RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY: PIRACY OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA WITH REGARD TO

COLLEGE STUDENTS

DALTON H. GRAHAMMARIAH J. DURAN

MATTHEW M. RESNICKMAREAH R. ADOLPHS

PREVIEW OF THE STUDY

• INTRODUCTION• REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE• ANALYSIS OF THE DATA• SUMMARY• LIMITATIONS TO THE STUDY • RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER

RESEARCH• CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION• WHY IT MERITS

RESEARCH• NATURE OF

PROBLEM• PURPOSE OF

STUDYFOR STUDENTS DOING REPORTS. (2014). RECORDING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA. RETRIEVED

FROM HTTP://WWW.RIAA.COM/FAQ.PHP KRUGER, B. (2004). FAILING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION 101: CHARACTER EDUCATION MAY BE

THE KEY TO PIRACY PREVENTION. TECHNICAL HORIZONS IN EDUCATION JOURNAL, 31(9), 48. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://THEJOURNAL.COM/ARTICLES/2004/04/01/FAILING-INTELLECTUAL-PROPERTY-PROTECTION-101.ASPX?PAGE=1

INTRODUCTION• RESEARCH QUESTION: WHAT ARE COLLEGE

STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES ABOUT THE RELEVANCE, FAIRNESS, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS WITH REGARD TO PIRACY OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND DO THESE ATTITUDES ENABLE THEM TO DOWNLOAD MUSIC, FILMS, AND TEXTS FREE OF GUILT?

• HYPOTHESIS: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS WITH REGARD TO PIRACY OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA ARE PERCEIVED BY COLLEGE STUDENTS TO BE OUT OF DATE, UNFAIR, AND INEFFECTIVE ENABLING THE MAJORITY OF THEM TO DOWNLOAD MUSIC, FILMS, AND TEXTS FREE OF GUILT.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE• DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT

(DMCA)• INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS (ISPS)

• DEFINING PIRACYGINSBURG, J. C. (2007). THE PROS AND CONS OF STRENGTHENING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION:

TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES AND SECTION 1201 OF THE UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT ACT. INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY LAW, 16(3), 191-216. DOI: 10.1080/13600830701680453

HART, T. (2010). COPYRIGHT REFORM STEP ZERO. INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY LAW, 19(2), 147-163. DOI: 10.1080/13600834.2010.494051

KAUFMAN, T. (2009). DIGITAL PIRACY AND THE INDUSTRY. METRO, (161), 8. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://SEARCH.EBSCOHOST.COM.EZPROXY.LORAS.EDU/LOGIN.ASPX?DIRECT=TRUE&DB=UFH&AN=43927905&SITE=EHOST-LIVE

LEE, Y. (2001). A STEP TOWARD BALANCE? THIRD-PARTY LIABILITY IN THE DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT. COMMUNICATIONS & THE LAW, 23(1), 27. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://SEARCH.EBSCOHOST.COM.EZPROXY.LORAS.EDU/LOGIN.ASPX?DIRECT=TRUE&DB=UFH&AN=4362002&SITE=EHOST-LIVE

LIPTON, J. (2005). FACILITATING FAIR USE IN THE DIGITAL AGE. INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY LAW, 14(3), 279-298. DOI: 10.1080/13600830500377012

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

• COLLEGE STUDENTS• AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY • RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

CORNISH, D. B., & CLARKE, R. V. (EDS.). (2014). THE REASONING CRIMINAL: RATIONAL CHOICE PERSPECTIVES ON OFFENDING. NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ: TRANSACTION PUBLISHERS.

KRUGER, B. (2004). FAILING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION 101: CHARACTER EDUCATION MAY BE THE KEY TO PIRACY PREVENTION. TECHNICAL HORIZONS IN EDUCATION JOURNAL, 31(9), 48. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://THEJOURNAL.COM/ARTICLES/2004/04/01/FAILING-INTELLECTUAL-PROPERTY-PROTECTION-101.ASPX?PAGE=1

SKINNER, W.F. & FREAM, A.M. (1997). A SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY ANALYSIS OF COMPUTER CRIME AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CRIME AND DELINQUENCY, 34(4), 495-518. DOI: 10.1177/0022427897034004005

LEGAL DEFINITIONS• COPYRIGHT IS A COMMON LAW RIGHT OF AUTHORS, ARTISTS, AND DEVELOPERS TO

PUBLISH THEIR WORKS, AND TO PREVENT OTHERS FROM COPYING THEIR WORKS. • § 102 OF THE U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW OUTLINES THAT THE FOLLOWING WORKS OF

AUTHORSHIP ARE SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT: LITERARY WORKS; MUSICAL WORKS (INCLUDING ANY ACCOMPANYING WORDS), DRAMATIC WORKS (INCLUDING ANY ACCOMPANYING MUSIC), PANTOMIMES AND CHOREOGRAPHIC WORKS, PICTORIAL, GRAPHIC, AND SCULPTURAL WORKS, MOTION PICTURES AND OTHER AUDIOVISUAL WORKS, SOUND RECORDINGS, AND ARCHITECTURAL WORKS.

• COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IS THE INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL VIOLATION OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER.

• § 106 OF THE U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW STATES THE FOLLOWING ACTIONS ARE THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER: REPRODUCTION OF WORK; PREPARATION OF DERIVATIVE WORKS; DISTRIBUTION OF WORK TO THE PUBLIC BY SALE, RENTAL, LEASE, OR LENDING; DISPLAY OF WORK PUBLICLY; AND PERFORMANCE OF WORK PUBLICLY.

• § 504 OF THE U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW AWARDS STATUTORY DAMAGES TO COPYRIGHT HOLDERS IF DEFENDANTS ARE FOUND GUILTY OF COPYRIGHT VIOLATION. THE BASIC LEVEL OF DAMAGES IS BETWEEN $750 AND $30,000 PER WORK.

ANALYSIS•RESPONDENTS: 112•CHOSEN VIA A RANDOM NUMBER

CHART• LOCATION: SMALL, CATHOLIC, LIBERAL ARTS COLLEGE IN THE MIDWEST

GENDER

YEAR IN SCHOOL

DO YOU CONSIDER YOURSELF KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT CURRENT

PIRACY LAWS

DEMOGRAPHICS EXPLAINED

• INITIAL ANALYSIS FAILED TO IDENTIFY INTRIGUING RELATIONSHIPS •DEMOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS REVEALED IMPORTANT DATA•MEAN SAMPLE RESPONSE INACCURATELY DEPICTS A LACK OF RELATIONSHIPS

STATISTICAL NOTES

•95% LEVEL OF CONFIDENCE•STRENGTH OF CORRELATIONS• PEARSON CORRELATION

COEFFICIENT

SIMPLE OBSERVATIONS: FULL SAMPLE

Do you consider yourself knowledgeable about current piracy laws?

Enforce Deregulate

WEAK CORRELATION

Question #4

No Yes

SIMPLE OBSERVATIONS: FULL SAMPLE

Have Not Pirated Have Pirated

Do you believe the laws governing piracy of electronic media should be

more strictly enforced or deregulated?

Enforce Deregulate

WEAK CORRELATION

Question #6

CORRELATION ANALYSIS: FULL SAMPLE

MODERATE CORRELATION

ONE-WAY TEST: GENDER

ONE-WAY TEST: GENDER

ONE-WAY TEST: YEAR IN SCHOOL

• ONLY 2 SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN REPORTED MEANS VS. NULL HYPOTHESIS ACROSS ALL YEARS IN SCHOOL • BOTH DIFFERENCES OCCURRED ONLY

BETWEEN THE FIRST-YEAR AND SOPHOMORE CLASS

“FIRST-YEAR-SOPHOMORE PARADOX”

ONE-WAY TEST: KNOWLEDGEABILITY

MACRO VIEW

MACRO VIEW

MACRO VIEW

MACRO VIEW

SUMMARY• COLLEGE STUDENTS ARE

COMMITTING ACTS OF PIRACY• THOSE WHO COMMIT PIRACY HAVE

NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD COPYRIGHT LAW• VALUE UTILITY GAINED FROM PIRACY

MORE THAN FEAR OF REPERCUSSIONS

LIMITATIONS

•SELF-REPORTING•ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS•DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGY • QUESTION 6: “DO YOU BELIEVE THE LAWS

GOVERNING PIRACY OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA SHOULD BE MORE STRICTLY ENFORCED OR DEREGULATED?”

• QUESTION 21: “DO YOU BELIEVE PIRACY OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IS WRONG?”

FURTHER RESEARCH

•MOTIVATIONS•PREVENTION

CONCLUSION• RESEARCH QUESTION: WHAT ARE COLLEGE

STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES ABOUT THE RELEVANCE, FAIRNESS, AND EFFECTIVENESS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS WITH REGARD TO PIRACY OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND DO THESE ATTITUDES ENABLE THEM TO DOWNLOAD MUSIC, FILMS, AND TEXTS FREE OF GUILT?• HYPOTHESIS: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS

WITH REGARD TO PIRACY OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA ARE PERCEIVED BY COLLEGE STUDENTS TO BE OUT OF DATE, UNFAIR, AND INEFFECTIVE ENABLING THE MAJORITY OF THEM TO DOWNLOAD MUSIC, FILMS, AND TEXTS FREE OF GUILT.

RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY: PIRACY OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA WITH REGARD TO

COLLEGE STUDENTS

DALTON H. GRAHAMMARIAH J. DURAN

MATTHEW M. RESNICKMAREAH R. ADOLPHS