Raw Materials and Feed Quality -...

Raw Materials and Feed Quality: Impact on Poultry Performance and

Health Status

Basilisa P. Reas, DVM MScBPR Nutrition Consultancy

Consultant to [email protected]

Content

• Introduction;•Early signals of feed contamination or poor quality feeds and feed ingredients.

•Nutrition and Disease interaction• Metabolic Diseases• Nutrient toxicity and deficiencies• Chemical toxicity and residues• Anti-Nutritional factors• Mycotoxicosis

•Recommendations BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY CONSULTANT TO USSEC-SEA. EMAIL:

[email protected]

What to check in raw materials and feeds?

Physical:Damaged, contaminated or infected raw materials from

harvests; immature seeds, insect damaged, molds, fiber, etc.

Nutritional/Chemical:Lower (variable) nutrient content, anti nutritional factors,

chemical (pesticide) residues, mycotoxins

BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCYCONSULTANT TO USSEC-SEA.

EMAIL: [email protected]

• Carbohydrates (Energy)

• Protein (essential AA)

• Fats/lipids

• Vitamins

• Minerals

• Water

Nutrients required by poultry (30-40)

,.. But nutrient components of ingredients differ according to age of bird, feeding program & reproductive performance/stage of production..,

Some nutrient deficiencies will have immediate effects, some takes longer – but the total effects are costly…

BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY CONSULTANT TO USSEC-SEA.


Nutrition & Disease InteractionFEEDS: as pre-disposing factor

Genetics Environment

Nutrition,Housing,Management

Performance

High Low

Disease symptoms

Infectious Non-infectious

Feed Quality

Nutrient Deficiency or Excesses

•Imbalance

Metabolic diseases(skeletal disorders, malabsorption syndrome, fatty liver dis, etc);

(viral/bacterial)

Mycotoxicosis

Performance

Immune depression

Disease situation increasing nutrientrequirement:

___________________________________

• Severe damage to the digestive tract impairment ofabsorption of a number of essential nutrients

diarrhea

• Electrolyte loss and dehydration extra nutrients andelectrolytes

•Destruction of body tissues, and other vital organs ofthe body low resistance against diseases



Either deficiencies or excess/toxicity of nutrients can render birds more susceptible to infectious or non-infectious diseases.

Deficiency problems are often caused by low intake of protein, vitamins and minerals, while nutrient excesses /toxicity can be caused by high intake of energy, fats and some minerals.

More specific conditions - metabolic diseases that make the nutrient requirement of birds more difficult to gauge; bacterial or viral infections, parasitic infections, anorexia, diarrhea, liver dysfunction, mycotoxin infection, anti-nutritional factors and drug interaction.



• Nutrient deficiency nor toxicity/excess

• Substance in the diet that interfere with the absorption and utilization of nutrients

• Infections that lower the absorption or utilization of essential nutrients

• Diseases that increase nutritional requirements

What are the sources of nutritional imbalance?



Feed Quality as a factor

• Presence of anti-nutritional factors in ingredients• Deletion of micro-additives • Decreased biological potency of vitamins • Nutrient degradation due to oxidation • Antagonistic effects of some chemicals • of nutrients in feedstuffs and feed additives• Mycotoxin contamination



All Soybean Meals

are NOT created

equally

General effects of nutrient deficiencies



A. External signs

• reduction in growth rate

• retarded feather formation

• cutaneous lesions

• skeletal deformities and locomotor disturbances

B. Performance effects

• decreased egg production

• lowered fertility & hatchability

• decline in egg quality

• decreased response to infections

Low energy intake

Compensated by increased feed intake, the consequences;- extreme competition- weight lost, and poor growth rate- reduced egg production and egg size- increased disease susceptibility

Low protein intake (essential AA)- reduced growth rate, poor FCE, - lower immune response & reproductive efficiency

Energy & AA deff will exacerbate viral malabsorption syndrome & intestinal damage cause by coccidiosis or endoparasites



Cereal grains - mycotoxin, fibers

Oilseeds - Protease inhibitor, allergens, phytin,oligosaccharides, lipoxygenase, lectins, saponin, tannins

Fish & animal products - biogenic amines; oxidized fats

Others Fibers, particle size of grains

Some contaminants and anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in feed ingredients

Resulting to:Protein - Low digestion, absorption & utilizationMineral – Low solubility, absorption & utilizationVitamin - Increased requirement



Anti-nutritional factors in soybeans

Heat labile Heat stable

Protease inhibitors

Lectins

Goitrogens

Antivitamins

Saponins

Tannins

Estrogens

Oligosaccharides

Antigens

Phytate

Liener, 2000

Proper heating of soybeans deactivate most of these anti-nutritional factors

Protein

& A.A.

Diges-

tibility:

Effect of heat treatment on anti-nut. factors and protein or amino acid digestibility.

Concentration

anti-nutritional

factors

T.I.: 25 - - - 20 --------------- 5 2 -------- 1

U.I.: .3 .02 - - - - - 0

0.2 % KOH: 90 - - 85 70

PDI: - - 40 - 30 15

Temp.

Under-processing Over-processing

The role of soybean meal trypsin inhibitors in field outbreaks of feed passage in broilers;

S O U R C E : N . R U I Z , U S S E C F T N W 2 0 1 5 .

AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A FEED PASSAGE OUTBREAK:

- FEED CONVERSION IS NEGATIVELY AFFECTED

- BODY WEIGHTS ARE LOWER THAN THE STANDARD

- ECONOMIC LOSSES CAN BE HUGE

Negative effects of ANFs in poultry

Abnormal passage rate of ingesta

Increased microbial activity in the small intestine --resulting to diarrhea

Reduced digestion and/or absorption of nutrient

Inconsistent faecal flow (higher water content, sticky)

Growth depression

Poorer feed utilization

Leg problems in poultry

Increased mortality and morbidity

Dirty plumage/eggs

Poor litter condition/hock lesions

Diarrhea & dehydration



Nutrient deficiencies causing skeletal deformities

Mineral deficiency;- Ca or Ph def or imbalance- Manganese or zinc def- Sodium or chloride

Vitamin deficiency;

- Fat soluble; Vit A, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K

- Water soluble; Vit B1 (Thiamine) ,Vit B2 (Rivoflavin)

Vit B6 (Pyridoxine), Choline, Biotin



Typical on-the-farm Soybean Storage in the U.S.

Typical on-the-farm Soybean Storage in S.A.

Vitamin & Mineral deficiency.

Increased requirement of certain minerals, vitamins, and amino acids during disease situation

• Vitamins - complex deficiencies and/or excesses

- Vit A, D & E

- Zn, vitamin B6, and tryptophan interrelationships

• Mineral

- abnormal levels &/or ratios of calcium & phosphorus

- manganese deficiency; iron

BPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY CONSULTANT TO USSEC-SEA. EMAIL:

[email protected]

Vitamin A deficiency –“Ataxia & Xeropthalmia”



Characteristics:

Poor growth & feathering in chicks Inability to stand & chronic purulent conjunctivitis

In layers, poor inside egg quality, with blood spots Low fertility and hatchability Increase incidence of E coli & endoparasites (affecting integrity if respiratory tract and intestinal mucosa)

Upon necropsy kidney degeneration & accumulation of urate in the ureters

“Star-gazing”

Characteristics:

Incoordination & abnormal retraction of the head 10-20 day old

Common causes:

Thiamine deff in premix Excessive addition of anticoccidial, amprolium to diets

Vit B1(Thiamin) deficiency



Systemic & Metabolic abnormalities that result to nutrient imbalance

• Anemia and suppression of bone marrow function

• Infections developed due to low immune response

– Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome

– Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome

– Sudden Death Syndrome

– Malabsorption Syndrome

– Skeletal Disorders

– Gizzard Erosion

– Ascites

–MycotoxicosisBPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY

CONSULTANT TO USSEC-SEA. EMAIL: [email protected]

Vit B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency “curled toe paralysis /club foot”

Characteristics:

Rotation of legs at aged 10-30 days old Slow growth & poor feathering Low egg production & hatchability in breeding flocks Histopathology shows myelin degeneration

of peripheral nerve



Biotin – foot pad dermatitis



• Dermatitis of the feet and adjacent • skin & angle of the beak

• Poor growth & feathering• Elevated mortality

• In breeders, lower hatchability &• embryonic malformations of the feet.

Main functions of Vit E; - required in complex biochemical functions;

Biological antioxidant, promotes intracellular respirations and cellular stability, fertility, promote immune response, detoxification and promotes other biochemical reactions.

Vitamin E deficiency

Encephalomalacia – results when Vit E in diet undergone oxidative

rancidity – due to free radicals

Transudative diathesis – degeneration of the endothelium (blood

vessel lining) –> leakage of plasma into surrounding tissues.

Muscular Dystrophy – occurs in skeletal muscles, ventriculus &

gizzard, and mycordium

Avitaminosis E can be worsen by concurrent SAA and Se deff.



Vitamin E deficiency

Encephalomalacia – most common effects of Avitaminosis E

Characteristics:

- Onset is 10- 20 days old- 10% mortality- ataxia, terminal recumbency with

cycling motion

Punctate hemorrhages in the cerebellum, & softening in the brain



Manganese deficiency –“Perosis or Slipped tendon”



Characteristics:

Deformation of distal tibiotarsus & Proximal tarsometatarsus leading to chondrodystrophy;

Displacement of gastrocnemius

SKELETAL DISORDERS

Predisposing Factors:

• Diet protein and amino acids

• Feed ingredients-soy, rye, sorghum, rapeseed meal

• Chloride and calcium levels

• Tannins

• Mycotoxins – fusarium, aflatoxins, ochratoxins

• Electrolyte Balance - acid-base balance

• Vitamin D3 metabolism



• reduction in growth rate &/or body wt

• beading of rib heads

• enlargement of the parathyroid glands

Common causes:

• vitamin D3 deficiency; calcium or

phosphorus imbalance

• mycotoxins

RICKETS – young birds OSTEOMALACIA- older birds

Characteristics

Prevention:



TIBIAL DYSCHONDROPLASIA -common in heavy broilers on a high plane of nutrition

• Characteristics:

- abnormal cartilage formation in large bones ;

twisted legs, rotated tibia, crooked toes

•Common causes:

- electrolyte imbalance

- diet low in calcium,high phosphorus & chloride

- excess nitrogen

- Fusarium contaminations in feed

Prevention:

• Balanced phosphorous & calciumBPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY


Sudden Death Syndrome, “Flip-over” or Acute Heart Failure

Characteristics

•More common in broiler males due to rapid growth – 1-3 wks, found dead lying on their back – immediately following convulsions

• Genetic & metabolic origin, due tofast growth & high energy diet

- Imbalance of electrolytes (acid-base balance) resulting in ventricular fibrillation

• mortality rates (2-4%) due to heart failure

•Prevention:

• Lower density diets to reduce growth rate

• Shorter lighting period after 7 days old


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Malabsorption Syndrome (“Helicopter” Disease)

• Stunting syndrome

• Reovirus infection & fusarium in feed

• Diarrhea and presence of undigested feed in excreta

Prevention & Control• Increasing levels of methionine & lysine, vits A E, &

selenium in the diet

• Use blended animal and vegetable fats that have a natural content of FFA

• Use mold inhibitor & antioxidants

• Microbial and anticoccidial control


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Fatty Liver & Hemorrhagic Syndrome

; Occurs in obese layers at peak egg production

Characteristics

• excessive liver fat infiltration with rupture & massive hemorrhage in body cavity

Common causes

• metabolic and environmental associations

• sulfur containing amino acids, choline and mineral, energy deficiencies

Prevention & Control:

• Modify energy level

• Appropriate levels of sulphur aa & choline

• remove cause of heat stress



Fatty Liver & Kidney Syndrome

- Common in high performing layers

Characteristics:

death due to hemorrhages in liver due to oxidative rancidity; pale kidneys

Common causes

• energy -protein imbalance or AA def

• def on lipotropic agents, choline, vitamin B12, methionine

• mycotoxin

Prevention & Control:Add 1-2% protein, use fats to augmentenergy, vit E & antioxidant in feeds



GIZZARD EROSION

Characteristics• blackish diarrhea

• slow growth

Common causes:• poorly processed fish meal - gizerosine

(histidine and lysine)

Prevention & Control:• Use only high quality fish meal, or

• Limit usage of fish meal and other animal by-products to less than 10%of the diet

• Avoid usage of high levels of copper sulfate for growth promotion

• Use antioxidants when fish meal is included



Ascites & Heart Failure

Characteristics• “water belly” appearance• Bluish appearance of combs & feet• Laboured and gaspy breathing• Crouching & ruffled feathers

Common causes:- high altitude & cold temp- rapid growth rate, high energy ration- respiratory diseases- high sodium, low phosphorus- mycotoxin contamination- vitamin E/selenium def, excess salt

- stress- partly genetic

Prevention & Control:- slowing early growth

- enough brooding temp- check water quality- prevent dust & ammonia

build upBPR NUTRITION CONSULTANCY


Mycotoxicoses in poultry

T2, AFB, Don, DAS

• Dermal and oral lesions

• Inflammation of mucous

• Impaired feathering

T2, DON, AFB1, OTA, FUM

• Intestinal hemorrhages

• Damage of the kidneys

• Pale and fatty liver

• Increased water consumption

ZEA, T2, DON

• Decreased egg prod &

hatchability

• Delayed sexual maturation

• Vent enlargement

AFB1, T2, OTA,

• Diarrhea

• Blood in faeces and urine

• Inflammation of bladder

kidneys

•Blood & meat spots

• Egg residue & creamy yolk

T2, DON, AFB1, OTA Fum

• Decreased performance

• Immunosupression• Pancreatic necroses

T2, DON

• Decreased feed intake

• Dermal and oral lesions

• Feed refusal

•Vomiting

•Gizzard lesions


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BIOMIN Global Mycotoxin Survey, 2015

Covers 8,271 agricultural commodity samples from 75

countries worldwide.

Over 31,492 analyses

Results provide an insight on the incidence of aflatoxins

(Afla), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2

toxin (T-2), fumonisins (FUM) and ochratoxin A (OTA)

Raw materials tested:

Maize (corn), wheat, barley, soybean meal, dried distillers

grains (DDGS) and silage, among others.


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• 84% of all samples contained at least one mycotoxin and over 50% had more than one

• As in previous years, DON and FUM are the main mycotoxins present in over half of the

samples tested.

• DON poses the most frequent threat to livestock with a prevalence of 73% and average

contamination level of 1,090 ppb.

• 56% of all samples exceed the risk thresholds for livestock.

• Levels of FUM (found in 61% of samples, 1,089 ppb on average) and ZEN (56% of samples,

253 ppb on average).

• 21% of samples tested contained FUM that exceed risk threshold levels.

• 31% of samples tested contained ZEN in concentrations that exceed risk threshold levels.

• Afla was present in 18% of samples at 40 ppb on ave, 11% of exceeded the risk thresholds.

• T-2 was found in 23% of samples at an average of 26 ppb. Positive occurrence was 18%

• OTA at an average of 7 ppb with more than 10% of these exceeding risk threshold levels.

Mycotoxin Survey results, 2015

Biomin: Mycotoxin Survey report, 2015.


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World-wide prevalence of Mycotoxin, 2015


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Mycotoxin Contamination, by region. 2015


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The negative impacts of mycotoxin contamination on

livestock

- depends on the species, level and type of mycotoxin

contamination, general health status of the animal and

environmental conditions.

- All levels of mycotoxins should be considered unsafe

- increased levels carry increased risks to animal health.

- mycotoxins tend to occur in groups, resulting to compounded

negative (synergistic) effects.

- low levels of mycotoxin ingestion can have a detrimental effect on

the immune system and are a hindrance to optimal performance.


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The global mycotoxin trends rely upon single mycotoxin

occurrence;

The risk indications may actually understate the threat posed by

mycotoxins to animals given their known synergistic effects and

subclinical effects

Type of Mycotxin Max threshold, ppb

Aflatoxin 2

Ochratoxin 10

Zearalenone 50

T2 Toxin 150

Deoxynevalenol 150

Fumonisins 500

Maximum risk threshold levels of different mycotoxin for livestock & poultry

Risks associated with mycotoxin exposure

Mycotoxin gives both

acute and chronic effects depending on;

The types of toxin,

Level of contamination,

Duration of ingestion.



MYCOTOXICOSIS caused by

Aflatoxin, Vomitoxin (T2-Toxin),Ochratoxins, Fumonisins

Characteristics:

• Sub optimal performance; growth depression, poor FCE

• Reproductive failure

• Vaccination & treatment failure

• Increased mortality

Common causes/Predisposing factors:

Imuno-suppression Disease susceptibility

Poor storage facilities, high MC, poor sanitation, failure of toxin binder

Prevention & Control:Use toxin binder/mold inhibitor Proper QC measures


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Main effects of Mycotoxin contamination

1. Reduction in nutrient content; amino acids, energy, vitamins;

2. Losses in product quality

3. Immune suppressions; poor health, increased production costs, poor performance


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…; In the farm;Nutritional factors affecting animal performance


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failure of the diet to meet nutrient specifications

inconsistent quality of raw materials

abrupt changes in ingredients

inappropriate particle size

inadequate/inconsistent feed mixing

deterioration of ingredients and feeds in storage

;.. Feed production errors affecting animal performance


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Failure of process to achieve target weights

FIFO management of ingredients & complete feed

Uncontrolled hand add ingredients

Cross contamination & Mill Hygiene

Physical quality – pelleting, grist, moisture

Medication selection

Summary & Conclusionso Feed Quality is the first line of defense when it comes to animal performance

o Controlling feed quality should start from the point of raw material entry, storage, formulation, processing and finally to the farm;

o “Cheap”/low quality feed will become more expensive and causing more problems during production;

o Mycotoxin cost a lot in the operation; it is a GLOBAL problem

o Anti-nutritional factors in major raw materials are hidden set-back in feed quality

o Consider feed quality and its impact in managing poultry health when making disease diagnosis


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Forms, Particle size, homogeneity

Ingredient Purchase/receiving

Feed Formulation

First line of defense: Sampling & quick testing; MC, etc.

Ingredient profile VS. Feed nutrient standards;

Recommendations; set up feed quality parameters..; & follow it through[pp



Processing/Manufacturing

Storage

Delivery/Storage

Inventory and usage volume: Warehouse mgt., Pest control

Transport facilities; Bulks or bags, Labels; product recalls.

Farm/End users

Target performance

BPR Nutrition ConsultancyConsultant to [email protected]

Thank you

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