Ray French Presentation

8/17/2019 Ray French Presentation

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FIRESEXPLOSIONS

AND

FUNDAMENTALS OF

AIChE SACHE Faculty WorkshopBaton Rouge - Sep 29, 200

SAFETY ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY


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What’s ComingQuiz

Terminology & De ini!ion"

Fl#"$ %oin!

Au!oigni!ion

Minimum Igni!ion Energy

i'eo ( Fl#me" & E)*lo"ion"

Igni!ion Sour+e"

Fl#mm#,ili!y Rel#!ion"$i*"

Cl#""i i+#!ion o E)*lo"ion"

H-Oil Incident

Video - Ex losions ! "etonations

#ncon$ined Va o% Clo&d Ex losions

Im act o$ #VCE

'odels

(LEVE

Im act o$ (LEVE

Video - (LEVE

)&i* Re+ie,


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)&i* on F&ndamentals o$ Fi%es and Ex losions. What is the $lash oint o$ a li/&id0

1. What is the $&ndamental di$$e%ence 2et,een $lamma2le and com2&sti2le stoc30

4. What is the c&t o$$ oint 2et,een a 5$lamma2le li/&id6 and a 5com2&sti2le li/&id6as de$ined 27 the NFP8 standa%ds0

9. What is the di$$e%ence 2et,een the te%ms 5lo,e% ex losi+e limit :LEL;6 and 5lo,e%$lamma2le limit :LFL;60

< o C;. Isthis t%eated as a $lamma2le o% com2&sti2le mate%ial &nde% Exxon'o2il

%actices0

?. @he%e is a co%%elation o$ $lash oint ,ith & e% $lamma2le limit :#FL; 27 meanso$ the +a o% %ess&%e c&%+e. :@%&eAFalse;

B. 8 i e ,hose s&%$ace tem e%at&%e is ??1 o F :4


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)&i* on F&ndamentals o$ Fi%es and Ex losions

. P%ess&%e has a signi$icant e$$ect on the $lamma2le %ange o$ most h7d%oca%2ons.:@%&eAFalse;.

>. "e$lag%ation is anothe% ,o%d $o% detonation. :@%&eAFalse;

=. @7 ical %ess&%es %eached in a con$ined de$lag%ation a%e ? to times the initial%ess&%e. :@%&eAFalse;

. Stoichiomet%ic mixt&%es gene%all7 %e/&i%e highe% ignition ene%gies than othe%mixt&%es ,ithin the $lamma2le %ange. :@%&eAFalse;

1. @he onl7 $acto%s that dete%mine the st%ength o$ a +a o% clo&d ex losion a%e thet7 e o$ molec&le and the amo&nt %eleased. :@%&eAFalse;

4. @he @N@ model is still the 2est $o% modeling ex losions. :@%&eAFalse;


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@e%minolog7Au!o Igni!ion Tem*er#!ure-LE ECom,u"!i,le Li.ui'"De l#gr#!ionDe!on#!ion

E)*lo"ionE)*lo"i/e Limi!"FireFl#mm#,le Limi!"

Fl#mm#,le Li.ui'"

Fl#"$ %oin!Hig$ Fl#"$ S!o+0"Igni!ion EnergyIn!erme'i#!e #*or %re""ureS!o+0"

Lig$! En'"Lo1 Fl#"$ S!o+0"%$yro*$ori+ M#!eri#l"Rei' #*or %re""ureUC E

#*or %re""ure


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Fl#"$ %oin! D Lo,est tem e%at&%e at ,hich a $lamma2le li/&id

ex osed to ai% ,ill 2&%n ,hen ex osed to s a%3s o%$lame.

Au!o Igni!ion Tem*er#!ure

D @em e%at&%e a2o+e ,hich s ontaneo&scom2&stion can occ&% ,itho&t the &se o$ a s a%3o% $lame.

Igni!ion Energy

D Lo,est amo&nt o$ ene%g7 %e/&i%ed $o% ignition.

"e$initions


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Fl#mm#,le Li.ui'" 2NF%A3

D Li/&ids ,ith a $lash oint ==F :4 o C;

Com,u"!i,le Li.ui'" 2NF%A3 D Li/&ids ,ith a $lash oint ==F :4 o C;

Hig$ Fl#"$ S!o+0" D Li/&ids ,ith $lash oint 4=F :


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Lig$! En'"

D Volatile $lamma2le li/&ids ,hich +a o%i*e ,hen ex osed toai%. "esign P%actices de$ines as entanes and lighte% na thaso$ RVP < PSI8.

In!erme'i#!e #*or %re""ure S!o+0"

D Lo, $lash stoc3s hea+ie% than light ends ,he%e the +a o%s ace m&st 2e ass&med to 2e mainl7 in the $lamma2le %ange.

%yro*$ori+ M#!eri#l D 'ate%ial ,hich ,ill s ontaneo&sl7 2&%n in ai% at am2ient

tem e%at&%e.

"e$initions


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Fl#mm#,le Limi!" D Range o$ com osition o$ mate%ial in ai% ,hich ,ill 2&%n.

#.F.L.........# e% Flamma2le LimitL.F.L..........Lo,e% Flamma2le Limit

E)*lo"i/e Limi!"

D Same as $lamma2le limits.

#*or %re""ure D P%ess&%e exe%ted 27 li/&id on +a o% s ace.

Rei' #*or %re""ure D Va o% P%ess&%e meas&%ed at ==F :4B. o C;.

"e$initions


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Flash Point F%om Va o% P%ess&%e

Mo"! m#!eri#l" "!#r! !o ,urn #! 456 "!oi+$iome!ri+ D Fo% he tane

C BBH ? J O 1 K B CO 1 J H 1O

8i% K A =.1 K


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Flash Point C&%+e

VaporPressure% In Air

HEL

TooLean

Too Rich

LEL

Temperature ->Flash Point


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Flash Point "ete%mination 'ethods

L#,or#!ory !e"!" #re7

D Clo"e' +u* !#g 2ASTM D(843 or m#!eri#l" o 9:;


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8&to Ignition @em e%at&%e

Va%ies ,ith D si*e o$ containment

D mate%ial in contact

D concent%ation

Is s eci$ic to a gi+en com osition

(e ca%e$&l o$ glo2al n&m2e%s


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Me#"ure' /#lue /ery #**#r#!u" rel#!e'? NF%A '#!#7

D -enzene in7 .u#r!z l#"0 9585 o F 24@9oC3 ironl#"0 9>4> o F 28@ oC3

D CS > in7>55 ml l#"0 >; o F 29>5 oC3

9555 ml l#"0 >=5 o F 2995 oC3 95555 ml l#"0 >54 o F 2 :8 oC3

D He)#ne 1i!$ 'i eren! #**#r#!u"7 ;=@ o F2>>4oC3 :45 o F 2495 oC3


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Me#"ure' /#lue #l"o +on+en!r#!ion 'e*en'en!?NF%A '#!#7

D C 4 B in #ir7 9 46 959 o F 24; o C3 = @46 :=8 o F 245> o C3 @ 846 : o F 2;@8 o C3


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'inim&m Ignition Ene%g7

Lo,est amo&nt o$ ene%g7 %e/&i%ed $o%ignition

D 'aMo% +a%ia2le

D "e endent on@em e%at&%e

o$ com2&sti2le in com2&stant@7 e o$ com o&nd


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'inim&m Ignition Ene%g7E$$ects o$ Stoichiomet%7


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MIN IGNITION ENERGY m

5 55: 5 599 5 59@ 5 5@ 5 9; 5 >> 5 >; 5 84 9 94 9 =4≈ 9 5

95

'inim&m Ignition Ene%gies FLAMMA-LE

CS >H>C ><C >B

CH =OHn( C 8<n(C @<I%AACETONE

i(C <FINE SUL%HUR DUSTNORMAL DUSTS


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Video(&%ea& o$ 'ines

Flames ! Ex losions


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Fire or Fl#me"7

D Furn#+e" #n' -oiler" S*#+ing & L#you! D Fl#re" S*#+ing & L#you! D el'ing or0 %ro+e'ure"

D S*#r0" rom Tool" or0 %ro+e'ure" D S*re#' rom o!$er Are#" Se1er De"ign? Di0ing? ee'

Con!rol? Hou"e0ee*ing D M#!+$e" #n' Lig$!er" %ro+e'ure"

COMMON IGNITION SOURCES -ASIC CONTROLS


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Ho! Sur #+e"7

D Ho! %i*e" #n' E.ui*men! S*#+ing2 855 o F3

D Au!omo!i/e E.ui*men! %ro+e'ure"



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Ele+!ri+#l7 D S*#r0" rom S1i!+$e" Are# Cl#""i i+#!ion

& Mo!or"

D S!#!i+ Groun'ing? Iner!ing? Rel#)#!ion

D Lig$!ning Geome!ry? "nu ing

D H#n' Hel' Ele+!ri+ E.ui*men! %ro+e'ure"


Fl 2ili 7 "i % $ % h S7 ' h


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Flamma2ilit7 "iag%am $o% the S7stem 'ethane-Ox7gen-Nit%ogen

at 8tmos he%ic P%ess&%e and 1? oC


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Flamma2ilit7 Relationshi s

# P P E R L I 'I @

LO W E R LI' I@

V 8 P O R

P R E S

S # R E

8#@OI NI@ION

8I@FL8SHPOIN@

'IS@FL8''8(LE RE ION

TEM%ERATURE

C O N C E N T R A T I O

N O F F U E L


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Flamma2le Limits Change With

Iner!"

Tem*er#!ure

%re""ure

Limits o$ Flamma2ilit7 o$ Va%io&s


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Limits o$ Flamma2ilit7 o$ Va%io&s'ethane-Ine%t as-8i% 'ixt&%es at 1< oC

and 8tmos he%ic P%ess&%e

E$$ect o$ @em e%at&%e on Lo e% Limits o$


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E$$ect o$ @em e%at&%e on Lo,e% Limits o$Flamma2ilit7 o$ Va%io&s Pa%a$$in

H7d%oca%2ons in 8i% at 8tmos he%ic P%ess&%e


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E$$ect o$ P%ess&%e o$ Flamma2ilit7 o$ Nat&%al as In 8i% at 1 oC

Inc%easing P%ess&%e- Red&ces LEL Some,hat- Inc%eases HEL Conside%a2l7- Red&ces Flash Point ! 8I@- Inc%eases 'axim&m 8ttaina2le P%ess&%e- Inc%ease Rate o$ P%ess&%e Rise

Flamma2le mixt&%es

ai% K == - nat&%al gas

Initial P%ess&%eG 8tm.

N 8 @ # R 8 L 8 S G + o

l & m e - e % c e n

t


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'o%e "e$initionsDe l#gr#!ion D %ro*#g#!ing re#+!ion" in 1$i+$ !$e energy !r#n" er

rom !$e re#+!ion zone !o !$e unre#+!e' zone i"#++om*li"$e' !$ru or'in#ry !r#n"*or! *ro+e""e""u+$ #" $e#! #n' m#"" !r#n" er

De!on#!ion D %ro*#g#!ing re#+!ion" in 1$i+$ energy i" !r#n" erre'

rom !$e re#+!ion zone !o !$e unre#+!e' zone on #re#+!i/e "$o+0 1#/e T$e /elo+i!y o !$e "$o+0 1#/e#l1#y" e)+ee'" "oni+ /elo+i!y in !$e re#+!#n!

Fire D A "lo1 orm o 'e l#gr#!ion


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Classi$ication o$ Ex losions

E %LOSIONB E.uili,r#!ion o $ig$ *re""ure g#" 1i!$en/ironmen! "o r#*i' !$#! energy i" 'i""i*#!e' /i# "$o+01#/e

%$y"i+#l e)*lo"ion" re"ul! rom 'i""i*#!iono *re(e)i"!ing *o!en!i#l energy 21i!$ou!+$emi+#l +$#nge3

C$emi+#l e)*lo"ion" re"ul! rom #+$emi+#l re#+!ion +re#!ing !$e $ig$*re""ure g#" 2m#y ,e +on ine' orun+on ine'3

%ro*#g#!ing re#+!ion" "!#r! #! # *oin! #n'*ro*#g#!e #" # ron! !$roug$ !$e m#"" ore#+!#n!"

Uni orm re#+!ion" o++ur 2more or le""3uni ormly !$roug$ou! !$e m#"" o re#+!#n!"

T$erm#l e)*lo"ion" re"ul! rome)o!$ermi+ re#+!ion" un'er +on inemen!

1i!$ in#'e.u#!e 'i""i*#!ion o $e#!

De lgr#!ion" o++ur 1$en energy !r#n" er#+ro"" !$e ron! i" 'ue "olely !o norm#l!r#n"*or! *$enomen#

De!on#!ion" o++ur 1$en energy !r#n" er#+ro"" !$e ron! i" en$#n+e' ,y re#+!i/e"$o+0 1#/e


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Potential Ene%g7Sto%ed Vol&mes o$ Ideal as at 1= C

%RESSURE? *"ig TNT EQUI ? l," *er ! =

95

9559555

95555

5 559

5 5>9 ;>8 4=

TNT e.ui/ B 4) 954

C#lorie"Jl,


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(a7,a7G NH-Oil Incident >B=


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VideoInd&st%ial Sa$et7 Se%ies

Ex losions and "etonations


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"e$lag%ationCom,u"!ion 1i!$ l#me "*ee'" #! non !ur,ulen!

/elo+i!ie" o 5 4 ( 9 mJ"e+%re""ure" ri"e ,y $e#! ,#l#n+e in i)e' /olume1i!$ *re""ure r#!io o #,ou! 95

CH ; K > O > B CO > K > H >O K >9555 -TUJl,

Ini!i#l Mol" B 9 K >J >9 B 95 4>Fin#l Mol" B 9 K > K >25 @:J5 >93 B 95 4>Ini!i#l Tem* B >: o

Fin#l Tem* B >455 o

%re""ure R#!io B : @Ini!i#l %re""ure B 9 ,#r 2#,"3Fin#l %re""ure B : @ ,#r 2#,"3

" i


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"etonation

Hig$ly !ur,ulen! +om,u"!ionery $ig$ l#me "*ee'"

E)!remely $ig$ *re""ure" 95 ,#r"


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Pi eline "etonation 'echanics


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U C ENCONFIN

ED

A%OR

LOUD

%LOSI

O

NS

An o/er*re""ure +#u"e' 1$en # g#" +lou' 'e!on#!e" or'e l#gr#!e" in o*en #ir r#!$er !$#n "im*ly ,urn"

h l d


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What Ha ens to a Va o% Clo&d0Clou' 1ill "*re#' rom !oo ri+$? !$roug$ l#mm#,le r#nge !o !oo

le#n

E'ge" "!#r! !o ,urn !$roug$ 'e l#gr#!ion 2"!e#'y "!#!e+om,u"!ion3

Clou' 1ill 'i"*er"e !$roug$ n#!ur#l +on/e+!ion

Fl#me /elo+i!y 1ill in+re#"e 1i!$ +on!#inmen! #n' !ur,ulen+e

I /elo+i!y i" $ig$ enoug$ +lou' 1ill 'e!on#!e

I +lou' i" "m#ll enoug$ 1i!$ li!!le +on inemen! i! +#nno!e)*lo'e

Wh H V % Cl &d0


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What Ha ens to a Va o% Clo&d0

Inc%easing &nsat&%ation ,ill inc%ease chance o$ex losion :$lame s eeds highe%;.

&ggan sa7s 58ll eth7lene clo&ds ex lodeQ6

E$$ect o$ ex losion %eadil7 modeled 27 analog7,ith @N@ .

% % h % % &%


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Facto%s Fa+o%ing High O+e% P%ess&%es

Con inemen! D %re/en!" +om,u"!ion *ro'u+!" e"+#*ing? gi/ing $ig$er

lo+#l *re""ure" e/en 1i!$ 'e l#gr#!ion

D Cre#!e" !ur,ulen+e? # *re+ur"or or 'e!on#!ion

D Terr#in +#n +#u"e +on inemen!

D On"i!e le#0" $#/e # mu+$ $ig$er *o!en!i#l or U CE!$#n o "e! le#0"



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Clou' +om*o"i!ion

D Hig$ly un"#!ur#!e' mole+ule" #re ,#'

Hig$ l#mm#,le r#nge

Lo1 igni!ion energy

Hig$ l#me "*ee'"

2Gugg#n "#y" #ll e!$ylene +lou'" gi/e $ig$o/er*re""ure" 1$en !$ey ,urn 3

Mo"! U CE C > ( C 8 lig$! g#"e" 'i"*er"e re#'ily? $e#/y

m#!eri#l" 'o no! orm /#*or +lou'" e#"ily



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Weathe%

D Sta2le atmos he%es lead to la%ge clo&ds.

D Lo, ,ind s eed enco&%ages la%ge clo&ds.



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Va o% Clo&d Si*e im acts on

D %o2a2ilit7 o$ $inding ignition so&%ce

D li3elihood o$ gene%ating an7 o+e% %ess&%e

D magnit&de o$ o+e% %ess&%e


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Sour+e D l#"$ing li.ui'" "eem !o gi/e $ig$ o/er*re""ure

D /#*or "y"!em" nee' /ery l#rge #ilure" !o +#u"e U CE

D "lo1 le#0" gi/e !ime or +lou' !o 'i"*er"e n#!ur#lly1i!$ou! in'ing #n igni!ion "our+e

D $ig$ *re""ure gi/e" *remi)ing re.uire' or l#rge+om,u"!ion

D e.ui*men! #ilure" 1$ere le#0 i" no! /er!i+#lly u*1#r'"

in+re#"e" li0eli$oo' o l#rge +lou'

Im act o$ Va o% Clo&d


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orl' o e)*lo"i/e" i" 'omin#!e' ,y TNT im*#+! 1$i+$ i"un'er"!oo'

#*or +lou'"? ,y #n#ly"i" o in+i'en!"? "eem !o re"*on'li0e TNT i 1e +#n 'e!ermine !$e e.ui/#len! TNT

9 *oun' o TNT $#" # LH o 9 :5 -TUJl,

9 *oun' o $y'ro+#r,on $#" # LH o #,ou! 9:555 -TUJl,

A /#*or +lou' 1i!$ # 956 e i+ien+y 1ill re"*on' li0e #

"imil#r 1eig$! o TNT



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&ggan anal7sis o$ +a o% clo&ds lotted e$$icienc7against clo&d si*e and se+e%al othe% theo%etical$acto%s and %eached no e$$ecti+e concl&sions.E$$iciencies ,e%e 2et,een =. and


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P%ess&%e +s @ime Cha%acte%istics

DETONATION

A%OR CLOUD DEFLAGRATION

@I'E

O & E R % R E

S S U R E

Im act o$ Va o% Clo&d Ex losions on


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Peo le

no+0 *er"onnel 'o1n

Ru*!ure e#r'rum"

D#m#ge lung"

T$re"$ol' #!#li!ie"

456 #!#li!ie"

::6 #!#li!ie"

9

4

94

=4

45

84

%EA O ER%RESSURE? *"i EFFECTS

"amage $%om Va o% Clo&d Ex losions


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amage $%om Va o% Clo&d Ex losions

%e#0 O/er*re""ure Ty*i+#l D#m#ge

2*"i3

5 4 ( 9 Gl#"" 1in'o1" ,re#0

9 ( > Common "i'ing !y*e" #il( +orrug#!e' #",e"!o"? "$#!!er"( +orrug#!e' "!eel? *#nel oin!" #il( 1oo' "i'ing? ,lo1" in

> ( = Unrein or+e' +on+re!e or +in'er,lo+0 1#ll" #il

"amage $%om Va o% Clo&d Ex losions


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amage $%om Va o% Clo&d Ex losions

%e#0 O/er*re""ure Ty*i+#l D#m#ge

2*"i3

= ( ; Sel ( r#me' "!eel *#nel ,uil'ing"+oll#*"e

Oil "!or#ge !#n0" ru*!ure

4 U!ili!y *ole" "n#*

@ Lo#'e' r#il +#r" o/er!urn

@ ( Unrein or+e' ,ri+0 1#ll" #il


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Im act o$ Va o% Clo&d Ex losions


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@5

985

>:5

;@5

8@5

:;5

>

4

95

>5

=5

45

%e#0 O/er*re""ure? *"i in' elo+i!y? m*$

E.ui/#len! O/er*re""ure in' elo+i!ie"



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LONG A IS OF -ODY %ER%ENDICULAR TO -LASTINDS? SU- ECT FACING ANY DIRECTION


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LONG A IS OF -ODY %ER%ENDICULAR TO -LAST INDS "u, e+! FACING ANY DIRECTION

SURFACE -URST? STANDARD SEA(LE EL CONDITIONSASSUMED GROUND REFLECTION FACTOR7 9

RANGE 2 !39 95 955 9555 95555

95 @

95 8

95 4

95 ;

95 =

95 >

95 9

9

E I G H T O F T N T 2 ! o n " 3

OR

'&lti-Ene%g7 'odels $o% (last E$$ects


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g $ ( $$Re+en! 'e/elo*men!" in "+ien+e "ugge"! !oo m#nyun0no1n" or "im*le TNT mo'el

ey /#ri#,le" !o o/er *re""ure e e+! #re7

D Qu#n!i!y o +om,u"!#n! in e)*lo"ion

D Conge"!ionJ+on inemen! or e"+#*e o +om,u"!ion

*ro'u+!" D Num,er o "eri#l e)*lo"ion"

T$i" i" 0ey !o EMR&E ,#"i" or +#l+ul#!ion o im*#+!

Mul!i(energy i" +on"i"!en! 1i!$ mo'el" #n' *ilo!e)*lo"ion"


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Video(P LP


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D T$e re"ul! o # /e""el #ilure in # ire #n' rele#"e o # *re""urize'li.ui' r#*i'ly in!o !$e ire A *re""ure 1#/e? # ire ,#ll? /e""el

r#gmen!" #n' ,urning li.ui' 'ro*le!" #re u"u#lly !$e re"ul!

- L EOILING

IQUID

%ANDIN

G

%LOSI

O

NS

EA%OR


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Flamma2ilit7 Conse/&enceC %i


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Com a%ison

Limits selected

(LEVE - lethalit7

#VCE - PSI o+e% %ess&%eG 4e$$icienc7

Fi%e - mete% dee 2&ndG 4 WAm 1 $l&x.

"istance Com a%ison%


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:mete%s;

9>4

95>545

955>55

4559555

IN ENTORY2!onne" 3

9=885:5

9=5>55> 5;55

855>5

-LE E

9>5945>55>45=95;>54=58@5

:559945

U CE

>5=5=84585

9559=5

FIRE


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Video(LEVE

Concl&sions


69/79

e 0no1 'ire+!ion#lly 1$#! #+!or" +#u"e U CE

e +#n e"!im#!e roug$ly 1$#! !$e '#m#ge i" rom # U CEe +#n !#0e *re+#u!ion" !o minimize '#m#ge

e +#n m#0e emergen+y *l#n" !o #melior#!e o "i!e'#m#ge

e mu"! !#0e #ll re#"on#,le me#"ure" !o *re/en!"igni i+#n! le#0" rom our *l#n! #n' #'$ere !o

$ig$ le/el" o 'e"ign? in"*e+!ion? m#in!en#n+e#n' o*er#!ion


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)&i* Re+ie,

8ns,e%s to )&i* on F&ndamentals o$ Fi%es and


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Ex losions

). What is the $lash oint o$ a li/&id0

8. Flash oint is the lo,est tem e%at&%e at ,hich ali/&id ex osed to the ai% gi+es o$$ s&$$icient +a o%

to $o%m a $lamma2le mixt&%eG o% ,ithin thea a%at&s &sedG that can 2e ignited 27 a s&ita2le$lame. 'o%e %ecisel7G it is the tem e%at&%e o$ ali/&id at ,hich the a%tial %ess&%e o$ its +a o%%eaches the lo,e% $lamma2le limit ,hen the li/&id

is heated in ai%.

8ns,e%s to )&i* on F&ndamentals o$ Fi%es andEx losions


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1). What is the $&ndamental di$$e%ence 2et,een$lamma2le and com2&sti2le stoc30

18. Flamma2le stoc3 is ca a2le o$ 2eing ignited,itho&t ha+ing to 2e heated. Com2&sti2lemate%ial m&st 2e heated 27 some exte%nalso&%ce in o%de% to 2e ca a2le o$ 2&%ning.



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4). What is the c&t o$$ oint 2et,een a 5$lamma2leli/&id6 and a 5com2&sti2le li/&id6 as de$ined 27the NFP8 standa%ds0

48. NFP8 de$ines a $lamma2le li/&id as one ha+inga $lash oint 2elo, == o F :4B. o C;. 8com2&sti2le li/&id is one ,ith a $lash oint o$

==o F :4B. o C; o% a2o+e.



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9). What is the di$$e%ence 2et,een the te%ms 5lo,e%

ex losi+e limit :LEL;6 and 5lo,e% $lamma2le limit:LFL;60

98. None. @he te%ms a%e s7non7mo&s.

< o C;. Is this t%eated as a$lamma2le o% com2&sti2le mate%ial &nde%Exxon'o2il %actices0


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?). @he%e is a co%%elation o$ $lash oint ,ith & e%$lamma2le limit :#FL; 27 means o$ the +a o%

%ess&%e c&%+e. :@%&eAFalse;

?8. False. @he co%%elation is ,ith the lo,e%

$lamma2le limit :LFL;.



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B). 8 i e ,hose s&%$ace tem e%at&%e is ??1 o F

:4


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). P%ess&%e has a signi$icant e$$ect on the$lamma2le %ange o$ most h7d%oca%2ons.

:@%&eAFalse;.

8. @%&e. Flamma2le %ange ,idens ,ith inc%easing%ess&%e.

>). "e$lag%ation is anothe% ,o%d $o% detonation.:@%&eAFalse;

>8. False. "e$lag%ation is cha%acte%i*ed 27 s&2-sonic$lame +elocitiesG ,he%eas detonation shoc3,a+es a%e s& e%sonic.



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=). @7 ical %ess&%es %eached in a con$ined

de$lag%ation a%e ? to times the initial %ess&%e.:@%&eAFalse;

=8. @%&e.

). Stoichiomet%ic mixt&%es gene%all7 %e/&i%e highe%ignition ene%gies than othe% mixt&%es ,ithin the$lamma2le %ange. :@%&eAFalse;

8. False. @he7 %e/&i%e lo,e% ene%gies.



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1). @he onl7 $acto%s that dete%mine the st%ength o$ a

+a o% clo&d ex losion a%e the t7 e o$ molec&leand the amo&nt %eleased. :@%&eAFalse;

18. False. Othe% $acto%s a%e con$inementG ,eathe%Gand so&%ce conside%ation.

4). @he @N@ model is still the 2est $o% modelingex losions. :@%&eAFalse;

48. False. 8ltho&gh ex losions a%e still %e o%ted as5tons o$ @N@ e/&i+alent6G the '&lti-Ene%g7 'odelis mo%e acc&%ate in most cases.

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