacreshyCordeliersradical Jacobins push for a REPUBLICmdashas crowd came to sign a petition for this Lafayette (war hero and head of National Guard) fires on crowd=50 dead SPLIT IN GOVT Right who want constitutional monarchy and Left who want a RepublicAug 27shy Declaration of Pillnitz King Prussia amp Austrian Emperor threaten to intervene in Revolution to protect French monarchymdashled to RADICALIZATION of revolutionSept 3shy 1791 CONSTITUTION officialSept 30shyNA dissolved Oct 1 replaced by new LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ( LA) mdashlasts only 1 year due to external and internal conflicts

STAGE 2 RADICAL PHASE (1792shy94)

bull1792Apr 20shy LA declares war 1st on Austria June 10shy Sansculotte invade Tulleries shouting ldquoDown with the Vetordquo as he had vetoed action that would have brought economic relief and military protection for Paris Want a Republic National Guard response Had gone over to Austrians Ntl Guard to ParisJune 12shy LA declares war on PrussiamdashWar initially a disaster SEEK OUT COUNTERREVOLUTIONARIES AT HOMEJune 30shyFederes come from provinces to defend Paris One group from Marseilles comes singing La Marseillaise Goal becomes to depose the King by Aug 9 Danton led Insurrectionary Committee (IC) now the govt of Parismdashled by sans culottes not bourgAug 10shy REVOLUTION OF AUG 102ND Invasion of the TulleriesmdashBattle disasters lead radical revolutionaries to invade Kingrsquos residence as they thought he was in cohoots with invaders They kill Kingrsquos guards and royals flee to LA 1200 killed many innocent Now IC is running the countryAug 19shy Army of PrussiansAustriansFR eacutemigreacutes cross into France

3

Aug 30shyVerdun under siege from the Duke of Brunswick commander of the enemy armymdashif it fell ROAD OPEN TO PARIS

shySame time west royalist citizens of Vendee begin protest of revolutionshyParis in a state of terror with threat of invasion

Sept 2shyVerdun fell while Danton giving his most famous speech for citoyens to hunt down ldquothe TRAITOR WITHINrdquomdashthis leads to the horrifying SEPTEMBER MASSACRES (sept 2shy7) prisons attacked then mob went on 1400 deadSept 20shyVictory at Valmy French finally defeat the Prussians (OR was it an enemy loss)SEPTEMBER Radicals seize the LA and demand a new govt NATIONAL CONVENTION (NC) with goals to abolish the monarchy (ldquoCitizen Capetrdquo) and universal (all males) suffrage GIRONDINS dominate the NCSept 21shyMonarchy abolishedSept 22shy First Day of YEAR 1 OF THE REPUBLIC (Fr in 5th Republic now)

bull1793Jan 21shy ldquoI die innocentrdquo Louis Capet (Louis XVI) REGICIDE shocks worldFebshy Encouraged by victory at Valmy NC declares war on Br then on Neth amp Spmdashthey push invaders out of France Not lasthellipMayshyMiltary defeats and top Fr commander Dumouriez deserts to Austria As he was associated with Girondins this leads to their political downfall June 2shy Struggle of Girondins and Jacobins (led by Danton amp Robespierre) with protests outside NC lead to Jacobin victory COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY (COPS) is now in control of NC Danton main leader NEW CONSTITUTION OF 1793 LEFT WING TURN OF THE REVOLUTIONJulyshy COPS unable to relieve food and violence crisis in Paris and Vendee OR bring victory in the war so Danton leaves COPS (but stays a deputy)mdashRobespierre comes to power CAPITAL ldquoTrdquo ldquoTerrorrdquo

1 LEVEE EN MASSE all citizens of France menwomenchildren drafted2 LAW OF SUSPECTS in reaction to food shortagesexternal war policy to seek out the INTERNAL ENEMY ldquoLet Terror be the Order of the Dayrdquo JULY 1793shyJULY 1794

Oct ndash Marie Antoinette executedNovshy Girondins executed Danton returns to Paris to try to prevent the ldquorevolution devours its ownrdquo

bull1794Marshy Hebert and allies executedMar 30shy Danton amp Desmoulins arrestedApr 3shy Danton amp Desmoulins guillotined on Robespierrersquos order (he was the godfather to Desmoulins son)June 4shy New religion introduced by Robespierre CULT OF THE SUPREME BEING

shyLaw of 22 Prairalmdashbroadened what was defined as ldquosuspiciousrdquoJuly 26shy27shy Robespierrersquos enemies begin to circle he is guillotined July 27

STAGE 3 REACTION PHASETHERMIDORmdashTHE DIRECTORY

bull1795

Spring Terrible winter brought more starvationdeathsWhite Terror (Terror of the Right)=Right wing course of the rev

rdquoWhiterdquo is often associated with conservative movementsDivineMonarchicalJune 8 Louis XVII the Dauphin dies in jail=END OF THE ANCIEN REGIMEBourbon family lineAug 22 CONSTITUTION OF YEAR III (FRUCTIDOR)mdash 2 chambers COPS rule changed to group of 5=DIRECTORYOctshy many new deputies were constitutional monarchists so Directory tries to stop threatmdashNAPOLEON Whiff of Grapeshotrdquo Napoleon puts down

bull1796 Napoleon defeats the Austrians at Lodi and Arcola amp other victories

bull1797

4

Napoleon wins Italian campaign Wants to attack Br in Egyptbull1798

Mayshy Egypt campaign French get Rosetta stone to decipher hieroglyphics then Br destroy all but 2 Fr ships and then Germ and Itl defeat Fr armies

shyDirectory orders a draft taxes raisedshyNapoleon sees no victory in Egypt ldquoI am going home to drive out the lawyersrdquo

bull1799Plot laid by Abbe Sieyes Roger Ducos amp Napoleon for a coup and instituting new govt of 3 CONSULS Napoleon quickly became FIRST CONSUL and other 2 faded As Robespierre had predicted the 10 years of the French Revolution ended with a MILITARY DICTATOR =almost 360 turn

STAGE 4 THE AGE OF NAPOLEON 1799shy1815 SEE Napoleon section notes

FRENCH REVOLUTION SPECFICSPREshyUNREST KEY EVENTS

1770 Future Louis XVI (15 yrs old) marries Marie Antoinette (14 yrs old) 1774 Accession of Louis XVI (Louis XV dies of smallpox) 1776 American Declaration of Independence NECKER joins Fr govt 1778 France enters American War of Independence Death of VOLTAIREROUSSEAU 1781 NECKER forced out 1783 Peace of Paris=end of American Revolution CALONNE finance minister 1788 Necker back httpcepanewschooleduhetprofilesneckerhtm

o Aug 8shy EG convoked for 1789o Dec 27shy Doubling of 3rd Estate

shy1789 Febshy Abbe Sieyes publishes WHAT IS THE THIRD ESTATE

What are 3 causes of the French Revolution and what is its symbolic start ie ldquothe sparkrdquoCauses1 economicshy peasants no having enough food to eat

2 politicalshy the excess of the monarchs

3 socialshy lower class vs bourgeoisie

THE SPARKSTART

The firing of Necker and the storming of the Bastille

Watch opening of Beth Segarra French Revolution DVD up to 1789 events and take notesHeadings the match the dvdrsquos opening section

(see ldquoFrench Revolution Movie Notesrdquo)

5

SEC 1 THE UNREST STARTS

INTRODUCTIONshyApr 28 1789 unrest began at Reveillon wallpaper factory rumour of bread prices soaring owner would CUT WAGES Workers invaded his home and destroyed it

SAME TIME nobles out at the race track come back to Paris through Reveillon factory neighbourhood ldquoA troop of men stopped the people returning from the racesasking them whether they were for the nobles or the Third Estate (commoners)insulting those it thought noble They forced the women from their carriages and made them shout lsquoLong live the Third Estatersquordquo

shyTHIS did NOT worry aristocrats was seen as a financial crisis but usually reforms helped and rioters would be hanged

shyJuly hungry unemployed poorly paid taken up arms=BASTILLE

Watch cd rom clip of Causes of the French Revolution in HuntCenser cd rom

I OLD REGIME (ldquoSocialrdquo amp ldquoPoliticalrdquo causes of Fr Rev) (see Lynn Hunt cd rom visual + pyramid drawing)shy1789 France still had a Middle Ages social system=ANCIEN REGIME 3 classes First (clergy) Second (nobles) Third (vast majority)

1 Clergy wealth priviledge owned 10 land collected tithes paid no direct taxes to state shyparish priests little money vs bishopsabbotsshyprovided social services nuns monks priests ran schools hospitals orphanagesshyin Enlightenment philosophes targeted Church idle clergy interfere politics intolerance dissent=Enlightenment undermined their Old Order ie Voltaire Saint Simon

2 Nobles noble knights from MA defend the landshyshy1600s Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV crushed their milt power but gave rights under royal control ie top jobs govt army courts Churchshynot all nobles wealthy and felt pinch of status with rising pricesshymany fear losing positionspriviledges from paying taxes

3 Third Estate 27 million 98 pop shyat top were BOURGEOISIE prosperous bankers merchants manufacturers royal bureaucr doctors profsshybulk 9 of 10 were rural PEASANTSshypoorest city workers apprentices journeymen print clothmakersshyshymany unemployed so beg or criminals to survive

=DISCONTENT 3RD ESTATE RESENTMENTshy3rd resent other Estates priviledges wealthy bourg could buy pol officetitle but best jobs reserved for noblesshyurban workers=poor wagesshyTAXES on everything from land to soap to saltshyTECHNICALLY peasants FREE but owe FEES and SERVICES from medieval times such as CORVEE= unpaid labor to repair roads and bridgesshyPeas also mad when nobles hurt by rising prices reimposed manor duesshyAs well only nobles the right to hunt GAME so peasants unable to kill rabbits which ate their crops

6

bullCITIES Enlight ideas led people to question Ancien Regime why 2 Estates have priviledges over the majority NOT REASONABLEshyshypay their fair share

shy1789 Abbe Sieyes an influential member of the First Estate wrote ldquoWhat is the 3rd Estate EVERYTHING What has it been in the political order up to now NOTHING What is it asking for To become SOMETHINGrdquo

(key symbol of the beginning and end of the revolution bc he is there at the beginning and at the end as one of the 3 members of the DirectorymdashNapoleon takes power from him)

II A FINANCIAL CRISIS (ldquoEconomicrdquo Reasons for Fr Rev) (see Lynn Hunt cd rom)shyaccompanying the social crisis=financial oneshyTHEORIES OF REVOLUTION Davies Todd vs DeToqueville (Lee reading)

shyCause DEFICIT SPENDING=govt spend more than it takes inshyLouis XIV had left France in debt due to colonial activities particularly WARS such as the Seven Years War (Br defeats Fr in Canada) and American Revolution

shyCOSTS risen in 1700s and court took millions ie Building projects such as Versaillesshyto bridge gap income and expenses govt BORROWED more=1789 HALF tax income to just pay the INTEREST on the debt

shySOLUTION increase taxes reduce expenses or both=BUT nobles and clergy resist losing tax exempt status

1) A CRUMBLING ECONOMYshyother problems 1) general econ decline 1770s then 1780s BAD HARVESTS sent food prices soaring=hunger to poor peas and city dwellers

2) hard times and lack of food=town riots demanding bread =country peas attack manors of nobles

2) Failure of REFORMshyKINGS heirs of Louis XIV not solve crisis

shyLouis XV (1715shy74) ldquopursued pleasurerdquo and ran up debts shyGrandson Louis XVI weak and indecisive but well meaningshyshyhe chose JACQUES NECKER financial wizard to advise him in 1776

shyNECKER advised the king toif these had gone through would the French Revolution have happenedshy Necker was part of the monarchy before but had pushed the government to bankruptcy comes back in 1788 1 year before Bastille storming

1 reduce court spending (Witte amp Stolypin in Nicholas II in Russia)2 reform govt (distribute taxes amp change distribution of titlesability to attain political office) and

7

3 improve internal trade by ABOLISHING TARIFFS imposed by Parlements Map 5 Lynn Hunt=encourage trade foster a national identity

shyMOST CONTROVERSIAL PROPOSAL to TAX FIRST AND SECOND ESTATES but nobleshigh clergy forced his dismissal 1781When crisis worsened Necker is brought back into the govt in 1788

shyCRISIS WORSENED=need to reform Finally the wealthy classes demanded the king to call the ESTATES GENERAL before making changes

3 ESTATES GENERAL (Political Causes leading to the ldquosparkrdquo)shynot been summoned for 175 years (Cowie= 1614) fearing nobles would try to recover feudal powers they had lost under absolute ruleAt the end of the Hundred Years War (ie Joan of Arc) the French had expelled the English from their lands so by 1450 after 120 yrs of war Eng only in Calais

shyAfter war people in Fr emerged with NATIONAL PRIDE and LOYALTY to the King (King Charles) with only Burgundy and Brittany outside royal control until King Louis X

shyBefore his death in 1483 Louis XI established basis for absolute power of later French kings he ruled an efficient govt bureaucracy that collected taxes and admin justice= improved quality standing ARMY and econ PROSPERITY and limited the power of feudal lords=AT A MEETING IN 1469 THE ESTATES GENERAL ASKED LOUIS TO RULE WITHOUT CONSULTING IT This way EXISTED until 1789

Estates General Tennis Courth Oath Louis XVI Jacques Necker1789 to reforming nobles EG offered a chance to carry out changes like in the Glorious Revolution in UK= They would establish a CONSTITUTION to bring the absolute monarch under control of nobles and guarantee their priviledges

III THE KING TAKES ACTION (Social and Political and Economic Issues)shyend of 1788 Fr on edge of BANKRUPTCY bread riots spread Nobles denounce King as they are fearful of taxes HENCE Louis XVI call Estates General to meet May 1789

1 THE CAHIERS (see Lynn Hunt cd rom + French Rev video ie Followed Georges Rogetrsquos journey to EGmdashldquoCahiersmdasha parish cahier pg 1)

shyas preparation all 3 Estates had to prepare CAHIERS (notebooks) of GRIEVANCES reforms for fair tax free press regular meetings Estates General ie shyshoemakers denounce regulations ie leather so expensive one cannot afford to make shoes shypeasants wanted the right to kill animals killing crops shyservant girls Toulouse demand right to leave service when wanted amp after service get a reward shyone called tax collectors ldquobloodsuckers of the nation who drink the tears of the unfortunate from goblets of goldrdquo shyanother condemned courts of nobles ldquovampires pumping the last drop of bloodrdquo from the people shyfinally ldquo20 million must live on half the wealth of France while the clergydevour the other halfrdquo

8

2 TENNIS COURT OATH (JUNE 20 1789) (see Lynn Hunt cd rom)HOW IT HAPPENEDshy

shydelegates to EG from 3rd Estate elected though only PROPERTIED MEN could vote (90 ineligible)= mostly lawyers middle class officials writers=BUT they were familiar with philosophes like Voltaire and Rousseau and with cahier complaints

shyEG DEADLOCKED IN VOTING from beginning traditionally each Estate met separately and voted as a group which allowed 1 and 2 Estates to outvote the 3rd=so 3rd wanted all 3 Orders to meet together and vote individual conscience 1 man=1 vote

JUNE 17 after weeks of deadlock 3rd Estate did a daring move saying THEY represented the people of France= they transformed themselves into the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (or NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY or CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLYshyshywhew)= and they invited members other Estates to join and write a CONSTITUTION

shyWhy did they go to the Tennis Court (which was really a handball court L Hunt Counter I donrsquot know if I would agree with your student The court that deputies entered was a court for the game Jeu de Paume which is regarded as a direct precursor of tennis in most histories of tennis By the late 18th century there were dozens of these courts in Paris and its environs The famous museum of contemporary art Museum jeu de Paume is just one of them Many others are still scattered around though I have never discovered the actual one in Versailles Although paume means palm (rather than hand) by the late 18th century a variation of the game included the use of rackets Rackets and the players separated by a net The problem with calling it handball is that in some countries (like Ireland) handball does not involve a net and the court resembles a squash court rather than a tennis court Paul Doolan ZIS) Hana Smidova the game that was played is now called ldquoFivesrdquo or another version ldquoReal Tennisrdquo (Bubbles)

shyIf there were guards Your student believes Doyle (is it the Oxford Very short Introduction to hellip An excellent book I think) but I was surprised by Doylersquos assertion Besides using textbooks we are having each student read Ruth Scurrrsquos Fatal Purity Robespierre and the French Revolution Besides being an academic work of scholarship it is also very readable and our students seem to be liking it Scurr writes (but doesnrsquot footnote it) ldquoSoldiers guarded the bolted doorshelliphellip Dr Guillotine practical as ever suggested that the angry crowd of deputies reassemble in a nearby tennis court belonging to a friend of hisrdquo P 90 (Paul Doolan ZIS)

Zurich International SchoolHISTORIOGRAPHY

A few days later the National Assembly was locked out of its meeting place (was it by the others or did the janitor lock it by accident)shyshyin fact workers were preparing the hall for a royal speech but many delegates believed that the King intended to send them home= took TENNIS COURT OATH a vow not to disband until they had drawn up a constitution for Franceshywhen some reformer noblesclergy joined NA King accept=same time royal troops gathered around Versailles and Paris with a rumour the king would dissolve NA

=June 27 Orders finally united

BUT Crisis deepened in July King who had brought back NECKER to help financial crisis dismissed the popular minister on July 14 (spark) + FOOD SHORTAGES worse bc disastrous 1788 harvestA summary of Neckerrsquos role httpcepanewschooleduhetprofilesneckerhtm

9

3 STORMING OF THE BASTILLE (JULY 14) (see Lynn Hunt cd rom)

Louis XIVrsquos Versailles Storming of Bastille Bastille day06 Jacques Necker

shyJuly 14 Paris seized spotlight from NA meeting in Versaillesshyshyrumours that royal troops going to occupy capital 800 Parisians assemble outside BASTILLE (grim medieval fort used as prison for political and other prisoners=it was razed and today is a metro stop by Pompidou Center)

=crowd demanded weapons and gunpowder that was believed to be in there

shy commander of Bastille refused to open gates and fired on the crowd in battle many killed and the mob broke through the defenses killed commander and 5 guards and released handful prisoners most of whom were petty criminalsfew with political background AND no weapons But the MYTH of the Storming of the Bastille proves the adage ldquoPerception IS realityrdquo

shyWhen told of the attack King asked ldquoIs it a revoltrdquo ldquoNo sire It is a revolutionrdquo replied a noble=SYMBOL OF THE BEGINNNING OF THE FRENCH REV=blow against tyranny step toward freedom=July 14=Bastille Day

DVD NOTES FROM ldquoTHE FRENCH REVOLUTIONrdquo History Channel Director Beth Segarra

SEC 2 CREATING A NEW FRANCE

shyexcitement wonder and fear at what was occurringshy4 PHASES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 1) Moderate phase= NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (1789shy91)=constit monarch2) radical phase 1792shy94 escalating violence led to REIGN OF TERROR3) reaction phaseThermidor 1795shy99 reaction against left wing extremism=DIRECTORY (rght)(4) Age of NAPOLEON 1799shy1815=consolidate changes of revolution)

I REVOLTS IN PARIS AND PROVINCESshypolitical crisis at same time as worst famine in recent history the STARVING ROAM countryside or flock to towns=too dense a crowd grain prices soar so that those with jobs spend 80 wages on bread

10

1 The Great Fear (JULY 1789)

shydesperate=rumours=Great Fear = tales of marauders attacking villages and towns=spread panic shyOther rumours claim govt troops seizing peas cropsshydue to famine and fear peasants unleash fury on nobles burn manor records steal grain=peasants angry with unjust regimeshyshyit does die down but not until after destruction

2 PARIS IN ARMSshyas capital and chief city in France=revolution center

shyFACTIONS compete for power

1 MODERATE ie Marquis de Lafayette ldquohero of 2 worldsrdquo fought with GA Washington in US rev=head NATIONAL GUARD (=middle class militia org in response to royal troops in Paris) first group to don TRICOLOUR (red white blue badge)=national flag (fleur de lis is the royal flag)

2 PARIS COMMUNE replaced the royalist govt of cityshymobilize whole neighbourhoods for protestviolence

3 NEWSPAPERS amp POLITICAL CLUBS even more radical emerge=DEMAND end to monarchy and scandal rumours about royal familycourt From here the first political parties were born

4 Liberty Equality and Fraternity

II LIBERTY EQUALITY AND FRATERNITYshyPEASANT UPRISINGS in Great FearStorm Bastille force National Assembly act

shyAUG 4= ABOLITON OF FEUDALISM PRIVILEDGES amp VENALITYshyat allshynight meetings nobles NA vote to END THEIR PRIVILEDGESshyGAVE UP old manorial dues exclusive hunting rights special legal status exemption taxation

1 END TO SPECIAL PRIVILEDGEshyrdquoFeudalism is abolishedrdquo they announced 2 am AUG 5 President of Assembly ldquoThis has been a night for destruction and for public happiness We may view this moment as the dawn of a new revolution when all the burdens weighing on the people were abolished and France was truly rebornrdquoshyWere votes on Aug 4 VOLUNTARY Many say the nobles gave up nothing not already lost but in months ahead REFORMS of Aug 4 INTO LAW=A FIRSTEnlightenment goal= EQUALITY OF ALL CITIZENS BEFORE THE LAWCODIFIEDDECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN (see visual) (AUG 26)

11

shyLATE AUG seen as FIRST step toward WRITING CONSTITUTION =NA issues ldquoDeclaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizenrdquo=modeled on Amer Declaration of Independence (John Locke) KEY POINTS

1all men were ldquoborn and remain free and equal in rightsrdquo2natural rights to ldquoliberty property security and resistance to oppressionrdquo3Like Locke and philosophe GOVT EXIST TO PROTECT NATURAL RIGHTS OF

CITIZENS4 all male citizens were EQUAL BEFORE THE LAW each equal right to hold public office ldquowith no distinction other than that of their virtues and talentsrdquo (Olympe de Gouges amp Mary Wollstonecraft wrote responses)

httpwwwlibrarycsicunyedudeptamericanstudieslavenderdecwom2htmlhttpwwwmdxacukWWWSTUDYxwolhtm

5 free of religion6 taxes according to ability to pay =LIBERTY EQUALITY FRATERNITYrdquo

From The Avalon Project at Yale Law School httpwwwyaleedulawwebavalonrightsofhtm

Declaration of the Rights of Man shy 1789Approved by the National Assembly of France August 26 1789

The representatives of the French people organized as a National Assembly believing that the ignorance neglect or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural unalienable and sacred rights of man in order that this declaration being constantly before all the members of the Social body shall remind them continually of their rights and duties in order that the acts of the legislative power as well as those of the executive power may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political institutions and may thus be more respected and lastly in order that the grievances of the citizens based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being the following rights of man and of the citizenArticles

1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation

12

4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its foundation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Any one soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified

KING REACTION =Louis XVI slow to accept NA reformsshyshymore royal troops arrived REALITY nobles have banquets while people starved+ King had a party Marat and his paper The Peoplersquos Friend fuel the fire (see scene in dvd later)=AUTUMN=ACTION

III WOMEN MARCH ON VERSAILLES ldquoOCTOBER DAYSrdquo (OCT 56)shyrdquoBreadrdquo mob on road from Paris to Versaillesshyshyin driving rainstorm the entire 19 kmshyshywant to see king and not take noshyangry mobs not new but surprising that mob of THOUSANDS OF WOMENshyOct 5=as determined as men at Bastilleshyroughshyspoken market women break into Versailles and a duchess recalled ldquoThe fishmonger women cried out that they wanted to speak to the kingand they could be calmed only by admitting a dozen of them to the presence of that unfortunate prince His goodness disarmed them and their opinions were so changed by the time they returned to their companions that they ran the risk of being the victims of their furyrdquo FURY AT MARIE ldquoCrowd of 20 000 bansheesrdquo (Segarra)shyLafayette and Nat Guard calmed crowd but women not leave until King met their key demand return with them to Parismdashto the Tulleries (palace doesnrsquot exist today but is a parkLouvre is in itMusee DrsquoOrsay across the river)

shyKey target of fury MARIE ANTOINETTESee Anna Matejcek Extended Essay

13

October Days mob Marie Antoinette Lafayette Tulleries today

(BACKGROUND ON MARIE)

1 MARIE ANTONIETTEshySince MA married Louis in 1770 she was under attack for frivolous accoutrements=HOWEVER She did grow more seriousadvised king to compromise with moderate reformers

shyStill scandal=immorality=NEWFOUND POWER OF THE PRESSie early in revolution a story in radical press that she had answered cries of hunger with ldquoLET THEM EAT CAKErdquo

shyUNTRUE but unjust feelings more about peasant women cries of ldquoDEATH TO THE AUSTRIAN WE WILL WRING HER NECK TEAR HER HEART OUT CUT OFF HER HEAD FRY HER LIVER AND EVEN THEN IT WONrsquoT BE ALL OVERrdquo andrdquoWErsquoLL WRING HER NECKrdquo

shyhistoriography on ldquoLET THEM EAT CAKErdquo from William DoyleldquoEverybody knows (this phrase) and nobody cares that it was an old story even BEFORE she was bornheard by JeanshyJacques Rousseau as early as 1740rdquoshyIts not even ldquocakerdquo but ldquobriocherdquo=sweet bread

Sarah Maza counterargument (Northwestern Univ) she didnrsquot say the line bc she didnrsquot spend any time thinking about the poor so would not have thought to say it

BACKGROUND WHO WAS SHE=daughter of MARIA THERESA Hapsburg empress of Austria 1755shy93 (dies before Terror OR at beginning)

shyCharles VI [1711shy1740] had no son to inherit the throne and German princes in Hapsburg lands had not seen MT as ruler so they signed a Pragmatic Sanction guarantee Hap lands NOT be divided and MT had the right to inherit throneshyshyother European states accepted

shywhen he died in 1740 Frederick the Great of Prussia ignored and seized Austrian prov Silesia=valuble due to iron ore and strong textile

2WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION (WAS) 1740shy48

shyMT only 23 but was capable and decisiveshyshyafter the birth of her first son she went to Hungary to seek help v Pruss=Hung nobles usually hostile to Austria but MT had a dramatic appeal promised trad rights=100 000 troops in vs Prussia

shyled to general Euro war (WAS) FRANCE rival of Hap and SPAIN join PRUSSIA BRITISH and DUTCH NETH with AUSTRIA but only gave money and few troops

14

shygrew to WORLDWIDE conflict mainly between Fr vs Br=FRANCE won in EUROPE but BRITISH won Canada and West Indies

shy1748 European nations peace treaty Frederick Great kept Silesia but ALL other territory returned to former nations=RESULT went on to become the Seven Years War= losses and expense=feelings of French toward Hapsburgs HATRED=the marriage of Marie and Louis was a final attempt to make a truce between AustriaFrance

3 A TRIUMPHANT PROCESSION WOMEN LEAD KING TO PARISshynext morning Oct 6 crowd of 60 000 (Segarra) marched to Paris led by women on barrels of seized cannon bringing ldquoThe baker the bakerrsquos wife and the bakerrsquos boyrdquo (Louis XVI Marie Antoinette and their son Louis XVII [who dies in June 8 1795]shyshycrowds along way cheer the king and he wore a tricolour= a majority of the country want a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

TULLERIES royal family moved inshyshyfor 3 years was a PRISONER in the capital (89shy91)

WOMEN stayed key in the revolution as Elisabeth Guernard a royalist said ldquoYou have to be a mother and have heard your children ask for breadyou cannot let them know the level of despair to which this misfortune can bring yourdquo

IV A TIME OF REFORM 17891790

shyNATIONAL ASSEMBLY followed King to Parisshyshybourg members draft constitution and work on financial crisis

1 REORGANZING THE CHURCH (Fall 1789Winter 1790)

shy November 2 to pay debt much owed to bourg NA vote to take over and sell Church landsshy Feb 13 1790 monastic vows FORBIDDEN=beginning of putting FRENCH CATHOLIC CHURCH under STATE control (Pope not happy)=leads to a SPLIT in this highly religious nation=civil war

shyJULY 12 rdquoCIVIL CONSTITUTION OF THE CLERGYrdquo bishops and priests elected salaried officials=ended Papal authority over French Church and dissolved conventsmonasteriesshyreaction ANGER bishopspriests would not accept Pope condemned it April 13 1791shylarge numbers of peasants who were conservative also rejected this=DIVISION CIVIL WAR

shywhen govt started to punish those who would not comply=gulf BETWEEN rev in Paris and peas in countryside who were deeply religious=majority=deepened

2 WRITTEN CONSTITUTION=1791shyPreshyconstitution reforms

bullDEC 12 1789 ASSIGNATS introducedbullMAY 22 1790 Foreign CONQUESTS renouncedbullJUNE 19 NOBILITY abolishedbullAUG 16 PARLEMENTS abolished bullMARCH 2 1791 GUILDS dissolvedbullMAY 14 LE CHAPELIER law bans TRADE UNIONS

shyNA main task was constitution (Constitution 1)

15

1 limited monarchy 2 new LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1791shy92)=(GOVT 2) to replace NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (or CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY=Govt 1) power to make laws collect taxes decis on issues war and peace=IT CONVENES OCT 1 1791 after the CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY is dissolved on Sept 30th3 lawmakers elected by taxpaying male citizensshyshyonly 50 000 men of 27 million pop qualify 4 old provinces gone= 83 departments equal size 5 abolish old provincial courtsreform laws 6 protect private property and free trade 7 compensate nobles for land seized by peasants 8 abolish guilds 9 not allow organized labour unions

IF YOU HAD BEEN IN THE NA YOU COULDNrsquoT RUN FOR THE LA=Lee says that most of the reps in the NA were moderate SO those who joined the LA were more RADICAL ie Robespierre and Danton Leading to further revfor moderate reformers=COMPLETE REVOLUTION as reflecting English goals==end Church interference in govt and equality b4 law shyBUT also put power in hands of men with means and leisure to servemajority

THE REVOLUTION COULDSHOULD HAVE ENDEDhellip

NOTES FROM BETH SEGARRA DVD UP TO HERE Finish with flight to Varennes (41 min)

3 FATEFUL FLIGHT FLIGHT TO VARENNES (JUNE 20shy21 1791) (see Lynn Hunt cd rom)

shyMarie and advisors want him to flee 1791 gave in shyin June head in coach to the bordershyshyKing disguised as a valet Queen as governess and royal children with a friend as their Russian employershystopped at small town former soldier from Paris recognized MarieshyshyLouisrsquo disguise uncovered when someone held up new revolutionary currency with his face on itshytaken back to Paris with insults= rdquoLong live the nation (Vive le nation)rdquo instead of ldquoLong live the king (Vive le roi)rdquo=traitor

Still favor him=he is reinstated on July 16 1791 accepts Constitution=Royal Assent= Sept 14 =hersquos allowed to stay (one more chance)hellipbut if he screws up again

V REACTION OUTSIDE FRANCE TO REVOLUTION

shydebate in Europe BRITISH applaud reforms of NA=dawn justice and equality William Wordsworth in THE PRELUDE ldquoBliss was it in that dawn to be alive But to be young was very HeavenrdquoshyHapsburgs Other monarchies

1 WIDESPREAD FEARshyrulers and nobles outside France denounce increase border guards fearing spread of ldquoFrench plaguerdquoshyEMIGRES stories told by nobles clergy and others who fled revolutionary Franceshyshyreport attack on Private property and religion=rdquoEnlightenedldquo rulers turn against Fr ideas ie Cath the Great of Russia burns Voltairersquos letters=analogy with Domino Theory of Communism spreadingmdashldquoA Red under every bedrdquo=stop the plague

16

2 THREATS FROM ABROAD (Aug 27 1791)

shyFailed flight led to hostility abroad Aug 27 1791 King Prussia and Emperor of Austria acting for Maria Theresa (MA brother) issued DECLARATION OF PILLNITZ (Preshyemptive warning b4 a preshyemptive strike)

=threaten to intervene to protect Fr monarchymdashbluff because didnrsquot mobilizeshyBut Fr rev took seriously=NEW RADICAL PHASE of REVOLUTION

VI WAR AT HOME AND ABROAD

shyOct 1791 new LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY took office (Govt 2) only survived a year==due to crises econ prob due to turmoilshyASSIGNATS (rev currency) drop in value=prices rise rapidly=hoarding=crisis Particularly bc of possible threat from abroad

1 SANSshyCULOTTESshyin Paris and other cities the working class menwomen shyDefinition SC=rdquowithout culottesrdquo=fancy kneebreeches worn by upper class men shopkeepers artisans and others wore TROUSERS

Flight to Varennes Sans culotte Robespierre Danton

shythe SC pushed rev to RADICAL PHASE want a REPUBLIC and govt guaranteeing a living wageshygot support from radicals in LA such as the JACOBINS==rev pol club mostly mc laywersintellects used PAPERS for cause ie Editor Marat LrsquoAmi de Peuple

2 FROM RIGHT TO LEFT THE POLITICAL SPECTRUMshyin LA hostile factions feud for power on RIGHT sat reformers who felt the rev had gone far enough and back to 1788 CENTER= moderate reform LEFT=Jacobins want abolition of monarch and push radical changes=republic

17

BACKGROUND ON POLITICAL PARTIES (This section info by Phyllis Corzine)

THE FAR LEFT (ldquoradicalrdquo vs far right= ldquoreactionaryrdquo) JACOBINS CORDELIERS amp HEBERTISTS

shyimportant club JACOBINS named after Dominican monasteryshyshyfirst only NA members=deputies but grew Key leader was Robespierre and Lafayette (left Feuillants in 1791)

=Jacobins most powerfulshyshyname later became most feared in assembly

shyexpensive dues to Jacobin club excluded working class=form own club=CORDELIERS

shymade up of sans culottes with George Danton and radical journalist Jean Paul Marat and Camille Desmoulins (Danton later splits with them)HEBERTISTS also a part of the Jacobins come to control it during the Terror 121793

MODERATE LEFT GIRONDINS shynew LA not allow deputies from NA WHY

=solid middle class led by Brissot and included Danton and political unknowns like Jean Marie Roland and wife Manon Roland particularly men from province of Gironde

=this group of YOUNG JACOBINS=became known as GIRONDINS=new left wing of LA=intense ideologues with Rousseau as guide

bullbullbullbullSO Girondins and Jacobins=LEFT= more consevative and moderates in right wing of LAshyshybefore Champs de Mars massacre this group was made up of Jacobins incl Lafayette who were unhappy with the Jacobins and wanted a limited monarchy Opposed to both Ancien Regime and movement towards democracy

CENTERshywas the bulk of the members= support Constitution but lack political ideals Due to the BRILLIANT oratory of the Girondins many were moved to follow them Would follow the most charismatic party throughout the revolution=until summer 1794 the most charismatic leaders were on the left

RIGHT shyFeuillantsmonarchistsmdashNapoleon Bonaparte comes from this wing (as a military person)

3 THE GOVT SPLITS CHAMP DE MARS MASSACRE (July 17 1791) Corzine (see Hunt cd rom)

rdquoAt least we are free and without a kingrdquo claimed the CordeliersshyCordeliers and radical Jacobins pushed for REPUBLICAN govt THEN=massacre in Champ de Mars on July 17 1791 as crowd came to sign petition about republican govt Lafayette met the mob and fired

=crowd dispersed with 50 dead=massacre=SPLIT IN GOVT right moderate bourgeoisie who want constitutional monarchy vs and republican govt

shymoderate Legislative Assembly orders that the radicals be arrested and closed down the CordeliersshySept 3 1791 final draft of constitution approved by Louis Sept 14 BUT LA hamstrung due to conflict=within 1 year (1792) work would be swept away

18

4 WAR ON TYRANNY (APRshyJUNE 1792) (see Lynn Hunt cd rom and dvd)

INTRO the left took the upper hand April 20 1792 war on battlefield to spread rev and destroy tyranny abroad LA decl war first on Aus then Pruss (June 12) Br and others==great powers expect easy victory but noshyshylast 1792shy1815 on and off

shyVIEW OF WAR (P Corzine) (Analogies to the current war in Iraq)

PROshyWAR Both Girondins and King wanted but for different reasons

shyKING hoped war would force rally around himrestore him to old power

shyGIR want to expand revolutionary ideals to nations beyond France and knew that war abroad would solidfy the people behind the new govt ie Wag the Dog Was the Declaration of Pillnitz a ldquorealrdquo threat with no troops mobilized

ANTIshyWAR

shyJACOBINS shyRobespierre AGAINST warshyshyhe realized the Kingrsquos motives and that if war ended in victory an ambitious general may seize power

Heated debate between Brissot (led Girondins) and Robespierre SPLIT the revolutionaries and the Girondins became a MORE CLEARLY defined force SEPARATE from the Jacobins

shyGirondins won the day and APRIL 20 1792 King declared war on Austria

WAR AT HOME shy Seek out COUNTERREVOLUTIONARIES Madame Roland echoed BRISSOT head of Girondins call ldquoPeace will set us backWe can be regenerated through blood alonerdquo

BEGINNING OF WARshyWar didnrsquot go as planned Fr army illshyprepared for conflict and met disaster almost immediatelyshygenerals lacking experienceconfidence ordered retreat after passed the Belgian border and soldiers seeing betrayal hung one of the generals CRISIS

Review Selfshy Quiz1 Describe 3 acts of Terror before THE Terror

i

ii

iii

2 State 3 political parties and their position on the political spectrumi

ii

19

iii

3 Why did France declare war on PrussiaAustria Who was proanti war in Fr amp why

5 RADICAL DAYS

shychanges 1791shy3 streetssquares with new names ie King of Sicily St after brother Louis XVI to ldquoRights of Manrdquo Street=way of Jacobins wipe out old order=1793 new radical phase

10 August 1792

This print shows the attack on the Tuileries Palace which housed the royal family Although the place was wellndashdefended many troops simply defected When the artillery quit the King and his family hastened

across to the nearby meeting hall of the Legislative Assembly for protection But the battle continued when a number of the defendersmdashparticularly the Swiss guardmdashresisted A fullndashscale engagement ensued with some 600 Swiss killed and about double the number of insurgents dead Casualties notwithstanding the attackers won The victory sealed the demise of the monarchy and ensured that it would be replaced by a

republic

Source Lynn Hunt

I DOWNFALL OF MONARCHY

shyWAR leads to problems in Paris esp with front news Pruss cuts down Fr royalist officers desert Fr and join emigres

1 OUTBREAKS OF VIOLENCE INVASION OF TULLERIES AUG 910 1792shybattle disasters infl revolutionaries who thought King with invaders INVASION OF TUILERIES AUG 10 1792 and kill kingrsquos guards=royals fled to LA

20

WHAT HAPPENED TO CAUSE IT (Phyllis CORZINE)a INVASION of TULLERIES Cause JUNE 10 1792 ldquoDOWN WITH THE VETOrdquo

shyspring 1792 brought no economic relief and military defeat=people blamed COUNTERREVS and GIRONDINS for problemsshyGirondins tried to regain the support of the people shypassed decree levying severe penalty on priests and 20 000 Ntl Guard to defend Parisand KING VETOED THIS ACTION JUNE 1792=DIVISION FIRST TIME A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF PEOPLE CALL FOR A REPUBLIC

shyDIVISION among POL FACTIONS deeper Gir accuse Jacob (who opposed the war) of being counterrev Jac accuse Gir of being agents of the court Marat attacked both sides urging soldiers to kill their officers

shySANSCULOTTEangry at LA behavior took action June 10 1792 8000 Parisians armed with pitchforkspikes invaded the Tulleries shouting ldquoDown with the vetordquoshythey found the King forced him to put on a red cap=revolutionary sc symbol and to drink to the health of the nation=king compliedBUT he refused to change his mind on the vetoesthe crowd disperseddoes not flee yet

shyMany were sympathetic to the King when they heard how he kept his courage under seigeshyIn Paris 20 000 people signed petition protesting the demonstration against King

shyBUT SC were feeling their POWER they demanded the LA depose the King and declare a REPUBLIC

shyGirondin response Threatened by radical revolutionaries in Paris and war going badly with Austrians who are ready to invade FranceshyLafayette disgusted had deserted to the AustriansshyRealizing the danger the Gir and Jac declared a truce and all Ntl Guard were called to arms

shyFEDERES from provinces responded and converged on ParisshyJune 30 one group came singing a song from the southern province of Marseilles and it became the PATRIOTIC SONG LA MARSEILLAISEshyshyCapital now full of nationalistic federes heroes or ldquoinfernal gang of assasinsrdquoSee link on Stroodle and play the song Lyrics

Song of the Marseillais of the Federation of 10 August Year II

The best of times from long agoAre revived and sparkle in ParisFrom Athens Sparta and RomeProud children are reunited

21

Proud children are reunited

The rest of the world lives on in vainAnd roars calling us to fightLiberty guides our steps

And has rekindled our passionCourage Citizens form your batallions

March on March onThe blood of kings waters your furrows


Source Texas TechHarmonise par Gossec words by Varon and music Rouget de Lisle

July 11 the LA declared a STATE OF EMERGENCYshyNational Guard expands

bTHE SANCULOTTE TAKE CHARGE AUG 910 1792

Duke of Brunswick ROEDERER Danton

shypetitions to depose king circulating in Paris war alarming as the Duke of Brunswick Prussian commander of enemy army issued warning that he would invadedestroy Paris if royal family was harmedshyalarmed the Paris Commune (Paris city govt) ordered that all citizens who were armed be enlisted in the National Guard=NG became like an army of sans culotte

shyOfficials in Paris began to act independently of Legistlative Assembly

shyThe Cordeliers led by Georges DANTON encouraged the sc and feds to call for an UPRISING and gave out weaponsammo GOAL depose King by Aug 9

2 REVOLUTION OF AUG 10 1792 (P Corzine)shynight of Aug 9 delegates from rev assembly arrived at city hall and UNLAWFULLY took over city govt disbanding Paris Commune and replacing it with their own INSURRECTIONARY COMMUNE (IC) =unlike mc lawyersbus of PC IC was made up of artisans=sc Coup drsquoetat of the Paris city govt

shyHot night all windows open in Tulleriesshyshyking and family on 2nd floor

22

shythroughout rest of palace the loyal 900 Swiss Guards made prep for defense + 2000 NG outside to protect but some sympathize with citizensshythis attack was the beginning of a new RADICAL era and end of liberal govt

shywith the royal family was PierreshyLouis ROEDERER a rep of the Dept of Paris at dawn huge crowds gatheredshyshyno one to protect king Roed urged monarch and family to take refuge at LA in the Manege across the gardensshyshythe King hesitated SHOULD HE GIVE UP AND LAY DOWN HIS CROWN OR FIGHT

shyMA wanted to fight she reminded they were being defended to which Roed stated ldquoMadame all Paris is marchingrdquo (=to establish a republic)shyKing agreed to leave and went to Manege where he said as he walked ldquoThe leaves are falling early this yearrdquo (like Nich II after the 1905 rev slaughter=clueless)

shyPut into a small room for reportersshyshyFeuillants and others were absent having fled in fearshyshymost not return

shy20 000 citizensfederes armed and convergedshyshySwiss Guard fought but were overwhelmed =500 SG dead and mob stormed the buildingslaughtered remaining defenders and whoever was inside ie cooks ushers Looted destroyed flames=1200 killed many innocentshyshywith this VIOLENCE=TERROR ingrainedKrys M= SG readywilling to fight but Louis XVI said didnrsquot want a slaughter so lay down your armsmdashwhich they did and the SG were slaughtered themselvesSwitz indep 1648 briefly occupied during Fr Rev 1798 Napoleon restores federal govt 1803 fully indep 1815

shyAUGUST 10next day LA bowing to the IC voted to depose the King=family imprisoned in gloomy building= THE TEMPLE is in the LA=king no more From Aug 10shySept 22=France is a constitutional monarchy with no monarch

=IC now running the country but LA still there but is taking orders from IC appointed an Exec Council to take power of King and collab with other munic assembliesshycommittee included Kingrsquos old Girondin ministers + DANTON as Min of Justice(danton bio pg 77)shyshyboisterous jovial and well liked by the peopleshyshygot along better with Cordelier rowdies than well off jacobinsshyshybut worked hard to UNITE leaders

RESULT VIOLENCESLAUGHTERS= SEPT 1792=SEPT MASSACRES (see Lynn Hunt cdrom)

CRISES LEADING TO SEPT MASSACRES1 Aug 19 army of Prussians Aust emigres crossed into France2 Aug 30 Verdun under seige from Brunswickshyshyif it fell enemy open road to Paris (like in WWI)3 VENDEE same time in west royalist citizens began protesting the revolution Civil War4 PARIS in state of TERROR LA called for volunteers vs foreign

invadersshyDantonrsquos powerful speeches calmed the panic and gave directiondetermination ldquoCitizens no nation on earth has obtained liberty without a struggle You have traitors in your bosom well without them the fight would have been soon overrdquo=HUNT DOWN THE TRAITOR WITHIN = secret royalists refractory priests aristocrats agents of the enemy

23

shyMarat encouraged in the press and for people to go and KILL the priests

5 Sept 2 1792 VERDUN FELL at very time Danton giving his most famous speech

ldquoThe tocsin (alarm bell) that shall be sounded is not a signal of alarm but a summons to charge against the enemies of the people To vanquish them messieurs we need boldness always boldness and still more boldness and then France will be savedrdquo

shyNO ONE STOPPED THE SLAUGHTER ON THAT SUNNY SEPT PMshyseveral coaches carrying refractory priests on way to Abbaye prison stopped priests dragged from coaches and murderedshymob many federes from Marseilles moved to Carmes prison where murdered 150 priests thereshythen held a mock trial for other prisoners and butchered themshybonfires lit so could continue work until dawnand not stop Went on for 5 days=1400 people murdered BLOOD LUST in Cultural Revolution in ChinashyRESULT 1400 dead all but 2 prisons in Paris attacked most victims men but also womenchildrenshyshyPrincess Lamballe MArsquos close friend killed End Sept 7

rdquoFifth Columnrdquo from ancient Greece=milt formations in 4 columns but the 5th Column was the ldquoenemy withinrdquo ie Sparta marching on AthensshyAthenians called Spartan sympathizers ldquo5th columnrdquomdashthis 5th column helped Sparta in battle in Athensvarious ways of dealing with the ldquoenemy withinrdquo violent purge ie Stalin Hitlerrsquos Night of Long Knives reeducation=Mao nonviolent=post Velvet Rev STB collaborators NOT punished purges of cabinetsbureaucrats with a change of govt party ie Ukraine US Bushrsquos reelection 2004 with Powell amp many State Dept people resigningfiredBUTVICTORY AT VALMY=SEPT 20 French defeat Prussians =Help to finally end this phase of terror

RICK BEYER ARTICLE ON GUILLOTINE ORIGINS

24

shyWhat happened later that day=SEPT MASSACRESDEBATE Were the murders planned

Did Danton encourage them Could they have been stopped

FRENCH REPUBLIC IS FORMED (P Corzine) shyradicals seized LA and new election for new body NATIONAL CONVENTION 91792 (3rd govt) Three forms of gov so far

shy National Assemblyshy Legislative Assemblyshy National Convention

shysuffrage=right to vote to ALL MALES=big LEFT WING shift=most left wing govt in Fr historyshyNATIONAL CONVENTION met Sept 1792 abolish monarchy

shynew Constituion erase old order=seize lands nobles and abolish title nobility (3rd constitution)=all CITIZENS LOUIS XVI= CITIZEN CAPET

shyNC IN GENERALshyimmediate animosity 2 key groups GIRONDINS (now sep force) amp JACOBINSshymany deputies from old LA but newly elected deps from Paris with sc now key shynew group include radical jacobins Robespierre Desmoulins and SaintshyJust and Marat and journalist HEBERT whose followers became known as ENRAGES or ldquomadmenrdquoshyJacobins sat in highest seats in hall LEFT of pres desk=known as the MOUNTAIN (Montagnards) (Lynn Hunt says that NC that the Jacobins split into Girondins [support outside Paris] amp the Mountain [Parisian radicals=sans culotte])shyGirondins to the RIGHT and rep wealthy mc and provincesshynonshycommitted in CENTERshyshybc of central location and lower seating called the PLAINshydespite diff all factions agreed on FIRST ACT Sept 21 MONARCHY OFFICIALLY ABOLISH and SEPT 22 1792 was the FIRST DAY of YEAR 1 of the REPUBLICshyagreement ended there Gir attacked jac for Sept massacres attack IC etcshyDANTON who wanted agreement disgusted with Girondins=JOINED MOUNTAIN (leaves Cordeliers)=IC fades away amp is replaced by the power of COPS (Comm of Public Safety=CABINET for the Montagnards [radical Jacobins]

25

3 DEATH OF KINGQUEEN (JAN amp OCT 1793) (See Lynn Hunt cdrom)shyNC put kingqueen on trial as traitorsshyconvicted by single vote and King put to death Jan

1793=scaffold in public squareshyshywords drowned out by drums and beheadedshyJan 21 1793 Louis Capet executedLast words ldquoI die innocentrdquo followed by beheading and crowd shouted ldquoVive le nationrdquo=REGICIDE SHOCKED THE WORLD

See Lynn Hunt counter argument on Louis XVI image

shyOct 1793 Marie executed=press happy ldquoWidow Capetrdquo dignity in deathshyshytheir son uncrowned Louis XVII (preshyteen) died of unknown causes in dungeons of rev 1795 The dauphin was 10 when he died of TB in prison See Vogue ldquoMarie Antoinetterdquo article for more

Another story (Sirish) when she got to the guillotine she stepped on the executionerrsquos foot so her last words were ldquoExcuse moirdquo

BETH SEGARRA DVD Start creation Ntl Conventionguillotine (42 min)

REVIEW1 Why did so much bloodshed occur on Aug 10

b What was the result (social political)shyPolitical

shySocial

2 Why was Louis XVI executed

3Name the different govts that had existed in France until 1793org philospecific

26

II NATIONAL CONVENTION UNDER SEIGE 1793shyearly 1793 danger threaten France war with Br Neth Sp and Pruss Vendee in western Fr royalists and priests led peasants in rebellion against govt Paris sc demand relief from food shortagesrising prices NC divided Jaco and Girondins

WAR (see Hunt cd rom)shyEncouraged by victory at Valmy NC declares war on Eng Feb 1793 then on Neth and Spshyshywar started well (MAP 85)=push invaders out of France=Gir stay popular but not last bc too many frontierscoasts to guardCounter Rev threatfood shortagesinflation

shyspring 1793 MILT DEFEATSWITHDRAWL AND Gen Dumouriez deserted to Austriashyas he was identified with Gir=led to their end

=may 1793 struggle Gir and Mountain (leadership within the Jacobins) bitter and Mountain winning Gir turned on IC and Hebert was arrestedshyshythis act led to boiling point=ROBESPIERRE called on people to revolt

ldquoWhen all the laws are being violated when despotism has reached its peak and when good faith and decency are being trampled underfoot it is then that the people must rise up

That moment has now arrivedrdquo=sections of Paris set up an INSURRECTIONARY COMMITTEE and organized an

uprising=Sun June 2 thousands armed citizens and NG surround NC and Gir arrestedshyonce outside surrounded by 80 000 angry Parisians and NG=retreat to meeting hall there was debate a call for their arrest of 20 Gir leaders

=STRUGGLE OF GIR AND JAC begun in LA now over=COPS in control 693

1 COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY (COPS) They are in charge of ldquoThe Terror (1793shy94)rdquo

shyDanton and allies push through emergency measures ie emigres executed WATCH committees REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL which Danton defended

ldquoLet us become terrible so that we can prevent the people from being terriblerdquo

shyCOMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY made up of NC deputies=MOUNTAIN controlled and first leader DANTONshyshymeetings secret and quickly TOOK POWERshythis 12 member committee absolute power to ldquoSAVE REVOLUTIONrdquo prepare all out war all

to battle shyMOUNTAIN new constitution June 1793 (4th constitution) all adult males vote and govt responded that all had a job and educ=more left wingshyNC unwilling to put it into effect due to war and rebellions so forcibly COPS took over

shywith rev fervor Fr recruits DEFEND REPUBLIC new tactics for ill trainedshyshyoverran Neth and invade Ital at home crush revolts=FREEDOM FEVER

27

2 ROBESPIERREshyGir fled Paris Vendee full scale insurrection and foreign war

=COPS led by Danton unable to deal with crisis so Danton resigned in July 1793 but stayed a deputy in NCshyshyROBESPIERRE took his place 793shy794=reign of Robespierrethe Terror

shygovt battle counterrev under Robespierreshyshylawyer and politician led COPSshyshyamong Jacobins seen as selfless dedication to rev=rdquothe incorruptiblerdquo vs enemies saw as tyrant

shyembraced Rousseaursquos GENERAL WILL promote relig tolerance abolish slavery in West Indies old humourless popular with san cul who hate old regime too Fr only ldquorepublic of virtuerdquo via terror ldquoLiberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their headsrdquo

3 REIGN OF TERROR (P Corzine) (JULY 1793July 94)shyfollowing Marat death (assasinated by Charlotte Corday proshyGirondinsmdashdepicted above right) stronger prosecution of wars at home and abroad=crush rebellions ie LEVEE EN MASSE all citizens of France menwomenchildren DRAFTED

shyDROUGHT shysummer 1793=bread shortages then royalists lost Toulon to Br=people demand max prices on all goods and suspects be arrested=LAW OF SUSPECTS Lynn Hunt ldquoLaw of Suspects authorized the creation of Rev Tribunals to try those suspected of treason against the Republic and to punish those convicted with death=the penal justice system into the enforcement arm of the rev govt =main resp to maintain public order but VERY DIFFICULT to identify ldquointernal enemiesrdquordquo= witchhunt amp a way of getting rid of personal enemies and rev watch committees sought them out=Jacobin club urged ldquoLet Terror be the order of the dayrdquo

shyTerror conductedcontrolled by COPS made up of 12 men led by Robespierre with 2 assts LOUIS DE SAINT JUST=rdquoangel of deathrdquo and lawyer Georges Couthon

shyRobes architect Reign July 1793shyJuly 1794 hasty trials death sentences greeted with rdquoHail the Republicrdquo ldquoPerish the Traitorsrdquo Guillotine was the symbol of this period of Terror

28

WHO WAS KILLED 1 GIRONDINS Nov 1793 Girondins executed

shyRhythm of Terror every morning people brought before Rev Trib (4 courts to speed up)shyevery afternoon tumbrels 2 wheeled wooden carts carried condemned to square PLACE DE LA REVOLUTION where guillotinedshyFIRST ARISTO Refractory PRIESTSshyshythen food hoarders personal enemies anyone who disagreed with Robesp=rsquordquovirtue was necess for ideal rev state and unselfish devotion to nationrdquo=first ldquoVirtue without which terror is disastrous and terror without which virtue is powerlessrdquoshySaint Just list of crimes vs the Revolution punishable by Terror

ldquoThere are 3 sins against the republic one is to be sorry for State prisoners another is to be opposed to the rule of virtue and the third is to be opposed to the Terrorrdquoshyas Terror peaked=backlog of prisoners people died in crowded filthy diseaseshyridden prisons ie Like the end of Stalinrsquos purges in 1938 when too many arrested under Yezhov ldquoSuper Terrorrdquo ends with Beria replacing Yezhov and Yezhov being shot

Maratrsquos murder by Charlotte Corday (see Segarra dvd 1 hour)mdashwhat did she hope to achieve What occurs

2 FALL HEBERTISTS (394)DANTON (494)=rdquoTHE REV DEVOURS ITS OWNrdquo

shyRobesp uneasy with DeshyChristianization (Hebertists in favor of) despite turning against Catholic church himselfshyshysome religion needed for a virtuous state

shywas becoming paranoid and isolatedshybegan to believe that Terror and DeshyChristianization part of foreign plot to stop rev despite foreign war going well royalist uprisings being crushed=TERROR NO LONGER NECESSARY by end 1793

(MOVIE DANTON starts with this scene)shyNov 1793 Danton RETURNED TO PARIS after 6 weeks in country=appalled by killing

shyhe attacked the Hebertists and called on the NC to relax the Terror (and he started it=not what he intended) ldquoPerhaps the Terror once served a useful purpose but it should not hurt innocent people No one wants to see a person treated as a criminal just because he happens not to have enough revolutionary enthusiasmrdquo

The govt should be ldquosparing of human bloodrdquo Danton=Dec=Committee of Clemency

shyHebertists counterattack against Danton at Jacobin Club which they now controlled

shyRobesp also saw Danton as a rival=get rid of BOTH Accused Hebert of part of foreign plot=March 1794=Hebert friends arrestedguillotined

DANTON and DESMOULINS attacked both felt remorse for the role they had played in starting the Terroroverthrowing Girondins

shyDanton had made enemies of Saint Just and Billaud on COPS=March 30 arrest order for him and April 3 Danton and Desmoulins and supporters guillotined=BIG MISTAKE Danton becomes a martyr and Robespierre loses support

shyRobespierre friend to both GODFATHER TO DESMOULINS SON satisfied

29

shyDanton predicted ldquoThe people will tear my enemies to pieces within 3 monthsrdquo=correct

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=ugeNrACriSY

3 FALL OF ROBESPIERRE (JULY 1794)shyJune 1794 Rob had mass festival to win people over to NEW RELIGION (despite not having a vision=nonshyDivine religion=based on Reason)

=CULT OF THE SUPREME BEINGshyshyhe wanted a republic of virtue (Rousseau) based on equality and a NATIONAL RELIGION was necessary to support virtues of civicshymindednessmodesty=festivalhe was the ldquoSupreme Beingrdquo at the Festival

shyIN CONTRAST in June LAW OF 22 PRAIRIAL (month of meadows) broadened definition of what was suspicious=lists made 24 hours of guilty=constant state of fearshyARMY win fr terr push into spain neth and belg=revolutions enemies disappearing=no need for COPShttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=BqBFLJHfHBkampfeature=related

ROBESPIERRErsquoS END (CORZINE)shyRobesp becoming paranoidless popular=anger at loss of Danton=dictator

shyhe sensed the change and took the offensive JULY 26 1794 he appeared before NC to denounce a new conspiracy and promised punishment=would not reveal names and would come back next day with themhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=BqBFLJHfHBk

shyhis enemies knew he would say their names so made a plan July 27 on the 10th day of THERMIDOR year II of the Republic Robesp came with allies SaintshyJust and Couthon

shyhe began to speak but b4 could say names was pushed from platform by deputy and was denounced by several deputies calling for HIS executionshyshyhe tried to speak but lost his voice ldquoDantonrsquos blood chokes himrdquo said a deputy

=ALL 3 were arrested IC tried to support got him freed but no public support

shysc had no leaders left (marat danton hebert) bloodletting=WEARYshyRobesp and allies wait in city hall over night and next day 6000 men went in to NC to get him (like Aug 10)

=Robesp tried to shoot himself but only shattered his jaw=taken to offices in Tuilleries debate his fate=Robesp unable to speak

shygroup taken before Rev Trib and 1900 to the Guillotine JULY 27shyas to guillotine executioner ripped off bandage holding

jaw=SCREAMS then thud

Final quote on him 102 by ldquoOne of the few friends of his life

ldquoI would have given my life to save Robespierre whom I loved like a brother No one knows better than I do how sincere disinterested and absolute was his devotion to the Republic He has become the scapegoat of the revolutionists but he was the best man of them allhellipIt is 50 years since he died but I still treasure in my heart the memory of him and the lively affection which he

inspiredrdquoTERROR RESULTS

shy40 000 died 15 noblesclergy 15 mc citizensmoderates rest peassan cul in riots against Repub due to false executions==guilltoine Dr Joseph Guillotin introduced it

30

more as humane than behead with ax=symbol of horror (see Greatest Stories Never Told anecdote)

shyREIGN OF TERROR CONSUMED ITS OWNshyshyNC weary of bloodshed turn on COPS and kill Robes

III REACTION AND DIRECTORY CONSERVATIVE RIGHT SWING 1795shyreaction to Terror=3rd strategy away from NC moderates produced CONSTITUTION of 1795 (1 Constitution 1791 2 Constitution of Year I=Sept 1792 3 (Revised) Constitution of 1793=more rights 4 Constitution of 1795 5 man Directory (4th govt) and 2 house legislature elected by male citizens of property only=closer to Constit of 1791shypower 1795shy99 weak but dictatorial faced discontent leaders line own pockets and not stop rising bread pricesshyshysupress riotersshyNapoleon used to stop riots but used position to own goals

SWING TO THE RIGHTshycontrols on priceswages liftedshyleaders of sc disappearedshyspring 1795 terrible winter with starvation and freezing deathsshybut gaiety reemerged post Terror ie ldquoballs of victimsrdquo but violence not end=TERROR OF THE RIGHT called JEUNESSE DOREE or gilded youth (vs Sans Culotte of the Terror)=middle class well dressed men with lead sticks attacking left=WHITE TERROR (predecessor to other terrorizing youth groups like the Red Guard of the Cultural Rev of Mao amp Hitler Jugend)

CONSTITUTION OF YEAR III (FRUCTIDOR) AUG 22 1795 4th Rev constitutionshyNC now adrift moderates took controlshyshykeep worker uprisings under control keep gains vs royalist emigresshy2 CHAMBERSHOUSES OF LEGISLATURE exec power (with kingrsquos former powers) and (COPS former power) to group of 5=DIRECTORY first met NOV 1795

shyvote back to property owners END to strive for absolute equalityshyLEADERS MEDIOCRE TALENT NOT STOP CHAOS (left want revolt vs royalist

wanted their landpower back)shybut same problems foreign threat food shortages spiraling costs of living=ROYALISTS stir up Paris for an attack on NC=NC turn to army=Napoleon

NAPOLEON ldquoWHIFF OF GRAPESHOTrdquo (1797shy99) (see Lynn Hunt cd rom)Cover this only if time as it will be done in the next unit in more detail

shymany new deputies from April 1797 were constitutional monarchists so Directory tried to oust this threat

=BONAPARTE commander of Italian army sent home Pierre Augereau ldquoI have come here to kill the royalistsrdquo=commanded coup drsquoetat of govt where royalists deputiesofficials arrested=govt became dependent on the army

NAPOLEON BACKGROUND after putting down uprising in oct 1795 had risen through ranks brought italy victory to France

shyDirectors seeing his popularitydanger happy to have him in italyand when that was won he wanted to attack Br in Egypt=OK=May 1798

shyEGYPT CAMPAIGN at first success French found the Rosetta Stone=Europeans decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics

shythen Br fleet destroyed all but 2 ships and other turn against Fr again and Germ and italy beat fr armies

=Directory order DRAFT taxes raised but econ still trouble=DISCONTENTshyNapoleon realized no more glory in Egypt so said ldquoI am going home to drive out the lawyersrdquo

31

shyAbbe Sieyes back on center stage politics back to the LEFT and jacobins resurgedshythe bourg who had gained at the end of the rev feared this and fear for their property

rights=want a strong leader to consolidate gains of Rev=SIEYES believed that a strong general could do that=NAPOLEON3 CONSULS ESTABLISHED

shyplot laid and Nov 19 1799 the conspirators took the govt by force and deputies of 2 councils named Abbe SIEYES Roger Ducos and Napoleon as CONSULS=3 took exec powers from govt

shyNapoleon=FIRST CONSUL and other 2 quickly fadedas Robespierre predicted the 10 YEARS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ENDED WITH A

MILT DICTATOR

LEGACYRESULTS OF REVOLUTION (CORZINE)shywhen Zhou Enlai was asked about the significance of the Fr Rev he said ldquoits too soon to tellrdquoCHANGES

shyPEASANTS no better off poorlandless not vote majority not own land BUT some confiscated lands of nobility were purchased by peasantryshywhile still bearing heavy tax burden under Napoleon no longer owed DUES

shyRELIGION Robespierrersquos Cult of Supreme Being short lived and Catholic Church restored with a CONCORDAT with napoleon and Pope=church central againshyBUT church property 10 Fr land under Ancien Regime NOT restored and never same influence as beforeshydeshyChristianize France 1793 Year I of new era ban relig fests with secular oneshellipreligious festivals are not brought back (for the most part)

shyBOURGEOISIE GAINED THE MOSTshyPower no longer concentrated in NOBILITY but in BUSINESS and PROFESSIONALS=own property and moneyshyentry into the NEW aristocracy determined by INDIV ACHIEVE not birth

shyPRACTICAL ACHIEVEMENTS shyRepublican calendar with 10 day weeks and months named for events in nature didnrsquot surviveshyMETRIC SYSTEM did and spread to the rest of the worldshynew symbols ie red ldquoliberty capsrdquo and Tricolourshypowdered wigs to practical clothes and simple haircuts of the sans culottesshyNATIOLNALISM=ntl identityshyLa Marsillaise 1793 NTL ANTHEM PG 493shyEDUCATION compulsory elem educ to replace relig onesshyorg systems of help to poor and soldiersshyend slavery colonies

shyMOST LASTING LEGACY=LIBERTY EQUALITY FRATERNITYshypeople worldwide have used the inspiration of this revolution to strive to free themselves from tyrants achieve equal rights and work with others in their nation and others for freedom and justice for all

WOMEN IN REVOLUTION (Corzine)

32

shymany demonstrators like Jeanne Roland had writings salon infl husband a key govt minister1 RIGHTS OF WOMEN

shynot happy not get equal citizenshipshyOlympe de Gouges wrote DECL OF RIGHTS OF WOMEN (pg 493 todd) shySAME RIGHTS DIVORCE EASIER INHERIT PROPERTY NOT JUST LEAVE ESTATES TO OLDER SONS==not last after Napoleon power

Olympe de Gouges Madame Roland2 SETBACKS

shyas rev on right to express views public under fire 1793 Comm of NC said there are things women not have ldquoMoral and physical strength necessary to practice pol rightsrdquo and rev clubs bannedshyGouges and Madame Roland victims of the Terror on guillotine Roland cried ldquoO liberty what crimes are committed in your namerdquo

Causality in History issueshyAre Historical events ldquoinevitablerdquo (fateshydriven) or can any eventrsquos occurrence change the course of history

See debate notes from previous debates on Stroodle and link on Stroodle

shyan anecdote about PreshyDestination and the role of fate in human actions from Mr Vriend who was raised a Calvinist

Hey Shannon shy in response to your question

It first depends on whether one believes in fate or not If there is no such thing as fate then all events are by chance or random

Assuming one does believe in fate then there can NOT be any random events shy all things are working together towards someones fate Even if someone deliberately tries to mess with the system fate has already determined this and therefore this decision was already known before it was made

What confuses it all is religion shy in terms of predestination one could argue that no matter what happens in life one is predisposed to go to heaven or hell God has determined who these people are so there is no real choice left unto the person The key however is this the person will never know when this decision is made That is why serial killers can repent on death row and go to heaven (which was predetermined by God) or someone could be a Christian for their entire life but renounce it on their deathbed and go to hell (also predetermined by God)

Once one accepts the fact that they are not living for themselves but rather living for a higher purpose their lives should change dramatically They will no longer be concerned with who is going to heaven or hell they will merely be concerned with bettering the world and worshiping the Creator or all things

Hope this helps a little have a great day

PV

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33

34

35

36

2

CREATING A NEW FRANCEOVERVIEW 4 STAGES

1 MODERATE phase NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (1789shy91)=constitutional monarchy Creating a new France

2 RADICAL phase 1792shy94 Escalating violence leads to REIGN OF TERROR (1793shy94)3 REACTION phase (Thermidor) 1795shy99 Reaction against extremism with the DIRECTORY4 BACK TO DICTATORSHIPNEW TYPE OF EMPEROR Age of Napoleon 1799shy1815 Consolidates

and turns back some changes of the Revolution=360 degrees (not fully)

STAGE 1 MODERATE PHASE (1789shy91)

bull1789Julyshy Great Fear Paris in ArmsAug 4shy Abolition of feudalism privileges and venality=Aug 5=Feudalism abolishedAug 26shy DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MANOct 5shy6shy October DaysWomen March on Versaillesmdashroyal family moves to the Tulleries in Paris (1789shy91)Nov 2shy to pay state debt NA votes to take oversell Church landDec 12shy Assignats introduced

bull1790 Feb 13shy Monastic vows forbiddenmdashCatholic Church being put under state control Takes away a guarantee of salvationMay 22shy Foreign conquests renouncedJuly 12shy Civil Constitution of the Clergymdashbishopspriests elected=end PAPAL authority over French ChurchAug 16shy Parlements abolished=centralized control in Paris

bull1791Mar 2shy Guilds dissolvedJune 20shy 21shyFlight to Varennes (the King tries to flee) ldquoLong Live the Nationrdquo instead of ldquoLong Live the KingrdquoJuly 16shyKing reinstated accepts new constitution=CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHYJuly 17shy Champs de Mars MassacreshyCordeliersradical Jacobins push for a REPUBLICmdashas crowd came to sign a petition for this Lafayette (war hero and head of National Guard) fires on crowd=50 dead SPLIT IN GOVT Right who want constitutional monarchy and Left who want a RepublicAug 27shy Declaration of Pillnitz King Prussia amp Austrian Emperor threaten to intervene in Revolution to protect French monarchymdashled to RADICALIZATION of revolutionSept 3shy 1791 CONSTITUTION officialSept 30shyNA dissolved Oct 1 replaced by new LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ( LA) mdashlasts only 1 year due to external and internal conflicts

STAGE 2 RADICAL PHASE (1792shy94)

bull1792Apr 20shy LA declares war 1st on Austria June 10shy Sansculotte invade Tulleries shouting ldquoDown with the Vetordquo as he had vetoed action that would have brought economic relief and military protection for Paris Want a Republic National Guard response Had gone over to Austrians Ntl Guard to ParisJune 12shy LA declares war on PrussiamdashWar initially a disaster SEEK OUT COUNTERREVOLUTIONARIES AT HOMEJune 30shyFederes come from provinces to defend Paris One group from Marseilles comes singing La Marseillaise Goal becomes to depose the King by Aug 9 Danton led Insurrectionary Committee (IC) now the govt of Parismdashled by sans culottes not bourgAug 10shy REVOLUTION OF AUG 102ND Invasion of the TulleriesmdashBattle disasters lead radical revolutionaries to invade Kingrsquos residence as they thought he was in cohoots with invaders They kill Kingrsquos guards and royals flee to LA 1200 killed many innocent Now IC is running the countryAug 19shy Army of PrussiansAustriansFR eacutemigreacutes cross into France

3










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bull1797

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bull1795




bull1797

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THE SPARKSTART




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iii


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THE SPARKSTART




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ii

iii


ii

19

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10 August 1792



republic

Source Lynn Hunt




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ii

iii


ii

19

iii


5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



republic

Source Lynn Hunt




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ii

iii


ii

19

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5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



republic

Source Lynn Hunt




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ii

iii


ii

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10 August 1792



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Source Lynn Hunt




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ANTIshyWAR







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ii

iii


ii

19

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5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



republic

Source Lynn Hunt




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10












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ii

iii


ii

19

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10 August 1792



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Source Lynn Hunt




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ii

iii


ii

19

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10 August 1792



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ii

iii


ii

19

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5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



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ii

iii


ii

19

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5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



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ii

iii


ii

19

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5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



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ANTIshyWAR







i

ii

iii


ii

19

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5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



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ANTIshyWAR







i

ii

iii


ii

19

iii


5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



republic

Source Lynn Hunt




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ANTIshyWAR







i

ii

iii


ii

19

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5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



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Source Lynn Hunt




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ANTIshyWAR







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ii

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ii

19

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10 August 1792



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ANTIshyWAR







i

ii

iii


ii

19

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5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



republic

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5 RADICAL DAYS


10 August 1792



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RD - History-schmistory Rev Outline... · June 20 21Flight to Varennes (the King tries to flee!):...

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Transcript of RD - History-schmistory Rev Outline... · June 20 21Flight to Varennes (the King tries to flee!):...