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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Supporting Comprehensive Musicianship Through Laptop Computer-Based
Composing in Rehearsal
Rick DammersRowan University/
University of Illinois
ATMI 2006
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Overview
• Rationale
• Study Design
• Findings
• Implications
• Questions
Rationale
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Comprehensive Musicianship
• Broad concerns– Grout (1966)– Typically, a person studying music “is engaged in
perfecting his skills at manipulating some kind of instrument for the purpose of producing musical sounds… But really it is as if one were to say, ‘I am studying English literature,’ when in fact he is cultivating his voice so as to pronounce words and sentences in as pleasing a manner as possible. “ (p.132)
– Grout, D. (1966). The divorce of music and learning. In B.C. Kowall (Ed.), Perspectives in music education: Source book III. (pp. 131-138). Washington D. C.: Music Educators National Conference.
Rationale
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Comprehensive Musicianship
• Personal discovery • student-centered• active learning
• Multiple modes• composition• analysis• performance
• Gestalt psychology • music is approached as a totality• “explorative and creative enterprise”• not “ a mechanistic or an atomistic process”
• Willoughby, D. (1990). Comprehensive Musicianship. The Quarterly, 1(3), 39-44.
Rationale
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Comprehensive Musicianship
• Impact– Ideals/ educational theory
• National Standards
– Largely unrealized in practice
Rationale
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Obstacles
• Efficiency– Paper and pencil– Lack of immediate sound feedback– Large class sizes– Performance orientation
• Tradition– Performance emphasis– We teach as we were taught
Rationale
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
What’s changed?
• Ubiquitous Computing (in the band room)• Laptops• Wireless Networks• Headphones• Free notation software
Rationale
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Technology as Change Agent
• Efficient composing– Immediate sound feedback– Simple interfaces
• Changes students’ relationship to music• Removes ‘real time’ demands• Work with the whole• Students make the musical decisions• Divergent thinking
• Realize aims of Comprehensive Musicianship
Rationale
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
The Study
• Composition Project– Eighth grade band– In rehearsal– Laptops
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Composition Problem
• Compose a melody– Model piece
• The Cowboys (Williams/Bocook)
• Specific concepts– ABACBA Form
– Tonal Form (Eflat- Bflat-F- Eflat Major)
– Dotted Eighth-Sixteenth
• Small Ensemble Option– Harmony
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
The Band
• Middle School– Affluent Midwestern suburb– Available laptops and wireless network
• Experienced director– 28 years
• 50 students– N=24
• “Classroom management challenge”
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Composition Problem
• Two Introductory Presentations– Cowboys/ Williams Overview
• Full band
– Project and Notepad Instructions• Subjects only
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Rehearsal Composing Procedures
• Equipment– 10 iBook laptops
– Headphones
– Finale NotePad
• Four groups– 6-7 students
– Seated in back corner
– Once per week
– 14 weeks (11 weeks)
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Research Questions
• Student Compositions
• Enabling Skills and Conditions
• Student Experiences and Beliefs
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Student Compositions
1. To what extent do students’ compositions provide evidence of musical craftsmanship?
2. To what extent do students’ compositions provide evidence of creativity?
3. To what extent do students’ compositions provide evidence of conceptual understanding?
4. How are the ratings of craftsmanship, creativity, and conceptual understanding related?
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Enabling Skills and Conditions
5. To what extent do students revise their compositions?
6. Do students’ performance skills provide them with enabling skills that allow them to successfully complete the assignment?
7. Do students’ other prior musical experiences provide them with enabling skills that to allow them to successfully complete the assignment?
8. Are the enabling conditions in the band rehearsal context conducive for successful composing?
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Students’ Experiences and Beliefs
9. To what extent do students enjoy the composition process?
10. Do students believe that they can compose successfully?
11. Do students believe that composing affects their performance ability?
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Data Collection
• Compositions– Early and final drafts– Three rating scales
• Field Observations
• Director Interview
• Performance Ranking
• Student Surveys
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Rating Scales
• Craftsmanship – Exam the extent to which students have written phrases
in their piece that connect to the larger structural form. Are their phrases cohesive and the piece musical?
– 0 (unstructured) to 8 (cohesive)
• Creativity– Amabile’s consensual assessment
– In relationship to the other compositions in the study:– 0 (least creative) to 8 (most creative)
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Rating Scales
• Conceptual understanding– Sub-scales
– 0 (not evident) to 8 (clear)
• Form
• ABACBA Form
• Tonal Center
• Cowboys Harmonic Form
• Dotted Eight-Sixteenth– not present (0) or present (8)
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Judges
• Three middle school band directors
• Refined scale through pilot study
• Concurrently viewed and listened to compositions– Random order– Independently rated
• High level of inter-judge reliability
Study Design
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Inter-judge Reliability
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Judge 1-2 0.78 0.77 0.67 0.8 0.73 0.69
Judge 1-3 0.77 0.73 0.75 0.74 0.66 0.73
Judge 2-3 0.75 0.78 0.63 0.83 0.62 0.7
Craft. Creat. Form ABACBA Tonality Cowboys Tonality
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Craftsmanship
To what extent do students’ compositions provide evidence of musical craftsmanship?
• Moderate level of craftsmanship– 0 (unstructured) to 8 (cohesive)– M=3.62 (s= 2.02)
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Craftsmanship
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Findings
Students
Rating
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Creativity
To what extent do students’ compositions provide evidence of creativity?– Moderate level of creativity– M=3.62 (s=2.20)
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Creativity
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Findings
Students
Rating
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Conceptual Understanding
To what extent do students’ compositions provide evidence of conceptual understanding?
• Low level of conceptual understanding– M=2.67 (s=1.92)
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Conceptual Understanding
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Findings
Students
Rating
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Scale RelationshipHow are the ratings of craftsmanship, creativity, and
conceptual understanding related?
• Highly correlated– Craftsmanship and creativity
• Similar scores
– Conceptual understanding • Lower scores
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Scale Relationship
Ratings Correlations
Scale Craftsmanship Creativity Conceptual Understanding
Craftsmanship 1 .954** .817**
Creativity - 1 .855**
Conceptual Understanding
- - 1
•Note: Final compositions (N=23).
•** p<0.01, two-tailed.
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Gender
• No significant differences– Mann Whitney U
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Examples
• Example #1– Craftsmanship (0)– Creativity (0)– Conceptual understanding (.07)
• Form (.33)• ABACBA (0)• Tonal center (0)• Cowboys tonal form (0)• Dotted eighth-sixteenth (0)
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Examples
• Example # 2– Craftsmanship (2.67)– Creativity (3.67)– Conceptual understanding (3.33)
• Form (5.67)• ABACBA (4)• Tonal center (3)• Cowboys tonal form (4)• Dotted-eighth sixteenth (0)
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Examples
• Example #3– Craftsmanship (8)– Creativity (7.67)– Conceptual understanding (6)
• Form (7.67)• ABACBA (3)• Tonal center (7.67)• Cowboys tonal form (3.67)• Dotted eighth-sixteenth (8)
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Enabling Skills & Conditions
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Revision
5. To what extent do students revise their compositions?
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Revision
• High level of self-reported revision– Final survey
• I changed or revised parts of my composition after I first entered the notes.
• Likert Scale (0= Disagree to 5= Agree)
• M=3.71 (s=1.45)
• (n=21)
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Revision
• Low level of observed revision• Early vs. final draft observations
– Addition of new material 65%– Complete replacement of existing material 25%– Revision of existing material 10%– (n=20)
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Revision
• Students tended to revise– within a composing session– not material from prior sessions
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Performance Skills
Do students’ performance skills provide them with enabling skills that allow them to successfully complete the assignment?
• Director ranking & composition ratings
• Moderate correlation
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Performance Skills
• Correlation– Spearman Rho
• p<.01
• Performance ranking and:– Craftsmanship
• r=.524
– Creativity• r=..584
– Conceptual Understanding• r=.608
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Performance Skills
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Outside Musical Experience
Do students’ other prior musical experiences provide them with enabling skills that allow them to successfully complete the assignment?
• Outside musical activities– Pre-survey responses
– High, medium, low
• No significant differences in composition ratings– Kruskal-Wallis
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Rehearsal Conditions
Are the enabling conditions in the band rehearsal context conducive for successful composing?
• Positive observations– High level of composer engagement
• More engaged than performing students
– Rehearsal continued unimpeded• While I was playing in rehearsal, I found it distracting to have
other students composing. • M=.33 (s=.58)
– No behavior issues observed
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Rehearsal Conditions
• Challenges– Rehearsal Sound
• While composing, I was distracted by the sound of the band rehearsing
– M= 4.52 (s=.602).
• I was able to hear the computer play back my piece, met with a lower response
– M=2.10 (s=1.41)
• Hands over headphones
– Disconnect with rehearsal
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Student Experience
To what extent do students enjoy the composition process?
•Positive responses
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Student Experience
To what extent do students enjoy the composition process?
•Pre-survey–I think I will enjoy composing in band–M=4.17 (s=.857).
•Post-survey -I enjoyed composing in band–M=3.29 (s=1.64)
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Student Experience
Do students believe that they can compose successfully?
•Pre-survey•I think that I will be proud of my composition•M=3.5 (s=1.10)
•Final survey•I am proud of my composition•M=2.56 (s=1.58).
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Student Experience
Do students believe that composing affects their performance ability?
•Final Survey•The composition project helped me become a better player•M=1.62 (s=1.32)
Findings
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Implications for Practice
• Feasible– High level of engagement– Does not disrupt rehearsal
• Modest compositional ability– Long term composition sequence
• Wide range of ability• Differentiation
Implications
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Implications for Practice
• Structure large group instruction– Connect performance and composition
• Conceptual focus in rehearsal
– Play student compositions– Support revision
• Feedback mechanisms
• Weak transfer of learning– Supports need for composition activities
Implications
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Further Research
• Experimental Research– Improved transfer?– Improved conceptual understanding?
• Pre-service teacher attitudes
Implications
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Summary
• Laptop-based composing– Feasible– Needed– Realize aims of Comprehensive Musicianship
• Students – Wide range of composing ability– Typically not skilled composers– Positive attitude toward composing
Implications
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Rationale Study Design Findings Implications
Questions/ Comments