Rare and Endangered Species Nepal

7/31/2019 Rare and Endangered Species Nepal

1/29

Project Regarding Rare and Endangered Species of Plants in

Nepal

By: Laxmi Raj Joshi

Submitted to

IDEA WILD

Fort Collins, USA

January 27, 2012


2/29

ii

Full Report

An Overview of Some Rare and Endangered Plants of Nepal

Laxmi Raj JoshiStudent of M.Sc. Forestry

Institute of ForestryOffice of the Dean

Pokhara

Supported by

IDEA WILD420 Riddle Drive`

Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA

Telephone: (970) 482-6748

Email: [email protected]

www.ideawild.org


3/29

iii

Acknowledgement

The report entitled An Overview of Some Rare and Endangered Plants of Nepal has been

prepared by Mr. Laxmi Raj Joshi with direct or indirect support of different organization and

eminent personnel. Therefore, I would like to express my cordial thanks to following personnel

and renowned organization.

First, I am indepted to my parents and elder brothers whose encouragement, affection and

continuous support made me possible to pave stone in the path of my life.

Similarly, I would like to keep on record of their deep sense of thanks to Prof. Dr. Keshab Datt

Awasthi, Prof. Dr. Abhoy Kumar Das and Associate Prof. Dr. Krishna Raj Tiwari for bringing

me out since I.Sc. Forestry to M.Sc. Forestry and providing valuable advice regarding continuityof research work. In the same way, I suppose me lucky and love Institute of Forestry, Pokhara

Campus, Pokhara in the sense that the institute provide me platform to develop my career and

teach me bible of forestry in the last 8 years.

Likewise my appreciation goes to Mr. Amar Adhikari, Dinesh Chaudhary, R.D. Chaudhary and

Shambhu Paudel for their kind advice and information regarding this report.

At last, but not least, during the process of preparing this report, all the necessary instruments

like Laptop, Digital Camera and GPS is granted by Idea Wild, USA. In this regard, I would like

to thank all the organizational members as well as Idea Wild organization for encouraging me to

become a nature conservationist and providing reinforcement for biodiversity conservation.

Therefore, I will remember Idea Wild forever as a source of inspiration of research of my life if I

become a successful nature conservationist.


4/29

iv

Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

Study Area ................................................................................................................................ 5

A. Tropical-Subtropical Plants in the form of Herb/Shrub ..................................................... 6

B. Tropical-Subtropical Plants in the form of Trees .............................................................. 7

C. Temperate -Alpine Plants in the form of Herbs............................................................... 15

D. Temperate-Alpine Plants in the form of Trees ................................................................ 21


5/29

1

Introduction

Nepal with its area of 147,181 sq. km. is situated between the latitude of 26022N and 30

027 N

and longitude of 80004 E and 88

012 E occupies one third of Hinda Kush Himalayan region

which is about 2500 km long. It has a length of about 885 km and an average width of 193 km.

In altitude it ranges from about 70 m above sea level in the southeastern Terai to 8,848m at the

summit of Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha), the highest point on the surface of the earth.

Topographically Nepal is divided into six roughly parallel zones, from south to north. These are:

the Terai, the Siwalik or Churia Hills, the Mahabharat Range or sometimes known as the lesser

Himalaya, the middle Hills or Midland, the Main Himalayan Range and the Trans-HimalayaValleys and Hills. Its physiographic diversity under five broad categories viz. Terai/Bhabar, the

Siwalik/Churia, the middle mountain (midhills), the High Mountain and the High Himal

accommodate six bioclimatic zones (Nival in High Himal above 5500m; Alpine-Upper from

4501-5500 m and Lower from 4001- 4500 m and Subalpine-Upper from 3501-4000 m, Lower

from 3001-3500 m in High Mountain; Temperate-Upper from 2501- 3000 m, Lower from 2001-

2500 m and Sub-tropical-Upper from 1501-2000 m, Lower from 1001-1500 m in Mid-Hills;

Tropical: Siwalik and Terai-Upper from 501- 1000 m, below 500 m in Terai).

Nepal0.09 percentage of worlds landmass is meeting point of Eastern and Western

Himalaya where palearctic realm lies in Northern Part and Indo-Malayan Realm in southern part

of the country. In terms of biodiversity, Nepals position is 9th

in Asia and 21th in the world

whereas 31th position in the world and 10th

position in Asia w.r.t. flowering plants. Due to

unique geography, diversity in altitude and climate, it is rich in biodiversity. Unique geography

in the sense that it is the meeting point of 6 floristic regions i.e. south-east Malaysian, Sino

Japanese, Irano Turkian, Sudan Jambian and Southern Indian and all the plants found in those

region are also found in Nepal. In Nepal there are 35 Forest types, 75 vegetation types and 118

ecosystem types (T10, S13M, MH52, M38, and B5).

According to Department of Plant Resources, 2006 has listed 10,098 species of plants in Nepal

including 5848 species phanerogams among which 700 species are medicinal plants, 13 species


6/29

2

of plants are listed in CITES Appendices, 16 species are protected by Nepal Government and 60

species are threatened medicinal plants.

Group of Organism No of species globally No of species in Nepal Nepals Floral diversity

Representation in world

(%)

Lichens 20,000 465 2.3

Fungi 69,000 1,822 2.4

Algae 26,000 687 2.6

Bryophytes 16,600 853 5.1

Pteridophytes 11,300 380 3.4

Gymnosperms 529 28 5.1Angiosperms 220,000 5,856 2.7

Source: Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2002

The Red Data Book categories used by IUCN have been used with the following interpretation

as applicable to Nepalese conditions.

1. Extinct (EX)

This category is only used for species which are no longer known to exist in the wild after

repeated searches of the type localities and other known or likely places. As interpreted by

IUCN, this includes species that are extinct in the wild but surviving in cultiva tion.

This category is used for species which have not been reported from last one hundred years. It is

not unlikely that this will also include some species which have uncertain taxonomic status. For

example Wendlandia apppendiculata would fall in this category because of the fact that the latter

collections were named otherwise.

2. Endangered (E)

Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue

operating. Included are taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose


7/29

3

habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of

extinction.

A number of taxa whose distribution is sympatric to human occupation, have been seriously

threatened by men. Talauma hodgsonii is an example this category.

3. Vulnerable (V)

Taxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal

factors continue operating.

Species such as Paris polyphylla, Nardostachys grandiflora and many medicinal herbs do face

great threats due to extensive collection for export. Similarly taxa like Allium przewalskianum,

Podophyllum hexandrum are over exploited by local people for domestic uses. A number of

epiphytic orchids have also been vulnerable due to over exploitation and extensive destruction of

habitat.

4. Rare (R)

Taxa with small world populations that are not at present Endangered or Vulnerable but at risk.

These taxa are usually localized within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly

scattered over a more extensive range.

A number of taxa which are restricted to narrow geographical areas and which are known only

from the Type locality or the Type collection have been treated in this category. A number of

endemic Saxifraga exemplifies this situation. A large number of endemic species occurring at

high elevation beyond 3000 m do not seem to run into any risk because of the remoteness of the

area. Nevertheless a plant which is restricted to a small valley or a small cliff is obviously more

at risk than one which is more widely distributed.

5. Indeterminate (I)

Taxa known to be Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare but where there is not enough

information to say which of the four categories is appropriate.


8/29

4

Information on Nepalese taxa of plants especially the endemic do not have enough information

to determine whether they are Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare. We have used our own

judgment not to make a long list of indeterminate plants.

6. Insufficiently known (K)

Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories

because of the lack of information.

Lack of adequate information on various species may quickly lead to categorize a plant into this

group. Our judgment for this category also is more subjective and based on observation by

various plant collectors.

7. Commercially threatened (CT)

Taxa not currently threatened with extinction, but most or all of whose populations are

threatened as a sustainable commercial resource, or will become so, unless their exploitation is

regulated.

A number of medicinal plants such as Aconitum spicatum,Acacia catechu, Dioscorea deltoidea

have a long history of exploitation and export. This has resulted into the decline of the species in

the wild. Such plants are treated under this category.


9/29


10/29

6

A.Tropical-Subtropical Plants in the form of Herb/Shrub1. Rauwolfia serpentine

Family: Apocynaceae

English name: Serpentine

Nepali name: Sarpagandha

Status: Endangered

It has been wiped out from natural habitat due to excessive

collection of roots for export and due to habitat destruction

from human encroachment.

Distribution

Central and Eastern Nepal; 100m-1150m altitude of sub-

tropical zone.

Habitat and Ecology: An erect, evergreen perennial under-

shrub found on moist and shady place and inside forest.

Flowering time: MayAugust

Fruiting period: October-November

Uses: The drug Rauvolfia is important therapeutic agents both as anti-hypertensive and

sedatives. It is also employed for relief of various central nervous system disorders like anxiety,

excitement and psychosis, schizophrenia, insanity, insomnia and epilepsy. The extracts of the

roots are used for treatment of intestinal disorder, particularly diarrhea and dysentery and

treatment of cholera, colic and fever.

Root paste is applied to affected parts of snakebite and root juice is used to get relief from

malarial fever.

Rauwolfia serpentine

PhototakenfromManun

gNursery,

Tanahu


11/29


12/29

8

Distribution: Middle sized multipurpose tree for Terai and Lower Hills. Found in Western,

Central and Eastern Nepal; 200m-1400m altitude.

Habitat and Ecology: It is found n open and sandy place along river terraces.

Regeneration: The pods ripen from end of November to early January. The ripens seeds are

collected in January and February. Khair is regenerated by seeds.

Flowering and Fruiting: May-December

Uses: Khair is used for fuel wood, small timber and fodder. The most important commercial

products from it are Katha and Cutch. Katha, an impure form ofCatechin, is used for chewing

with betel nut and Pan. Cutch, catechu tannic acid is used in tanning and dyeing ships sails.

4. Alstonia scholaris

Family: Apocynaceae

Indian Devil tree

Nepali name: Chhatiwan

Status: Rare

Bark is extensively collected for traditional medicines.

Distribution: It is found on Central, Eastern and Western

Nepal; 100m-1270 m altitude of Tropical zone and Low land Nepal.

Habitat and Ecology: An evergreen glabrous tree found on open ground, hill slope. Also found

mixed with Schima-Castanopsis forest.

Flowering period: March-April

Fruiting period: May

Alstonia scholaris

Phototakenfrom

nearRupaLake,Kaski


13/29

9

Use: Bark is acrid, bitter, healing astringent, tonic, alterative and febrifuge. Bark is used to treat

malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, chronic ulcers, dental caries and snake bites. It is reported to be

employed in heart diseases, asthma and to stop bleeding of wounds.

5. Butea monosperma

Family: Leguminaceae

English name: Butea Gum Tree

Nepali name: Palans

Status: Endangered

Habitat reduced due to human encroachment for

agricultural extension.

Distribution: Western, Central and Eastern Nepal;

150m-1200m altitude. It occurs in subtropical

foothills along Sal forests. It is found in Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve of Nepal.

Habitat and Ecology: A deciduous tree found on riverside tropical forest along Savana

grasslands in the Terai.

Flowering period: February-March

Fruiting period: May-August

Uses: The red juice exudes from natural crack is applied to ulcers and congested and septic sore

throat. Butea gum is a powerful astringent which is given internally for diarrhea and dysentery.

The gum is also used for dyeing and tanning. The bark is used in tumors, bleeding piles and

ulcers. Roots are used in elephantiasis and curing night blindness. The root bark is used as an

aphrodisiac and as analgesic and anthelmintic. Leaf possesses astringent, tonic, diuretic and

aphrodisiac properties. The flowers are effective in leprosy, leucorrhoea and gout.

Butea monosperma

PhototakenfromShuklaphantaWildlifeReserve


14/29

10

6. Choerospondias axillaries

Family: Anacardiaceae

English: Nepali Hog Plum

Nepali name: Lapsi

Status: Rare

The fruit is widely collected in Neapl. Except

Arun valley, it does not occur naturally in Nepal.

Distribution: Found on Central and Eastern

Nepal; 1200m-1500m altitude.

Habitat and Ecology: Medium to large deciduous tree grown on open places.

Regeneration: Fruit ripen between October and January which contain single hard stone in

which there are five seeds. The depulped seed is sown in trays or beds which contain up to 5

seedlings that can be pricked out.

Flowering time: March-April

Fruiting time: September-October

Uses: The fruit is used as pickle. The finer bark is chewed as a substitute for areca nut.

P

hototakenfromI.O.F.,

Pokhara

Choerospondias axillaries


15/29

11

7. Dalbergia latifolia

Family: Leguminosae

Nepali name: Satisal

Trade name: Indian Rosewood

Status: Vulnerable

It is highly subjected for timber collection and

suffers from encroachment.

Distribution: Found on Western, Central and Eastern Nepal; 300m-1000m altitude.

Habitat and Ecology: A deciduous tree found in riverine mixed forest.

Regeneration: Pods turn brown between December and April. Direct sowing, stump planting

and sowing in pot or bed is recommended.

Flowering time: October

Use: It is excellent fuel and used for timber.

8. Elaeocarpus sphaericus

Family: Ealeocarpaceae

English name: Bead tree

Nepali: Rudrakshiya

Status: Vulnerable

The forest is limited in the wild.

Dalbergia latifolia

PhototakenfromI.O.F.,

Pokhara

PhototakenfromI.O.F.,

Pokhara

Elaeocarpus sphaericus


16/29

12

Distribution: Found on Central and Eastern Nepal; 650-1700 m altitude.

Habitat and Ecology: On open slope, open field and cultivation terraces.

Regeneration: Germination takes place by cracking stones and treatment with sulphuric acid.

Flowering and Fruiting period: May- December

Uses: The fruit stone is used in rosaries. The fruit pulp is used for treating diseases of the head

and epileptic fits.

9. Mesua ferra

Family: Guttiferae

English name: Iron wood tree

Nepali name: Nageswori

Status: N/A

Distribution: It grows in the Himalaya from Nepal

eastward, in north-eastern India, ascending to an

altitude of 1500m.

Habitat and Ecology: A medium-sized to large evergreen tree

Uses: Ethanolic extract of the whole plant excluding root show antibacterial activity. Its flowers

are acrid, anodyne, digestive, constipating, and stomachic. They are used in treating asthma,

leprosy, cough, fever, vomiting and impotency. The seed oil pacifies vata, and also good for skin

diseases and rheumatism.Dried flowers are again used in treating bleeding hemorrhoids and dysentery with mucus,

applied externally for itchiness, taken internally for nausea, erysipelas, bleeding piles,

metrorrhagea, menorrhagea, excessive thirst and sweating.

Mesua ferra

Photo

takenfromVindabasanitemp

le,Pokhara


17/29

13

10.Michelia champaca

Family: Magnoliaceae

English name: Champak

Nepali name: Champ

Status: Endangered

It is threatened due to wood collection for furniture in hills

and forest clearing in Terai and Dun Valleys of Nepal.

Distribution: Found in Central and Eastern Nepal; 600m-

1300 m altitude.

Habitat and Ecology: It is a large evergreen tree found in forest i.e. shorea robusta forest and

Schima-Castanopsis forest.

Regeneration: The seeds ripen between August and Mid-November. Seeds should be sown in

beds or trays rather than directly into polypots.

Fruiting time: August and Mid-November

Uses: It is used for timber.Plant pacifies vitiated tridosha, Detoxify poison, worm infestation,increase digestive power, diuretic and cures fever. Flowers reduce burning sensation, cures skin

disease and ulcer. Dictation of the bark acts as remedy for amenorrhea.

Michelia champaca

P h t t k

f

P N C

P k h


18/29

14

11.Oroxylum indicum (Bigonia indica)

Family: Bignoniaceae

English name: Indian Trumpet tree

Nepali name: Tatelo

Status: Vulnerable

It is drastically reduced due to habitat

destruction.

Distribution: Found in Western, Central and Eastern Nepal; 200m-1400 m altitude.

Habitat and Ecology: It grows on open places and sometimes found mixed with forest.

Flowering and Fruiting period: June-October

Uses: Plant pacifies vitiated vata, kapha, inflammation, rheumatic arthritis, sprains, edema,

neuralgia, colic, splenomegali, diarrhea, wounds and gouty arthritis.

12.Pterocarpus santilanus

Family: Leguminosae

English name: Red Sandal wood

Nepali name: Rakta chandan

Status: Endangered

The tree is commercially valuable for its timber and for

the extraction of dye, medicine and cosmetics. It has

been overexploited in the past.

Pterocarpus santilanus

Phototake

nfromManungNursery,

Oroxylum indicum


19/29

15

Distribution: Found in Tropical zone at an altitude of 900 m. It is only found in south India

in Kadapa and Chittoor on the Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh border. However, it is planted in

private farm land (e.g. K.B. Gurung Nursery, Tanahu) in Nepal.

Habitat and Ecology: Found on dry deciduous forest.

Flowering Period: June-July

Fruiting Period: August-September

Uses: The ground wood is used for dyeing wool, cotton and leather and staining other woods.

The wood is considered astringent, tonic and diaphoretic. It is also useful in bilious affections

and skin diseases. A decoction of the fruit is used as an astringent tonic in chronic dysentery.

Wood is diaphoretic and used for treatment of scorpion sting.

C.Temperate -Alpine Plants in the form of Herbs13.Aconitum heterophyllum

Family: Ranunculaceae

English name: Aconite

Nepali name: Atis

Status: Rare

The tuber is extensively collected for its non-

poisonous medicinal properties and its demand is

high. It is one of the most expensive crude drugs in

Nepal.

Distribution: Found in Central Nepal; 2400m-4000m altitude of sub-alpine region.

Habitat and Ecology: A herb that grow on wet and open place, in riverbed forest.

Flowering period: July-September

Aconitum heterophyllum

PhototakenfromPatmara

Gaun,Jumla
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadapahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittoorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittoorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadapa


20/29

16

Fruiting Period: October-December

Uses: The plant root is used for the treatment of hysteria and throat diseases. Roots are taken as

anti-periodic, anti-diabetic and aphrodisiac.

14.Berginia ciliate

Family: Saxifragaceae

English name: Rockfoil

Nepali name: Pakhanbed

Status: Commercially threatened

It is collected as a crude drug for its export value.

Distribution: Found in Western and Central Nepal;

900m-4300m altitude of subtropical and temperate zone.

Habitat and Ecology: Perennial rhizomatous herb found on moist rock legdges and shady

places.

Flowering period: March-April

Fruiting period: June-July

Uses: The dried rhizomes contain drugs Paashaanabheda which possess astringent, tonic, anti-

scorbutic and laxative properties. The drug is given in pulmonary affections, dysentery, ulcers,

dysuria, spleen enlargement, cough and fever. The drug is used in folk-lore medicine against

vertigo and headache. It is reported to be helpful in dissolving kidney stones. Rhizome is bitter,

astringent, diuretic, aphrodisiac and tonic. Juice from the rhizome is taken to get relief from fever

and decoction of root is used as an anti-diarrheal.

Ber inia ciliata

PhotofromThamtholedimbaCF,O

khaldhunga


21/29

17

15.Dactylorhiza hatagirea

Family: Orchidaceae

English: Salep

Nepali: Panchaunle

Status: Endangered

Distribution: Found in western and Central Nepal;

2400-3600m altitude of subalpine and alpine region.

Habitat and Ecology: Perennial herb with five fingered tubers found on open sloppy moist

fields.

Propagation: The plant is propagated by sowing seed in nursery and from tuber also.

Flowering period: June-July

Fruiting period: August-September

Uses: Root tuber is taken as expectorant, astringent, demulcent and aphrodisiac and is highly

nutritious. Root power or paste of the rhizome is applied on cuts and wounds for speedy healing.

Tuber is used to get rid from headache, fever, cough and cold.

16.Nardostachys grandiflora

Family: Valerianaceae

English name: Spikenard

Nepali: Jatamasi

Status: vulnerable

Dactylorhiza hatagirea

PhotofromPatmaraGaun,Jumla

Nardostachys grandiflora

PhotofromPatmaraGaun,Jumla


22/29

18

It is widely collected by villagers and shepherds who visit alpine region in late summer. It has

been restricted for export by the government.

Distribution: Found in Western, Central and Eastern Nepal; 3200m-5300m altitude of alpine

zone.

Habitat and ecology: An erect perennial herb found on open place, open and moist slope, and

mossy rock.

Flowering period: June-August

Fruiting period: August-September

Uses: The root is used as cooling, tonic, antipyretic and alexipharmic. It helps to cure cough,

biliousness, blood diseases, burning sensation, leprosy, throat troubles and ulcers and improve

the complexion. The root promotes the growth and blackness of hair. Root is carminative,

stomachic and laxative and used in hysteria and cholera. Rhizome paste is used to treat pile.

17.Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia

Family: Scrophulariaceae

English name: Picrorhiza

Nepali name: Kutki

Status: Vulnerable

It is a medicinal plant of greater repute in Ayurvedic

medicine.

Distribution: Found in Western, Central and Eastern

Nepal; 3500m-4800m altitude.

Habitat and Ecology: A perennial herb that grows on alpine pasture, grass and rocks and moist

slope.

Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia

PhotofromPatmaraGaun

umla


23/29

19

Propagation: The natural regeneration of Kutki takes place by seeds and rhizomes. The plant

can be propagated by seeds or by division of roots.

Flowering period: May-September

Fruiting period: October-November

Uses: The root is used in fever, cough and cold, anemia, diabetes, hepatitis, leprosy, snake and

scorpion bites, blood pressure etc.

18.Panax pseudo-ginseng wall

Family: Araliaceae

English name: False ginseng

Nepali name: Mangan

Status: Vulnerable

Flowering period: May-July

Distribution: The plant is reported in Eastern

and Central Nepal.

Habitat and ecology: Perennial herb that is

cultivated in cold climatic condition.

Uses: The root possess haemostatic, tonic, hormonal and circulation promoting properties and

have a beneficial effect in haematemesis, metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, post-partum haematometra,

ocular congestion, bloody stools, epistaxis, rheumatism, phlegmon and contusions. Root is also

effective in anemia and general debility.

PhotofromThamtholedimbaC.F.O

khaldhunga

Panax pseudo-ginseng wall


24/29

20

19.Paris polyphylla

Family: Liliaceae

English name: Satuwa

Nepali name: Satuwa

Status: Vulnerable

It is very rare herb occurring on the humus rich floor

of Oak forest. Rhizomes are widely collected for

local medicinal use and also for export.

Distribution: Found in Central and Eastern Nepal;

1800-3500m altitude.

Habitat and Ecology: A perennial glabrous erect herb found on shady and cold places and

inside forest.

Flowering Period: April-May

Fruiting period: June-July

Uses: The rhizome possesses anthelmintic properties and considered as a vermifuge. Its powder

is taken with hot water is used as tonic. Root paste is applied as wound healing. Powder from the

rhizome is used for fever and food poisoning. Root paste is also applied as an antidote to the

snake bite and poisonous insects.

Paris polyphylla

P h o t o f r o m T h a m t h o l e d i m b a C F O k h a l d h u n g a


25/29

21

D.Temperate-Alpine Plants in the form of Trees

20. Abies spectabilis

Family: Pinaceae

English name: Himalayan Fir

Nepali: Talis Patra or Bunge Salla

Status: Near Threatened

The tree is depleted due to logging and deforestation.

Distribution: Found in Central and Western Nepal

between 2400m and 4400m altitude.

Habitat and ecology: Abies spectabilis is the dominant tree in the forests of the central and

western Himalaya, especially from c. 3,000 m to 4,000 m, with occasional occurrences on ridges

below this height. It grows on cool moist sites on north facing slopes.

Regeneration: Direct sowing and use of natural seedlings (wildings) collected from forest and

transplanted into container gives successful results.

Use: The essential oil is obtained from the plant. The dried leaves, mixed with other ingredients,

are used in making incense. The wood is used for fuel,

construction and thatching roofs.

21.Larix himalaica

Family: Pinaceae

English name: Langtang Larch

Nepali name: Langtang sallo

Abies spectabilis

Pho

totakenfromLangtangNatio

nalPark

PhototakenfromChandan

bari,LangtangNP

Larix himalaica


26/29

22

Status: Insufficiently known

It occurs only in Langtang National Park and along Bhudi Gandaki. Its range of distribution is

very narrow. It is naturally rare and is a border endemic.

Distribution: Found in Central Nepal; 2400m-3600m altitude and Nepal and Tibet are its range

countries.

Habitat and ecology: It grows on southern slope and moraines.

Botany: A medium size deciduous tree with spreading yellowish-grey drooping branchlets.

Leaves numerous, in cluster, blade acicular, to 3 cm. Cone 4-5 cm long, light brown when ripe,

with broad minutely irregularly toothed scales, and with erect bracts which are about as long as

the scales and abruptly narrowed into a rigid tooth.

Flowering and fruiting time: June-September

Uses: It is used for firewood

22.Olea cuspidata

Family: Oleaceae

English name: Wild Olive

Nepali name: Jaitoon

Status: Rare

An eminent threat for wild olive in

Nepal is from local people for fire wood collection (Shrestha et al, 1996).

Paudel, 2009 recorded that the major threat to wild olive in Bajura district are overgrazing,

illegal firewood and timber collection, excessive logging of olive for building and other

infrastructure construction.

Olea cus idata

PhototakenfromKotilaBajura


27/29

23

Distribution: Olea fall under Trans Himalayan High Alpine Vegetation (TISC, 2002 cited in

Paudel, 2009). Olive is found at an altitude of 500-2600 m above mean sea level in the Trans-

Himalayan region. It is found naturally in different district of Far-western and Mid-Western

Development region like Bajura, Dolpa, Rukum, Humla, Bajhang and Mugu Districts

(Bartolucci et al, 1999).

Habitat and Ecology: An evergreen tree that grows on open dry slopes.

Flowering and fruiting period: March-September

Uses: Olive oil offers protection against heart disease by controlling LDL (the bad cholesterol)

levels while raising HDL (the "good" cholesterol) levels. Olives oil has a beneficial effect on

ulcers and gastritis. It activates the secretion of bile and pancreatic hormones much more

naturally than prescribed drugs. Consequently, it lowers the incidence of gallstone formation.

There is also evidence that olive oil consumption may reduce the risk of breast cancer

(Trichopoulou et al., 1995) and a high intake of olive oil may offer protection against a number

of cancers (Gerber, 1994). In Bajura district, the tree is mainly used for firewood, fodder and oil

purpose.

23.Taxus baccata

Family: Taxaceae

English name: Himalayan yew

Nepali name: Lauthsalla

Status: Endangered

Distribution: It is found in temperate to sub-alpineHimalayan zone between 1800m-3000m altitude.

Ecology and Habitat: An evergreen tree found on

moist site.

Propagation: It is propagated by both seed and branch cutting.

Photota

kenfromFuwaBan,Bajura

Taxus baccata


28/29

24

Flowering period: March-May

Fruiting period: September-November

Uses: Leaves and twigs are source ofTaxol that is used in treatment of breast and uterus cancer.

Leaves are used in asthma and bronchitis. Shoot tincture is applied in headache, falling pulse and

diarrhea. Red juice of the bark is used as an inferior dye and staining.

.


29/29

References

1. Adhikari, M. P. & Dahal, Y. 2067. Goods and Services available from Forest Ecosystem. Forest of

Nepal (Nepali Version). GON/ MFSC, Department of Forest, Kathmandu. National Mansarobar printing

Press Pvt. P.30-31.

2. Dutta, I.C. 2007. Non-Timber Forest Products of Nepal: Identification, Classification, Ethnic Uses and

Cultivation. P. 3-267.

3. Dutta, I.C. 2001. A Teaching Manual on Forest Utilization: Non-Timber Forest Product Management.

P. 1-2.

4. Tirtha B. Shrestha and Rabindra M. Joshi. 1996 . Rare, Endemic and Endangered Plants of Nepal.

WWF Nepal Program, Kathmandu, Nepal. P. 183-208.

5. Department of Plant Resources (DPR). 2007. Medicinal Plants of Nepal (Revised.), Bulletin of the

Department of Plant Resource No. 28, Kathmandu, Nepal.

6. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Department of Plant Resources,

2006. Plants of Nepal: Fact Sheet.

7. His Majestys Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2002. Nepal

Biodiversity Strategy. P. 44-45.

8. Jackson, J.K. 1994. Manual of Afforestation in Nepal. Vol. 2. Forest Research and Survey Centre,

Kathmandu, Nepal. P. 338-718.

9. Paudel, S. 2009. Current Status of Wild Olive (Olea cuspidata Wall.ex G. Don) in Bajura District of

Nepal. A thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of Bachelor of Science in Forestry

degree, Tribhuvan University, Institute of Forestry, Kathmandu Forestry College, Kathmandu, Nepal.

10.http://www.conifers.org/pi/Larix_himalaica.php

11.http://www.himalayahealthcare.com/herbfinder/h_mesuaf.htm

12.http://www.wpro.who.int/internet/files/pub/70/277a.pdf

13.http://www.aminaherbs.com/product.php?id_product=180

14.http://ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/plants/434.html15.http://ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/plants/383.html

16.http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/32104/0

17.http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/42300/0

18.http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/a/abies-spectabilis=himalayan-fir.php
http://www.conifers.org/pi/Larix_himalaica.phphttp://www.conifers.org/pi/Larix_himalaica.phphttp://www.himalayahealthcare.com/herbfinder/h_mesuaf.htmhttp://www.himalayahealthcare.com/herbfinder/h_mesuaf.htmhttp://www.wpro.who.int/internet/files/pub/70/277a.pdfhttp://www.wpro.who.int/internet/files/pub/70/277a.pdfhttp://www.aminaherbs.com/product.php?id_product=180http://www.aminaherbs.com/product.php?id_product=180http://ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/plants/434.htmlhttp://ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/plants/434.htmlhttp://ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/plants/383.htmlhttp://ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/plants/383.htmlhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/32104/0http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/32104/0http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/42300/0http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/42300/0http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/a/abies-spectabilis=himalayan-fir.phphttp://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/a/abies-spectabilis=himalayan-fir.phphttp://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/a/abies-spectabilis=himalayan-fir.phphttp://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/a/abies-spectabilis=himalayan-fir.phphttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/42300/0http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/32104/0http://ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/plants/383.htmlhttp://ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/plants/434.htmlhttp://www.aminaherbs.com/product.php?id_product=180http://www.wpro.who.int/internet/files/pub/70/277a.pdfhttp://www.himalayahealthcare.com/herbfinder/h_mesuaf.htmhttp://www.conifers.org/pi/Larix_himalaica.php

Rare and Endangered Species Nepal

Documents

Transcript of Rare and Endangered Species Nepal