Rationale for Promoting Resource-efficient Housing for ... 3 - Natalja W.pdf · Urban & Peri-urban...
Transcript of Rationale for Promoting Resource-efficient Housing for ... 3 - Natalja W.pdf · Urban & Peri-urban...
Rationale for Promoting
Resource-efficient Housing for Urban & Peri-urban Low Income Groups
in Asia & the Pacific
Stream 2: Affordable & Resource-Efficient Housing Concepts
ESCAP Knowledge Dissemination Workshop on Sustainable Energy Options June 24-26, Bangkok, Thailand , Novotel Pleonchit Hotel
Natalja WehmerSustainable Urban Development Section
Context & Scope of Urban Work Stream in DA Project
Under joint Hilti Foundation – ESCAP project “Implementing Alternative Building Technologies for Housing the Poor” have holistic implementation approach, looking at entry point of housing across 5 dimensions
Under this DA project had opportunity to zoom into one sub-set: “Environmental Impacts” (but look beyond HF technologies):
1) Resource & energy efficiency + minimization of pollution & waste, including GHGs
2) Disaster & climate change resilience
Comfort & healthHF/UN:
Implementing Alternative Building
Technologies for Housing the Poor
DA: Resource & Energy
Efficient Urban Development
Green & affordable housing
Aim & Structure of the Presentation
Aim Provide a storyline for why part of a project on
energy sustainability would focus on cities & affordable, green housing
Structure Where are we now? Where do we want to be? How do we get there?
Aim & Structure of the Presentation
Aim Provide a storyline for why part of a project on
energy sustainability would focus on cities & affordable, green housing
Structure Where are we now? Where do we want to be? How do we get there?
“Our struggle for global sustainability will be won or lost in cities” UN Secretary General, 2012
Aim & Structure of the Presentation
Aim Provide a storyline for why part of a project on
energy sustainability would focus on cities & affordable, green housing
Structure Where are we now? Where do we want to be? How do we get there?
“Our struggle for global sustainability will be won or lost in cities” UN Secretary General, 2012
Sustainable housing offers a great spectrum of opportunities to promoteeconomic development, environmental stewardship, quality of life andsocial equality, while mitigating the interlinked challenges of populationgrowth, urbanisation, slums, poverty, climate change, lack of access tosustainable energy, and economic uncertainty
UN-HABITAT, 2012
Aim & Structure of the Presentation
Aim Provide a storyline for why part of a project on
energy sustainability would focus on cities & affordable, green housing
Structure Where are we now? Where do we want to be? How do we get there?
“Our struggle for global sustainability will be won or lost in cities” UN Secretary General, 2012
Sustainable housing offers a great spectrum of opportunities to promoteeconomic development, environmental stewardship, quality of life andsocial equality, while mitigating the interlinked challenges of populationgrowth, urbanisation, slums, poverty, climate change, lack of access tosustainable energy, and economic uncertainty
UN-HABITAT, 2012
Not only does housing production & utilisation use energy (which is what this presentation mainly focuses on), but housing & energy provision as interlinked basic needs allow for: Innovative synergetic solutions during planning & construction Cross stimulation in delivery, enterprise & partnership
models
1) Where Are We Now?
Transition rural to urban condition consists of population growth & density, spatial
expansion & physical build up, economic development
Opportunity: since much yet to be built, can try & minimize lock into resource &
energy intensive infrastructure & housing
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Urbanization in Asia-Pacific: Unprecedented Scale & Scope
Now 1.9 billion people urban in A-P – that is 46 % of
total population
– 1/3 live in slums & informal settlements
Between 1980 - 2013 urban population increases by
over 1 billion (more than rest of world combined)
By 2020 will be 2.2 billion or 52% of total population
– an additional 300 million in just 6 years
– majority of increase among lower income groups
Challenge: governments & other stakeholder
struggle to provide needed infrastructure, housing &
employment
Asia-Pacific home to 13 of world’s 23 megacities, yet growth in smaller cities fastest - holding 60% of urban population
Growth rates highest in peri-urban areas
Dichotomy rural urban increasingly meaningless - sprawl, desa-kotadevelopment, urban regions & corridors of 10th of mills people
Source: http://www.newgeography.com/content/002198-the-evolving-urban-form-manila
Little comprehensive planning (under-regulated/ informal): high & low end externalise environ. risks & social needs
Empirical link: richest countries most urbanized & poorest least but latter now urbanizing fastest
Source: Taubenboeck & Esch, 2011, http://www.earthzine.org/2011/07/20/remote-sensing-–-an-effective-data-source-for-urban-monitoring/
Metro Manila
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Urbanization in Asia-Pacific: Challenging Patterns
For households:
Housing is a basic & fundamentalright: shelter, safety & privacy
Formal housing facilitates accessinfrastructure (electricity, cleanwater, sanitation) & services(subsidized education, health care), citizen registration & voting rights
Formal address facilitates accessing credit (collateral) & finding jobs
Parts of house itself often used for income generation (esp. by poor),e.g. small manufacturing workshops, services like hair salons, shops orroom rental
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Importance of “Adequate” Housing
For economy:
Economic multiplier effect &employment generator –residential construction 7-10% oflabour force in developingcountries (UN Habitat 2012)
Green buildings - new jobs: R&D, manufacturing, design, certification, maintenance, installation, marketing
Less tangible benefits of adequate housing: better productivity of workers due to improved living & working environment
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Importance of “Adequate” Housing
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Slums & Urban Housing Backlog
Unless reconstruction after major disasters, MOST HOUSING NEED ARE IN CITIES & AMONG LOW INCOME GROUPS
SLUMS are a spatial expression of poverty & exclusion:
1/3 (over 570 mill) of AP’s urban population live in slums trend: % going down, but absolute numbers going up
If at least 2 conditions present, UN defines settlement as slum: 1) insecurity of tenure, 2) inadequate access to safe water, 3) inadequate access to sanitation, 4) poor structural quality, 5) overcrowding
Not all poor live in slums & not all who live in slums are poor
Housing in formal market too expensive & not enough - high demand for urban land (sky-rocketing prices); lack of financing mechanisms for informal settlers/ workers
Advantages to living in an inner-city slum: location near employment opportunities, markets, education or health facilities etc.; social & economic networks
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Urban Metabolism: “Ecological Footprints”
Definition: Area of land & aquatic ecosystems required to produce the resources for & to assimilate the wastes of a defined population
Ecological footprints of some A-P cities 3-5 times higher than global urban average
Cities use 67% of all energy, emit 71% of all GHGs, generate 300 mill tones of waste/ year & use & pollute water on unprecedented scale
Resource Hunger: Industrialization & conspicuous consumption
Depletion & degradation (of non-renewable & renewable resources)
Cities mainly depend on import of finite material resources from outside their boundaries
Pollution & Waste: End-of-the-line rather than circular production & consumption processes as elsewhere, but same time inadequate basic infrastructure & services provision
Estimated CO2 Emissions/ Person/ Year for Selected Cities, 2008-9
City CO2 (tones/ person)
Bangkok 6.7
Beijing 8.2
Delhi 1.1
Manila 1.6
Singapore 7.4
Tokyo 4.8
Bangkok
New York
Source: UN Habitat (2012) Sustainable Urban Energy: A Sourcebook for Asia
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Urban Metabolism: Global Supply Chains & “Petropolis”
Along with globalisation, Asian citiesshifted from “agro-cities” (receivingmost resources from immediate hinterland& returning mainly organic waste back toagriculture) to “petro-cities” (soconnected to global markets that mostproducts imported from afar – withpetroleum - breaking local linkages)
Time to rethink local supply opps?
For much of developing Asia-Pacific,prevailing economic growth model oneof risk externalization & costminimization by the developed world andown elites: Low social protection & safety standards
Little “trickle-down”, rising inequality
Disregard for environment
Time to implement triple bottom line development?
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Trend: Material Consumption Going Up, esp. for Construction
Per capita material use in Asia-Pacific catching up fast – now 86% of rest of the world
Construction minerals & metals extraction up due to large investments in cities & infrastructure
Efficiency of material use is declining with increasing population numbers, affluence, & changing technologies
Affluence now biggest driver for growing extractive pressures
1970 2005
Construction mineralsconsumption in A-P
Worldwide
Sources: APEC (2012) Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in the Philippineshttp://www.mitigationpartnership.net/sustainable-buildings-and-climate-initiativeWEC-ADEME, 2010; GBPN, 2012, UNEP (2011) Green Economy Report
But building sector great potential for significant GHG emission reductions in developed & developing countries
Energy consumption in buildings can be reduced by 30 to 80% using proven & commercially available technologies (Western data)
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Trend: Material & Energy Consumption in Construction & Housing
Building sector can be called industry of “thirds” - worldwide, over:
1/3 of all CO2 emissions come from building construction & operations,
1/3 of all energy & material resources is used to build & operate buildings,
1/3 of total waste results from construction construction & demolition activities. (UNEP, 2011)
IEA projects global building energy consumption to grow by 30% by 2030
Most of that in developing countries where urban housing stock likely to double by 2030
In India alone, 75% of buildings expected to exist in 2030 have yet to be built
Residential Energy Use in Philippines
2) Where Do We Want to Be?
Conserve resource (only use what you need)
Use all resources efficiently
Recycle all waste, build from recycled materials & build from recyclable materials
Maximize use of (local) renewable resources
Contribute to restoring the natural habitat
Healthy homes
Indian Green Building Council:
“A green building is one which uses less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants, as compared to a conventional building.”
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Definitions of Green Buildings/ Green Housing
Affordable, green & resilient housing technologies & building designs (also: “building with the climate for indoor comfort & health”)
Affordable, green & resilient housing-related infrastructure, fixtures & appliances (electricity, water, cooking fuel, energy-efficient light-bulbs & stoves, RWH, bio gas, solar heaters etc.)
Source: http://www.edito-project.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/sust-site-300x205.jpg
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Our Definition of Affordable, Green & Resilient Housing
To us affordable & sustainable housing is a holistic concept going beyond the mere physical structure – catalyzing community development, it includes:
Green & disaster-resilient site development, including basic infrastructure like drainage, roads, SWM, WatSan (& affordable & convenient transport links to employment & services)
All decisions about above & implementation ideally should be reached through demand-driven, participatory approaches that empower urban poor communities & their support organizations
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Approaches to Low-income Housing Provision that Work
CODI
ACHR
SDI
Waste Concern
OPP
SAIBAN
HPFPI
Lumanti
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Approaches to Low-income Housing Provision that Work
Demand-driven, real partnerships with urban poor communities at the center
Holistic, empowering
Poor get what they need in a way that works for them & the city
Use community savings as organizing principle
More cost-effective – revolving funds, co-financing, local sourcing of materials & labour, less bureaucracy, learning by snowball system – people teaching each other
Global/ Asia-wide networks & multi-stakeholder outreach
Exchanging knowledge & encouragement – f.ex. on incorporating concepts of resilience
Engaging with governments, academia, business to adapt approaches to different country and city contexts & bring them to scale
Waste Scenario
Maintenance
Utilization
Construction
Production
Raw Material
For Energy Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Life Cycle Analysis/ Assessment
LCA - method to measure ecological performance of products & services
Principally summarizes all mass and energy flows throughout a life cycle
Allows to identify areas for improvement of one product or comparison of products with same function
Rather than just assuming that certain practices better for environment, LCA provides scientific evaluation of actual performance (with sometimes surprising results)
For Energy Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
LCA Flow for Our Project Housing
For Energy Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
LCA Project vs. Conventional Low-cost Housing
Impact of project house is factor 5 less than that of a comparable conventional house from CHBs
50% of that impact is due to galvanized steel roofing, which aim to substitute in future for greener & better performing option
Cradle to Construction Source: Hilti Foundation, Salzer (2013)
For Energy Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
LCA – Western Middle Class vs. Asian Low-income
Ours 1st LCA of actual low-income housing in the Philippines/ dev. country
Many LCAs for Western buildings (mainly commercial & public/ also residential)
Western LCA’s: 80% energy consumed in “use-phase” / 20% embedded energy (cradle – construction / demolition) -so big focus on appliances
Low-income housing in tropical developing countries very different – HHs consume much less energy during “use-phase” (but not much data for this - yet)
Huge number of low-income housing needed, so embedded energy of housing materials much more important
Perception now that green buildings for high-end only – but serious exploration of alternative technologies shows affordability is possible
Also wrong to assume that low-income HHs (esp. in informal settlements) cannot pay for services – as often pay more for electricity, water, transport…
3) How Do We Get There?
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Enabling Housing – So Much More Than the House
For sustainable supply of & demand for low-income housing various directly related aspects need to be adequately covered
Most aspects cannot be taken for granted in developing country context or are qualitatively/ quantitatively underdeveloped
Idea is to link up with existing enablers or catalyze development/ strengthening new ones, including through policy advocacy & capacity development
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Enabling Housing – So Much More Than the House
Upstream Value Chain base Downstream
Value Chain
Core Business
Extended Enterprise
Interdependent Aspects
Wider Context
Controlling
Shaping
Influencing
Adjusting to
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Enabling Housing – So Much More Than the House
3) Socio-technical Regimes: Complex configurations of technologies, rules, practices & norms, actors that constitutesocial, institutional & technological fabric of economic activity.
Existing socio-technical regimes characterised by path dependence, inertia & lock-in
4) Landscape: forming broader context in which regimes constituted, exogenous environment that usually changes slowly but has deep structuring influence on niches & regimes, & on their interaction
Cultural norms, broad political coalitions, long-term economic developments, globalization, resource pressures, demography, climate change impacts, sizable disasters etc.
1) Sustainability Experiments: planned initiatives with highly-novel socio-technical configuration leading to substantial sustainability gains
2) Niche: Locus where novelties emerge - ‘incubation rooms’, shielding new technologies from mainstream market
4)
1) 2)
3)
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Enabling Housing – So Much More Than the House
Sustainability experiment turns into viable alternative niche, “wedging” itself into space of incumbent regime
Alternative niches mature & become common –incumbent regime no longer dominant
Alternative niches have formed into a new regime that becomes “the only game in town”
Related sustainability experiments & networks link up &start forming niche
Step by step/ incrementally & pragmatically with persistence, patience & passion
Engage across different levels (local to regional – incl. S-S coop) & different stakeholders (government, professionals & academia, NGOs & CBOs, business…)
Trying to create a movement of like-minded, complementary partners
Create a strong scientific & empirical evidence base & providing proof of concept (learning by doing)
Invest in advocacy & capacity development
For Energy Affordability & Sustainability: Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
So How Do We Get There?
Additional Slides
Humanity now an urban species – globally over half live in cities
Asia-Pacific “catching up” fast – will have 50% in 2020 & by 2050 over 3 billion people or 65% in cities
85% of growth in building energy use up to 2050 will be in urban areas, 70% of this in developing countries (Uerge-Vorsatz, 2012)
Why Focus on Cities & Low-cost Housing?
Eco-system Layer
Factors/ Issues Linked Actors (Partners & Customers) Domain of
Core Business • Production of modular housing components & complete hosing designs
• Potentially/ partially construction of housing systems
• Institutional customers (government,civil society, potentially business) & individual customers/ end-users
• Actors along value chain
• Base commercial (country level & HQ)
Extended Enterprise
• Downstream & upstream value chain (set-up & quality control)
• Potentially/ partially activities linked to land & housing finance, site assessment & development etc.
• Cooperatives, social enterprises, businesses along value chain
• Intermediary partners (government, business, civil society) assisting in development of such actors & value chains
• Base Networks to catalyze/ strengthen
• Base commercial if existent or once viable
Interdependent Aspects
• Prerequisites for effective supply & demand of ‘base’ products (land & housing finance,enabling regulations & institutions etc.)
• Livable communities (safe & secure land, sustainable livelihoods, adequate basicinfrastructure & services, social cohesion & voice in local decision-making)
• National & local level government entities, private sector or civil society organizations specialized in providing mentioned services/ dealing with issues
• Intermediary partners (government, business, civil society) assisting in development of such actors
• Base Networks to catalyze/ strengthen
• Potentially base commercial takes over once viable
Wider Context • Demographic development & macro-level housing needs
• Prevalent socio-technical regime for construction & housing provision
• Economic trends & ease of doing (social) business
• Resource pressures & environmental risks (local & global)
• National & local level government entities
• Private sector (product suppliers, developers etc.)
• Civil society (NGOs, foundations, communities, academia & professional associations)
• Base Networks
Note: Table content is indicative rather then exhaustive