Raptors Conservation 7/2006

Raptors�Conservation

ПЕРНАТЫЕ�ХИЩНИКИ�И�ИХ�ОХРАНА

2006�№7

Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé ÀçèèThe Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia

Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà-íà» ó÷ðåæä¸í ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâî-ðèòåëüíîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé«Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâî-ñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îá-ùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Öåíòð ïîëåâûõèññëåäîâàíèé» (Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä).

Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà:Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí.

Ýòîò âûïóñê ãîòîâèëè:Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè-÷åñêèé öåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ),Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäî-âàíèé, Í.Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ), Åâãåíèé Ïî-òàïîâ (Èññëåäîâàíèå Ïðèðîäû, Øîòëàí-äèÿ, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ), Àííà Øåñòàêîâà(Íèæåãîðîäñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåð-ñèòåò, Í.Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ).

Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæ-êè: ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemila-sius) íà ãíåçäå íà çåìëå, ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà,18 èþíÿ 2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà.

Â èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêèèñïîëüçîâàíû ôîòîãðàôèè È. Êàðÿêèíà,Ý. Íèêîëåíêî, À. Ïàæåíêîâà.

Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸âÂåðñòêà: À. Êëåù¸âÊîððåêòóðà: Å. Êëåù¸âà

The Raptors Conservation Newsletter wasfounded by the non-governmental organi-sations Siberian Environmental Center (Nov-osibirsk) and Center for Field Studies(Nizhniy Novgorod).

Editors:Elvira Nikolenko and Igor Karyakin.

This issue has been made by:Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian EnvironmentalCenter, Novosibirsk, Russia), Igor Karyakin(Center for Field Studies, N.Novgorod, Rus-sia), Eugene Potapov (Natural Research,Scotland, UK), Anna Shestakova (State Uni-versity, N.Novgorod, Russia).

Photo on the front cover: The UplandBuzzard (Buteo hemilasius) in the nest on aground, Republic of Tuva, 18 June 2006.Photo by I. Karyakin.

Photos on the back cover by I. Karyakin,E. Nikolenko and A. Pazhenkov.

Design by D. Senotrusov, A. KleschevPage-proofs by A. KleschevProof-reader: E. Klescheva

Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC

ISSN 1814–0076

Tel./Fax: (383) 339 78 85

E-mail: [email protected][email protected]@ecoclub.nsu.ru

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors

Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè:

630090 Ðîññèÿ,Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547

Editorial adress:

P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk,Russia, 630090

Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå:

Guidelines for Contributors available on website:

http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC/guidelines/

Events Raptors Conservation 2006, 7 3

Events

СОБЫТИЯ

3–4 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. â ã. Êîñòàíàå (Êàçàõ-ñòàí) Êîñòàíàéñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïå-äàãîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò (íàó÷íî-èññëåäî-âàòåëüñêèé öåíòð ïðîáëåì áèîëîãèè èýêîëîãèè ôàêóëüòåòà åñòåñòâåííûõ íàóêè êàôåäðà áèîëîãèè) ïðîâîäÿò Ìåæäó-íàðîäíóþ êîíôåðåíöèþ «Áèîëîãè÷åñ-êîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå àçèàòñêèõ ñòåïåé».

Ïëàíèðóþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå òåìàòè÷åñêèåíàïðàâëåíèÿ:

ðàñòèòåëüíûå è æèâîòíûå ñîîáùåñòâàñòåïíûõ ýêîñèñòåì;

ôèòî- è çîîöåíîçû âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ óãî-äèé àçèàòñêèõ ñòåïåé;

ëåñíûå ýêîñèñòåìû ñòåïíîé çîíû;îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûå ïðèðîäíûå òåððèòî-

ðèè àçèàòñêèõ ñòåïåé è èõ ðîëü â ñîõðà-íåíèè áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ.

Òàêæå ïëàíèðóåòñÿ êðóãëûé ñòîë: «Ïðî-áëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ ðåãèîíàëüíîãî áèîðàçíî-îáðàçèÿ è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íàó÷íûõ ìàòåðè-àëîâ â ó÷åáíîì ïðîöåññå ÂÓÇîâ».

Ê íà÷àëó êîíôåðåíöèè áóäóò èçäàíû å¸ìàòåðèàëû.

Äëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ â êîíôåðåíöèè äî 10 äåêàá-ðÿ 2006 ã. íåîáõîäèìî íàïðàâèòü îáû÷íîéïî÷òîé â àäðåñ Îðãêîìèòåòà çàïîëíåííóþðåãèñòðàöèîííóþ ôîðìó, ðàñïå÷àòàííûåìàòåðèàëû ïóáëèêàöèè, äèñêåòó è êâèòàíöèþîá îïëàòå îðãâçíîñà â ðàçìåðå 1500 òåíãå(300 ðóá.) çà îäíó ïóáëèêàöèþ. Êîíòàêò (1).

18–20 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2007 ã. â ã. Ìîñêâà (Ðîñ-ñèÿ) â Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì Äàðâèíîâñêîììóçåå ïðîéä¸ò Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôå-ðåíöèÿ «Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû áèî-ëîãè÷åñêîé ýâîëþöèè», ïîñâÿùåííàÿ100-ëåòèþ ñî äíÿ îñíîâàíèÿ ìóçåÿ.

ßçûê êîíôåðåíöèè – ðóññêèé. Îñíîâíûåíàïðàâëåíèÿ ðàáîòû:

1. Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ òåîðèÿ: èñòîðèÿ è ñî-âðåìåííîñòü.

2. Ìèêðîýâîëþöèÿ è âèäîîáðàçîâàíèå.3. Ìàêðîýâîëþöèÿ.4. Ýâîëþöèîííàÿ ãåíåòèêà.5. Ýâîëþöèÿ îíòîãåíåçà.6. Ýâîëþöèÿ ïîâåäåíèÿ.7. Ýâîëþöèÿ ñîîáùåñòâ.Òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ, êîòîðûå ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ

îïóáëèêîâàòü ê íà÷àëó êîíôåðåíöèè, ïðè-íèìàþòñÿ äî 10 àïðåëÿ 2007 ã. Êîíòàêò (2).

(1) Êîíòàêò:

ÊÃÏÈ, êàôåäðàáèîëîãèè (ÍÈÖ ÏÝÁ)óë. Òàðàíà 118, ê. 712ã. Êîñòàíàé110000 Êàçàõñòàíòåë.: +7 (3142) 542 589,548 [email protected]@mail.ru

(1) Contact:

Kostanay StatePedagogical InstituteDepartment of biologyTarana str., 118 – 712Kostanay110000 Kazakhstantel.: +7 (3142) 542 589,548 [email protected]@mail.ru

(2) Êîíòàêò:

Þëèÿ Â. ØóáèíàÃîñóäàðñòâåííûéÄàðâèíîâñêèé Ìóçåé,ôàêñ: +7 (495) 135 3384òåë.: +7 (495) 135 1888,135 [email protected]

(2) Contact:

Julia V. ShubinaState Darvin Museumfax: +7 (495) 135 3384tel.: +7 (495) 135 1888,135 [email protected]

Research Center of Biological and Envi-ronmental Problems of the faculty of nat-ural science and the chair of biology ofthe Kostanay state pedagogical institutewill held the international conference «Bi-odiversity of the Asian steppes» in Kos-tanay (Kazakhstan) on 3–4 April 2007.

Following themes are going to be sound-ed:

Plant and animal communities of steppeecosystems.

Plant and animal communities of wetlandsin the Asian steppes.

Forest ecosystems of the steppe zone.Protected areas of the Asian steppes and

its significance for biodiversity conservation.The workshop «Problems of researching

the regional biodiversity and using the sci-entific data by higher education establish-ments» is also planning.

The conference proceedings will be pub-lished by the beginning of the conference.

The registration fee (for a publication) is1500 tenge (300 rubles). The applicationform, printed report with the copy on a flop-py-disk and receipt on payment will by postto the Organization Committee. The dead-line for submission is 10 December 2006.Contact (1).

The international conference «Modernproblems of biological evolution» devot-ed to 100th anniversary of the State Dar-win Museum foundation will take pacein the State Darwin Museum in Moscow(Russia) on 18–20 September 2007.

The official language of the conferencewills Russian.

Following problems will be sounded:1. Evolution theory: history and modern

world.2. Microevolution and species-formation.3. Macroevolution.4. Evolution genetics.5. Evolution of ontogenesis.6. Evolution of behavior.7. Evolution of communities.The deadline for Abstracts is 10 April

2007. The conference proceedings are plan-ning to be published by the beginning ofthe conference. Contact (2).

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila

nipalensis). Ôîòî È. Êà-ðÿêèíà

The Steppe Eagle (Aqui-

la nipalensis). Photo byI. Karyakin

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 74

Raptors� Conservation

ОХРАНА� ПЕРНАТЫХ� ХИЩНИКОВ

Ââåäåíèå

Ïîðàæåíèå ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ëèíèÿõýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ (ËÝÏ) – îäíà èç âàæíåé-øèõ ïðè÷èí ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà òåð-ðèòîðèè ìíîãèõ ñòðàí ìèðà (Markus, 1972;Haas, 1980; Ledger and Annegarn, 1981;Ferrer and Hiraldo, 1991; LaRoe et al., 1995;Harness and Wilson, 2001). Êàê îòìå÷åíî âïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ â ðÿäå âîñòî÷íîåâðîïåé-ñêèõ è àçèàòñêèõ ñòðàí (Áîëãàðèÿ: Stoychev,Karafeisov, 2004; Âåíãðèÿ: Bagyura et al.,2004; Êàçàõñòàí: Karyakin, Barabashin,2005; Ðîññèÿ: Matsina, 2005; Pestov, 2005;Ñëîâàêèÿ: Adamec, 2004), ãèáåëü ïåðíà-òûõ õèùíèêîâ îò ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà îñî-áåííî âûñîêà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, ñòîëáû èòðàâåðñû êîòîðûõ ñäåëàíû èç ïðîâîäÿùå-ãî ìàòåðèàëà (ñòàëü, áåòîí è ò.ï.). Ïòèöà,ñèäÿùàÿ íà òðàâåðñå, çàçåìëåíà, è, åñëè

Contact:

Jean-Luc E. CartronDepartment of BiologyUniversity of NewMexico AlbuquerqueNM87131 USAtel.: +1 505 277 3411fax: +1 505 277 [email protected].

Bird�electrocutions�and�power�poles�in�Northwestern�Mexico:

an�overview

ГИБЕЛЬ�ПТИЦ�ОТ�ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОГО�ТОКА�НА�ЛИНИЯХЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ�В�СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОЙ�МЕКСИКЕ:КРАТКИЙ�ОБЗОР

Jean-Luc�E.�Cartron�(Department�of�Biology,�University�of�New�Mexico,�Albuquerque,�USA),

Rodrigo�Sierra�Corona,�Eduardo�Ponce�Guevara�(Instituto�de�Ecologia,�Universidad

Nacional�Autonoma�de�Mexico,�Mexico),

Richard�E.�Harness�(EDM�International,�Inc.,�Fort�Collins,�USA),

Patricia�Manzano-Fischer�(Agrupacion�Dodo�AC,�Toluca,�Mexico),

Ricardo�Rodriguez-Estrella�(Centro�de�Investigaciones�Biologicas�del�Noroeste,

La�Paz,�Mexico),

Gabriel�Huerta�(Department�of�Mathematics�and�Statistics,�University�of�New�Mexico,

Albuquerque,�USA).

Жан-Лю��E.�Картрон�(Биоло�ичес�ий�фа��льтет,��ниверситет�Нью-Ме�си�о,

Альб��ер�е,�штат�Нью-Ме�си�о,�США)

Родри�о�Сьерра�Корона,�Эд�ардо�Понсе�Гевара�(Инстит�т�э�оло�ии,

Национальный��ниверситет,�Мехи�о,�Ме�си�а)

Ричард�Э.�Харнесс�(Корпорация�ЕДМ,�США)

Патрисия�Мансано-Фишер�(Общественная�ор�анизация�«Дронт»,�Тол��а,�Ме�си�а)

Ри�ардо�Родри�ес-Эстрелья�(Центр�било�ичес�их�исследований�Северо-запада,

Ла-Пас,�Ме�си�а)

Габриэль�Уэрта�(Фа��льтет�математи�и�и�статисти�и,�Университет�Нью-Ме�си�о,

Альб��ер�е�штат�Нью-Ме�си�о,�США)

Introduction

Electric utility structures are an importantcause of raptor mortality throughout muchof the world (e.g., Markus, 1972; Haas,1980; Ledger and Annegarn, 1981; Ferrerand Hiraldo, 1991; LaRoe et al., 1995; Har-ness and Wilson, 2001). As documentedrecently in several eastern European andAsian countries (Bulgaria: Stoychev and Ka-rafeisov, 2004; Hungary: Bagyura et al.,2004; Kazakhstan: Karyakin and Barabashin,2005; Russia: Matsina, 2005; Pestov, 2005;and Slovakia: Adamec, 2004), the incidenceof raptor electrocutions is particularly highwhere poles and crossarms are both madeof conductive material such as steel or con-crete. A bird that perches on a crossarmbecomes grounded and it can be shocked ifit simply touches 1 energized wire (phase-

Raptors Conservation Raptors Conservation 2006, 7 5

îíà êîñíåòñÿ ïðîâîäà, íàõîäÿùåãîñÿ ïîäíàïðÿæåíèåì, ýòî ìîæåò ïðèâåñòè ê êîðîò-êîìó çàìûêàíèþ. Â îòëè÷èå îò îïîð ËÝÏ ñïðîâîäÿùèìè òîê òðàâåðñàìè, ãèáåëü ïòèöìåíåå âåðîÿòíà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, ñòîëáû èòðàâåðñû êîòîðûõ ñäåëàíû èç íåïðîâîäÿ-ùèõ òîê ìàòåðèàëîâ (íàïðèìåð, äåðåâÿí-íûå). Íà îïîðàõ äàííîãî òèïà ãèáåëü ïòè-öû ïðîèñõîäèò, åñëè îíà êàñàåòñÿ ñðàçó 2-õïðîâîäîâ (Ferrer and Jans, 1999).

Ñ ñàìûõ ïåðâûõ ñîîáùåíèé î ñëó÷àÿõãèáåëè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ðåçóëüòàòåïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ñåâåðî-çàïà-äå ×èõóàõóà â 1999 ã., èíôðàñòðóêòóðàËÝÏ Ìåêñèêè ñòàëà ïîâîäîì äëÿ áåñïîêîé-ñòâà ìåêñèêàíñêèõ è àìåðèêàíñêèõ ýêîëî-ãîâ (Cartron et al., 2000, 2005, 2006;Manzano-Fischer et al., â ïå÷àòè). ÌíîãèåËÝÏ Ìåêñèêè èìåþò îïîðû èç æåëåçîáå-òîíà, ñî ñòàëüíûìè òðàâåðñàìè (Cartron etal., 2000, 2005, 2006; Manzano-Fischer etal., â ïå÷àòè). Òàêæå øèðîêî èñïîëüçóþò-ñÿ äåðåâÿííûå îïîðû ñî ñòàëüíûìè çà-çåìë¸ííûìè òðàâåðñàìè. Óãðîçà ïåðíà-òûì õèùíèêàì è äðóãèì êðóïíûì ïòèöàìíå îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ âûøåïåðå÷èñëåííûìèêîíñòðóêöèÿìè: ãèáåëü ïòèö ïðîèñõîäèò èíà îïîðàõ ñ îòïàéêîé, è óãëîâûõ îïîðàõ(Cartron et al., 2005).

Äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè îñòà¸òñÿ íåèçâå-ñòíûì âëèÿíèå áåòîííûõ îïîð ñ çàçåìë¸í-íûìè òðàâåðñàìè íà ïòèö â ìàñøòàáå âñåéÌåêñèêè. Çà ïîñëåäíèå 7 ëåò ìû çàôèêñè-ðîâàëè áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïåðíàòûõ õèù-íèêîâ è âîðîíîâ, ïîãèáøèõ îò ýëåêòðè÷åñ-êîãî òîêà íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Ìåêñèêè â×èõóàõóà. Êðîìå òîãî, ðàçîâûå èññëåäîâà-íèÿ ËÝÏ â Ñîíîðà è Êàëèôîðíèè òàêæåâûÿâèëè ãèáåëü ïòèö îò ýëåêòðîòîêà.

Â ýòîì îáçîðå ñîáðàíà èíôîðìàöèÿ ïîñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ ðà-íåå íåîïóáëèêîâàííûå äàííûå ïîñëåäíèõëåò (çà 2005–2006 ãã.), îïèñûâàþòñÿ ïòè-

to-ground contact). This is in contrast topoles using non-conductive (e.g., wooden)crossarms, where electrocution events areless likely because they require a bird to spanthe distance between 2 wires (Ferrer andJans, 1999).

Since the first reports of electrocuted rap-tors from northwestern Chihuahua in 1999,Mexico’s distribution power-lines have be-come a matter of concern to Mexican andU.S. conservation biologists (Cartron et al.,2000, 2005, 2006; Manzano-Fischer et al.,in press). Many of Mexico’s poles are builtwith concrete poured over a framework ofmetal rebar and then fitted with steel cross-arms (Cartron et al., 2000, 2005, 2006;Manzano-Fischer et al. in press). Also wide-ly used are wooden poles with steel crossa-rms that are often grounded. The threat toraptors and other larger birds is further com-pounded by concrete pole-to-phase andphase-to-phase separations that are ofteninsufficient, together with exposed jumperwires at equipment poles and double dead-end poles (Cartron et al., 2005).

To date, the impact of concrete poles andgrounded crossarms on birds remains un-known at the scale of Mexico. During thelast 7 years, however, we have document-ed a large number of raptor and raven elec-trocutions in the northwestern corner of oneMexican state, Chihuahua. While more lim-ited, additional power-line surveys in Sono-ra and Baja California Sur have also led tothe discovery of electrocuted birds. Here weprovide an overview of the information col-lected, including our latest (i.e., 2005–2006),unpublished mortality data. We also describeretrofitting materials and techniques used byMexico’s utility company, the Comision Fed-eral de Electricidad (CFE), along with theirlimitations. We provide several recommen-dations for decreasing the incidence of birdmortality on power poles in Mexico.

Area

Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California Surare located in northwestern Mexico (fig. 1).The lower elevations are characterized by an

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàéîíû èññëåäîâàíèé ËÝÏ (âûäåëåíû öâåòîì)íà êàðòå Ìåêñèêè. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ â ×èõóàõóà ïðîâî-äèëèñü, ïðåæäå âñåãî, íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Ìåêñèêè, êçàïàäó îò Äæàíîñà è Êàçàñ Ãðàíäåñ

Fig. 1. Map of Mexico showing (in colored) the 3 stateswhere power-line surveys have been conducted. Sur-veys in Chihuahua were conducted primarily in thenorthwestern corner of the state, west of Janos andCasas Grandes


öåçàùèòíûå óñòðîéñòâà (ÏÇÓ), ìàòåðèàëûè ìåòîäû, èñïîëüçóåìûå ñåðâèñíîé êîì-ïàíèåé Ìåêñèêè è Ôåäåðàëüíîé Êîìèññè-åé ïî ýëåêòðîñåòÿì (CFE), ñ óêàçàíèåì èõíåäîñòàòêîâ. Òàêæå ñäåëàíî íåñêîëüêî ðå-êîìåíäàöèé ïî óìåíüøåíèþ ñìåðòíîñòèïòèö íà ËÝÏ â Ìåêñèêå.

Ðàéîí èññëåäîâàíèé

×èõóàõóà, Ñîíîðà è Êàëèôîðíèÿ ðàñïî-ëîæåíû â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé Ìåêñèêå (ðèñ. 1).Ñàìûå íèçêèå âîçâûøåííîñòè õàðàêòåðè-çóþòñÿ çàñóøëèâûì êëèìàòîì è îòñóòñòâè-åì âûñîêîðîñëîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, â ñâÿçèñ ÷åì çäåñü íåäîñòàòî÷íî åñòåñòâåííûõïðèñàä äëÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Íà îáñëå-äîâàííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüïðåäñòàâëåíà çàðîñëÿìè ïóñòûííûõ êóñòàð-íèêîâ ñîíîðñêîãî òèïà (Íèæíÿÿ Êàëè-ôîðíèÿ, Çàïàäíàÿ è Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Ñîíî-ðà), ÷èñòî òðàâÿíèñòûìè ñîîáùåñòâàìè,òðàâÿíèñòûìè ñîîáùåñòâàìè ñ ó÷àñòèåììåñêèòà (Prosopis) (ðèñ. 2) è ìåñêèòîâûìèêóñòàðíèêîâûìè çàðîñëÿìè (ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷-íàÿ Ñîíîðà, ñåâåðî-çàïàäíàÿ ×èõóàõóà).

Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà ðàçìåðîì 30x20 êìáûëà çàëîæåíà íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå ×èõóàõóàê çàïàäó îò ãîðîäîâ Õàíîñ è Êàñàñ Ãðàíäåñ(ðèñ. 1). Â öåíòðå ïëîùàäêè íà ïëîùàäè30 òûñ. ãà ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ êîëîíèÿ ÷åðíî-õâîñòîé ëóãîâîé ñîáà÷êè (Cynomysludovicianus). Ðàçíîîáðàçèå âèäîâ ïòèöçäåñü î÷åíü âûñîêî â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïå-íè èç-çà íàëè÷èÿ ýòîé êîëîíèè, à òàêæå èç-çà ìîçàè÷íîñòè òèïîâ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè(Ceballos et al., 2005; Manzano-Fischer etal., â ïå÷àòè). Ñðåäè íàèáîëåå îáû÷íûõõèùíèêîâ â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíåãî ãîäà íà-áëþäåíèé íà ïëîùàäêå êðóãëûé ãîä îòìå-÷àëèñü êðàñíîõâîñòûé êàíþê (Buteojamaicensis), àìåðèêàíñêàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falcosparverius) è ìåêñèêàíñêèé ñîêîë (F.

arid climate and a lack of very tall vegeta-tion –presumably resulting in a lack of natu-ral perches for raptors. In our survey areasvegetation types included Sonoran desert-scrub (in Baja California Sur and west-cen-tral Sonora) and pure grassland, mesquite(Prosopis) grassland (fig. 2), and mesquiteshrubland (in northeastern Sonora and north-western Chihuahua).

Our primary study area in northwesternChihuahua measures 30 km x 20 km and iscentered on a 30,000-ha black-tailed prairiedog (Cynomys ludovicianus) town complexjust west of Janos and Casas Grandes (fig. 1).Local bird species diversity is high, due large-ly to the presence of the prairie dog com-plex, but also to the existing mosaic of veg-etation types (Ceballos et al., 2005;Manzano-Fischer et al., in press). Among themost common raptors present year-roundin the area are the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteojamaicensis), American Kestrel (Falcosparverius), and Prairie Falcon (F. mexicanus).The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is rep-resented by both year-round and winteringpopulations. The Ferruginous Hawk (Buteoregalis) is a common winter resident, whilethe Swainson’s Hawk (B. swainsoni) ispresent as a breeding summer resident. Boththe Ferruginous Hawk and the Golden Eagleare listed as conservation sensitive in Mexi-co (see Cartron et al., 2005).

The operational distribution voltage innorthwestern Mexico is typically 34,500Volts (or 34.5 kV) (Cartron et al., 2005). Out-side towns and villages, poles are installedapproximately every 100 m, and the mostcommon concrete or wooden pole configu-ration is the three-phase tangent structure(figs. 3/1, 3/2 and 3/3). Among other poleconfigurations in northwestern Mexico is thedouble dead-end structure with double cros-sarms and exposed jumper wires, some orall of which are routed above the crossarms(fig. 3/4).

Methods

Most surveys entailed walking directlyunder the conductors and searching theground for any bird remains near the base ofa pole. Whenever remains were found, theirlocation was recorded with a GPS hand-heldunit, and an attempt was made to determinethe cause of mortality. Singed feathers, en-trance wounds (typically on the underwing),and other burn marks with detached legs ortoes were all used to infer electrocution. Theconfiguration of every pole along power-

Ðèñ. 2. Òðàâÿíûå ñîîá-ùåñòâà ñ ìåñêèòîâûìèäåðåâüÿìè â ñåâåðî-âî-ñòî÷íîé Ñîíîðå

Fig. 2. Mesquite grasslandin northeastern Sonora


mexicanus). Åæåãîäíî îòìå÷àëèñü áåðêóòû(Aquila chrysaetos), êàê îñ¸äëûå, òàê è çè-ìóþùèå, êîðîëåâñêèé êàíþê (Buteo regalis)– îáû÷íûé çèìóþùèé âèä è êàíþê Ñâåíñî-íà (B. swainsoni) – âèä, ðàçìíîæàþùèéñÿíà èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Êîðîëåâñêèéêàíþê è áåðêóò – ýòî âèäû, îõðàíÿåìûå âÌåêñèêå (ñì. Cartron et al., 2005).

Â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé Ìåêñèêå íàèáîëååðàñïðîñòðàíåíû ËÝÏ íàïðÿæåíèåì 34 500âîëüò (èëè 34,5 êÂ) (Cartron et al., 2005).Âíå ãîðîäîâ è äåðåâåíü îïîðû óñòàíîâëå-íû ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî ÷åðåç êàæäûå 100 ì.Èõ íàèáîëåå îáû÷íàÿ êîíñòðóêöèÿ – áå-òîííàÿ èëè äåðåâÿííàÿ Ò-îáðàçíàÿ îïîðàñ òðåìÿ ôàçàìè (ðèñ. 3–1, 3–2, 3–3). Ñðå-äè äðóãèõ êîíñòðóêöèé îïîð âñòðå÷àþòñÿÒ-îáðàçíûå îïîðû ñ äâîéíûìè òðàâåðñà-ìè è îòïàéêîé íà èçîëÿòîðàõ, ðàñïîëîæåí-íûõ íà âåðøèíå òðàâåðñà (ðèñ. 3–4).

Ìåòîäû

Â õîäå ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ áûëî ïðîâåäå-íî îáñëåäîâàíèå áîëüøèíñòâà ËÝÏ äëÿïîèñêà îñòàíêîâ ïòèö, ëåæàùèõ ïîä îïî-ðàìè. Êîîðäèíàòû ìåñò, ãäå íàõîäèëèñüîñòàíêè, ôèêñèðîâàëèñü ñ ïîìîùüþ ïåð-ñîíàëüíîãî ñïóòíèêîâîãî íàâèãàòîðà (GPS),îòìå÷àëàñü êîíñòðóêöèÿ îïîðû ËÝÏ èïðåäïðèíèìàëèñü ïîïûòêè óñòàíîâèòü ïðè-÷èíó ñìåðòè ïòèö. Îïàë¸ííûå ïåðüÿ, îæî-ãè (â îñíîâíîì, íà ïîäêðûëüÿõ) è äðóãèåñëåäû îæîãîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ëàïàõ,ÿâëÿëèñü ñâèäåòåëüñòâîì ñìåðòè ïòèö îòýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà. Ïîäðîáíåå ìåòîäè-êà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðèâîäèòñÿ â ïóáëèêàöèèCartron et al. (2005, 2006).

Ó÷¸ò è îöåíêà ñìåðòíîñòè

Íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå ×èõóàõóà ñ ÿíâàðÿ1999 ã. ïî ìàðò 2005 ã. ïîä îïîðàìè ËÝÏâñåãî áûëî íàéäåíî 454 ì¸ðòâûå ïòèöû(Cartron et al., 2000, 2005, 2006, íåîïóá-ëèêîâàííûå äàííûå; A. Lafon, ëè÷íîå ñî-îáùåíèå). Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ(êðîìå íåñêîëüêèõ) ñâåæèå òðóïû ïòèöèìåëè ÿâíûå âíåøíèå ïðèçíàêè ãèáåëè îòýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà (ðèñ. 4, 5). Ñëó÷àè ãè-áåëè áûëè çàôèêñèðîâàíû êàê íà áåòîí-íûõ (â ò.÷. èìåþùèõ ÏÇÓ), òàê è íà äåðå-âÿííûõ îïîðàõ ñî ñòàëüíûìè òðàâåðñàìè.

Âñåãî áûëî îòìå÷åíî 16 âèäîâ ïîãèáøèõïòèö, èç íèõ 14 âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ.Áîëüøèíñòâî (57%) ì¸ðòâûõ ïòèö áûëèâîðîíàìè, è, õîòÿ îáû÷íûé âîðîí (Corvuscorax) òàêæå ïðèñóòñòâóåò â ñåâåðî-çàïàä-íîé ×èõóàõóà (Manzano-Fischer et al. â ïå-÷àòè), âñå ìåðòâûå âîðîíû áûëè îïðåäå-

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàíòû ïòèöåîïàñíûõ îïîð ËÝÏ:1. Êðàñíîõâîñòûé êàíþê (Buteo jamaicensis) íà Ò-îá-ðàçíîé áåòîííîé îïîðå ñ òðåìÿ èçîëÿòîðàìè. 2. Ò-îáðàçíàÿ áåòîííàÿ îïîðà ñ òðåìÿ òîêîíåñóùèìè èçî-ëÿòîðàìè íà ñòàëüíîì òðàâåðñå è ñî ñòàòè÷åñêèìïðîâîäîì ñ ãðîìîîòâîäîì íà âåðøèíå îïîðû. 3. Äå-ðåâÿííàÿ îïîðà ñî ñòàëüíûì òðàâåðñîì. 4. Áåòîííàÿîïîðà ñ äâîéíûìè òðàâåðñàìè, íåñóùèìè èçîëÿòîðûñ îòïàéêîé íà âåðøèíå. Ôîòî Æàí-Ëþê E. Êàðòðîí

Fig. 3. Different types of electric poles dangered forbirds: 1.Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) on electricpoles. 2. Tangent concrete pole, with an overhead staticwire attached on the pole top for lightning protection,and all 3 wires supported on the steel crossarm. 3.Wooden pole with a grounded steel crossarm. 4. Doubledead-end concrete pole with exposed jumpers allrouted above the steel double crossarms.Photos byJean-Luc E. Cartron

lines was also recorded. Our survey meth-odology is detailed in Cartron et al. (2005,2006).

Observed and estimated mortality

From January 1999 through March 2005,454 dead birds were found under powerpoles in northwestern Chihuahua (Cartron etal., 2000, 2005, 2006, unpubl. data; A. La-fon, pers. comm.). In all but a few cases,fresh, complete carcasses presented exter-nal signs of electrocution (figs. 4, 5). Mor-tality was observed at both concrete andwooden poles with steel crossarms. Mor-tality was noted also at retrofitted concretepoles.

The dead birds belonged to a total of 16(14 raptor) species. Most (57%) dead birdswere ravens, and although the CommonRaven (Corvus corax) is present in northwest-ern Chihuahua (Manzano-Fischer et al. in


ëåíû êàê ÷èõóàõóàíñêèå âîðîíû (Corvuscryptoleucus). Çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì 3 áîëüøèõãîëóáûõ öàïåëü (Ardea herodias), âñå îñ-òàëüíûå îáíàðóæåííûå ì¸ðòâûå ïòèöûáûëè õèùíèêàìè, è ñðåäè íèõ äîìèíèðî-âàë êðàñíîõâîñòûé êàíþê (ðèñ. 6). Òàêæå÷àñòî âñòðå÷àëèñü áåðêóòû è êîðîëåâñêèåêàíþêè. Â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíåãî ãîäà èññëå-äîâàíèé âïåðâûå áûëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíûêàíþê Õàððèñà (Parabuteo unicinctus) èñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) (ðèñ. 6) (Cartronet al., íåîïóáëèêîâàííûå äàííûå).

Èç âñåõ 454 îáíàðóæåííûõ òðóïîâ, 423(93 %) áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëî-ùàäêå íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå ×èõóàõóà. Â ïåðè-îä ñ äåêàáðÿ 2000 ã. ïî íîÿáðü 2001 ã. íàäàííîé òåððèòîðèè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäè-ëèñü åæåìåñÿ÷íî, è áûëî íàéäåíî 178 (39%)òðóïîâ (Cartron et al., 2005). Äðóãèå 95(21%) áûëè íàéäåíû ñ ìàÿ 2005 ã. ïî ìàðò2006 ã., êîãäà íàáëþäåíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü òàê-æå åæåìåñÿ÷íî èëè ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà(Cartron et al., íåîïóáëèêîâàííûå äàííûå;A. Lafon, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Â 2003–2004ãã. èññëåäîâàíèÿ íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêå ïðàê-òè÷åñêè íå ïðîâîäèëèñü, è â òå÷åíèå ýòèõ2-õ ëåò áûëî íàéäåíî òîëüêî 30 ïîãèáøèõïòèö, 25 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæèë A. Ëÿôîí(A. Lafon, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Òàêèì îá-ðàçîì, 423 ìåðòâûå ïòèöû, íàéäåííûå íàó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêå, âåðîÿòíî, ïðåäñòàâëÿ-ëè òîëüêî ÷àñòü ðåàëüíîé ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö.

Ïî íàøèì îöåíêàì ñìåðòíîñòü ïòèö âïåðèîä ñ 1999 ïî 2005 ãã. ñîñòàâèëà êàêìèíèìóì 997 ïòèö (èç êîòîðûõ 40–50 %ñîñòàâëÿþò ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè). Ýòà îöåí-êà îñíîâàíà íà åæåãîäíîé ñìåðòíîñòè çà1999–2002 ãã. è ñðàâíèìà ñ íàøèìè íàáëþ-äåíèÿìè â ïåðèîä ñ äåêàáðÿ 2000 ïî íî-ÿáðü 2001 ã. Â 2003 ã. ïòèöåîïàñíàÿ ËÝÏ ñâûñîêîé ñìåðòíîñòüþ ïòèö áûëà ÷àñòè÷íîîñíàùåíà ÏÇÓ, è ÷èñëî ïîãèáøèõ îò ïîðà-æåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì ïòèö íà íåé óìåíüøè-ëîñü. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêåãèáåëü ïòèö îò ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà ñ 2003ïî 2005 ã., âîçìîæíî, áîëåå ñîïîñòàâèìàñî ñìåðòíîñòüþ, íàáëþäàåìîé â 2005–2006 ãã. Ïîñêîëüêó îöåíêà â 997 ïîãèá-øèõ íà ËÝÏ ïòèö çà 7-ìè ëåòíèé ïåðèîä íåó÷èòûâàåò òðóïû, êîòîðûå èñ÷åçëè äî èõ îá-íàðóæåíèÿ (áûëè óòèëèçèðîâàíû ïàäàëüùè-êàìè), âåðîÿòíî, ôàêòè÷åñêàÿ ñìåðòíîñòüâ 1999 – 2005 ãã. áûëà íàìíîãî âûøå.

Íàáëþäàåìàÿ ñìåðòíîñòü â òå÷åíèå 2000–2001 ãã. èññëåäîâàíèé íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêåñîñòàâèëà â ñðåäíåì 15,36 îñîáåé/10 êìËÝÏ. Õîòÿ ìíîãèå èç ïòèö ãèáëè íà ËÝÏ,ïðîõîäÿùèõ ÷åðåç êîëîíèè ëóãîâîé ñîáà÷-êè, ñàìàÿ âûñîêàÿ ñìåðòíîñòü îòìå÷àëàñü íà

press), all dead ravens identified to specieswere Chihuahuan Ravens (Corvus cryptoleu-cus). Except for 3 Great-blue Herons (Ardeaherodias), all other dead birds were raptors,and among them the Red-tailed Hawk wasthe species most frequently identified (fig. 6).Other dead raptors often detected includedthe Golden Eagle and the Ferruginous Hawk.Two species were recorded for the first timeduring the last survey year, the Harris’s Hawk(Parabuteo unicinctus) and the Peregrine Fal-con (Falco peregrinus) (fig. 6) (Cartron et al.,unpubl. data).

Of the total 454 detected carcasses, 423(93%) were discovered in the primary studyarea in northwestern Chihuahua. In particu-lar, 178 (39%) were discovered in the pri-mary study area from December 2000through November 2001, at a time whensurveys were conducted monthly (Cartronet al., 2005). Another 95 (21%) dead birdswere discovered between May 2005 andMarch 2006, when surveys were againmonthly or bimonthly (Cartron et al., unpubl.data; A. Lafon, pers. comm.). In contrast,survey coverage in the primary study areawas reduced in 2003 and 2004, and during

Ðèñ. 4. Ïîãèáøèé íà ËÝÏ êðàñíîõâîñòûé êà-íþê (Buteo jamaicensis) ñ îáãîðåâøèìè ìà-õîâûìè, âûâåøåííûé íà çàáîðå âëàäåëüöåìðàí÷î. Ôîòî Æàí-Ëþê E. Êàðòðîí

Fig. 4. Dead Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicen-

sis) draped over a fence presumably by a localrancher, about 10 m from the base of a concretepole (not shown on photo). Note the extensiveamount of singing on the wings. Photo by Jean-Luc E. Cartron


ËÝÏ, ïåðåñåêàþùèõ òåððèòîðèè ñ íèçêî-ðîñëûìè çàðîñëÿìè ýôåäðû, ãäå ëóãîâîéñîáà÷êè íåò (1 ì¸ðòâàÿ ïòèöà íà êàæäûå 2îïîðû ËÝÏ â òå÷åíèå ãîäà) (Cartron et al.,2005). Áîëüøèíñòâî îïîð, ïîä êîòîðûìèáûëè îáíàðóæåíû ì¸ðòâûå ïòèöû, áûëèÒ-îáðàçíûìè. Îäíàêî íàáëþäàåìàÿ ñìåðò-íîñòü ïòèö íà Ò-îáðàçíûõ îïîðàõ ñ äâîéíû-ìè òðàâåðñàìè è èçîëÿòîðàìè ñ îòïàéêîé íàâåðøèíàõ (ðèñ. 3–4) áûëà ïðèáëèçèòåëüíîâ 4 ðàçà âûøå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðîñòûìèÒ-îáðàçíûìè (Cartron et al., 2005).

Çà ïðåäåëàìè ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêè èññëå-äîâàíèÿ âåëèñü îãðàíè÷åíî: áîëüøèíñòâîËÝÏ ïîñåùàëîñü îäíîêðàòíî. Èç 30 íàé-äåííûõ ì¸ðòâûõ ïòèö 13 (43 %) áûëè êðàñ-íîõâîñòûå êàíþêè, 9 – âîðîíû, 2 – âèð-ãèíñêèå ôèëèíû (Bubo virginianus), 1 –ìåêñèêàíñêèé ñîêîë (Falco mexicanus), 1– áîëüøàÿ ãîëóáàÿ öàïëÿ è 4 íåîïîçíàí-íûõ õèùíèêà. Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ïîâåðõíîñ-òíûõ îñìîòðîâ 731 áåòîííîé îïîðû ñîñòàëüíûìè òðàâåðñàìè, ïðîâîäèìûõ åæå-ìåñÿ÷íî â õîäå àâòîìîáèëüíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ,ó÷ò¸ííàÿ ñìåðòíîñòü ïòèö â òå÷åíèå ãîäàñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 1,57 îñîáåé/10 êì ËÝÏâäîëü äâóõ øîññå (J.-L. Cartron, íåîïóáëè-êîâàííûå äàííûå).

Â øòàòå Þæíàÿ Íèæíÿÿ Êàëèôîðíèÿ ìûïðîâåëè îäíîðàçîâûå îñìîòðû ËÝÏ ñ áå-òîííûìè îïîðàìè è ñòàëüíûìè òðàâåðñà-ìè (n = 608) è îáíàðóæèëè òîëüêî 1 âîðî-íà (Cartron et al., 2006), íî ïîçæå áûëíàéäåí ïîãèáøèé êðàñíîõâîñòûé êàíþê.

Â øòàòå Ñîíîðà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäè-ëèñü íà äâóõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. Íà ñåâåðî-âîñ-òîêå Ñîíîðû â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè áûëî íàé-äåíî 10 ì¸ðòâûõ ïòèö â õîäå îäíîðàçîâûõïîñåùåíèé òð¸õ ËÝÏ â îêòÿáðå 2002 ã.(Cartron et al., 2006). Ñåìü èç ýòèõ 10 ïòèöáûëè âîðîíàìè, êîòîðûå îáíàðóæåíû íàó÷àñòêå ËÝÏ ñ 94 áåòîííûìè îïîðàìè. Âçàïàäíîé è öåíòðàëüíîé Ñîíîðå íàéäåíû

those 2 years only 30 dead birds were found,25 of them by another investigator (A. La-fon, pers. comm.). Thus, the 423 dead birdsfound in the primary study area likely rep-resented only a fraction of actual mortality.If surveys had always been conductedmonthly, we estimate observed local mor-tality between 1999 and 2005 would havebeen a minimum of 997 birds (with approx-imately 40–50% of this estimate represent-ing raptor mortality). That estimate is basedon annual mortality during 1999–2002 be-ing comparable to that observed during oursurveys between December 2000 and No-vember 2001. In 2003 a power line withpreviously high mortality was partially ret-rofitted, and the numbers of electrocutedbirds found along that power-line de-creased. Thus, the incidence of bird elec-trocutions in the primary study area from2003 through 2005 might have been morecomparable to mortality observed during2005–2006 surveys. Because the estimateof 997 electrocuted birds within the 7-yearperiod does not take into consideration car-casses that disappeared before detection(scavenger and searcher biases), it is likelyactual mortality from 1999 through 2005was (much) higher.

Observed mortality during the 2000–2001 survey period averaged 15.36 deadbirds / 10 km of power-lines in the primarystudy area. Although many of the dead birdswere along power-lines in prairie dogtowns, the highest incidence of bird mor-tality was along a power-line crossing a lowEphedra shrubland without prairie dogs (1dead bird for every 2 poles over the courseof 1 year) (Cartron et al., 2005). Most of thepoles with detected dead birds were tan-gent poles. However, the observed inci-dence of bird mortality per pole was approx-imately 4 times higher for double dead-endpoles with double cross-arms (fig. 3/4) com-pared to the tangent configuration (Cartronet al., 2005).

Outside the primary area, survey cover-age was very limited, and most power-lineswere surveyed only once. Of 30 dead birdsfound, 13 (43%) were Red-tailed Hawks,with also 9 ravens, 2 Great-horned Owls(Bubo virginianus), 1 Prairie Falcon (Falcomexicanus), 1 Great Blue Heron, and 4 uni-dentified other raptors. Based on cursoryinspections of 731 concrete poles with steelcrossarms conducted monthly from a mov-ing car (while driving to and from our pri-mary study area), observed mortality overthe course of 1 year amounted to an ap-

Ðèñ. 5. Ïîãèáøèé êà-íþê Õàððèñà (Parabuteo

unicincus) ñ îáøèðíûìîæîãîì â îáëàñòè õâîñ-òà. Ôîòî Æàí-Ëþê E.Êàðòðîí

Fig. 5. Dead Harris’sHawk (Parabuteo unicin-

cus). Note the extensiveamount of singing on thetail feathers. Photo byJean-Luc E. Cartron


5 ì¸ðòâûõ ïòèö ïîä 5-þ èç 23-õ Ò-îáðàç-íûõ îïîð ñ äâîéíûìè òðàâåðñàìè. Äðóãèåîïîðû ñ äåðåâÿííûìè òðàâåðñàìè, êîòî-ðûå áûëè îáîðóäîâàíû ÏÇÓ, íå áûëè ïðî-âåðåíû. Â àïðåëå 2006 ã. ýòà ËÝÏ áûëàñíîâà îñìîòðåíà. Íà ïðîñòûõ Ò-îáðàçíûõîïîðàõ ïðîâåäåíà çàìåíà ñòàëüíûõ òðà-âåðñ ñ èçîëÿòîðàìè íà âåðøèíàõ, íà òðà-âåðñû ñ ïîäâåñíûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè, íî îïî-ðû ñ äâîéíûìè òðàâåðñàìè îñòàëèñü áåçèçìåíåíèé. Â õîäå ïîâòîðíîãî ïîñåùåíèÿËÝÏ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû òðóïû òð¸õ ãðè-ôîâ-èíäååê (Cathartes aura): 1 – ïîä îïî-ðîé ñ äâîéíûìè òðàâåðñàìè è 2 – ïîä ïå-ðåîáîðóäîâàííûìè îïîðàìè.

Ïîëíàÿ îöåíêà âîçäåéñòâèÿ

áåòîííûõ îïîð è çàçåìë¸ííûõ

òðàâåðñ

Ñïóñòÿ ñåìü ëåò ïîñëå ïåðâûõ ñîîáùå-íèé î ãèáåëè ïòèö â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîðàæå-íèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ËÝÏ â Ìåêñèêå, ó íàñâñå åù¸ î÷åíü ìàëî èíôîðìàöèè î âëèÿ-íèè êîíêðåòíûõ ËÝÏ è òèïîâ òðàâåðñ.Íåáîëüøóþ èíôîðìàöèþ ïî ñìåðòíîñòèïòèö ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò Ôåäåðàëüíàÿ Êîìèññèÿïî ýëåêòðîñåòÿì, íî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ äëÿïðîâåäåíèÿ øèðîêîìàñøòàáíûõ íåçàâèñè-ìûõ èññëåäîâàíèé íåäîñòàòî÷íî.

Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü íàøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé áûëàîðèåíòèðîâàíà íà îïðåäåëåíèå âñåõ ôàê-òîðîâ, êîòîðûå ïðèâîäÿò ê ãèáåëè ïòèö îòýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà â Ñåâåðíîé Ìåêñè-êå. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå òîêîïðîâîäÿùåãî ìàòå-ðèàëà äëÿ îïîð è òðàâåðñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðî-áëåìîé, íî òàêæå íåäîñòàòî÷íî ðàçäåëåíèÿôàçû è òðàâåðñû èçîëÿòîðîì è ðàçäåëå-íèÿ ôàç. Íàøè äàííûå ïî ãèáåëè îò ïîðà-æåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì íà ËÝÏ ïÿòè àìåðè-êàíñêèõ ïóñòåëüã è áîëîòíîé ñîâû (Asioflammeus) ïðåäïîëàãàþò, ÷òî ìåëêèå ïòè-öû òàêæå ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ ðèñêó. Ñóùåñòâóåòâîçìîæíîñòü, ÷òî íåêîòîðûå ïòèöû ãèáíóòâ ðåçóëüòàòå îáðàçîâàíèå âîëüòîâîé äóãè,êîòîðàÿ îáðàçóåòñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè è óâå-ëè÷èâàåòñÿ ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè íàïðÿæåíèÿ.Ïðè 34,5 êÂ îáðàçîâàíèå äóãè ìîæåòïðîèçîéòè â ïðåäåëàõ 10 ñì îò ïðîâîäíè-êà (S. Frazier 2006, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå).Ýëåêòðîìàãíèòíûå âîëíû ìîãóò óâåëè÷è-âàòü ýòî ðàññòîÿíèå. Îáëàñòü èññëåäîâàíèéëåæèò íà òåððèòîðèè ñ âûñîêèì óðîâíåìàòìîñôåðíîãî ýëåêòðè÷åñòâà (40 – 50 äíåéñ ãðîçàìè åæåãîäíî), è ìîëíèè ìîãóò óäà-ðÿòü â ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå òðàâåðñû, ïðîõîäÿ÷åðåç îïîðó, èëè â äðóãèå çàçåìë¸ííûåêîíñòðóêöèè. Â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ×èõóàõóàíåðåäêî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ãðîìîîòâîäû, íî

proximate ratio of 1.57 dead birds for eve-ry 10 km of power-line along 2 highways(J-L Cartron, unpubl. data).

In Baja California Sur, we conducted one-time surveys of all power-lines with con-crete poles fitted with steel crossarms.Baja California was found to have fewer(n = 608) concrete poles than Chihuahua.We detected only 1 electrocuted CommonRaven during the surveys (Cartron et al.,2006), but a Red-tailed Hawk was laterfound under a concrete pole. In Sonora,surveys were conducted in 2 areas of thestate, both of which had numerous con-crete poles. In northeastern Sonora, a to-tal of 10 dead birds were found duringone-time surveys along 3 power-lines inOctober 2002 (Cartron et al., 2006). Sev-en of the 10 birds were ravens along astretch of power-line with only 94 con-crete poles. In west-central Sonora, 5 deadbirds were found along 5 of 23 doubledead-end poles. The other poles, whichhad been retrofitted with wooden cross-arms, were not checked at that time. InApril 2006, the line was again inspected.Steel crossarms had been reinstalled ontangent poles, but the conductors werenow routed under the crossarms. No cor-rection had been made at the double dead-end poles. Three dead Turkey Vultures (Ca-thartes aura) were found during the survey,1 at a double deadend pole, but also 2 atthe newly retrofitted tangent poles.

Overall assessment of the impact

of concrete poles and grounded

crossarms

Seven years after the first reports of elec-trocuted birds in Mexico, there is still verylittle information available on the impactof concrete power poles and groundedcrossarms on birds in Mexico. Little mor-tality information has been made accessi-ble by CFE, and funding is lacking for in-dependent research to be conducted ona large scale.

Much of our research has been gearedtoward identifying all the factors that maycontribute to a high incidence of bird elec-trocutions in northern Mexico. Use of con-ductive material for poles and crossarmsis problematic, but insufficient pole-to-phase and phase-to-phase separation aswell as exposed hardware further com-pound the problem. Our findings of 5American Kestrels and 1 Short-eared Owl(Asio flammeus) among electrocuted rap-


Ðèñ. 6. Äèàãðàììà ñìåðòíîñòè ðàçíûõ âèäîâ ïåð-íàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ×èõóàõóà ñ ÿíâàðÿ 1999 ã. ïîìàðò 2006 ã. Õèùíèêè, íå îïðåäåëåííûå äî âèäà,èñêëþ÷åíû

Fig. 6. Breakdown of raptor mortality by species in Chi-huahua, January 1999 through March 2006. Raptors notidentified to species are excluded

ïðè èõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèè âäîëü ËÝÏ, âèäè-ìî, ðóêîâîäñòâîâàëèñü çàäà÷åé íå ïðåäîò-âðàùåíèÿ, à ëèøü ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ïðîáîåâ(ò.å. ïðîáîè äîïóñòèìû, íî òîëüêî òàì, ãäåóñòàíîâëåíî ìåíåå öåííîå îáîðóäîâàíèå).

Ïëîùàäü Ìåêñèêè – 1 970 000 êì2, ÷òî â3 283 ðàç áîëüøå íàøåé ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàä-êè. Ïðîñòàÿ ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ìèíèìàëüíîéîöåíêè ñìåðòíîñòè íà ïëîùàäêå äëÿ âñåéòåððèòîðèè ñòðàíû íåêîððåêòíà: áîëüøàÿ÷àñòü Ìåêñèêè îñòàåòñÿ ìàëîîñâîåííîé, èËÝÏ ïðîòÿíóëèñü ëèøü âäîëü ãëàâíûõ àâ-òîòðàññ. Íà þãå ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü ïåðåõîäèòâ òðîïè÷åñêóþ, è ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ âûñîêèå äå-ðåâüÿ, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ñëóæèòü åñòåñòâåí-íûìè ïðèñàäàìè, ÷òî, âåðîÿòíî, óìåíüøà-åò èñïîëüçîâàíèå õèùíèêàìè è âîðîíàìèîïîð ËÝÏ. Êðîìå òîãî, èçîáèëèå êîëîíèéëóãîâîé ñîáà÷êè áëèç Õàíîñà îáóñëàâëè-âàåò âûñîêóþ êîíöåíòðàöèþ õèùíûõ ïòèöè âîðîíîâ è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, èõ âûñîêóþñìåðòíîñòü íà ËÝÏ (Manzano-Fischer et al.,â ïå÷àòè). Â óäàëåíèè îò êîëîíèé ëóãîâîéñîáà÷êè íàáëþäàåìàÿ ñìåðòíîñòü âäîëüäâóõ ìåêñèêàíñêèõ øîññå áûëà â 10 ðàçìåíüøå, ÷åì íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêå. Òåì íåìåíåå, äàæå ýòîò óðîâåíü ñìåðòíîñòè îò-íþäü íå ìîæåò ñ÷èòàòüñÿ íåçíà÷èòåëüíûì,åñëè ïðåäñòàâèòü åãî â ìàñøòàáàõ ñòðàíû.Âäîáàâîê, èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñîíîðå óêàçûâà-þò íåïðåìåííîå ñóùåñòâîâàíèå è äðóãèõðàéîíîâ ñ ïîâûøåííîé ñìåðòíîñòüþ, ïî-ìèìî êîëîíèé ëóãîâîé ñîáà÷êè â ðàéîíåÕàíîñ – Êàñàñ Ãðàíäåñ, îáóñëîâåííîé ïî-âûøåííîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ.

Ïòèöåçàùèòíûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ è èõ

íåäîñòàòêè

Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå ñ 2000 ã. CFE ñòàëà âå-ñòè øèðîêîìàñøòàáíîå îáîðóäîâàíèå ËÝÏ

tors suggest that even smaller birds areat risk. The possibility exists that somebirds are electrocuted through arcing,which occurs over distances that increasewith increasing voltage. At 34.5 kV, arc-ing may occur within 10 cm of a conduc-tor (S. Frazier 2006, pers. comm.). Surgescan increase that distance. The primarystudy area is in a region with a high isok-eraunic level (i.e., 40 to 50 thunderstormdays per year), and lightning strikes cre-ate voltage surges that may lead toflashovers as the surges seek a pathwayto the ground. Lightning flashovers canoccur on grounded crossarms, downpoles, or through any grounded equip-ment. Surge arresters are commonly usedin northwestern Chihuahua but their spac-ing along power lines likely manages rath-er than eliminates all flashovers (i.e., al-lows flashovers only where equipment isless expensive). This assumption is sup-ported by the high number of shatteredpin insulators seen on the ground through-out the primary study area.

Mexico has a territory of 1,970,000 km2,or 3,283 times the size of the primarystudy area. Simply extrapolating from ourminimum mortality estimate for the studyarea to the entire country is not realistic.Much of Mexico is still undeveloped, withpower-lines only along or near main high-ways. Southward, the vegetation becomestropical, and trees can serve as tall, natu-ral perches, likely reducing use of power-poles by raptors and ravens. Further, theJanos prairie dog complex likely experi-ences a particularly high incidence of birdelectrocutions due to high local abun-dance of ravens and raptors (Manzano-Fischer et al., in press). Away from theprairie dog complex, observed mortalityalong 2 Mexican highways was 10 timesless than in the primary study area. None-theless, that level of mortality is far fromnegligible if representative of mortality ona large scale. Additionally, the surveys inSonora suggest strongly the existence ofadditional hotspots (i.e., areas with very highmortality) besides the Janos-Casas Grandesprairie dog complex, and more can be ex-


ÏÇÓ. Ïòèöåçàùèòíûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ â ×èõó-àõóà è Ñîíîðå ñîñòîÿëè ãëàâíûì îáðàçîìèç çàìåíû òðàâåðñ íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ.Ðåæå íà òðàâåðñû óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü ïëàñ-òìàññîâûå øèïû, îòïóãèâàþùèå ïòèö(ðèñ. 7–1). CFE òàêæå èñïîëüçîâàëè ïîëè-âèíèëõëîðèä (ÏÂÕ) äëÿ èçîëÿöèè òðàâåðñ(ðèñ. 7–2) èëè ïðîâîäîâ, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîäíàïðÿæåíèåì. Íà ïîñëåäíåì ýòàïå íàøèõèññëåäîâàíèé (êîòîðûå âñ¸ åù¸ ïðîäîëæà-þòñÿ) ìû ïðîâîäèëè ìîíèòîðèíã ËÝÏ ñÏÇÓ, äëÿ îöåíêè ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ïòèöåçà-ùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé è ïðî÷íîñòè ìàòåðè-àëîâ. Àïðèîðè îöåíèâàëèñü óñèëèÿ CFE ïîçàùèòå ïòèö íà ËÝÏ, èñõîäÿ èç ñëåäóþùèõôàêòîðîâ: 1) ÏÂÕ, êàê èçâåñòíî, ðàçðóøà-åòñÿ ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì óëüòðàôèîëåòîâîãîèçëó÷åíèÿ è, òàêèì îáðàçîì, íåäîëãîâå÷åí;2) ïîêðûòèå ÏÂÕ âîêðóã ïðîâîäîâ îáåñ-ïå÷èâàþò òîëüêî ÷àñòè÷íóþ èçîëÿöèþ; 3)ÏÇÓ â âèäå äåðåâÿííûõ òðàâåðñ è ÏÂÕ-èçî-ëÿöèè ÷àñòî íèêàê íå ðåøàþò ïðîáëåìó íå-äîñòàòî÷íîãî ðàçäåëåíèÿ îïîðû è ôàçû, àòàêæå ôàç ìåæäó ñîáîé.

Íà÷àëüíûé ìîíèòîðèíã ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ýô-ôåêòèâíîñòü ÏÇÓ íåîäíîçíà÷íà. Ì¸ðòâûåïòèöû áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íà îïîðàõ ñ îò-ïóãèâàþùèìè øèïàìè è äåðåâÿííûìè òðà-âåðñàìè (Cartron et al. íåîïóáëèêîâàííûåäàííûå). Â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ îïîðû ñ äå-ðåâÿííûìè òðàâåðñàìè èìåëè îòïàéêó èëèíåäîñòàòî÷íîå ðàçäåëåíèå ôàç. ÏÂÕ-èçî-ëÿöèÿ è ïëàñòìàññîâûå øèïû ðàçðóøèëèñüè îòâàëèëèñü ñ íåñêîëüêèõ îïîð â òå÷åíèåíåñêîëüêèõ ìåñÿöåâ ïîñëå èõ óñòàíîâêè.

Ïåðñïåêòèâû è ðåêîìåíäàöèè

Â Ìåêñèêå, êàê âî ìíîãèõ äðóãèõ ðàçâè-âàþùèõñÿ ñòðàíàõ, ðàçâèòèå èíôðàñòðóê-òóðû ïðîèçâîäñòâà, ïåðåäà÷è è ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñòâà ïî âñåé ñòðàíåÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèîðèòåòîì ïðàâèòåëüñòâà. Ïðî-áëåìû âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ìåæäó ïòèöàìè èèíôðàñòðóêòóðîé ËÝÏ ðàñòóò, â òî âðåìÿêàê ôèíàíñèðîâàíèå îõðàíû ïðèðîäûêðàéíå îãðàíè÷åíî. Ïîêà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèåïîòåðè îñòàþòñÿ íåñóùåñòâåííûìè, â ïåð-âóþ î÷åðåäü ïðåäïðèíèìàþòñÿ íàèáîëååïðîñòûå è íàèìåíåå çàòðàòíûå ìåðû, à íåòå, êîòîðûå íàèáîëåå íåîáõîäèìû äëÿ çà-ùèòû ïòèö. Òåì âðåìåíåì CFE, äåêëàðèðóÿñâî¸ áåñïîêîéñòâî ñîñòîÿíèåì îêðóæàþ-ùåé ñðåäû, âñ¸ æå ïðîäîëæàåò ñòðîèòüíîâûå ïòèöåîïàñíûå ËÝÏ ïî âñåé ñòðàíå.Òîëüêî êîãäà âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ìåæäó ïòèöà-ìè è ËÝÏ ïðèâîäèò ê ýêîíîìè÷åñêèì ïî-òåðÿì (íàïðèìåð, ïîâðåæäåíèå îïòè÷åñêèõâîëîêîí èç-çà ôåêàëüíîãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ) ñëå-

pected where raptors and ravens occur inhigh density (e.g., other areas of northernMexico with prairie dog complexes).

Status of retrofitting efforts and

associated limitations

Since at least 2000, CFE has been retrofit-ting power-lines on a large scale. Retrofit-ting efforts in Chihuahua and Sonora haveconsisted mainly of replacing the steel cros-sarms on concrete poles with wooden cros-sarms. Less often plastic bird spikes havebeen attached on crossarms (fig. 7/1). CFEhas also used polyvinyl chloride (PVC)around steel crossarms (fig. 7/2) or aroundenergized wires. In the latest phase of ourresearch (still in progress), we have beenmonitoring retrofitted lines to evaluate theeffectiveness of retrofitting techniques andmaterial durability. A-priori concern aboutCFE’s retrofitting effort stems from the fol-lowing factors: 1) PVC is known to breakdown under the effect of UV radiations andthus does not last; 2) PVC cover around en-ergized wires provides only partial insula-tion; 3) retrofitting with wooden arms andPVC often ignores the remaining issue of in-sufficient pole-to-phase and phase-to-phaseseparation.

Initial monitoring indicates the effective-ness of retrofitting efforts has been mixed.Dead birds have been detected at poles ret-rofitted with bird spikes and wooden cross-arms (Cartron et al. unpubl. data). In somecases poles retrofitted with wooden crossa-rms still have exposed jumpers or insuffi-cient phase separation. PVC materials andplastic bird spikes also have degraded andfallen off some poles, in a matter of monthsin the case of PVC.

Outlook and recommendations

In Mexico, like in many other developingcountries, increasing the infrastructure forthe production, transmission, and distri-bution of electricity across the country isa priority of the government. Problemsfrom the interaction between birds and theelectric infrastructure are growing, whilefunding for wildlife conservation is verylimited. As long as economic losses re-main inconsequential, corrective measurestend to address only those problems eas-iest (most inexpensive) to solve ratherthan those most harmful to birds. Mean-while, CFE publicizes its concern for theenvironment, yet continues to build new


äóåò ÿñíûé è áûñòðûé îòâåò ñî ñòîðîíû ìåê-ñèêàíñêîãî ïðàâèòåëüñòâà, íàïðàâëåííûé íàèçó÷åíèå ïðîáëåìû è ïîèñê å¸ ðåøåíèÿ.

Â Ìåêñèêå îòñóòñòâóåò òðàäèöèÿ íàáëþ-äåíèÿ ïòèö. Â äðóãèõ ñòðàíàõ íàáëþäåíèåïòèö è ñàìè íàáëþäàòåëè èãðàþò âàæíóþðîëü, îêàçûâàÿ áîëüøîå äàâëåíèå íà ïðà-âèòåëüñòâî è îáñëóæèâàþùèå êîìïàíèè,÷òîáû óìåíüøèòü ñìåðòíîñòü ïòèö. Â Ìåê-ñèêå óæå óñòàíîâëåíû ìåðû, íåîáõîäèìûåäëÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ óðîâíÿ ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö íàËÝÏ (Instituto Nacional de Ecologia et al.2002). Òåõíè÷åñêè ïðîáëåìû ñ ËÝÏ â Ìåê-ñèêå ìîãóò áûòü ðåøåíû, îäíàêî ðåàëüíî-

lines with the same bird-threatening de-sign across the country. Only when the in-teraction between birds and power linesresults in economic losses (e.g., damagingof optic fibers due to faecal contamination)has there been a clear and rapid responseon the part of the Mexican government tostudy the issue and seek solutions.

The lack of a bird-watching tradition inMexico is regrettable. In other countries birdwatching plays an important role, resultingin greater pressure on governments and util-ity companies to reduce bird mortality. InMexico, measures needed to curb bird mor-tality along power lines have been identi-fied (Instituto Nacional de Ecologia et al.2002). Technically, the problems with Mex-ico’s power lines can all be remedied, butuntil CFE and wildlife authorities become tru-ly committed to solving the issue, no realadvance will be made. Ultimately, the solu-tion to the conflicts between birds and pow-er lines in Mexico depends on political will.

Some of our recommendations are as fol-lows:

Locate (and map) «hotspots» or areas withan incidence of bird electrocutions compa-rable to that found in the Janos prairie dogcomplex area.

Locate (and map) areas where species ofspecial concern (birds listed as endangeredor threatened in Mexico or the U.S.) incurmortality by electrocutions on power poles.

Locate (and map) all areas with the po-tential to be hotspots based on migrationroutes, survey data, distribution of power-lines, vegetation maps, and isokerauniccharts.

Establish agreements with CFE to retrofitpower lines in all identified hotspots.

Where no easy correcting measure exists,use materials and devices known to be ef-fective and durable for precluding use ofpoles by raptors and other birds.

Acknowledgments

We thank Alberto Lafon for sharing withus some of his data; E. Marce and K. Peltzerfor field assistance; and R. List and J. Pa-checo for logistic support. Much of our re-search to date has been funded by the Avi-an Power Line Interaction Committee(APLIC). We are grateful to I. Karyakin forgiving us an opportunity to spread informa-tion regarding Mexico’s experience withpower-lines and bird electrocutions andA. Shestakova for translation of paper fromenglish to russian.

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàçëè÷íûå âàðè-àíòû ÏÇÓ: 1. Ïëàñòìàññî-âûå øèïû, êðåïÿùèåñÿ íàñòàëüíîé òðàâåðñ ïòèöå-îïàñíîé ËÝÏ, äëÿ îòïóãè-âàíèÿ ïòèö. 2. Êîæóõè èçÏÂÕ, óñòàíîâëåííûå íàñòàëüíûå òðàâåðñû îïîðËÝÏ, íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêåÑîíîðà. Ôîòî Æàí-ËþêE. Êàðòðîí

Fig. 7. Different types ofretrofitting constructions:1. Tangent concrete polefitted with a steel crossa-rm. Retrofitting consistedof installing plastic birdspikes on the crossarm.2. Tangent concrete poleretrofitted with polyvinylchloride (PVC) in north-eastern Sonora. Photos byJean-Luc E. Cartron

ãî ïðîãðåññà íå áóäåò äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà CFEè ïðèðîäîîõðàííûå âåäîìñòâà íå ïðèäóòê êîíñåíñóñó ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó.

Ìû ìîæåì ðåêîìåíäîâàòü ñëåäóþùèå:Âûÿâëåíèå è êàðòèðîâàíèå «ãîðÿ÷èõ òî-

÷åê» ñ ïîâûøåííûì óðîâíåì ñìåðòíîñòèïòèö íà ËÝÏ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì,ñðàâíèìûõ ñ êîëîíèÿìè ëóãîâîé ñîáà÷êèáëèç ã. Õàíîñ.

Âûÿâëåíèå è êàðòèðîâàíèå òåððèòîðèé,ãäå óãðîçå ãèáåëè îò ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêàíà ËÝÏ ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ ïòèöû òåõ âèäîâ, êî-òîðûå òðåáóþò îñîáîãî âíèìàíèÿ (âêëþ-÷¸ííûå â ñïèñêè óãðîæàåìûõ â Ìåêñèêåèëè ÑØÀ).

Âûÿâëåíèå è êàðòèðîâàíèå ïîòåíöèàëü-íûõ «ãîðÿ÷èõ òî÷åê», îñíîâûâàÿñü íà àíà-ëèçå ïóòåé ìèãðàöèè, äàííûõ ó÷¸òîâ, ðàñ-ïðåäåëåíèÿ ËÝÏ, êàðò ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè èäèàãðàìì àòìîñôåðíîãî ýëåêòðè÷åñòâà.


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Ââåäåíèå

Â 2004–2005 ãã. â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî âîñ-ñòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîõíîíî-ãîãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) è áà-ëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâàíà ïîñòîÿííîé ìîíèòîðèíãîâîé ïëîùàäêåâ Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ãäå íàáëþäåíèå çàðàçìíîæåíèåì õèùíûõ ïòèö âåä¸òñÿ ñ1999 ã., íàìè áûëè âîññòàíîâëåíû 8 ãí¸çäè óñòàíîâëåíû 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì (Êà-ðÿêèí, 2005à, 2005á). Ïðîâåðêà â 2006 ã.ïîêàçàëà, ÷òî îäíî âîññòàíîâëåííîå ãíåç-äî óïàëî âìåñòå ñ ñóõèì äåðåâîì, à âî âñåõîñòàëüíûõ âîññòàíîâëåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ è íàãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðìàõ ðàçìíîæàëèñüõèùíûå ïòèöû: ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê – 11

Under the project for restoration of nestingplaces of the Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemi-lasius) and Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) inthe Tuva depression (Republic of Tuva) werestored 8 nests and installed 6 artificial nestsin 2004–2005. Checking in 2006 we founda restored nest had fallen down with a treeanother artificial nests had been occupiedby raptors: Upland Buzzard – 11 and BlackKite (Milvus migrans) – 2. Also we recordeda breeding pair of the Saker Falcon on theterritory.

Results�of�the�project�for�restoration�of�nesting�places�of�the�birds

of�prey�in�the�Tuva�depression,�Republic�of�Tuva,�Russia

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫПРОЕКТАПОВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЮМЕСТГНЕЗДОВАНИЯХИЩНЫХПТИЦВТУВИНСКОЙКОТЛОВИНЕ,РЕСПУБЛИКАТЫВА,РОССИЯ

Karyakin�I.V.�(Center�for�Field�Studies,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Nikolenko�E.G.�(Siberian�Environmental�Center,�Novosibirsk,�Russia)

Каря�ин�И.В.�(Центр�полевых�исследований,�Н.Нов�ород,�Россия),

Ни�олен�о�Э.Г.�(МБОО�«Сибирс�ий�э�оло�ичес�ий�центр»,�Новосибирс�,�Россия)

Êîíòàêò:

Èãîðü ÊàðÿêèíÖåíòð ïîëåâûõèññëåäîâàíèé603000 ÐîññèÿÍèæíèé Íîâãîðîäóë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17òåë.: +7 (8312) 33 38 [email protected]

Ýëüâèðà ÍèêîëåíêîÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèéýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð»630090 ÐîññèÿÍîâîñèáèðñê à/ÿ 547òåë./ôàêñ:+7 (383) 339 78 [email protected]

Contact:

Igor KaryakinLeader by Center ofField StudiesKorolenko str., 17a–17Nizhniy Novgorod603000 Russiatel.: +7 (8312) 33 38 [email protected]

Elvira NikolenkoNGO SiberianEnvironmental CenterP.O. Box 547Novosibirsk630090 Russiatel./fax: +7(383) 33978 [email protected]

Òèïè÷íûé ëàíäøàôò ìîäåëüíîé ïëîùàäêè â Òóâèíñ-êîé êîòëîâèíå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

A typical landscape of the surveyed area in the Tuvadepression. Photo by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 1. Ðåãèîí ðåàëèçà-öèè ïðîåêòà è êàðòà ðàñ-ïðåäåëåíèÿ èñêóññòâåí-íûõ ãíåçäîâèé. À –ãðàíèöû ãîñóäàðñòâ, Â –ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé, Ñ –ìîíèòîðèíãîâûå ïëî-ùàäêè, D – ïëàòôîðìû,óñòàíîâëåííûå â 2006 ã.

Fig. 1. The area of theproject managing and themap of artificial nests dis-tribution. A – borders ofStates, B – borders of dis-tricts, C – surveyed are-as, D – artificial nestserected in 2006.


The checking of breeding territories everyyear, where herders had destroyed nests ofraptors, has demonstrated raptors staying intheir territories. Having lost their nests a halfof territorial pairs get down to breed, but inthe most cases the breeding is unsuccess-ful. We noted 13 pairs of the Upland Buz-zard attempting to breed on a grownd, cutof tips of electric poles in 2006 and only in 3cases (23.1%) the breeding was successful.Females during the period of hutching havebeen a prey of predators in 3 territories(23.1%), and chicks were died in others(53.8%), mainly the chicks were eaten bypredators (38.5%), rarely deaths were theresult of human disturbance (15.4%). Nestsof 4 pairs of the Upland Buzzard which lo-cated on wooden electric poles had beensawed off have being stayed on their terri-tories since 2001, and we recorded unsuc-cessful breeding during last 6 years, how-ever we noted 3 attempts of 2 pairs to layclutches in nests on the ground.

The project for installing artificial nests forUpland Buzzards and Saker Falcons was con-tinued in the Tuva Republic from 20 June to5 July 2006 with financial support of theGreen Grants Fund. Under the project weinstalled 92 artificial nests: 7 – in the Ub-sunur depression and 85 – in the Tuva de-pression (fig. 1). We installed 13 artificialnests on different human constructions and72 – on trees in the Tuva depression. Wemoved 5 nests of the Upland Buzzard fromthe ground to the artificial platforms erect-ed in the nesting sites.

Before beginning the project we analyzedthe territory of the Tuva depression usingGIS techniques (ArcView 3.2à). We havechosen the territory with the total area494.83 km2. We mapped 36 breeding terri-tories of the Upland Buzzard, 9 – of the BlackKite, 2 – Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), 1– Saker Falcon and 1 – Eagle Owl (Bubobubo) on the monitored territory.

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì:1A–1B – íà âåðøèíå ñëîìà ñòâîëà òîïîëÿ;2 – â ðàçâèëêå òîïîëÿ;3 – íà ñòîëáå íà ïîäïîðàõ;4A–4B – íà âåðõóøêå ñïèëåííîé äåðåâÿííîé òðåíî-ãîé îïîðû ËÝÏ;5A–5B – íà òðèãîïóíêòå.Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Different locations of artificial nests:1A–1B – on the top of a broken down poplar;2 – in the fork of a poplar;3 – on a wooden pole with supports;4A–4B – on the top of a wooden triangle electric pole;5A–5B – on a geodetic triangle.Photos by I. Karyakin

ïàð è êîðøóí (Milvus migrans) – 2 ïàðû.Íà ïëîùàäêå òàêæå ïîÿâèëàñü ãíåçäÿùàÿ-ñÿ ïàðà áàëîáàíîâ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òîïîÿâëåíèå áàëîáàíà ïðîèçîøëî ïîñëåòîãî, êàê îí ïîëíîñòüþ èñ÷åç íà äàííîéòåððèòîðèè. Ïàðà ñôîðìèðîâàëàñü èç


ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, çàíÿâ ó÷àñòîê, êîòîðûé ðà-íåå ïðèíàäëåæàë òîæå áàëîáàíàì.

Åæåãîäíàÿ ïðîâåðêà èçâåñòíûõ ñ 1999 ã.ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ãíåçäîâûå ñîîðóæå-íèÿ íà êîòîðûõ áûëè ïîëíîñòüþ óíè÷òî-æåíû ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè, ïîêàçàëà, ÷òîõèùíûå ïòèöû ñòàðàþòñÿ äåðæàòüñÿ íà ñâî-èõ ïðåæíèõ ó÷àñòêàõ, è, ëèøèâøèñü ãí¸çä,îêîëî ïîëîâèíû ïàð ïðèñòóïàþò ê ðàçìíî-æåíèþ, äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà èç êîòîðûõ îíîîêàçûâàåòñÿ íåóäà÷íûì. Òàê â 2006 ã. ìûíàáëþäàëè 13 ïîïûòîê ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîõ-íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà çåìëå, â òîì ÷èñ-ëå è íà ñïèëàõ ñòîëáîâ, íà êîòîðûõ íàõî-äèëèñü ãí¸çäà â 2004–2005 ãã., è ëèøü â3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ (23,1%) ðàçìíîæåíèå îêàçà-ëîñü óäà÷íûì. Íà 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ (23,1%) ñàì-êè áûëè ñúåäåíû ÷åòâåðîíîãèìè õèùíèêà-

We noted 13 successful nests (36.1%;46.1% was on artificial nest platforms erect-ed in 2005) in 36 breeding territories of theUpland Buzzard. The average brood size was2.08±0.49 chicks per successful nest (range1–3). Also we recorded 4 successful nests(44.4%; 25.0% was on artificial nest plat-forms erected in 2005) in 9 breeding terri-tories of the Black Kite. The average broodsize was 1.5±0.58 chicks per successful nest(range 1–2). The number of Daurian Pica(Ochotona daurica), which is the main preyof raptors, was very low this year, and thusthere were nest occupancy and breedingsuccess of Upland Buzzards (0.75 chick persurveyed breeding territory) and Black Kites(0.67 chick per surveyed breeding territory)were low too. The average distance betweenUpland Buzzard nests was 2.04±0.83 km(n=40; 0.86 – 4.3 km), between UplandBuzzard and Black Kite nests 0.73±0.33 km(n=11; 0.3 – 1.3 km) and between UplandBuzzard and Saker Falcon nests – 1.4 km.

As the result of analysis of raptor distribu-tions on the territory we have developed thescheme for the further installing of artificialnests, and following offered scheme distri-bution of raptors should be even (fig. 3).Actually we installed artificial nests on theterritory suitable for breeding but having lostsuitable nesting sites and as a result not in-habited by raptors. The average distancebetween artificial nest platforms was1.6±0.63 km (n=114; 0.71 – 3.7 km).

Further check-up of the artificial nestsshould estimate the success of the projectof installing.

Òàáë. 1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì

Table 1. Types of artificial nests

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì ðàç-íûõ òèïîâ, óñòàíîâëåí-íûõ â 2006 ã. íà ïëîùàä-êå â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå.Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëàòôîðìñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèèâ òàáëèöå 1.

Fig. 2. Distribution of thedifferent types of artificialnests erected in 2006 inthe surveyed area in theTuva depression. Num-bers of artificial nests aresimilar with the table 1.


ìè æèòåëÿìè ãí¸çä õèùíûõ ïòèö, óñòðîåí-íûõ íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ, à òàêæåïîëîæèòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõìåðîïðèÿòèé, ïðîâåä¸ííûõ â ïðîøëûåãîäû â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ïîçâîëèëè áî-ëåå ìàñøòàáíî ïîäîéòè ê ïðîáëåìå âîñ-ñòàíîâëåíèÿ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèöíà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè.

Ìåòîäèêà

Â èþíå-èþëå 2006 ã. â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâàíà ñðåäñòâà ÃÃÔ (Green Grants Fund) ïðî-äîëæåí ïðîåêò ïî óñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåííûõãíåçäîâèé äëÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà èáàëîáàíà. Â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà áûëî óñòàíîâ-ëåíî 92 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðìû: 7 – íà ìî-äåëüíîé ïëîùàäêå â Óáñóíóðñêîé êîòëîâè-íå è 85 – â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (ðèñ. 1).Îñíîâíîå âíèìàíèå áûëî óäåëåíî Òóâèíñ-êîé êîòëîâèíå, òàê êàê ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ çäåñüëåñîïîëîñû ïîçâîëÿëè äîâîëüíî ïëîòíîóñòàíàâëèâàòü ãíåçäîâüÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ. Òåìíå ìåíåå, ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû óñòàíàâ-ëèâàëèñü âåçäå, ãäå ýòî áûëî âîçìîæíî, èïðèîðèòåò îòäàâàëñÿ â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäüãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì õèùíûõ ïòèö, íà êîòî-ðûõ ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè áûëè óíè÷òîæå-íû ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè èëè ðàçðóøåíû âåò-ðàìè. Â èòîãå â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå íàäåðåâüÿõ áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî 72 ãíåçäîâûåïëàòôîðìû è 13 – íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ñî-îðóæåíèÿõ. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ãíåçäîâûõïëàòôîðì ïðèâåäåíà â òàáë. 1., à èõ ðàñ-ïðåäåëåíèå ïîêàçàíî íà ðèñ. 2. Â ïÿòè ñëó-÷àÿõ ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè êóðãàííèêà áûëèïåðåíåñåíû ñ çåìëè íà ïëàòôîðìû, óñòà-íîâëåííûå íà ìåñòå îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãí¸çä.

Äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè äàííîãî ïðîåêòà ïî óñ-òàíîâêå ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì áûë ïðîâå-ä¸í àíàëèç òåððèòîðèè Òóâèíñêîé êîòëî-âèíû â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ. Â ArcView 3.2à ESRI(ArcView GIS…, 1996) áûë ñîçäàí ïðîåêòèç ðàñòðîâûõ êàðò ìàñøòàáà 1:200000 èêîñìîñíèìêîâ 2000 ã. Landsat–7/ETM+,ïðèâÿçàííûõ â êîíè÷åñêóþ ïðîåêöèþ Àëü-áåðñà äëÿ Ñèáèðè. Ïî ðàñòðîâûì êàðòàìè êîñìîñúåìêå áûëè îöèôðîâàíû áèîòî-ïû, êàê åñòåñòâåííûå, òàê è òðàíñôîðìè-ðîâàííûå â õîäå ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîãîîñâîåíèÿ òåððèòîðèè â 70–80-õ ãã., è èí-ôðàñòðóêòóðà, âêëþ÷àÿ áûâøèå è ñîõðà-íèâøèåñÿ äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ëèíèèýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è, ìåñòà ëîêàëèçàöèè ðàç-âàëèí ôåðì è ïîëåâûõ ñòàíîâ. Â ðåçóëüòà-òå àíàëèçà ìåæäó îçåðàìè Õàäûí è ×åäåðâûáðàíà òåððèòîðèÿ, ëåæàùàÿ â ïðåäåëàõíàèáîëåå âûïîëîæåííîé è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå,íàèáîëåå íàðóøåííîé ÷àñòè êîòëîâèíû,

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) è ìîõíîíîãî-ãî êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius) íà ìîäåëüíîì ó÷àñòêå â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â2003 è 2006 ãã.

Fig. 3. Distribution of nesting areas of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) and the Up-land Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) on the surveyed area in the Tuva depression in2003 and 2006.

ìè â ïåðèîä íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäêè, íà îñ-òàëüíûõ ïîãèáëî òîëüêî ïîòîìñòâî (53,8%),â îñíîâíîì, îïÿòü æå ïî âèíå ÷åòâåðîíî-ãèõ õèùíèêîâ (38,5%), ðåæå – â ðåçóëüòà-òå áåñïîêîéñòâà ëþäüìè (15,4%). ×åòûðåïàðû ìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ, ãí¸çäà êî-òîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà äåðåâÿííûõ îïî-ðàõ ËÝÏ áëèç êîøàð è áûëè ñïèëåíû â2001 ã., äî ñèõ ïîð ïðîäîëæàþò äåðæàòü-ñÿ íà ñâîèõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ïðè ýòîì çà 6 ëåò óíèõ íè ðàçó íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëîñü óñïåø-íîå ðàçìíîæåíèå, õîòÿ ïîïûòêè îòêëàäêèÿèö â ãí¸çäà íà çåìëå íàáëþäàëèñü òðèæ-äû ó äâóõ ïàð.

Ïëà÷åâíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäàè ïðîäîëæàþùååñÿ óíè÷òîæåíèå ìåñòíû-


âêëþ÷àþùàÿ âñå ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ ëåñîïî-ëîñû, ñ ìèíèìàëüíîé ïëîùàäüþ ñêàëüíûõîáíàæåíèé, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâàãíåçä õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè. Î÷åð÷åíû íîâûåãðàíèöû ìîäåëüíîé ïëîùàäêè, ïîëíîñòüþâêëþ÷àþùåé òåððèòîðèþ, íà êîòîðîé âå-ëèñü íàáëþäåíèÿ â ïðåæíèå ãîäû (Êàðÿ-êèí, 2005á). Ïëîùàäü âûäåëåííîé òåððè-òîðèè ñîñòàâèëà 494,83 êì2. Íà íåé áûëèâûÿâëåíû âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè êðóïíûõõèùíûõ ïòèö è ïåðåñ÷èòàíû äèñòàíöèèìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè òåõ âèäîâ, íà êîòîðûõ îðè-åíòèðîâàíû ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû, ÷òîáûâûáðàòü ìîäåëü èõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ íà ïëî-ùàäêå. Îáðàáîòêà äàííûõ ïðîâåäåíà ñïîìîùüþ ìîäóëåé Spatial Analyst 2.0a èAnimal Movement 1.1 (Hooge, Eichenlaub,1997).

Ðåçóëüòàòû

Íà âûäåëåííîé òåððèòîðèè çàêàðòèðîâà-íî 36 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð-ãàííèêà, 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êîðøóíà, 2ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Aquilanipalensis), 1 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê áàëîáàíàè 1 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo).Èç 36 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîõíîíîãèõ êóð-ãàííèêîâ 2 ïóñòîâàëè, íà 11-òè áûëè âñòðå-÷åíû âçðîñëûå ïòèöû áëèç ðàçðóøåííûõãí¸çä; 10 ãí¸çä áûëè ïóñòûìè, íî çàíÿòû-ìè: â 2-õ èç íèõ íàõîäèëèñü ïîãèáøèå êëàä-êè, â îäíîì ïîãèá âûâîäîê; â 13-òè ãí¸ç-äàõ (36,1%; èç íèõ íà ïëàòôîðìàõ 2005 ã.– 46,1%) îáíàðóæåíû âûâîäêè èç 1–3, âñðåäíåì 2,08±0,49 ïòåíöîâ íà óñïåøíîåãíåçäî. Èç 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êîðøóíàíà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû ïàðû ó ðàçðó-øåííûõ ãí¸çä; 3 ãíåçäà ïóñòîâàëè, íî àáî-íèðîâàëèñü ïòèöàìè, ïðè÷¸ì â îäíîì èçíèõ äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèáëà êëàäêà; 4 ãíåçäà(44,4%; èç íèõ íà ïëàòôîðìàõ 2005 ã. –25,0%) ñîäåðæàëè âûâîäêè èç 1–2, â ñðåä-íåì 1,5±0,58 ïòåíöîâ íà óñïåøíîå ãíåç-äî. Íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñòåïíîãî îðëà îáíàðóæå-íû ãí¸çäà ñ ïîãèáøèì ÿéöîì è ïòåíöîì.Íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ áàëîáàíà è ôèëè-íà îñìîòðåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà ñ 3-ìÿ ïòåí-öàìè è 2-ìÿ ñë¸òêàìè ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ñëå-äóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü äàóðñêîéïèùóõè (Ochotona daurica) (îñíîâíîãîîáúåêòà ïèòàíèÿ õèùíèêîâ íà äàííîé òåð-ðèòîðèè) â ýòîò ãîä áûëà î÷åíü íèçêîé, îò-ñþäà è íèçêàÿ çàíÿòîñòü ãí¸çä, è íèçêèéóñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí-íèêà (0,75 ïòåíöîâ íà ïîñåùåííûé ãíåç-äîâîé ó÷àñòîê) è êîðøóíà (0,67 ïòåíöîâíà ïîñåùåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê). Ðàñ-ñòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ìîõíîíîãîãîêóðãàííèêà (n=40) ñîñòàâèëî 0,86–4,3 êì,â ñðåäíåì 2,04±0,83 êì; ìåæäó ãí¸çäà-ìè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è êîðøóíà(n=11) – 0,3–1,3 êì, â ñðåäíåì 0,73±0,33êì; ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí-íèêà è áàëîáàíà – 1,4 êì.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå àíàëèçà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ õèù-íûõ ïòèö ïî òåððèòîðèè ïëîùàäêè áûëàðàçðàáîòàíà ñõåìà äàëüíåéøåé óñòàíîâêèèñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, ïðè ðåàëèçàöèèêîòîðîé «çàêðûëèñü» íåêîòîðûå áåëûå ïÿò-íà íà êàðòå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö(ðèñ. 3). Ôàêòè÷åñêè, ïëàòôîðìàìè áûëèçàñòàâëåíû âñå òåððèòîðèè, ïðèãîäíûå äëÿãíåçäîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö, íî íå çàíÿòûåèìè ïî ïðè÷èíå îòñóòñòâèÿ ìåñò, ïðèãîä-íûõ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæ-äó ïëàòôîðìàìè (n=114) ñîñòàâèëî1,6±0,63 êì (0,71 – 3,7 êì).

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì:1 – íà ïîäïîðàõ ìåæäó äâóìÿ ñòâîëàìè òîïîëÿ â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè;2 – â ðàçâèëêå òîïîëÿ â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè;3 – íà ïîäïîðàõ â íèæíåé ÷àñòè;4 – ìåæäó ñòâîëàìè â íèæíåé ÷àñòè.Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Different locations of artificial nests:1 – between two poplar stems with supports in the upper part;2 – in the fork of a poplar in the upper part;3 – in the bottom part of a poplar with supports;4 – between two poplar stems with supports in the bottom part;


Äàëüíåéøàÿ ïðîâåðêàïëàòôîðì ïîçâîëèò âûÿñ-íèòü, íàñêîëüêî óñïåøíûìèîêàçàëèñü ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïîóñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåííûõãíåçäîâèé, îäíàêî óæå ñåé-÷àñ ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü,îïèðàÿñü íà äàííûå ïðåäû-äóùèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ÷òîáîëåå ïîëîâèíû ïëàòôîðìáóäåò çàíÿòî õèùíûìè ïòè-öàìè óæå â 2007 ã., à îáùàÿ÷èñëåííîñòü óñïåøíûõ ãí¸çäó ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà èêîðøóíà íà äàííîé òåððèòî-ðèè âûðàñòåò êàê ìèíèìóìíà 30%. Ïîÿâëåíèå íà ïëî-ùàäêå áàëîáàíà âñåëÿåò íà-äåæäó íà òî, ÷òî ñîçäàíèåãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà ïîçâîëèòâîññòàíîâèòü åãî ÷èñëåí-íîñòü íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè.Ó÷èòûâàÿ îáèëèå ëåñîïîëîñìåæäó îçåðàìè Õàäûí è ×å-äåð, åñòü íàäåæäà, ÷òî ìåñò-íûå æèòåëè íå áóäóò öåëå-íàïðàâëåííî óíè÷òîæàòüäåðåâüÿ ñ ãíåçäîâûìè ïëàò-ôîðìàìè, è îíè ïðîñòîÿòêàê ìèíèìóì 5–6 ëåò.

Ïåðñïåêòèâíîé äëÿ ðàñ-øèðåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïîóñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåííûõãíåçäîâèé äëÿ õèùíûõ ïòèöâ ëåñîïîëîñàõ ÿâëÿåòñÿòåððèòîðèÿ, ëåæàùàÿ ê þãî-âîñòîêó îò îç. Õàäûí. Òàêæåíåîáõîäèìî ðàññìîòðåòüâîçìîæíîñòü ïðèâëå÷åíèÿìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà è

áàëîáàíà íà èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ ââèäå ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ òðåíîã íà òåððèòî-ðèè áåçëåñíîé ñòåïè ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íååîç. Õàäûí. Äàííàÿ ìåòîäèêà óæå àïðîáè-ðîâàíà â Òóâå è Ìîíãîëèè (Êàðÿêèí, 2005;Ïîòàïîâ, 2005) – íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå ìå-ñòíîå íàñåëåíèå ëîÿëüíî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðè-âëå÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö è íå ðàçâîðîâû-âàåò ìåòàëëîêîíñòðóêöèè èñêóññòâåííûõãíåçäîâèé, îíà ïðèíåñëà õîðîøèå ðå-çóëüòàòû. Â ÷àñòíîñòè â Ìîíãîëèè â ðå-çóëüòàòå óñòàíîâêè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäî-âèé â âèäå ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ òðåíîã â ðîâíîéáåçëåñíîé ñòåïè â 2002–2004 ãã. óäàëîñüóâåëè÷èòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàðìîõíîíîãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ è áàëîáàíîâ â5 è áîëåå ðàç (Ãîìáîáààòàð è äð., 2005;Ïîòàïîâ, 2005; Potapov et al., 2003; 2004;Sumiya et al., 2003).

Ïòåíöû ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â ãíåçäåíà ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìå (ââåðõó) è êëàä-êà ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â ãíåçäå â ãíåç-äîâîì êàðêàñå (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Chicks (top) and a clutch (bottom) of theUpland Buzzard in the artificial nests. Pho-tos by I. Karyakin

Áëàãîäàðíîñòè

Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðÿò Èíñòèòóò èññëåäî-âàíèÿ ñîêîëîâ (Falcon Research Institute,IWC, UK), ôèíàíñèðîâàâøèé ðàáîòû ïîìîíèòîðèíãó ãíåçäîâèé áàëîáàíà â Òóâåâ 1999–2005 ãã., Êëóá ëþáèòåëåé âîñòî÷-íûõ ïòèö (Oriental Bird Club, UK), íà ñðåä-ñòâà êîòîðîãî áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû ïåðâûåïëàòôîðìû â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ÃÃÔ(Green Grants Fund), íà ñðåäñòâà êîòîðî-ãî ñòàëî âîçìîæíûì ïðîäîëæåíèå ïðî-åêòà ïî óñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäî-âèé äëÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Òóâå, ÌèõàèëàÊîæåâíèêîâà è Íàòàëüþ Ëîáûãèíó, à òàê-æå ãëàâíîãî ñïåöèàëèñòà îòäåëà ÃÝÝ, ÐÄè ÎÎÏÒ Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà ÐåñïóáëèêèÒûâà Àëåêñàíäðà Êóêñèíà çà ïîìîùü âñòðîèòåëüñòâå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé.

Ëèòåðàòóðà

Ãîìáîáààòàð Ñ., Ñóìüÿà Ä., ØàãäàðñóðýíÎ., Ïîòàïîâ Å., Ôîêñ Í. Îõðàíà è ïîääåð-æêà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñòåïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèù-íèêîâ ïóòåì óñòàíîâêè èñêóññòâåííûõãí¸çä. – Òðóäû Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ìîíãîëèè.2005. Ò. 25. Ñ. 207–213.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïðîåêò ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà â ÐåñïóáëèêåÒûâà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõîõðàíà. 2005à. ¹ 1. Ñ. 28–31.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïðîåêò ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà è ìîõíîíîãî-ãî êóðãàííèêà â ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà: óñïåõèè íåóäà÷è. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõ-ðàíà. 2005á. ¹ 4. Ñ. 24–28.

Ïîòàïîâ Å.Ð. Ïîñëåäíèå ðåçóëüòàòû ïðî-åêòà ïî óñòàíîâêå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäî-âèé â Ìîíãîëèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõîõðàíà, 2005. ¹ 1. Ñ. 28–31.

ArcView GIS the geographic InformationSystem for Everyone Environmental SystemResearch Institute Inc., Redlands, California,1996. 350 p.

Hooge P.N. and Eichenlaub B. Animalmovement extension to arcview. ver. 1.1.Alaska Biological Science Center, U.S.Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK, USA.1997. P. 28.

Potapov E., Sumiya D., Shagdarsuren O.,Gombobaatar S., Karyakin I., Fox N. Sakerfarming in wild habitats: progress to date. –Falco. 2003. ¹ 22. P. 5–6.

Potapov E., Gombobaatar S., Sumiya D.,Shagdarsuren O., Fox N. Artificial nestsExperiment in Mongolia 2004: successagain. – Falco. 2004. ¹ 24. P. 9.

Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S., ShagdarsurenO., Potapov E. ERWDA Arti f icial Nest

Project. – Falco. 2003. ¹ 21. P. 10–11.

Raptors Research Raptors Conservation 2006, 7 21

Raptors� Research

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ� ПЕРНАТЫХ� ХИЩНИКОВ

Êîíòàêò:


Ýëüâèðà ÍèêîëåíêîÀííà ÁàðàøêîâàÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèéýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð»630090 ÐîññèÿÍîâîñèáèðñê à/ÿ 547òåë./ôàêñ:+7 (383) 339 78 [email protected]

Contact:

Igor KaryakinLeader by Center ofField StudiesKorolenko str., 17a–17Nizhniy Novgorod603000 Russiatel.: +7 (8312) 33 38 [email protected]

Elvira NikolenkoAnna BarashkovaNGO SiberianEnvironmental CenterP.O. Box 547Novosibirsk630090 Russiatel./fax: +7(383)[email protected]

Â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðàñïðî-ñòðàíåíèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà(Aquila heliaca), îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraae-tus pennatus) è áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug)â Ñèáèðè ýêñïåäèöèîííîé ãðóïïîé Öåí-òðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáýêîöåí-òðà ëåòîì 2005 ã. ïîñåùàëñÿ Áàéêàëüñ-êèé ðåãèîí. Îñíîâíàÿ çàäà÷à ðàáîòû –âûÿñíèòü ñîâðåìåííîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèåè îïðåäåëèòü ÷èñëåííîñòü âûøåóêàçàí-íûõ âèäîâ â ðåãèîíå. Ïîïóòíî ñîáèðàë-ñÿ ìàòåðèàë ïî âñåì êðóïíûì õèùíûìïòèöàì.

Large�birds�of�prey�of�steppe�depressions

in�the�Baikal�region,�Russia

КРУПНЫЕ�ПЕРНАТЫЕ�ХИЩНИКИ�СТЕПНЫХ�КОТЛОВИНБАЙКАЛЬСКОГО�РЕГИОНА,�РОССИЯ


Nikolenko�E.G.,�Barashkova�A.N.�(Siberian�Environmental�Center,�Novosibirsk,�Russia)

Каря�ин�И.В.�(Центр�полевых�исследований,�Н.Нов�ород,�Россия�)

Ни�олен�о�Э.Г.,�Бараш�ова�А.Н.�(МБОО�«Сибирс�ий�э�оло�ичес�ий�центр»,

Новосибирс�,�Россия)

Methods

In 2005 we continued the surveys of rap-tor populations in Siberia which had beenstarted in 1999. This season a field group ofthe Field Research Center surveyed theBaikal region (24 June –21 July 2005).

The total length of survey routes was 5322km. We set 4 study areas with a total area of2,125.63 km2 for monitoring the raptor num-bers in the Baikal region (table 1, fig. 3).

The Baikal region is a large territory in East-ern Siberia near the Baikal Lake. The region

Ðèñ. 1. ÁàéêàëüñêèéðåãèîíFig. 1. Baikal region

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 722

Ìåòîäèêà

Áàéêàëüñêèé ðåãèîí â íàøåì ïîíèìà-íèè – ýòî òåððèòîðèÿ, îêðóæàþùàÿ îçåðîÁàéêàë. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü â ïðå-äåëàõ Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè, âêëþ÷àÿ Óñòü-Îð-äûíñêèé Áóðÿòñêèé àâòîíîìíûé îêðóã, èÐåñïóáëèêè Áóðÿòèÿ (ðèñ. 1), ïîñêîëüêó âýòèõ ðåãèîíàõ ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû ñòåïíûå êîò-

includes mountains and steppe depressionsin the river valleys. Analysis of satellite im-ages Landsat–7 ETM+ used to create thedetailed map of steppe depressions. Differ-ent types of steppe depressions have beendistinguished with use of landscape criteri-on and vegetation index (fig. 2). The totalarea of the steppe depressions in the Baikalregion is 44,027.47 km2 (table 1).

Òàáë. 1. Ïëîùàäü ñòåï-íûõ êîòëîâèí Áàéêàëüñ-êîãî ðåãèîíà è ó÷¸òíûõïëîùàäîê, îáñëåäîâàí-íûõ â 2006 ã.

Table 1. Area of thesteppe depressions in theBaikal region and sur-veyed plots

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïîëîæåíèå íàêàðòå ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí,îöèôðîâàííûõ ïî êîñ-ìîñíèìêàì Landsat–7:À – ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé èðåñïóáëèê, B – âîäî¸ìû,Ñ – ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû.Íóìåðàöèÿ ñòåïíûõ êîò-ëîâèí ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íó-ìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1

Fig. 2. Location of thesteppe depressions onmap (verified by using sat-ellite images Landsat 7): A– borders of districts andrepublics, B – water bod-ies, C – steppe depres-sions. Numbers of steppedepressions are similarwith the table 1

Ñòåïíàÿ êîòëîâèíà / Steppe depression Ïëîùàäêà / Plots Íîìåð Number

Íàçâàíèå Name

Ïëîùàäü (êì2)Area (km2)

ÍîìåðNumber

Ïëîùàäü (êì2)Area (km2)

1 Ïðèàíãàðüå 1353.67

2 Áàëàãàíî-Íóêòóòñêàÿ ñòåïü 11131.83 1 713.61

3 Áîðãîéñêàÿ ñòåïü 4738.07 3 545.35

4 Ãóñèíîå îçåðî 2352.32

5 Äåëüòà Ñåëåíãè 1708.60

6 Èâîëãà 1629.48 2 389.35

7 Èòàíöà 146.17

8 Êîñàÿ ñòåïü 39.15

9 Êóäà 5341.61

10 Êóéòóí-Çèìà 2334.69

11 Îëüõîí 277.49

12 Ïðèîëüõîíüå 544.34

13 Ñåëåíãà 166.28

14 Òóãíóé 3000.26 4 477.32

15 Òóíêèíñêàÿ äîëèíà 844.71

16 Óäà 4606.84

17 Õèëîê 1746.08

18 ×èêîé 2065.89

Âñåãî 44027.47 2125.63


ëîâèíû, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ îñíîâíûìè ìåñòîîáè-òàíèÿìè ìîãèëüíèêà, êàðëèêà è áàëîáàíà âÑèáèðè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005; Ïîïîâ, 2003;Ðÿáöåâ, 1997, 1998à, 2000).

Òåððèòîðèÿ ïîñåùàëàñü ñ 24 èþíÿ ïî 21èþëÿ 2005 ã. Ãðóïïà ïåðåäâèãàëàñü íà àâ-òîìîáèëå ÓÀÇ 31519. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸í-íîñòü ýêñïåäèöèîííîãî ìàðøðóòà ñîñòàâè-ëà 5322 êì.

Îñíîâíîå âíèìàíèå óäåëÿëîñü âûÿâëå-íèþ è îñìîòðó ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ êðóï-íûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ áèîòîïîâ, òàêèõêàê ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ è îïóøêè ëåñíûõìàññèâîâ. Ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû îñ-ìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó (áèíîêëè 8õ30,12õ50) ñ öåëüþ îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïðèñàä èãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê õèùíèêîâ, à òàêæåîïðåäåëåíèÿ õàðàêòåðà èõ çàñåë¸ííîñòè èóñïåøíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Áîëüøèíñòâîîáíàðóæåííûõ æèëûõ ãí¸çä îáñëåäîâàëèñüñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ñòàíäàðòíîãî íàáîðààëüïèíèñòñêîãî ñíàðÿæåíèÿ (ïèêè, ñèñòå-ìà, âåð¸âêà).

Ïîä ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ìû ïîäðàçó-ìåâàåì òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðó-æåíû ãí¸çäà õèùíûõ ïòèö (ëèáî æèëûå,ëèáî ïóñòóþùèå, íî àáîíèðóåìûå ïòèöà-ìè), âñòðå÷åíû äîêàðìëèâàåìûå âçðîñëû-ìè âûâîäêè, âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, íåîäíîêðàò-íî ïðîÿâëÿâøèå ïðèçíàêè áåñïîêîéñòâàêàê ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ÷åëîâåêó, òàê è ïî îò-íîøåíèþ ê äðóãèì õèùíûì ïòèöàì. Ê âîç-ìîæíûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ìû ïðèðàâ-íèâàåì èþíüñêèå âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ñäîáû÷åé, íåîäíîêðàòíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàâ-øèõñÿ íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè.

Âûÿâëÿåìûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïåðíàòûõõèùíèêîâ êàðòèðîâàëèñü, äàííûå âíîñè-ëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA,USA), ãäå è ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåé

The found breeding territories of raptorswere GPSed and mapped using GIS soft-ware (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA) for thesubsequent calculation of the density (Kar-yakin, 2000, 2004). The study areas includeall types of rocks, steppes and forests, whichare very character for the surveying territo-ry (fig. 2, 3).

A number of species noted to breed in astudy area was extrapolated for the total areaof the steppe depression with similar land-scape and vegetation conditions.

Results of studies

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)

We found 9 breeding territories in steppedepressions of the Irkutsk district and theRepublic of Buryatia, 8 from which were lo-cated on study areas. One active nest of theGolden Eagle located on a pine tree wasfound on 30 June in the Irkutsk district.

A total of 15–20 pairs are estimated to livein the steppe depressions of the Irkutsk dis-trict.

We found 8 breeding territories in steppedepressions of the Republic of Buryatia (fig. 4),7 from which were located on study areas.

The distance between the nests was11.4±5.3 km (n=3; 5.4–15.1 km) (M±SD,lim.). The density in the steppe depressionswas 0.26 – 0.73 pair per 100 km2, averaged0.57 pair per 100 km2. A total of 80–100pairs are estimated to live in the southernsteppe depressions of the Republic of Bury-atia (15532.10 km 2).

All nests were located on trees: on a pine(5) and a larch (1).

The brood size averaged 1.4±0.55 (n=5;1–2).

Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)

We found 29 breeding territories and 11living nests of the Imperial Eagle.

Eleven breeding territories were found inthe Balagano-Nukutskaya forest-steppe, 10from which were located on the study area¹ 1 (fig. 5).

The density of the breeding territories ofthe Imperial Eagle in the Balagano-Nukut-skaya forest-steppe was 1.4 per 100 km2.The distance between the nests was8.05±3.51 km (n=11; 2.51–13.66 km). Only6 nests from 11 (54.55%) were occupied,and breeding was noted only in 5 nests, andonly 4 nests (36.36%) were with chicks. Fivebreeding territories were identified as aban-doned. The density of the active nests of theImperial Eagle in the Balagano-Nukutskayaforest-steppe was 0.84 per 100 km2. A total

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïîëîæåíèåó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê âñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ: À –ãðàíèöû îáëàñòåé è ðåñ-ïóáëèê, B – ðåêè, Ñ –îç¸ðà, D – ëåñ, E – ïëî-ùàäêè. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëî-ùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íó-ìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1

Fig. 3. Location of sur-veyed plots in steppe de-pressions: A – borders ofdistricts and republics, B –rivers, C – lakes, D – for-est, E – plots. Numbersof plots are similar withthe table 1


÷èñëåííîñòè êàæäîãî âèäà â îòäåëüíîñòè(Êàðÿêèí, 2000, 2004).

Äëÿ ðàñ÷¸òà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåðíàòûõ õèù-íèêîâ â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ áûë ïîäãîòîâ-ëåí ÃÈÑ-ïðîåêò èç ïðèâÿçàííûõ â ïðîåê-öèþ Àëáåðñà äëÿ Ñèáèðè ðàñòðîâûõìàòåðèàëîâ (êàðòû ìàñøòàáà 1:200 000 èêîñìîñíèìêè Landsat–7). Â ðåçóëüòàòåîöèôðîâêè ðàñòðîâ ñôîðìèðîâàí âåêòîð-íûé ñëîé ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí Áàéêàëüñêîãîðåãèîíà, êîòîðûå äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíû ïîõàðàêòåðíûì äëÿ íèõ ïðèðîäíûì óñëî-âèÿì (ðèñ. 2). Ãðàíèöû ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíïðîâîäèëèñü ïî ãðàíèöå ñïëîøíûõ ëåñî-íàñàæäåíèé, çàíèìàþùèõ, êàê ïðàâèëî,ñðåäíþþ ÷àñòü ñêëîíîâ õðåáòîâ, îáðàì-ëÿþùèõ êîòëîâèíû. Äîïóñòèìîé ñ÷èòàëàñüïîãðåøíîñòü îöèôðîâêè ãðàíèö ± 0,5 êì,îïðåäåëåííàÿ èñõîäÿ èç ðàäèóñà ãíåçäîâûõòåððèòîðèé ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, íàñåëÿþ-ùèõ ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû. Ïëîùàäü ñòåïíûõêîòëîâèí ñîñòàâèëà 44027,47 êì2 (òàáë. 1)

Äëÿ ó÷¸òà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíè-êîâ â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ áûëè çàëîæåíû4 ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ2125,63 êì2 (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3). Ïëîùàäêèðàñïîëàãàëèñü â 4-õ òèïè÷íûõ äëÿ ðåãèî-íà êðóïíûõ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ. Îñòàëü-íûå êîòëîâèíû, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì Áàðãóçèí-ñêîé, áûëè ïðîéäåíû àâòîìàðøðóòàìè.Áàðãóçèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà îêàçàëàñü íåîáñ-ëåäîâàííîé, ïîýòîìó ìû å¸ â äàííîé ðà-áîòå íå ðàññìàòðèâàåì.

Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåðíàòûõõèùíèêîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü ñ ïëîùàäîê íàòåððèòîðèþ òåõ êîòëîâèí, â êîòîðûõ ðàñ-ïîëàãàëèñü ýòè ïëîùàäêè, ëèáî êîòëîâèí,áëèçêèõ ê íèì ïî ñâîèì ïðèðîäíûì óñëî-âèÿì. Ïðÿìîé ïåðåñ÷¸ò áûë îñóùåñòâë¸íëèøü äëÿ òåõ âèäîâ, ðàñïðåäåëåíèå êîòî-

of 90–100 pairs are estimated to live in theBalagano-Nukutskaya forest-steppe and 96–112 pairs – in the all steppe depressions ofthe Irkutsk district. The decreasing of raptornumbers is about 40%.

Surveyed 6 living nests in the Irkutsk dis-trict were with broods included 1–2 chicks,averaged 1.5±0.6 chicks per successful nest(1.13 chicks per active nest and 0.56 chicksper breeding territory).

We found 13 breeding territories in steppedepressions of the Republic of Buryatia, 10from which were located on study areas(76.9% breeding territories we found in theIvolga steppe depression).

The density in the Ivolga steppe depres-sion was 2.57 pairs per 100 km2. The densi-ty of active nests of the Imperial Eagle was2.05 per 100 km2. The distance betweennests was 5.1±1.5 km (n=9; 2.9–7.1 km).Successful breeding was registered only in46.2% of breeding territories on the Repub-lic of Buryatia. A total of 150–176 pairs areestimated to live in the all steppe depres-sions of the Republic of Buryatia (82.7% pairs– in the Ivolga steppe depression).

The average brood (n=4) size was 1.75±0.5chick per successful nest (0.7 chick per occu-pied nest and 0.54 chick per surveyed nest).We found 2 broods in 3 nests, 1 fledgling in anest and 2 active nests were not visited.

Recorded nests (n=37) were located onpines (81.08%) on larches (18.92%), by theway all nests noted on larches were notedonly in the Baikal region. The nests notedon pines were settled on single trees, in deepforest (about 150 m far from the edge of for-est) (13.51% each) and on edges of forest(72.97%). 56.7% nests were built up on thetop of pines, 40.0% – in a brunch fork under

Òàáë. 2. ×èñëåííîñòü èïëîòíîñòü ïåðíàòûõ õèù-íèêîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ

Table 2. The number andthe density of raptors inthe plots

Ïëîùàäêè / PlotsÂèä Species

×èñëåííîñòü / Ïëîòíîñòü Number / Density 1 2 3 4

Âñåãî / ÑðåäíååTotal / Average

ïàðû 1 1 4 2 8Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) ïëîòíîñòü 0.14 0.26 0.73 0.42 0.38

ïàðû 10 10 1 21Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) ïëîòíîñòü 1.40 2.57 0.21 0.99

ïàðû 3 4 1 8Îð¸ë ñòåïíîé (Aquila nipalensis) ïëîòíîñòü 0.42 0.73 0.21 0.38

ïàðû 2 1 3Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) ïëîòíîñòü 0.28 0.21 0.14

ïàðû 8 7 16 8 39Êóðãàííèê ìîõíîíîãèé (Buteo hemilasius) ïëîòíîñòü 1.12 1.80 2.93 1.68 1.83

ïàðû 3 2 7 3 15Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) ïëîòíîñòü 0.42 0.51 1.28 0.63 0.71

ïàðû 6 6Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) ïëîòíîñòü 0.84 0.28


ðûõ áûëî áëèçêî ê íîðìàëüíîìó (±3σ). Äëÿäðóãèõ âèäîâ ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïîïûòêà äèô-ôåðåíöèðîâàííîãî ïîäõîäà ê ýêñòðàïîëÿ-öèè íà ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû.

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé

Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos)

Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä èññëåäóåìîéòåððèòîðèè. Â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè íàáëþ-äàëñÿ â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè (Ôå-ôåëîâ, 1998), ãíåçäîâàíèå èçâåñòíî â Áà-ëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, Ïðèîëüõîíüåè íà î-âå Îëüõîí, ãäå â 80-õ ãã. îáèòàëî íåìåíå 3-õ ïàð áåðêóòîâ (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000).Íàìè ãíåçäî áåðêóòà îáíàðóæåíî 30 èþíÿâ Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè. Îíî ðàñ-ïîëàãàëîñü íà âåðøèíå êðóòîãî ñêëîíàâîçâûøåííîñòè è áûëî óñòðîåíî â íèæíåé÷àñòè êðîíû îïóøå÷íîé ñîñíû íà âûñîòå6 ì. Ïîä ãíåçäîì îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêèñë¸òêà. Ýòî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî áåðêóòà,êîòîðîå íàì óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü íà òåð-ðèòîðèè Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè. Åñëè ïðèíÿòüâî âíèìàíèå òîò ôàêò, ÷òî íàìè ïðàêòè-÷åñêè íå áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû òèïè÷íûå äëÿãíåçäîâàíèÿ áåðêóòà ïåðèôåðèéíûå ó÷à-ñòêè êîòëîâèí, ïëîòíîñòü â 0,14 ïàð/100 êì2

ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü òåì ìèíèìàëüíûì ïîêàçà-òåëåì, êîòîðûé ìîæíî ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòüêàê ìèíèìóì íà ïëîùàäü Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóò-ñêîé ëåñîñòåïè. Çäåñü ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòüãíåçäîâàíèå 15–16 ïàð îðëîâ. Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ(1998á; 2000) îöåíèâàåò ÷èñëåííîñòü áåð-êóòà â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè íå ìåíåå ÷åì â150 ïàð, óêàçûâàÿ íà òåíäåíöèþ å¸ ñîêðà-ùåíèÿ. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïîñëå òóðèñòñêîãîáóìà, íà÷àâøåãîñÿ â 90-õ ãã., áåðêóò ïå-ðåñòàë ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà Îëüõîíå. Âåñüìà âå-ðîÿòíî, ÷òî ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áåð-êóòà êîñíóëîñü âñåõ ñòåïíûõ è ëåñîñòåïíûõ

the top of tree, and a nest was in a brunchfork of upper third part of a tree. The nestsnoted on larches were built up in a brunchfork in the upper third part of a tree (42.9%),in a brunch fork under the top of tree and inthe base of branches (28.6% each).

Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)

We recorded 3 breeding territories on thestudy area ¹1 in the Irkutsk district. A pairof the Steppe Eagle occupied an old nest ofthe Imperial Eagle and noted near it. Two an-other pairs were recorded in more typical plac-es for Steppe Eagles – on mountains with cliff-faces. We found empty nest in one of territorieswith signs of previous year breeding. The den-sity was 0.42 pair/100 km2. The distancesbetween the centres of breeding territorieswere 4.28 and 14.23 km. The all registrationsof Steppe Eagles were on the territories, whereImperial Eagles were absent by different rea-sons. We project 5–10 breeding pairs of theSteppe Eagle for the Irkutsk district.

We found 8 breeding territories in the Re-public of Buryatia, 5 of which were surveyedin study areas. The highest number of SteppeEagle was noted in the Borgoyskaya steppe,

Ðèñ. 4. Êàðòà ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ áåðêóòà (Aquila chry-saetos)

Fig. 4. Distribution ofbreeding territories of theGolden Eagle (Aquilachrysaetos)

Ãí¸çäà áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos): 1 – Òóãíóéñêàÿ êîò-ëîâèíà; Ðåñïóáëèêà Áóðÿòèÿ (18.07.2005); 2 – Áàëà-ãàíî-Íóêóòñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü; Èðêóòñêàÿ îáëàñòü(30.06.2005). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Nests of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos): 1 – Re-public of Buryatia (18.07.2005); 2 – Irkutsk District(30.06.2005). Photo by I. Karyakin

1

2


ðàéîíîâ îáëàñòè, ïîýòîìó îí íå áûë íàìèâñòðå÷åí â Ïðèîëüõîíüå, ãäå åãî ãíåçäî-âàíèå áûëî èçâåñòíî ðàíåå. Òåì íå ìåíåå,ãíåçäîâàíèå îòäåëüíûõ ïàð áåðêóòîâ âîç-ìîæíî â êðóïíûõ ëåñîñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ,â ÷àñòíîñòè, â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòå-ïè è áàññåéíå Êóäû.

Â Áóðÿòèè áåðêóò øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðà-í¸í íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. Â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõãíåçäèòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî èõ ïåðè-ôåðèè â íàèáîëåå ïåðåñå÷¸ííûõ ó÷àñòêàõãîðíîé ëåñîñòåïè. Ãíåçäîâàíèå áåðêóòàóñòàíîâëåíî â áàññåéíàõ ðåê Èâîëãà, Òóã-íóé, Õèëîê, Áîðãîé è ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ â Ãó-ñèíîîçåðñêîé êîòëîâèíå è äîëèíå ×èêîÿíà îñíîâàíèè âñòðå÷ ïòèö. Çà âðåìÿ ýêñ-ïåäèöèè îáíàðóæåíî 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ (ðèñ. 4), èç íèõ 7 – íà ïëîùàäêàõ. Ðàñ-ñòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ ïàðàìè (n=3)ñîñòàâëÿåò 11,4±5,3 êì (5,4–15,1 êì)(M±SD, lim.). Ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòèäîñòèãàåò â Áîðãîéñêîé ñòåïè, ãäå âûñîêà÷èñëåííîñòü ñóðêîâ (Marmota sibirica), ÿâ-ëÿþùèõñÿ îñíîâíûìè îáúåêòàìè åãî ïèòà-íèÿ íà èññëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Ïëîò-íîñòü â ðàçíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ âàðüèðóåò îò0,26 äî 0,73 ïàð/100 êì2, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåä-íåì 0,57 ïàð/100 êì2. ×èñëåííîñòü áåð-êóòà â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ þæíîé ÷àñòèÁóðÿòèè äî øèðîòû Óëàí-Óäý (15532,10êì2) îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 80–100 ïàð, 43,8% èçêîòîðûõ ãíåçäÿòñÿ â Áîðãîéñêîé ñòåïè.Ñåâåðíåå Óëàí-Óäý áåðêóò íàìè íå áûëâñòðå÷åí, òàê æå êàê è â Òóíêèíñêîé äîëè-íå. Õîòÿ îí îïðåäåë¸ííî çäåñü ãíåçäèòñÿ,÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ ýòèõ êîòëîâèí ðàññ÷èòàòüíå óäàëîñü.

Íåñìîòðÿ íà îáèëèå ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæå-íèé, âñå 6 îáíàðóæåííûõ ãí¸çä ðàñïîëà-ãàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿõ (5 íà ñîñíàõ è 1 íà ëè-ñòâåííèöå). Âñå ãí¸çäà áûëè óñòðîåíû âíèæíåé èëè ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû. Òðè

were 62.9% of local population breed. Theaverage distance between breeding pairswas 13.6±1.8 km (n=3; 11.6–14.9 êì). Wefound a dead clutch contained 2 eggs in anest and broods contained a chick per eachin 4 nests.

Great Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga)

An adult bird was recorded in wetlands ofupper reaches of the Chalyuta river in 6 km tonorth-west from Ivolginsk on 8 July 2005.

White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla)

An adult bird was observed on the rightside of the Selenga river near the lowerreaches of Itantsa river on 8 July, 2005.

Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)

We surveyed the Booted Eagle in 6 plac-es in the Irkutsk district, 2 of which wereidentified as breeding territories, 2 – as prob-able breeding territories, and in 4 places inthe Republic of Buryatia, the breeding is pro-jected for one territory (fig. 7).

The distance between breeding territorieswas 32.5 km in the Balagano-Nukutskayaforest-steppe and 26.5 km in theTugnuyskaya depression. The density was0.25 pair/100 km2 (0.14 pair/100 km2 includ-ing the study areas, where birds were notrecorded). Following the records of autoroutes (perpendicular distance was 1 km) thedensity was 0.19 pair/100 km2. We project62–83 pairs of the Booted Eagle to breed inthe steppe depressions of the Baikal region.

Nests of the Booted Eagle recorded in theBalagano-Nukutskaya forest-steppe were onlarch trees in an isolated forest in 30 and 60m far from edges. The nest near Elantsy vil-lage was built up on a pine tree and locatedon a slope of the ravine in a segmented for-est in 1 km far from a steppe valley.

Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius)

We found the Upland Buzzard breedingin the Balagano-Nukutskaya forest-steppe,valleys of the Kuda and Selenga rivers, theIvolginskaya, Tugnuyskaya and Chilokskayadepressions, around the Gusinoe Lake andin the Borgoyskaya steppe. The averagedensity was 1.83 pair/100 km2 (1.12–2.93pairs/100 km2). The average distance be-tween nests was 5.56±3.83 km (n=45;1.42–17.36 km). Under optimal conditionswithout heavy press of eagles Upland Buz-zards breed with the distance 3–6 km be-tween pairs. The increasing or decreasingof density in some territories is impactedby limits of suitable places for nesting andcompetition with eagles (fig. 7, 10). Thedensity of the Upland Buzzard is inverseproportional to the density of eagles. Theheaviest competition for nesting places is

Ðèñ. 5. Êàðòà ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquilaheliaca)

Fig. 5. Distribution ofbreeding territories of theImperial Eagle (Aquilaheliaca)


ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ðàç-âèëêàõ ñòâîëà íà âûñîòå 12–14 ì, 2 ãíåçäà – â îñíîâà-íèè ìîùíûõ áîêîâûõ âåòâåéó ñòâîëà íà âûñîòå 5–6 ì èîäíî ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîåíîíà ìîùíîé áîêîâîé âåòêå â2-õ ì îò ñòâîëà íà âûñîòå 6ì. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãíåçäà,êðîìå îäíîãî, áûëè ñêðûòûîò íàáëþäåíèÿ èç êîòëîâèíûè áûëè íàéäåíû ëèøü ïîñëåòùàòåëüíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿïðåäïîëàãàåìûõ ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêîâ, ëîêàëèçîâàííûõïîñëå ðåãèñòðàöèè îðëîâ. Â

ïåðèîä ðàáîòû âñå âûâîäêè óæå ïîêèíóëèãí¸çäà, õîòÿ åù¸ äåðæàëèñü áëèç íèõ è äî-êàðìëèâàëèñü âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè. Â 2-õâûâîäêàõ íàáëþäàëèñü ïî äâà ñëåòêà è â 3-õ– ïî îäíîìó. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî îïè-ñàííûå âûøå ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áåð-êóòà è ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ õàðàêòåðíû äëÿâèäà. Èíôîðìàöèÿ æå, êîòîðàÿ ïðèâîäèò-ñÿ î áèîëîãèè áåðêóòà â Êðàñíîé êíèãåÁóðÿòèè (Êåëüáåðã, Ïðîêîïüåâ, 1988), îò-íîñèòñÿ, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ê ìîãèëüíèêó.

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca)

Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä,ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûé â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõçíà÷èòåëüíî øèðå áåðêóòà.

Â Ïðèáàéêàëüå ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêàèçâåñòíî â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé è Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè (Ñêàëîí, 1934; Ôå-ôåëîâ, 1998), íà Àíãàðî-Ëåíñêîì ìåæäó-ðå÷üå, â Ïðèîëüõîíüå è íà î-âå Îëüõîí(Ðÿáöåâ, 1984, 1985, 1999). Â Áàëàãàíî-

Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè íà ñòà-öèîíàðå â íèçîâüÿõ Óíãè â1964 ã. Â.Ä. Ñîíèí è Ñ.È.Ëèïèí (1980) íàøëè 5 æèëûõãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà â 1,5–2 êìäðóã îò äðóãà. Íî óæå â1981–1984 ãã. Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ(1999) îáíàðóæèë çäåñü 4ïàðû â 2–5 êì äðóã îò äðóãà,â 1983 ã. – ëèøü òðè ãíåçäÿ-ùèåñÿ ïàðû, à â 1998 ã –òîëüêî îäíó. Àíàëîãè÷íûìîáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿâ Ïðèîëüõîíüå è íà Îëüõî-íå, ãäå â 1982–1983 ãã. îáè-òàëî 10 è 6–9 ïàð ñîîòâåò-ñòâåííî, íî, ñóäÿ ïî íàëè÷èþ20 ïóñòóþùèõ ãí¸çä, ðàíåå÷èñëåííîñòü áûëà â 2–2,5ðàçà âûøå (Ðÿáöåâ, 1999). Â1993 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëü-íèêà â Ïðèîëüõîíüå ñîêðà-

noted with the Imperial Eagle, which con-nected with preferring these two speciessimilar places for nesting – edges of forests.

During our surveys 9 breeding territorieswere found in the Irkutsk district and 43 ter-ritories – in the Republic of Buryatia.

The density of the Upland Buzzard is 1.12breeding pairs/100 km2 in the Balagano-Nukutskaya forest-steppe, the average dis-tance between nests is 6.69±5.1 km ((n=7;1.67 – 15.35 km). A total of 110–140 pairsto live on this territory, and the number hasstable trend of increasing. The density onstudy routes was 0.9 pairs/100 km2. Weproject 150–196 pairs to breed in the allsteppe depressions of the Irkutsk district.

The highest number of the Upland Buz-zard was registered in the Borgoyskayasteppe in the Republic of Buryatia, whereabout 31% of the total number projectedfor the Republic breed. The density was 2.93pairs/100 km2, and the average distancebetween nests was 5.58±3.65 km (n=21;2.27 – 14.98 km). A total of 395–495 pairsare estimated to live in the all steppe de-pressions of the Republic of Buryatia.

Successful breeding was registered for55.6% nests (n=9) in the Irkutsk district. Vis-ited 4 active nests contained broods with 4chicks each. Also successful breeding wasrecorded for 92.7% nests (n=41) in Buryat-ia. The average brood size was 2.33±1.12fledglings per successful nest (range 1–4)with prevailing the broods with 1 (30.0%)and 2 (26.7%) chicks.

The most part (95.92%) of 48 nests foundin the region was located on trees. Two nestswere found on rocks located in mountain-steppe landscapes of the central part ofsteppe depressions in Buryatia. The mostnumber of nests (46.8%) was built up on pinetrees, rarely buzzards use to build their nestson larches (38.3%) and elm trees (10.6%),and more seldom – another species of trees.A lot of nests (63.8%) were in a branch forkor in the base of branches of the upper thirdpart of tree with obvious preferring thebranch forks for nesting (46.8%). The high ofnest location(n=48) varied widely from 1.5to 22 m, averaged 8.52±4.84 m.

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug)

During our surveys we found 23 breedingterritories of the Saker Flacon, 15 from which– on study areas (fig. 13/1). The species wasnoted breeding in the Balagano-Nukutskayaforest-steppe in the Irkutsk district, wherewe found 4 breeding territories, single birdswere recorded in the Kuda river valley andnear an old nest in the Olchon river region.

Ïòåíåö ìîãèëüíèêà(Aquila heliaca) â ãíåçäå.Èðêóòñêàÿ îáëàñòü.26.06.2005. Ôîòî È. Êà-ðÿêèíàThe chick of the ImperialEagle (Aquila heliaca) ina nest. Irkutsk District.26.06.2005. Photo by I.Karyakin

Òèïè÷íîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëü-íèêà íà ñîñíå. Ðåñïóáëè-êà Áóðÿòèÿ. 09.07.2005.Ôîòî È. ÊàðÿêèíàA typical nest of theImperial Eagle on a pinetree. Republic of Buryatia.09.07.2005. Photo by I.Karyakin


òèëàñü äî 3–4 ïàð, êîòîðûå íå âûðàñòèëèíè îäíîãî ïòåíöà (Ðÿáöåâ, 1995). Â 1996–1997 ãã. â Ïðèîëüõîíüå è íà Îëüõîíå îò-ìå÷åíî âñåãî 5–7 ïàð, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò 3-õ êðàòíîìó ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñ1983 ïî 1997 ã. (Ðÿáöåâ, 1999). Òàêèì îá-ðàçîì, íàëèöî ôàêò ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåí-íîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè,êîòîðîå íà÷àëîñü óæå â 1960-õ ãã., à â ïîñ-ëåäíèå 15 ëåò ðåçêî óñêîðèëîñü. Ïî äàí-íûì Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâà (1984, 1999, 2005à), íàíà÷àëî 1980-õ ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ýòîãî îðëàíà ãíåçäîâàíèè â îáëàñòè îöåíèâàëàñü â 150–200 ïàð, â 1998 ã. – ïðèìåðíî â 50 ïàð, â1999 ã. – â 40 ïàð, à ê 2004 ã. â Ïðèáàéêà-ëüå ñîõðàíèëîñü îêîëî 20–30 ïàð ìîãèëü-íèêîâ. Òåì íå ìåíåå, â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîéëåñîñòåïè â 2002–2004 ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòüìîãèëüíèêà îñòàâàëàñü ñòàáèëüíîé è ñîñòàâ-ëÿëà íå ìåíåå 4-õ ïàð (Fefelov, 2004).

Â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè íà òåððèòîðèè Èð-êóòñêîé îáëàñòè íàìè îáíàðóæåíî 16 ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà, 69% èç êîòî-ðûõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîéëåñîñòåïè (ðèñ. 5). Çäåñü íàìè äåòàëüíîáûëà îáñëåäîâàíà òåððèòîðèÿ â íèçîâüÿõð. Óíãà, íà êîòîðîé â ïðåæíèå ãîäû ðàáî-òàëè Â.Ä. Ñîíèí, Ñ.È. Ëèïèí è Â.Â. Ðÿá-öåâ. Íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè óäàëîñü âûÿ-âèòü 11 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà, 10èç êîòîðûõ â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêè¹ 1. Ïëîòíîñòü ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêà ñîñòàâèëà 1,4/100 êì2,ïðè ðàññòîÿíèè ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè (n=11)2,51–13,66, â ñðåäíåì 8,05±3,51 êì. Ëèøü6 ãí¸çä èç 11-òè (54,55%) îêàçàëèñü çàíÿ-òûìè ïòèöàìè, íà 5-òè ãíåçäàõ îòìå÷åíîðàçìíîæåíèå: â îäíîì ãíåçäå ïîãèáëàêëàäêà è â 4-õ ãí¸çäàõ (36,36%) íàõîäè-ëèñü ïòåíöû. Íà 5-òè ó÷àñòêàõ ìîãèëüíèêèâñòðå÷åíû íå áûëè, ïðè÷¸ì íà îäíîì èçó÷àñòêîâ ïîñòðîéêó ìîãèëüíèêîâ çàíèìà-ëè ñòåïíûå îðëû, íà äðóãîì â ãíåçäå ìî-ãèëüíèêà âûâåë ïòåíöîâ ìîõíîíîãèé êóð-ãàííèê è 2 ãíåçäà áûëè çàíÿòû áàëîáàíàìè.

Now valuable breeding population of thespecies exists only in the Balagano-Nukut-skaya forest-steppe. The average distancebetween nests of different pairs was15.71±4.16 km (n=3; 11.9–20.2 km), den-sity – 0.42 pair/100 km2. A total of 50–65pairs to breed in the Balagano-Nukutskayaforest-steppe, and we project 42–52 pairsliving on the all territory of the Irkutsk dis-trict. The number of the species seems todecrease in about 2 times during last 10years.

The Saker Falcon is a common breedingspecies in the Borgoysaya steppe in Buryat-ia. We found 8 breeding territories (7 – inthe study area) on 11–14 July, the averagedistance between territories was 10.89±2.86km (n=8; 7.6–17.4 km), the density was 1.28pairs/100 km2. Also we found sakers breed-ing in the Selenga river valley, Tugnuyskaya,Chilokskaya and Ivolginskaya depressions(the density was pairs/100 km2). A total of135–165 pairs to live in depressions of Bur-yatia, 40.5% of which breed in the Bor-goyskaya steppe. The number seems to de-crease especially around Ulan-Ude, wherewe found abandoned breeding territorieswith empty nests.

The Saker Falcon is common to nest ontrees in the region as a whole: 57.89% offound nests (n=19) were located on treesand 42.11% – on rocks. The Saker prefers tobuild its nests (n=11) on pine trees (54.4%),on larches (36.4%) and elm trees (9.1%). Alltree-nested sakers occupied nests of theUpland Buzzard (63.6%) in Buryatia, andnests of the Imperial Eagle (36.4%), whichlocated only on pine trees. The most part(62.5%) of rock-nested sakers (n=8) used tonest niches without any nest constructionsand only 37.5% occupied nests of the Up-land Buzzard on shelves. The portion ofempty nest was 34.78% in the Baikalregion,by the way only a half of found nestswas successful in the Balagano-Nukutskaya

Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà íàëèñòâåííèöå (ñëåâà) èïòåíöû â íåì (ñïðàâà).Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêàÿ ëå-ñîñòåïü. Èðêóòñêàÿ îá-ëàñòü. 30.06.2005. ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

A nest of the Imperial Ea-gle on a larch tree (left)and chicks in the nest(right). Irkutsk District.30.06.2005. Photos byI. Karyakin


forest-steppe, and meanwhile all found nestswere active in the Borgoyskaya steppe.

The average brood size was 2.73±1.01(n=11; 1–4). Also we found 5 nests with car-casses of chicks – 1–3 chicks per each, prob-ably the main reason of deaths was insuffi-cient feeding.

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)

An active nest was found on a cliff of theMara river and an adult bird was recordedon a cliff of the Uda river on 26 June, 2005.An adult bird was observed on cliffs of theOka river near Zima village, however the nestwasn’t found. Another active nest with 3chicks was found on a cliff of the Buguldeykariver on 5 July, 2005. Also we found the nestleaved by fledglings on a cliff of the Irkutriver in the Tunkinskaya depression on 6 July.We observed single adult birds in 2 placeswith distance 8 km between registrations inthe Selenga river valley on 8 July. We projectmore than 10 pairs breed in the depressionsof the Irkutsk district and about 10–15 pairs– in the Republic of Buryatia.

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo)

We found 14 breeding territories in theBaikal region, active nests were found on 12territories (fig. 15). The average size of broodwas 1.88±0.83 fledglings (n=11; 1–3).

During surveys we found the Eagle Owlbreeding in the Kuytun-Ziminskaya and theBalagano-Nukutskaya forest-steppes in theIrkutsk district, also a single adult bird wasnoted in the Kosaya steppe in the Bugul-deyka river valley. The average distance be-tween nests was 9.17±4.82 km (n=6; 3.7–14.3 km), the density was 0.84 pairs/100km2. We project 90–100 pairs to breed inthe Balagano-Nukutskaya forest-steppe and115–135 pairs – in the all steppe depres-sions of the Irkutsk district.

We didn’t find the Eagle Owl breeding onthe study areas in Buryatia because the rea-son that areas didn’t include cliffs useful forthe Eagle Owl nesting. At the same time wenoted owls breeding on every visited terri-tories abundant cliff-fraces, in particular inthe Irkut river valley in the Tunkinskaya de-pression, in the Borgoyskaya steppe, in theSelenga river valley and the Gusinoozerskayadepression. The distance between pairs was10.21 km in the Selenga river valley. A totalof 90–110 pairs are estimated to live in Bur-yatia, about 40% of which were in the Se-lenga river valley.

All found nests were on cliffs, only 22.22%of which (n=9) were located in foot of cliffs,while 88.89% – were in niches and only anest was on an open shelf (fig. 16).

Ïðè ïëîòíîñòè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ çàíÿòûõãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà 0,84/100 êì2 ÷èñëåí-íîñòü âèäà äëÿ Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñî-ñòåïè ìû îöåíèâàåì â 90–100 ïàð, ïðèñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè çà ïîñëåäíåå äå-ñÿòèëåòèå êàê ìèíèìóì íà 40%. Ó÷èòûâàÿáåëûå ïÿòíà â ðàñïðåäåëåíèè ãí¸çä ìîãèëü-íèêà â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ, ìîæíîïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî çà 30-òè ëåòíèé ïåðèîä÷èñëåííîñòü ñîêðàòèëàñü áîëåå ÷åì â 2ðàçà. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî âñå ïóñòóþùèåãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íàïðîòèâ íåäàâíîçàáðîøåííûõ ëåòíèõ ëàãåðåé ñêîòà, à âñåæèëûå ãí¸çäà áûëè îðèåíòèðîâàíû ëèáîíà äåéñòâóþùèå ôåðìû è ëåòíèå ëàãåðÿñêîòà, ëèáî íàõîäèëèñü â ïðåäåëàõ âèäè-ìîñòè íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ. Îò÷åòëèâî ïðî-ñëåæèâàåòñÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñî-êðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ëåòíèõ ëàãåðåé

Ïòåíåö ìîãèëüíèêà âãíåçäå. ÐåñïóáëèêàÁóðÿòèÿ.17.07.2005. Ôîòî È.ÊàðÿêèíàThe chick of the ImperialEagle in a nest. Republicof Buryatia. 17.07.2005.Photo by I. Karyakin

ñêîòà è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñîêðàùåíèÿ ïàñò-áèùíîé íàãðóçêè íà ñòåïü è å¸ çàðàñòàíèÿ.Ýòî ñîçäàåò ñëîæíîñòè äëÿ äîáû÷è ìîãèëü-íèêîì äëèííîõâîñòûõ ñóñëèêîâ (Spermo-philus undulatus), ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îñíîâíûìèîáúåêòàìè ïèòàíèÿ âèäà íà äàííîé òåððè-òîðèè. Âèäèìî, ìîãèëüíèê è â ïðîøëîì òÿ-ãîòåë ê ôåðìàì è ëåòíèì ëàãåðÿì ñêîòà,áëèç êîòîðûõ äîìèíèðîâàëè ó÷àñòêè ñêðóïíûìè êîëîíèÿìè ñóñëèêîâ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ,÷òî ñ 70-õ ãîäîâ ïî íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ êî-ëè÷åñòâî ôåðì è ëåòíèêîâ â Áàëàãàíî-Íó-êóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè ñîêðàòèëîñü â 6 ðàç (ïîàíàëèçó òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êàðò), ìîæíîïðåäïîëàãàòü àíàëîãè÷íûå ìàñøòàáû ñî-êðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè è ìîãèëüíèêà.

Â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè ìû îñìîò-ðåëè ðÿä ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêàáèîòîïîâ â å¸ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè, îäíàêîîðëîâ ýòîãî âèäà íå âñòðåòèëè. Âèäèìî,çäåñü ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà îãðàíè÷åíî


äîëèíîé ð. Îêè, ãäå È.Â. Ôåôåëîâûì(2004) óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 3-õ ïàð â17,0±6,6 êì äðóã îò äðóãà (4–26 êì) è ïðåä-ïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå 4-õ ïàð.

Äîëèíà Êóäû áûëà ïðîéäåíà àâòîìàðø-ðóòîì, çäåñü âûÿâëåíî òîëüêî îäíî ïóñòó-þùåå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, íå çàíèìàþùåå-ñÿ óæå íåñêîëüêî ëåò. Âèäèìî, ñèòóàöèÿ ñìîãèëüíèêîì çäåñü åù¸ õóæå, ÷åì â Áàëàãà-íî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, è ìîæíî ïðåäïî-ëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå ëèøü íåñêîëüêèõ ïàð. Âòî æå âðåìÿ â íåáîëüøîé ïî ïëîùàäè Êîñîéñòåïè áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ãíåçäà 2-õ ïàð ìî-ãèëüíèêîâ â 6,25 êì äðóã îò äðóãà ñ âûâîäêà-ìè èç 1 è 2-õ ïòåíöîâ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.

Â Ïðèîëüõîíüå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 3 õî-ðîøî ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêîâíà 2-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ïîêèíóòûõ ïòè-öàìè, è îñòîâ îò îäíîãî ãíåçäà íà òðåòüåìó÷àñòêå, êîòîðûé ìû äàæå íå ñòàëè âíîñèòüâ áàçó. Âèäèìî, ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî â ñî-âðåìåííûé ïåðèîä íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèèâèä ïåðåñòàë ãíåçäèòüñÿ, ëèáî ãíåçäèòñÿ íåáîëåå 1–2-õ ïàð, ÷òî ñîáñòâåííî è ïðåä-ïîëàãàåò Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (2005à).

Òàê èëè èíà÷å, ÷èñëåííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà âÏðèáàéêàëüå îïðåäåë¸ííî ñîêðàòèëàñü,îäíàêî ìàñøòàáû ïàäåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè íåñòîëü êàòàñòðîôè÷íû, êàê ýòî ïðåäïîëàãà-åòñÿ Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâûì (2005à) ïðåèìóùå-ñòâåííî íà îñíîâàíèè äàííûõ ïî Ïðèîëü-õîíüþ è Îëüõîíó. Çäåñü ñèòóàöèÿäåéñòâèòåëüíî âûãëÿäèò óäðó÷àþùå, è ìî-ãèëüíèê ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñ÷åç, íî â áàññåéíåÀíãàðû äî ñèõ ïîð ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ êðóïíàÿãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà âèäà, õîòÿ è èçðÿä-

Îäíî èç ïîñëåäíèõ ãí¸çäìîãèëüíèêà â Ïðèîëüõî-íüå: æåðòâîïðèíîøåíèåáëèç ýòîãî ãíåçäà è êó÷àïóñòûõ áóòûëîê ïîä íèì.Ïðèîëüõîíüå. Èðêóòñêàÿîáëàñòü. 16.07.2005.Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

One of the last nests ofthe Imperial Eagle in theOlchon region: sacrificenear the nest and a dumpof bottles under it. Ol-chon region, Irkutsk Dis-trict. 16.07.2005. Photoby I. Karyakin

íî ïîðåäåâøàÿ. Ñêîðåå âñåãî, ïðè÷èí ñî-êðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà ìíîãî,è â ðàçíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Ïðèáàéêàëüÿ îíè âðàçíîé ñòåïåíè âëèÿþò íà íåãàòèâíûéòðåíä ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà. Â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñ-êîé ëåñîñòåïè, ïî íàøåìó ìíåíèþ, â îñ-íîâå ïðè÷èí ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìî-ãèëüíèêà â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ëåæàòèçìåíåíèÿ â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå ïàñò-áèù, âûçâàííûå ðåçêèì ñîêðàùåíèåì ïà-ñòáèùíîé íàãðóçêè, íà ôîíå óâëàæíåíèÿêëèìàòà â ðåçóëüòàòå çàòîïëåíèÿ äîëèíûÀíãàðû âîäàìè Áðàòñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà.Äðóãàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ â Ïðèîëüõî-íüå, ãäå ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü îñíîâíîå âëè-ÿíèå íåáëàãîïîëó÷íîé ñèòóàöèè íà çèìîâ-êàõ (Ðÿáöåâ, 1999, 2005à), à òàêæå óùåðáîò ôàêòîðà áåñïîêîéñòâà íà ìåñòàõ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ. Ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî ìî-ãèëüíèê â Ïðèîëüõîíüå ÿâëÿåòñÿ êóëüòîâûìâèäîì, è êîðåííîå íàñåëåíèå åìó ïîêëî-íÿåòñÿ è ïðèíîñèò æåðòâû. Íî åñëè ðàíü-øå â æåðòâó îðëó ïðèíîñèëèñü áàðàí, çàÿöè óòêà â íåêîòîðîì óäàëåíèè îò ãíåçäà, òîâ ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ òåíäåíöèÿ«ïðèíåñåíèÿ â æåðòâó» ñïèðòíûõ íàïèòêîâïðÿìî ïîä ãí¸çäàìè, î ÷åì ñâèäåòåëüñòâó-åò ìíîæåñòâî ïóñòûõ áóòûëîê, áðîøåííûõíåðàäèâûìè «æåðòâîâàòåëÿìè».

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íàøà îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñ-òè ìîãèëüíèêà â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè è Óñòü-Îðäûíñêîì Áóðÿòñêîì àâòîíîìíîì îêðó-ãå – 96–112 ïàð, îêîëî 91,35% èç êîòîðûõãíåçäèòñÿ â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè,ïðè ýòîì ïîïóëÿöèÿ èìååò ÿâíûé íåãàòèâ-íûé òðåíä.

Â 6-òè îñìîòðåííûõ íàìè æèëûõ ãí¸ç-äàõ ìîãèëüíèêà áûëî 1–2, â ñðåäíåì1,5±0,6 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî (1,13ïòåíöîâ íà çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî è 0,56 ïòåíöîâíà ïîñåùàâøååñÿ ãíåçäî). Áëèçêèå ïîêàçà-òåëè ïðèâîäèò Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (1999): â 1979–1983 ãã. – 1,2 ñë¸òêà íà çàãíåçäèâøóþñÿïàðó è 1,6 ñëåòêà íà óñïåøíóþ ïàðó (íàÁðàòñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå – 1,85±0,20 ñë¸ò-êà íà óñïåøíóþ ïàðó, íà Áàéêàëå –1,54±0,22); â 1998–1999 ãã. – 0,9 ñë¸òêàíà çàãíåçäèâøóþñÿ ïàðó è 1,5 ñë¸òêà íà óñ-ïåøíóþ ïàðó. Îäíàêî, â 2003 ã. â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè âî âñåõ 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ,íàõîäèâøèõñÿ ïîä íàáëþäåíèåì È.Â. Ôå-ôåëîâà (2004), âûðîñëè ïî 2 ïòåíöà.

Â 1979–1983 ãã. â Ïðèáàéêàëüå ðàçìíî-æåíèå çàâåðøèëîñü áëàãîïîëó÷íî (n=38)íà 68,4±7,5% ãí¸çä, â òîì ÷èñëå íà Áðàòñ-êîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå óñïåøíîñòü ãíåçäîâà-íèÿ ñîñòàâèëà 54,2±10,4%, à íà Áàéêàëå –92,9±7,1%; â 1986–1999 ãã. â Ïðèáàéêà-ëüå ðàçìíîæåíèå áëàãîïîëó÷íî çàâåðøè-


ëîñü ó 59,4% ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Ðÿáöåâ,1999). Â 2005 ã. â öåëîì ïî Ïðèáàéêàëüþóñïåøíûìè îêàçàëèñü ëèøü 37,5% ãí¸çä ìî-ãèëüíèêà, ïðè÷¸ì íà Áàéêàëå âîîáùå íåáûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ñëó÷àåâ óñïåøíî-ãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Íàëèöî ôàêò ðåçêîãî ñî-êðàùåíèÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ïîïóëÿöèè, âîñîáåííîñòè óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ.

Â Áóðÿòèè, òàê æå êàê è â Ïðèáàéêàëüå,ìîãèëüíèêà íàáëþäàëè ïðàêòè÷åñêè âîâñåõ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, âáàññåéíå ð. Ñåëåíãè (Êåëüáåðã, 1988; Åøå-åâ, 1989), íà ñåâåð äî þæíîé ÷àñòè Âè-òèìñêîãî ïëîñêîãîðüÿ (Èçìàéëîâ, 1967), âÁàðãóçèíñêîé è Òóíêèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ (Ãó-ñåâ, 1962; Ðÿáöåâ, 1999).

Ïî äàííûì Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâà (1998á) â Áàð-ãóçèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå â 1992 ã. îáèòàëîïðèìåðíî 6 ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ, à â Òóíêèí-ñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ãäå âèä âïåðâûå íàéäåííà ãíåçäîâüå â 1991 ã., – íå áîëåå 2–3 ïàð.Íàìè â Òóíêèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ìîãèëüíèêíå îáíàðóæåí, õîòÿ åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå çäåñüâïîëíå âîçìîæíî. Íå âñòðåòèëè ìû ìî-ãèëüíèêà â äåëüòå Ñåëåíãè è â Áîðãîéñêîéñòåïè, õîòÿ íà òåððèòîðèè ïîñëåäíåé ãíåç-äîâàíèå åãî âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî â ãîðíîé ëå-ñîñòåïè ñåâåðíîé ïåðèôåðèè êîòëîâèíûè â å¸ çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè. Âî âñåõ îñòàëüíûõîáñëåäîâàííûõ êîòëîâèíàõ (Õèëîê, Òóãíóé,Èâîëãà) ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëîâ ïîäòâåðæäåíîíàõîäêàìè ãí¸çä.

Ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ìîãèëüíèêîì â Áóðÿòèè ëèøüíåñêîëüêî ëó÷øå, ÷åì â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñ-òè. Â õîäå ðàáîòû çäåñü îáíàðóæåíî 13ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, èç íèõ 10 – íà ïëî-ùàäêàõ, 76,9% èç êîòîðûõ (n=13) íà ïëî-ùàäêå â Èâîëãèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå. Ïîìèìîçàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îáíàðóæåíî3 äàâíî ïîêèíóòûõ ïòèöàìè, íà êîòîðûõîáíàðóæåíû ðàçðóøàþùèåñÿ ãí¸çäà. Ïî-

êèíóòûå ìîãèëüíèêàìè ó÷àñòêè â íàñòîÿ-ùåå âðåìÿ çàíèìàþòñÿ ìîõíîíîãèìèêóðãàííèêàìè, ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò îá îò-ñóòñòâèè íà íèõ îðëîâ è óêàçûâàåò íà ñî-êðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà íà èñ-ñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Â Èâîëãèíñêîéêîòëîâèíå óñòàíîâëåíû ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïî-êàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè äëÿ Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðå-ãèîíà – 2,57 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ/100 êì2.Îäíàêî, ïëîòíîñòü çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä ìåíüøåè ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,05/100 êì2. Ðàññòîÿíèåìåæäó ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ ïàðàìè (n=9) ñîñòàâ-ëÿåò 5,1±1,5 êì (2,9–7,1 êì). Â îñòàëüíûõêîòëîâèíàõ ìîãèëüíèê óñòóïàåò ïî ÷èñëåí-íîñòè äðóãèì âèäàì îðëîâ è ãíåçäèòñÿ ñïëîòíîñòüþ 0,21 ïàð/100 êì2. Ëèøü íà46,2% ó÷àñòêîâ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî óñïåø-íîå ðàçìíîæåíèå. Íàøà îöåíêà ÷èñëåí-íîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà äëÿ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíÁóðÿòèè ñîñòàâëÿåò 150–176 ïàð, 82,7% èçêîòîðûõ ãíåçäèòñÿ â Èâîëãèíñêîé êîòëîâè-íå è íà ïðèëåãàþùèõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñîñåäíèõêîòëîâèí áàññåéíà Ñåëåíãè.

Â âûâîäêå (n=4) 1,75±0,5 ïòåíöà íà óñ-ïåøíîå ãíåçäî (0,7 ïòåíöà íà çàíÿòîå ãíåç-äî è 0,54 ïòåíöà íà ïîñåùàâøååñÿ ãíåç-äî). Â 3-õ ãíåçäàõ áûëè âûâîäêè èç 2-õïòåíöîâ, â 1-ì ãíåçäå íàáëþäàëñÿ 1 îïå-ðÿþùèéñÿ ïòåíåö è åù¸ 2 æèëûõ ãíåçäàíå áûëè ïðîâåðåíû. Îñòàëüíûå çàíÿòûåãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè ïî ïðè÷èíå ãèáåëè êëàä-êè èëè âûâîäêà íà ðàííèõ ýòàïàõ ðàçâè-òèÿ, â îñíîâíîì, èç-çà íèçîâûõ ïîæàðîâ,â õîäå êîòîðûõ îáãîðåëè ãíåçäîâûå äåðå-âüÿ, à â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ è ñàìè ãí¸çäà.

Ïî äàííûì Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâà (1999) èç 100îñìîòðåííûõ èì ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà (52æèëûõ è 48 áðîøåííûõ) 60% ðàñïîëàãà-ëèñü íà ñîñíàõ è 40% – íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ;íà îòäåëüíî ñòîÿùèõ äåðåâüÿõ ðàñïîëàãà-ëèñü 11 ãí¸çä, â ãðóïïàõ äåðåâüåâ – 20, íàîïóøêàõ ëåñà – 42 è â ãëóáèíå ëåñà â 100–400-õ ì îò îïóøêè – 27. Èç ãí¸çä, ïîñòðî-åííûõ íà ñîñíàõ, 86,7% ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íàâåðøèíå, à îñòàëüíûå â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâî-ëà, ëèáî íà «âåäüìèíûõ ìåòëàõ». Èç ãí¸çä,ïîñòðîåííûõ íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ, 62,5% ðàñ-ïîëàãàëèñü â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà è 37,5%– â ïðåäâåðøèííûõ ðàçâèëêàõ. Âûñîòà ðàñ-ïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä êîëåáàëàñü îò 7 äî 22 ì,îáû÷íî ñîñòàâëÿÿ 10–15 ì (Ðÿáöåâ, 1999).

Îáíàðóæåííûå íàìè ãí¸çäà (n=37, 26àêòèâíûõ è 6 çàïàñíûõ, âêëþ÷àÿ ãí¸çäà,çàíÿòûå äðóãèìè õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè) ðàñ-ïîëàãàëèñü íà ñîñíàõ (81,08%) è ëèñòâåí-íèöàõ (18,92%), ïðè÷åì ãí¸çäà íà ëèñòâåí-íèöàõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû òîëüêî âÏðèáàéêàëüå (1 – â Ïðèîëüõîíüå, 3 – âÊîñîé ñòåïè è 3 – â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé

Ðèñ. 6. Êàðòà ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aqu-ila nipalensis)

Fig. 6. Distribution ofbreeding territories of theSteppe Eagle (Aquila ni-palensis)


ëåñîñòåïè). Íà îòäåëüíî ñòîÿùèõ äåðåâüÿõè â ãëóáèíå ëåñà (äî 150 ì îò îïóøêè) ðàñ-ïîëàãàëèñü ïî 13,51% ãí¸çä ñîîòâåòñòâåí-íî, íî îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãí¸çä – 72,97% ðàñ-ïîëàãàëàñü íà îïóøêàõ. Èç ãí¸çä íà ñîñíàõ56,7% áûëè óñòðîåíû íà âåðøèíàõ, âêëþ-÷àÿ 1 ãíåçäî (3,3%) íà «ìåòëå» íà âåðøèíåäåðåâà, 40,0% ãí¸çä áûëè óñòðîåíû â ïðåä-âåðøèííûõ ðàçâèëêàõ, è îäíî ãíåçäî ðàñ-ïîëàãàëîñü â ðàçâèëêå â âåðõíåé òðåòèñòâîëà. Èç ãí¸çä íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ 42,9%ãí¸çä áûëè óñòðîåíû â ðàçâèëêàõ â âåðõ-íåé òðåòè ñòâîëà è ïî 28,6% â ïðåäâåð-øèííûõ ðàçâèëêàõ è â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé ââåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà.

Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) íà ñóõîé ëè-ñòâåííèöå. Áîðãîéñêàÿ ñòåïü. Ðåñïóáëèêà Áóðÿòèÿ.13.07.2005. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

A nest of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) on alarch tree. Republic of Buryatia. 13.07.2005. Photo byI. Karyakin

Îð¸ë ñòåïíîé (Aquila nipalensis)

Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä,øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûé ïî èññëåäóå-ìîé òåððèòîðèè. Â Ïðåäáàéêàëüå ðàíååâèä áûë èçâåñòåí êàê çàë¸òíûé, íî ñ íà÷à-ëà âîñüìèäåñÿòûõ ãîäîâ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ñòàëâñòðå÷àòüñÿ äîâîëüíî ðåãóëÿðíî (Ðÿáöåâ,1996, 2000), à â 2001 ã., íà îñíîâàíèè äàí-íûõ î âñòðå÷àõ íà Þæíîì Áàéêàëå ìîëî-äûõ ïòèö òåêóùåãî ãîäà, Â.Â. Ïîïîâ (2003)ïðåäïîëîæèë âîçìîæíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿýòîãî îðëà.

Íàìè ñòåïíîé îð¸ë íàáëþäàëñÿ â Áàëà-ãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè. Áûëî âûÿâëåíî3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà íà ó÷åòíîé ïëîùàäêå¹ 1 â íèçîâüÿõ Óíãè. Îäíà ïàðà ñòåïíûõîðëîâ çàíÿëà ñòàðóþ ïîñòðîéêó ìîãèëüíè-êà è, ñëåãêà ïîäíîâèâ å¸, äåðæàëàñü áëèçãíåçäà. Îäèí èç ïàðòí¸ðîâ â ïàðå áûë ìî-ëîäîé, âîçìîæíî ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå ðàçìíî-æåíèÿ íå ñîñòîÿëîñü. Äâå äðóãèõ ïàðûîáíàðóæåíû â òèïè÷íûõ äëÿ ýòîãî îðëàãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ – íà ñòåïíûõãðÿäàõ ñî ñêàëüíûìè âûõîäàìè. Íà îäíîìèç ó÷àñòêîâ îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî, â êîòîðîìîðëû ðàçìíîæàëèñü â ïðîøëîì ãîäó, îäíà-êî â ýòîì ãîäó îíî ïóñòîâàëî. Ïëîòíîñòüñîñòàâèëà 0,42 ïàðû/100 êì2. Ðàññòîÿíèåìåæäó öåíòðàìè ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëî 4,28è 14,23 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñòåïíî-ãî îðëà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü èìåííî òàì, ãäå ìî-ãèëüíèê ïî êàêèì-òî ïðè÷èíàì èñ÷åç. Òà-êèì îáðàçîì, âñåëåíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà âÏðèáàéêàëüå ñòàëî âîçìîæíûì, âèäèìî, âðåçóëüòàòå ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìî-ãèëüíèêà. Åãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèå â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè äàëåêî îò ðàâíîìåð-íîãî, ïîýòîìó ýòè äàííûå íåëüçÿ ïðÿìîýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü íà âñþ ïëîùàäü êîòëîâè-íû. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ïëîùàäü îñíîâíûõ ãíåçäîïðè-ãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, ñîñðåäîòî÷åííûõ ïðåèìó-ùåñòâåííî âäîëü Àíãàðû, ìîæíî ëèøüïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëå-ñîñòåïè ãíåçäèòñÿ 5–10 ïàð ñòåïíûõ îðëîâñ ÿâíîé òåíäåíöèåé ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè.

Â Áóðÿòèè ñòåïíîé îð¸ë áûë âñåãäà õà-ðàêòåðíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ õèùíèêîì ñòåïíûõêîòëîâèí, îäíàêî âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå äîñòèãàë è äî ïîñëåäíåãîâðåìåíè îñòàâàëñÿ ìàëîèçó÷åííûì âèäîì.Ïî èíôîðìàöèè èç Êðàñíîé êíèãè Áóðÿ-òèè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ìîæíî áûëî âñòðåòèòüâ þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåñïóáëèêè äî Èâîëãèí-

Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñïòåíöîì íà ñîñíå. Òóã-íóé. Ðåñïóáëèêà Áóðÿòèÿ.18.07.2005. Ôîòî È. Êà-ðÿêèíà è Ý. Íèêîëåíêî

A nest of the Steppe Ea-gle with a chick on a pinetree. Republic of Buryat-ia. 18.07.2005. Photos byI. Karyakin and E. Niko-lenko


ñêîé êîòëîâèíû è, âîçìîæíî, ïî äîëèíåð. Óäû; â 50-õ ãã. îðëû îòìå÷àëèñü ñðàâíè-òåëüíî ÷àñòî â Áîðãîéñêîé ñòåïè è Ãóñèíî-îçåðñêîé êîòëîâèíå; ñ 60–70-õ ãã. íà÷àëñÿïðîöåññ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè è àðåà-ëà ýòîãî âèäà: â 1971–1975 ãã. íà ìàðøðó-òå ïðîòÿæåííîñòüþ 420 êì áûëè îòìå÷å-íû 5–9 ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, à â 80-õ ãã.çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî âñåãî 1–2 ïàðû (Äîðæè-åâ, Øàðãàåâ, 1988). Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (2000)ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ ïðî åäèíñòâåííóþíàõîäêó ãíåçäà ñòåïíîãî îðëà â 1990 ã. âÁîðãîéñêîé ñòåïè, îïèñàííóþ Á.Î. Þìî-âûì. Â Áàðãóçèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå ñòåïíîéîð¸ë íå îáíàðóæåí (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000).

Íàìè â õîäå ðàáîòû îáíàðóæåíî 8 ãíåç-äîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Áóðÿòèè,èç íèõ 5 íà ïëîùàäêàõ. Íå áûë íàéäåí íàãíåçäîâàíèè â Òóíêèíñêîé è Èâîëãèíñêîéêîòëîâèíàõ, ïëîòíî íàñåë¸ííûõ ìîãèëüíè-êîì, õîòÿ îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû çäåñü íàáëþäà-ëèñü 6 è 8 èþëÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Â Áîðãîéñ-êîé, Òóãíóéñêîé, Õèëîêñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ è âäîëèíå Ñåëåíãè ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ãíåçäèòñÿ êàêíà ó÷àñòêàõ ãîðíîé ëåñîñòåïè, òàê è, â îò-ëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ îðëîâ, â ãîðíî-ñòåïíûõìàññèâàõ öåíòðàëüíûõ ÷àñòåé êîòëîâèí.Ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè äîñòèãàåò â Áîð-ãîéñêîé ñòåïè, ãäå ãíåçäèòñÿ 62,9% ìåñòíîéïîïóëÿöèè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãíåçäÿùèìè-ñÿ ïàðàìè (n=3) ñîñòàâëÿåò 13,6±1,8 êì

(11,6–14,9 êì). Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíî-ãî îðëà äëÿ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí èññëåäîâàí-íîé òåððèòîðèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 58–68 ïàð.

Èç îáíàðóæåííûõ 7 ãí¸çä òðè ðàñïîëà-ãàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿõ (2 – íà ñîñíàõ è 1 – íàëèñòâåííèöå), äâà – íà ñêàëàõ è 2 – íà íå-áîëüøèõ êàìåíèñòûõ âûõîäàõ ñòåïíûõñêëîíîâ ñîïîê. Ãí¸çäà íà ñîñíå è ëèñòâåí-íèöå ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà âåðøèíàõ, íà âû-ñîòå 12 è 8 ì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Åù¸ îäíîãíåçäî íà ñîñíå áûëî óñòðîåíî íà ìîù-íîé áîêîâîé âåòâè â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè êðîíûíà âûñîòå 7 ì. Â îäíîì èç îñìîòðåííûõãí¸çä îáíàðóæåíà ïîãèáøàÿ êëàäêà èç 2-õÿèö, â 4-õ ãíåçäàõ íàáëþäàëèñü îïåðÿþ-ùèåñÿ ïòåíöû, ïî îäíîìó â êàæäîì. Â îä-íîì ñëó÷àå ñòåïíûå îðëû ÿâíî çàíÿëè ãíåç-äîâóþ ïîñòðîéêó ìîãèëüíèêà íàëèñòâåííèöå, íî íà ñîñíàõ ãí¸çäà áûëè âû-ñòðîåíû èìè ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî, ò.ê. ïðåäñòàâ-ëÿëè ñîáîé àáñîëþòíî ïëîñêèå ïîñòðîéêèñ àíòðîïîãåííûìè ìàòåðèàëàìè, êàê â âû-ñòèëêå, òàê è â êîíñòðóêöèè ïîñòðîéêè. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, îñâîåíèå ñòåïíûì îðëîì äëÿãíåçäîâàíèÿ âûñîêèõ äåðåâüåâ, àíàëîãè÷-íî ñòåðåîòèïó ìîãèëüíèêà, ñâÿçàíî íàïðÿ-ìóþ ñ ñîêðàùåíèåì ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîñëå-äíåãî. Óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ëè ïðè ýòîì÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà, èëè æå ïðî-èñõîäèò åãî ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïî òåððè-òîðèè, ïîêà îñòàåòñÿ íå ÿñíûì.

Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñïòåíöîì íà ðàçâàëå êàì-íåé ñðåäè ñòåïíîãî ñêëî-íà. Áîðãîéñêàÿ ñòåïü.Ðåñïóáëèêà Áóðÿòèÿ.13.07.2005. Ôîòî È. Êà-ðÿêèíà

A nest of the Steppe Ea-gle with a chick on a heapof stones on a steppeslope. Republic of Burya-tia. 13.07.2005. Photo byI. Karyakin

Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñïòåíöîì íà ñêàëå. Áîð-ãîéñêàÿ ñòåïü. Ðåñïóáëè-êà Áóðÿòèÿ. 12.07.2005.Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

A nest of the Steppe Ea-gle with a chick on a rock.Borgoyskaya steppe, Re-public of Buryatia.12.07.2005. Photo by I.Karyakin


Ïîäîðëèê áîëüøîé (Aquila clanga)

Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðå-ãèîíà. Ñèòóàöèÿ ñ íèì íàèìåíåå áëàãîïî-ëó÷íàÿ, ÷åì ñ äðóãèìè íàñòîÿùèìè îðëàìè.

Â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿî íàõîæäåíèè 2-õ ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëè-êà â 1964 ã. (ð. Èÿ, Â.Ä. Ñîíèí) è â 1990 ã.(ð. Èðêóò, Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ), íàèáîëåå ñåâåð-íûå ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîäïðèóðî÷åíû ê äîëèíå Ëåíû, à îáùàÿ ÷èñ-ëåííîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â îáëàñòè ïî ñî-ñòîÿíèþ íà 2005 ã. îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 30 ïàð(Ðÿáöåâ, 2000, Ryabtsev, 2005). Â Êðàñíîéêíèãå Áóðÿòèè èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäîâà-íèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðåñïóáëèêåîòñóòñòâóåò (Äîðæèåâ, 1988). Ïî ìíåíèþÂ.Â. Ðÿáöåâà (2000, 2005), â Áóðÿòèè ïî-äîðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â Òóíêèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå,Áîðãîéñêîé ñòåïè è íà Âåðõíåé Àíãàðå, àîáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü â ðåñïóáëèêå îöåíè-âàåòñÿ â 60–80 ïàð. Íà íàø âçãëÿä, ýòàîöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà áîëåå ÷åìîïòèìèñòè÷íà, ò.ê. â Áóðÿòèè ïëîùàäü ãíåç-äîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ âèäà áèîòîïîâ çíà÷èòåëü-íî ìåíüøå, ÷åì â òîé æå Èðêóòñêîé îáëà-ñòè, è ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå îíè ñîñðåäîòî÷åíûâ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ, ãäå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ îáè-òàíèÿ ïîäîðëèêîâ äàëåêè îò îïòèìàëüíûõ.

Çà âðåìÿ íàøåé ýêñïåäèöèè ïîäîðëèêíàáëþäàëñÿ ëèøü ðàç – âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà 8èþëÿ ïàðèëà íàä çàáîëî÷åííûì ó÷àñòêîìâ âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Õàëþòà â 6 êì ñåâåðî-çà-ïàäíåå Èâîëãèíñêà. Ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå äëÿáîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà áèîòîïû â ñòåïíûõêîòëîâèíàõ èññëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè Áó-ðÿòèè îãðàíè÷åíû ó÷àñòêîì þãî-âîñòî÷íî-ãî ìàêðîñêëîíà õð. Õàìàð-Äàáàí ìåæäóÓëàí-Óäý è Ãóñèíûì îçåðîì, ãäå ìîæíîïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå 2–4-õ ïàð. Â Èð-

êóòñêîé îáëàñòè âèä íå áûë âñòðå÷åí, õîòÿâ ïðåäåëàõ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí åñòü óñëîâèÿäëÿ îáèòàíèÿ âèäà â äîëèíå ðåê Êóäà è Îêà.

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla)

Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä Áàéêàëüñêîãîðåãèîíà. Â 60-õ ãã. ãí¸çäà îðëàíà-áåëîõâî-ñòà áûëè èçâåñòíû íà ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîìïîáåðåæüå Áàéêàëà (Ñêðÿáèí, Ôèëîíîâ,1962; Ãóñåâ, Óñòèíîâ, 1966) â ïðåäåëàõÁàðãóçèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Òàê, îò ïîñ.Äàâøà äî ð. Øóìèëèõè íàñ÷èòûâàëîñü 4ãíåçäà ýòèõ ïòèö. Îòäåëüíûå ãí¸çäà îòìå-÷åíû â ×èâûðêóéñêîì çàëèâå, áóõòå Àÿÿ,áëèç ð. Òàðêóëèêà, íà îñòðîâàõ ÁîëüøîìÓøêàíüåì (Ãóñåâ, 1960) è Îëüõîí (Ëèòâè-íîâ, 1963), íà îç. Òàñåé è Òóðõåë (Èçìàé-ëîâ, 1967), íà ïðèòåððàñíîì ó÷àñòêå äåëü-òû ð. Ñåëåíãè (Øâåöîâ, Øâåöîâà, 1967).Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä çà-ðåãèñòðèðîâàíû ó îç¸ð Ãóñèíîîçåðñêîéêîòëîâèíû (Èçìàéëîâ, Áîðîâèöêàÿ, 1973).Â êîíöå àâãóñòà 1974 ã. ïàðà îðëàíîâ ñõîðîøî ëåòàþùèì ïòåíöîì îáíàðóæåíà íàíåáîëüøèõ îçåðêàõ â ðàéîíå ñ. Êèæèíãà.Áîëüøîå ãíåçäî ñ äâóìÿ ïîäðàñòàþùèìèïòåíöàìè íàéäåíî 26 èþíÿ 1976 ã. íàêðóïíîé ëèñòâåííèöå ó îç. Ãóíäà; ëåòîì1974–1977 ãã. îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû íåîäíîê-ðàòíî âñòðå÷àëèñü íà îçåðàõ â Ìóéñêîéäîëèíå, íà îç. Êîòîêåëü, â äåëüòå ð. Ñåëåí-ãè è â ðàéîíå îç. Ãóñèíîå (Êåëüáåðã, Ïðî-êîïüåâ, 1988). Îñíîâíûå ãíåçäîâüÿ îð-ëàíà â Áóðÿòèè â 60–70-õ ãã. áûëèðàñïîëîæåíû â áàññåéíàõ pp. Âèòèìà,Áàðãóçèíà, Âåðõíåé Àíãàðû è íà ðåäêî ïî-ñåùàåìûõ ëþäüìè ó÷àñòêàõ ïîáåðåæüÿÁàéêàëà, à îáùàÿ èõ ÷èñëåííîñòü íå ïðå-âûøàëà 20 ïàð (Êåëüáåðã, Ïðîêîïüåâ,1988). Ïî äàííûì Â.Â. Ïîïîâà (1998) â

Òàáë. 3. ×èñëåííîñòüãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïåðíàòûõõèùíèêîâ â ñòåïíûõ êîò-ëîâèíàõ ÁàéêàëüñêîãîðåãèîíàTable 3. The number ofbreeding raptors in thesteppe depressions of theBaikal region

* – ýêñïåðòíàÿ îöåíêà; ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ íåäîñòàòî÷íî / expert estimation; the number of records is insufficient

Ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ ïàðû / Breeding pairsÂèä Species

Èçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè

Known breeding territories

Æèëûå ãí¸çäà

Living nestsÈðêóòñêàÿ îáëàñòü,

âêëþ÷àÿ Óñòü-Îðäûíñêèé Áóðÿòñêèé ÀÎIrkutsk district

Ðåñïóáëèêà ÁóðÿòèÿRepublic

of Buryatia

Âñåãî â ðåãèîíå

Total

Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) 9 5 15-20 80-100 95-120

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) 29 11 96-112 150-176 246-288

Îð¸ë ñòåïíîé (Aquila nipalensis)

11 4 5-10 58-68 63-78

Ïîäîðëèê áîëüøîé (Aquila clanga)

1? 3-6* 2-4* 5-10*

Êóðãàííèê ìîõíîíîãèé (Buteo hemilasius)

52 43 150-196 395-495 545-691

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus)

5 2 30-40 32-43 62-83

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) 23 15 50-65 135-165 185-230

Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) 7 4 10-15* 10-15* 20-30*

Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) 14 12 115-135 90-110* 205-245


90-õ ãã. îðëàí ïåðåñòàë ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ïî-áåðåæüå Áàéêàëà â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè. Â1992–1993 ãã. ïðè îñìîòðå ïîáåðåæüÿîñòðîâà Îëüõîí (ãäå â ïðîøëîì áûëà ñà-ìàÿ âûñîêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëàíà íà Áàé-êàëå) âî âðåìÿ ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà îðëàíâîîáùå íå áûë âñòðå÷åí, îáíàðóæåíîòîëüêî 2 íåæèëûõ ãíåçäà. Æèëîå ãíåçäîîðëàíà áûëî íàéäåíî 18 àâãóñòà 1993 ã.íà ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîì áåðåãó Ìàëîãî Ìîðÿíà ìûñå Àðóë, è îíî ñòàëî ïîñëåäíèì èç-âåñòíûì æèëûì ãíåçäîì íà ïîáåðåæüåÁàéêàëà â ïðåäåëàõ Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè. Íàòåððèòîðèè Áàéêàëî-Ëåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíè-êà íåæèëîå, íî õîðîøî ñîõðàíèâøååñÿãíåçäî îðëàíà îáíàðóæåíî â óñòüå ð. Ìà-ëîé Ëåäÿíîé â 800 ì îò Áàéêàëà. Íå èñ-êëþ÷åíî ãíåçäîâàíèå â ðàéîíàõ ìûñîâÁîëüøîé è Ìàëûé Ñîëîíöîâûé, ãäå îðëà-íîâ íåîäíîêðàòíî âñòðå÷àëè â ãíåçäîâîåâðåìÿ. Íà Þæíîì Áàéêàëå â ãíåçäîâîåâðåìÿ îðëàí âñòðå÷åí 14 èþëÿ 1993 ã. íàîç. Äóõîâîì (Ïîïîâ, 1998). Òàêèì îáðà-çîì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ñóùåñòâåííîì ñî-êðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà â Áàéêàëü-ñêîì ðåãèîíå çà ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêîäåñÿòèëåòèé.

Íàìè âçðîñëûé îðëàí íàáëþäàëñÿ íàïðèñàäå íà ïðàâîì áåðåãó ð. Ñåëåíãè áëèçóñòüÿ ð. Èòàíöà 8 èþëÿ 2005 ã.


Èñòîðèÿ íàáëþäåíèé îðëà-êàðëèêà âÁàéêàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå íàñ÷èòûâàåò ïî÷òèïîëòîðà ñòîëåòèÿ, îäíàêî âïëîòü äî íà÷àëàXXI âåêà äîñòîâåðíûõ ñâåäåíèé î ãíåçäî-âàíèè îðëà-êàðëèêà íà Áàéêàëå íå ïîñòó-ïàëî (Ïîïîâ, 2003), åñëè íå ó÷èòûâàòü øè-ðîêî èçâåñòíîå óêàçàíèå íà íàõîäêó îðëàíà Ëåíå, áëèç Æèãàëîâà, õàðàêòåð êîòîðîéíå ñîâñåì ïîíÿòåí (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951).

Íàìè îð¸ë-êàðëèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà 6 ó÷à-ñòêàõ â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè, íà 2-õ èç êîòî-

ðûõ áûëî äîêàçàíî åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå, à íà2-õ îíî âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, è íà 4-õ ó÷àñò-êàõ â Áóðÿòèè, íà îäíîì èç êîòîðûõ ïðåä-ïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå (ðèñ.7). Áîëüøèí-ñòâî ìåñò ðåãèñòðàöèè êàðëèêà ëåæàò âïðåäåëàõ òåððèòîðèé, ãäå âèä íàáëþäàëñÿè ðàíåå.

Þ.È. Ìåëüíèêîâ (1999à, 1999á) âñòðå-÷àë êàðëèêà â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòå-ïè â èþíå 1990 ã. è â ìàå 1996 ã. Íàìè âÊóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè îäèíî÷íûéêàðëèê áûë âñòðå÷åí 25 èþíÿ â ïàäè Êóëóòó ñ. Õàð÷åâ.

Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (1995; 1996; 2000) â 1988–1995 ãã. âñòðå÷àë êàðëèêà â Áàëàãàíñêîé

Ðèñ. 7. Êàðòà ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hiera-aetus pennatus)

Fig. 7. Distribution of theBooted Eagle (Hieraaetuspennatus) breeding terri-tories

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû.25.06.2005. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

The dark morph adult Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pen-natus). 25.06.2005. Photo by I. Karyakin

ëåñîñòåïè, íà âåðõíåé Ëåíå, â äîëèíàõ ëå-âîáåðåæíûõ ïðèòîêîâ Àíãàðû (Èÿ, Óíãà,Îêà, Áåëàÿ, Êèòîé), íà ñðåäíåì Áàéêàëå âíèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Ñàðìû, â ïîéìå Èðêó-òà, íî ÷èñëåííîñòü âåçäå áûëà íèçêîé (êàêïðàâèëî, åäèíè÷íûå âñòðå÷è çà ñåçîí).Ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè ëåâîáåðåæüÿ çàëèâàÓíãà íà Áðàòñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå íàìèáûëî âûÿâëåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà êàð-ëèêîâ 27 è 29 èþíÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî – îäèíáëèç ñ. Õàðåòû, äðóãîé ó ñ. Ïåðâîìàéñêîå.Íà ïîñëåäíåì áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 2 ãíåçäà:îäíî ïðîøëîãîäíåå, äðóãîå ýòîãî ãîäà.

Â 8 êì ê ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò ï. Óñòü-Îð-äûíñêèé (äîëèíà ð. Êóäà) ÿâíî òåððèòîðè-àëüíûé êàðëèê, ãîíÿâøèé êîðøóíà, âñòðå-÷åí 2 èþëÿ, à 3 èþëÿ ïî êðèêàì ñàìêè èñàìöà îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî äðóãîé ïàðû, â3-õ êì ê þãî-çàïàäó îò ñ. Åëàíöû (Ïðèîëü-õîíüå).


Îïðåäåëåííî, êàðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â Ïðè-àíãàðüå, ò.ê. èìåþòñÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ ýòîãîîðëà â ÷åðòå ã. Èðêóòñêà (Ëèïèí è äð.,1983; Ðÿáöåâ, 2000) è áëèç Àíãàðñêà (Ïî-ïîâ, Ñàëîâàðîâ, 1998). Â.Í. Ñêàëîí (1936)ïðèâîäèò èíôîðìàöèþ î 2-õ òóøêàõ îð-ëîâ-êàðëèêîâ, õðàíÿùèõñÿ â êîëëåêöèèÈðêóòñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, îäèí èç êîòîðûõáûë äîáûò Á. Ãîäëåâñêèì áëèç Èðêóòñêà.

Â Áóðÿòèè êàðëèê ñ 30-õ ãã. íàáëþäàåòñÿâ Òóíêèíñêîé äîëèíå. Çäåñü áëèç ñ. Òóíêà âàâãóñòå 1932 ã. áûëà äîáûòà ïòèöà ó ãíåç-äà (Ñêàëîí, 1936), ïîçæå êàðëèêà â Òóí-êèíñêîé äîëèíå íàáëþäàëè â 1988 è 1991ãã. (Äîðæèåâ, Åëàåâ, 1996; Ðÿáöåâ, 2000).Â çîîëîãè÷åñêîé êîëëåêöèè Èðêóòñêîãîóíèâåðñèòåòà èìååòñÿ òóøêà ñàìöà êàðëè-êà, äîáûòîãî 25 àâãóñòà 1936 ã. áëèç ñ.Ìîíäû. Çäåñü æå êàðëèê äîáûâàëñÿ è ïîç-æå (Ñóìüÿà, Ñêðÿáèí, 1989). Íàìè â Òóí-êèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, êàðëèêíå âñòðå÷åí.

Íàèáîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî êîëëåêöèîííûõýêçåìïëÿðîâ, õðàíÿùèõñÿ â Çîîëîãè÷åñêîìèíñòèòóòå ÐÀÍ è Çîîìóçåå ÌÃÓ (Èçìàéëîâ,Áîðîâèöêàÿ, 1973) ïðîèñõîäèò ñ þãà Áó-ðÿòèè. Â ìàå 1935 ã. ñàìåö êàðëèêà áûëäîáûò ó ñ. Èðî Ñåëåíãèíñêîãî ð-íà (Ñêà-ëîí, 1936), â èþëå 1979 ã. – â îêðåñòíîñ-òÿõ Êÿõòû (Ñìèðíîâ è äð., 1983), â àâãóñòå2002 ã. îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà íàáëþäàëàñü âÒîðñêîé êîòëîâèíå áëèç Çóí-Ìóðèíî (Ïî-ïîâ, 2003). Ö.Ç. Äîðæèåâ (1988) ïèøåò, ÷òîýòîò îð¸ë âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â þæíûõ è öåíòðàëü-íûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåñïóáëèêè ïðèìåðíî äîøèðîòû Óëàí-Óäý, îäíàêî, èì íå ó÷òåíûâñòðå÷è ýòîãî âèäà, ëåæàùèå ñóùåñòâåííîñåâåðíåå. Åùå â 1953 ã. êàðëèêà âèäåëèíà ñåâåðå Áàéêàëà â äåëüòå Âåðõíåé Àíãà-ðû (Ãàãèíà, 1954), â 1962–1963 ãã. êàðëèêðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àëñÿ â óðî÷èùå Äîáý-Åí-õîð ê ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò Óëàí-Óäý (Èçìàé-ëîâ, Áîðîâèöêàÿ, 1973). Â äåëüòå Ñåëåíãèêàðëèêà íàáëþäàëè äâàæäû â 1990 ã. (Òó-

ïèöûí, Ôåôåëîâ, 1995), à â 1993 ã. – â Áàð-ãóçèíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå (Àíàíèí, Ôåäîðîâ,1988). Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (2000) âî âðåìÿ ó÷¸òàõèùíûõ ïòèö íà àâòîìàðøðóòàõ ïî ëåñîñòåï-íûì ðàéîíàì â 1988 ã. (ïðîáåã â 2600 êì)è â 1999 ã. (ïðîáåã ñâûøå 6000 êì) âñòðå-òèë ïî îäíîìó êàðëèêó ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.Íàìè îäèíî÷íûå êàðëèêè íàáëþäàëèñü4 ðàçà: â äåëüòå Ñåëåíãè áëèç Èñòîìèíî7 èþëÿ, â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè Äæèäû 15 èþëÿ,áåñïîêîÿùàÿñÿ ïòèöà – â âåðõîâüÿõ ðå÷êèØàðàëäàéêà áëèç ñ. Øàðàëäàé 18 èþëÿ,îõîòèâøàÿñÿ ïòèöà â Òóãíóéñêîé êîòëîâè-íå áëèç Õîøóí-Óçóðà 19 èþëÿ, îäíàêî ïî-ïûòêè íàéòè ãí¸çäà íå áûëè ïðåäïðèíÿòû.

Èñõîäÿ èç ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ è íàøèõíàáëþäåíèé ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü, ÷òîêàðëèê â ðåãèîíå íàñåëÿåò âñå ñòåïíûåêîòëîâèíû, îäíàêî ÷èñëåííîñòü åãî íå âû-ñîêà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, âîçìîæíî, ÷òî â îñ-íîâå ïðè÷èí ñïîðàäè÷íîñòè ðåãèñòðàöèéâèäà ëåæèò íå åãî ðåäêîñòü, à ñêðûòíîåïîâåäåíèå.

Â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè ðàññòî-ÿíèå ìåæäó âûÿâëåííûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ñîñòà-âèëî 32,5 êì, â Òóãíóéñêîé êîòëîâèíå –26,5 êì. Ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,25 ïàð/100 êì2

(0,14 ïàð/100 êì2 ñ ó÷¸òîì ïëîùàäîê, íàêîòîðûõ îð¸ë íå íàáëþäàëñÿ). Ïî äàííûìó÷¸òîâ íà àâòîìàðøðóòàõ (øèðèíà ó÷¸òíîéïîëîñû 1 êì) ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,19ïàð/100 êì2 (â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ìû ïðèðàâ-íèâàåì âñå ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà ê ïàðàì).Íåñìîòðÿ íà íåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî âñòðå÷âèäà, ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ñëàáî âàðüè-ðóþò. ×èñëåííîñòü îðëà-êàðëèêà íà ãíåç-äîâàíèè â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Áàéêàëüñ-êîãî ðåãèîíà ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 62–83ïàðû è, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ýòî òîò ìèíèìàëü-íûé ïîðîã, íà êîòîðûé ñëåäóåò îðèåíòè-ðîâàòüñÿ â äàëüíåéøèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ.

Â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè ãí¸çäàêàðëèêà áûëè óñòðîåíû íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ âîñòðîâíîì ìàññèâå è óäàëåíû íà 30 è 60ì îò îïóøêè. Ãíåçäî êàðëèêà áëèç Åëàíöîâáûëî óñòðîåíî íà ñîñíå è ðàñïîëàãàëîñüñðåäè ìîçàè÷íîãî ëåñà, ðàçðåæåííîãî ñå-íîêîñàìè, íà ñêëîíå ëîãà â 1 êì îò ñòåï-íîé äîëèíû.

Êóðãàííèê ìîõíîíîãèé(Buteo hemilasius)

Íà þãå ðåãèîíà îáû÷íûé, íà ñåâåðå íå-ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Â Áóðÿ-òèè â 60-õ ãã. ãíåçäèëñÿ â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ.Ñàìûå ñåâåðíûå ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà ëåæà-ëè áëèç þãî-âîñòî÷íîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ îç. Ãó-ñèíîå (Ðîæêîâ, Ïøåíè÷íèêîâ, 1960). Âýòîò æå ïåðèîä ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê äëÿ

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê ñâåòëîéìîðôû. 22.06.2006.Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

The pale morph BootedEagle. 22.06.2006. Pho-to by I. Karyakin


Ïðåäáàéêàëüÿ áûë èçâåñòåí êàê ðåä÷àéøèéçàë¸òíûé âèä, îäíàêî, íà÷èíàÿ ñ âîñüìè-äåñÿòûõ ãîäîâ ïðîøëîãî âåêà åãî çàë¸òûó÷àñòèëèñü, à â 1996 ã. áûëè íàéäåíû ïåð-âûå äâà ãíåçäà (Ïîïîâ, 2003). Â ïîñëåäó-þùèå ãîäû îáíàðóæåíî åù¸ ñâûøå 10ãí¸çä ýòîãî âèäà. ×èñëåííîñòü åãî ðåçêîâîçðîñëà, è ê êîíöó 90-õ äîñòèãëà 100–150ïàð (Ðÿáöåâ, 2000). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòîòâèä íàñåëÿåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ñòåïíûå ðàé-îíû Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè (Ïîïîâ, 2003).Íàáëþäàåòñÿ ÿâíàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ çàñåëåíèÿâèäîì ïîêèíóòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìî-ãèëüíèêà.

Íàìè ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê íàáëþäàë-ñÿ âî âñåõ îáñëåäîâàííûõ êîòëîâèíàõ, êðî-ìå Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè (ðèñ. 8).Ãíåçäîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî â Áàëàãàíî-Íó-êóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, äîëèíå Êóäû, Ñåëåíãè,Èâîëãèíñêîé, Òóãíóéñêîé, Õèëîêñêîé êîò-ëîâèíàõ, âîêðóã Ãóñèíîãî îçåðà è â Áîð-

Âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí-íèêà: 1 – Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêàÿ ñòåïü, Èðêóòñêàÿ îá-ëàñòü, 30.06.2005. 2 – Èâîëãèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, Ðåñ-ïóáëèêà Áóðÿòèÿ, 08.07.2005. 3 – Áîðãîéñêàÿ ñòåïü,Ðåñïóáëèêà Áóðÿòèÿ, 14.07.2005. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Nests of the Upland Buzzard: 1 – Irkutsk District ,30.06.2005. 2 – Republic of Buryatia, 08.07.2005. 3 –Republic of Buryatia, 14.07.2005. Photos by I. Karyakin

Ìîõíîíîãèå êóðãàííèêè (Buteo hemilasius) ñâåòëîéè ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

Upland Buzzards (Buteo hemilasius) of pale and darkmorphs. Photo by I. Karyakin

ãîéñêîé ñòåïè. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 1,12–2,93 ïàð/100 êì2, â ñðåäíåì 1,83 ïàð/100êì2. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè âàðüèðó-åò (n=45) îò 1,42 äî 17,36 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ âñðåäíåì 5,56±3,83 êì. Â îïòèìàëüíûõáèîòîïàõ, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè îñòðîé êîíêó-ðåíöèè ñ îðëàìè, ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèêãíåçäèòñÿ â 3–6 êì ïàðà îò ïàðû. Óâåëè÷å-íèå ïëîòíîñòè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà ëî-êàëüíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ, êàê è å¸ óìåíüøåíèå,îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ëèìèòîì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõáèîòîïîâ è êîíêóðåíöèåé ñ îðëàìè (áåð-êóò, ìîãèëüíèê è ñòåïíîé). Ïëîòíîñòü ìîõ-íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ïðèóìåíüøåíèè ïëîòíîñòè îðëîâ (ðèñ. 10).Íàèáîëåå îñòðàÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ çà ìåñòà

Ðèñ. 8. Êàðòà ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí-íèêà (Buteo hemilasius)

Fig. 8. Distribution ofbreeding territories of theUpland Buzzard (Buteohemilasius)

ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñ ìîãèëüíèêîì,êîòîðûé òàêæå êàê è êóðãàííèê ïðåäïî÷è-òàåò äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îïóøêè ëåñîâ.

Â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 9ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè è43 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà – â Áóðÿòèè.

Â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè ïðèïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð-ãàííèêà 1,12 ïàð/100 êì2, ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæ-äó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâèëî (n=7) 6,69±5,1 êì(1,67 – 15,35 êì). ×èñëåííîñòü äëÿ äàííîé


òåððèòîðèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 110–140 ïàð ñóñòîé÷èâîé òåíäåíöèåé ê ðîñòó. Â äîëèíåÀíãàðû è Êóäû ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèêãíåçäèòñÿ, âèäèìî, ñ ìåíüøåé ïëîòíîñòüþ,îäíàêî ïîëíîöåííûå ïëîùàäî÷íûå ó÷¸òûýòîãî âèäà çäåñü íå ïðîâîäèëèñü. Ïëîòíîñòüíà ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ ñîñòàâèëà 0,9 ïàð/100 êì2. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî íà òåð-ðèòîðèè âñåõ ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí Èðêóòñêîéîáëàñòè ãíåçäèòñÿ 150–196 ïàð ìîõíîíî-ãèõ êóðãàííèêîâ.

Â Òóíêèíñêîé äîëèíå è äåëüòå Ñåëåíãè,ïî-âèäèìîìó, ãíåçäÿòñÿ åäèíè÷íûå ïàðûêóðãàííèêîâ, à áîëåå èëè ìåíåå õàðàêòåð-íûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì êîòëîâèí ìîõíî-íîãèé êóðãàííèê ñòàíîâèòñÿ þæíåå Óëàí-Óäý. Ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè äîñòèãàåò

â Áîðãîéñêîé ñòåïè, ãäå ãíåçäèòñÿ îêîëî31% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåñïóá-ëèêå. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,93 ïàð/100êì2, à ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè (n=21)– 5,58±3,65 êì (2,27 – 14,98 êì). Çäåñüâèä ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ðàâíîìåðíî ïî âñåéòåððèòîðèè êîòëîâèíû, â îòëè÷èå îò Èâîë-ãèíñêîé èëè Òóãíóéñêîé êîòëîâèí, ãäå òÿ-ãîòååò ê èõ ïåðèôåðèè. ×èñëåííîñòü ìîõ-íîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà â êîòëîâèíàõ Áóðÿòèèîöåíèâàåòñÿ â 395–495 ïàð.

Â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè (n=9) óñïåøíîåðàçìíîæåíèå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî íà 55,6%ãí¸çä. Ïðîâåðåííûå 4 æèëûõ ãíåçäà ñî-äåðæàëè âûâîäêè èç 4-õ ïòåíöîâ, ïðè÷åìâ 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ ïòåíöû áûëè ãîòîâû ê âûëå-òó. Â îäíîì íåóñïåøíîì ãíåçäå íàõîäèëîñüïîãèáøåå ÿéöî.

Â Áóðÿòèè (n=41) óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæå-íèå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî íà 92,7% ãí¸çä. Ââûâîäêàõ îò 1 äî 4-õ, â ñðåäíåì 2,33±1,12ñë¸òêîâ íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî ïðè äîìèíè-ðîâàíèè âûâîäêîâ èç 1 (30,0%) è 2-õ(26,7%) ïòåíöîâ. Íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî äîìè-

Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê.Õèëîê. Ðåñïóáëèêà Áó-ðÿòèÿ. 16.07.2005. ÔîòîÈ. Êàðÿêèíà

The Upland Buzzard. Re-public of Buryatia.16.07.2005. Photo by I.Karyakin

Ðèñ. 9. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð-ãàííèêà

Fig. 9. The distance between the Upland Buzzard nests

Ðèñ. 10. Ïëîòíîñòü îðëîâ è ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêàíà ïëîùàäêàõ

Fig. 10. Density of the eagles and Upland Buzzard onthe plots

Ðèñ. 11. Êîëè÷åñòâî ñë¸òêîâ â âûâîäêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãîêóðãàííèêà

Fig. 11. Number of fledglings per a brood of the Up-land Buzzard

Ðèñ. 12. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí-íèêà ïî õàðàêòåðó èõ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ

Fig. 12. Location of the Upland Buzzard nests


íèðîâàíèå âûâîäêîâ èç 1 è 2-õ ñë¸òêîâ âíàøåé âûáîðêå âûçâàíî òåì, ÷òî áîëåå ïî-ëîâèíû ãí¸çä ïîñåùàëèñü ÷åðåç 1–2 íåäå-ëè ïîñëå âûëåòà ìîëîäûõ, è ÷àñòü ñë¸òêîâáûëà íå ó÷òåíà ïðè êðàòêîâðåìåííîì ïî-ñåùåíèè ó÷àñòêîâ.

Èç 48 ãíåçä êóðãàííèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõâ ðåãèîíå, 95,92% ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà äå-ðåâüÿõ. Äâà íàñêàëüíûõ ãíåçäà áûëè óñò-ðîåíû â ãîðíî-ñòåïíîì ëàíäøàôòå öåíò-ðàëüíîé ÷àñòè ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí íà ïîëêàõâ âåðõíåé òðåòè íåáîëüøèõ îñòàíöåâ. Èçãí¸çä íà äåðåâüÿõ äîìèíèðóþò ïîñòðîéêèíà ñîñíàõ – 46,8%, ðåæå êóðãàííèêè ãíåç-äÿòñÿ íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ – 38,3% è âÿçàõ ìåë-êîëèñòâåííûõ – 10,6%, åù¸ ðåæå – íà äðó-ãèõ ïîðîäàõ äåðåâüåâ. Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä(63,8%) óñòðîåíî â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëàâ ðàçâèëêàõ ëèáî â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé óñòâîëà, ïðè÷¸ì ðàçâèëêè ÿâíî ïðåäïî÷è-òàþòñÿ (46,8%). Íåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâîãí¸çä (12,8%) áûëî óñòðîåíî íà «âåäüìè-íûõ ì¸òëàõ», ïðè÷¸ì çàíÿòî îêîëî ïîëî-âèíû âñåõ îáíàðóæåííûõ «ì¸òë». Âûñîòàðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä (n=48) âàðüèðóåò âøèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ îò 1,5 äî 22 ì, ñîñòàâ-ëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 8,52±4,84 ì.

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug)

Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé õàðàêòåðíûé ãíåçäÿ-ùèéñÿ âèä ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí Áàéêàëüñêîãîðåãèîíà.

Â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè âïåðâûå ãíåçäîâà-íèå áàëîáàíà áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî â 1964 ã.â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè (Ñîíèí,1968) è äî 80-õ ãã. ñ÷èòàëîñü, ÷òî áàëîáàíãíåçäèòñÿ â Ïðèáàéêàëüå òîëüêî â ëåñîñòåïèëåâîáåðåæüÿ Áðàòñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà(Òîë÷èí, 1971). Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (1998à) îáíà-ðóæèë áàëîáàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà î-âåÎëüõîí â 1982 ã., â äîëèíå ð. Êóäû â 1988 ã.,â 1990–1991 ãã. íàáëþäàë ãíåçäîâàíèå ýòî-

ãî ñîêîëà â äîëèíå ð. Èðêóò, à íàèáîëååñåâåðíàÿ âñòðå÷à ñ ñîêîëîì â ãíåçäîâîéïåðèîä ïðîèçîøëà â âåðõîâüÿõ Óäèíñêîãîçàëèâà Áðàòñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà (îêîëî54° ñ.ø.) â 1989 ã. (ðèñ. 13–2). Äëÿ Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè èçâåñòíû ëèøü âñòðå-÷è îäèíî÷íûõ îñîáåé (Ôåôåëîâ, 1998).

Â íà÷àëå 80-õ ãã. ïî îöåíêàì Â.Â. Ðÿá-öåâà (1998à) ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â Áà-ëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè îöåíèâàëàñüâ 70 ïàð, êîòîðûå ãíåçäèëèñü ñ ïëîòíîñ-òüþ 3,3 ïàð/100 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè èëè10 ïàð/100 êì2 ëåñà, íà î-âå Îëüõîí ãíåç-äèëàñü ëèøü ïàðà áàëîáàíîâ, à â Ïðåäáàé-êàëüå â öåëîì ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàëàñü â100 ïàð, ïðè ýòîì íàáëþäàëñÿ íåêîòîðûéðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, íà ñòà-

Ðèñ. 13. Êàðòà ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ áàëîáàíà (Falcocherrug): 1 – ïî íàøèìäàííûì â 2005 ã., 2 – ïîäàííûì Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâà(1998) â 1979–1991 ãã.

Fig. 13. Distribution ofbreeding territories of theSaker Falcon (Falco cher-rug) in accordance withour data in 2005 –1, anddata of V.V. Ryabit-sev(1998) in 1979–1991

Ìîëîäîé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). 27.06.2005.Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

The juvenile Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug).27.06.2005. Photo by I. Karyakin


öèîíàðå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ï.Ïåðâîìàéñê íà 30 êì2 â 1979ã. ãíåçäèëàñü îäíà ïàðà, à â1982 ã. – òðè. Â êîíöå 90-õÂ.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (Ryabtsev, 2001)îöåíèë ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáà-íà â Ïðåäáàéêàëüå â 10–20ïàð.

Â Áóðÿòèè áàëîáàí íàáëþ-äàëñÿ íà Çàãàíñêîì è Ìàë-õàíñêîì õðåáòàõ, â äîëèíåÕèëêà, â ëåñîñòåïè ïî pp. Ñå-ëåíãå è Äæèäå, â Îðîíãîéñ-êîé è Èâîëãèíñêîé äîëèíàõ(Êåëüáåðã, Ïðîêîïüåâ. 1988).Â 50-õ ãã. ïîñòîÿííî îáèòàëâ Òóíêèíñêîé äîëèíå (Òèìî-

ôååâ, 1958). Ê ñåâåðó îò ã. Óëàí-Óäý â 70-õ ãã. íå îòìå÷åí, õîòÿ â 80-õ èçâåñòíûâñòðå÷è â äåëüòå Ñåëåíãè (Ðÿáöåâ, 1998à).

Â Ñåëåíãèíñêîì ñðåäíåãîðüå â 70–80-õãã. áàëîáàí ëåòîì áûë ðåäîê, à ïîçäíåéîñåíüþ è çèìîé âñòðå÷àëñÿ ÷àùå – äî 0,2–0,5 îñîáè/1 êì2 íà íåêîòîðûõ ó÷àñòêàõÈâîëãèíñêîé è Îðîíãîéñêîé êîòëîâèí(Êåëüáåðã, Ïðîêîïüåâ. 1988). Ïî îöåíêåÂ.Â. Ðÿáöåâà (Ðÿáöåâ, 1998á; Ryabtsev,2001) â Áóðÿòèè â 80-õ ãã. ãíåçäèëèñü îêî-ëî 100 ïàð áàëîáàíîâ, à â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. –30–60 ïàð, 3–6 ïàð èç êîòîðûõ íàñåëÿëèÁàðãóçèíñêóþ êîòëîâèíó è 2–4 ïàðû – Òóí-êèíñêóþ.

Íàìè â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè îáíàðóæåíû 23ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áàëîáàíîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå15 íà ïëîùàäêàõ (ðèñ. 13–1). Â Èðêóòñêîéîáëàñòè âèä îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âÁàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, ãäå âûÿâ-ëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà, îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòè-öà íàáëþäàëàñü â äîëèíå Êóäû, ïðèìåðíîâ òîì ðàéîíå, ãäå â 1988 ã. ñë¸òêîâ âñòðå-òèë Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (1998à), âçðîñëûé áàëî-áàí íàáëþäàëñÿ áëèç ñòàðîãî ãíåçäà â Ïðè-

îëüõîíüå. Ïîëíîöåííàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïè-ðîâêà âèäà â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñóùåñòâóåò,âèäèìî, ëèøü â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñî-ñòåïè. Çäåñü áàëîáàí ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í áî-ëåå èëè ìåíåå ðàâíîìåðíî è ïðèóðî÷åíê îïóøêàì ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèåìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð ñîñòàâëÿåò(n=3) 11,9–20,2 êì, â ñðåäíåì 15,71±4,16êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 0,42 ïàð/100 êì2. ×èñëåí-íîñòü áàëîáàíà â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëå-ñîñòåïè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 42–52 ïàðû. Ó÷è-òûâàÿ âñòðå÷è ïòèö â äîëèíå Êóäû èÏðèîëüõîíüå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü çäåñüãíåçäîâàíèå åù¸ îêîëî 8–13 ïàð. Òàêèìîáðàçîì, îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà âÈðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â50–65 ïàð. Íàøà îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäàâ 3–5 ðàç ïðåâûøàåò îöåíêó Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâàïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 90-å ãã. è â 2 ðàçà ìåíü-øå åãî ïðåäûäóùåé îöåíêè äëÿ 70–80-õ ãã.Àíàëèç êàðòû ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áàëîáàíàâ Ïðåäáàéêàëüå â 1979–1991 ãã. (Ðÿáöåâ,1998à) è íàøèõ äàííûõ ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî âöåëîì ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì áàëî-áàíà íå èçìåíèëàñü. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ó÷èòû-âàÿ îïðåäåë¸ííûé ïðåññ íåëåãàëüíîãî ëîâàè óõóäøåíèå ñèòóàöèè ñ äîñòóïíîñòüþ îñ-íîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ, ìîæíî ïðåäïî-ëàãàòü ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíàêàê ìèíèìóì â 2 ðàçà çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò.

Â Áóðÿòèè, êàê è ñëåäîâàëî îæèäàòü, áà-ëîáàí îêàçàëñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íûì â Áîð-ãîéñêîé ñòåïè. Çäåñü 11–14 èþëÿ îáíàðó-æåíî 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (7 íà ïëîùàäêå),ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó êîòîðûìè ñîñòàâèëî(n=8) 7,6–17,4 êì, â ñðåäíåì 10,89±2,86 êì.Ïëîòíîñòü – 1,28 ïàð/100 êì2 – ìàêñèìàëü-íàÿ äëÿ êîòëîâèí Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà.Ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà òàêæå óñòàíîâëåíîâ äîëèíå Ñåëåíãè, Òóãíóéñêîé, Õèëîêñêîéè Èâîëãèíñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ (ïëîòíîñòü ñî-ñòàâèëà 0,51–0,63 ïàð/100 êì2). Â Òóíêèí-

Ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà ñ ïîãèá-øèì âûâîäêîì â ïîñò-ðîéêå ìîõíîíîãîãî êóð-ãàííèêà. Áîðãîéñêàÿñòåïü. Ðåñïóáëèêà Áóðÿ-òèÿ. 14.07.2005. Ôîòî È.Êàðÿêèíà

A nest of the Saker Falconwith a dead brood in anold nest of the UplandBuzzard. Republic of Bur-yatia. 14.07.2005. Photoby I. Karyakin

Ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà â ïîñò-ðîéêå ìîãèëüíèêà. Áàëà-ãàíî-Íóêóòñêàÿ ñòåïü.Èðêóòñêàÿ îáëàñòü.27.06.2005. Ôîòî È. Êà-ðÿêèíàA nest of the Saker Falconin an old nest of theImperial Eagle. IrkutskDistrict. 27.06.2005.Photo by I. Karyakin


ñêîé êîòëîâèíå âèä íå âñòðå÷åí, õîòÿ åãîîáèòàíèå çäåñü âïîëíå âîçìîæíî. Îáùàÿ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â êîòëîâèíàõ Áóðÿ-òèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 135–165 ïàð, èç êîòî-ðûõ 40,5% ãíåçäèòñÿ â Áîðãîéñêîé ñòåïè.×èñëåííîñòü îïðåäåë¸ííî ñîêðàòèëàñü, âîñîáåííîñòè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Óëàí-Óäý,ãäå íàìè îáíàðóæåíû ïîêèíóòûå ãíåçäî-âûå ó÷àñòêè ñ ïóñòóþùèìè ãí¸çäàìè, îä-íàêî å¸ ìàñøòàáû îöåíèòü íåâîçìîæíîèç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ êîððåêòíûõ îöåíîê ÷èñ-ëåííîñòè âèäà â ïðîøëîì.

Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó áàëîáàí ïðåäïî÷è-òàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ. Äàæå â áåç-ëåñíûõ ðàéîíàõ îí ñòàðàåòñÿ çàíèìàòüïîñòðîéêè íà äåðåâüÿõ, â òîì ÷èñëå è îäè-íî÷íûõ, õîòÿ ïîáëèçîñòè èìåþòñÿ ñêàëü-íûå îáíàæåíèÿ, êîòîðûå çàíèìàþòñÿ ëèøüòàì, ãäå àëüòåðíàòèâà ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóò-ñòâóåò. Èç 19 îáíàðóæåííûõ ãí¸çä 57,89%ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿõ è 42,11% – íàñêàëàõ. Èç äåðåâüåâ (n=11) ÿâíî ïðåäïî-÷èòàåòñÿ ñîñíà, íà êîòîðîé ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ54,4% ãí¸çä, 36,4% ãí¸çä îáíàðóæåíî íàëèñòâåííèöàõ è 9,1% – íà âÿçå. Â Áóðÿòèèâñå ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíà íà äåðåâüÿõ ðàñïîëà-ãàëèñü â ïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàí-íèêà (63,6%), â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè – âñå âïîñòðîéêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà (36,4%), èñêëþ÷è-òåëüíî íà ñîñíàõ. Èç ãí¸çä íà ñêàëàõ (n=8)áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü (62,5%) ðàñïîëàãàëàñü â íè-øàõ áåç ïîñòðîåê è ëèøü 37,5% ãí¸çä áà-ëîáàíà áûëè îáíàðóæåíû â ïîñòðîéêàõìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íà ïîëêàõ. Ïîäàííûì Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâà (1998à) â Èðêóòñêîéîáëàñòè îêîëî 70% èçâåñòíûõ ïîïûòîêðàçìíîæåíèÿ áàëîáàíà ïðîõîäèëî â ïî-ñòðîéêàõ ìîãèëüíèêà è 21% – â ïîñòðîé-êàõ êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans), ïðè ýòîìëèøü îäíà ïàðà ãíåçäèëàñü íà ñêàëüíîìîáíàæåíèè ð. Èðêóò. Èç òð¸õ ïîñòðîåê÷¸ðíîãî êîðøóíà äâå ê êîíöó ãíåçäîâîãî

ïåðèîäà áûëè ðàçðóøåíû (Ðÿáöåâ, 1998à).Ïîäîáíîå íàáëþäàëîñü íàìè â Áóðÿòèè â2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ èç 7-ìè ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè âïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà íàäåðåâüÿõ.

Äîëÿ ïóñòóþùèõ ãí¸çä â Áàéêàëüñêîìðåãèîíå ñîñòàâèëà 34,78%, ïðè ýòîì ñëå-äóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîéëåñîñòåïè ëèøü â ïîëîâèíå ãí¸çä îòìå÷å-íî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå, à â Áîðãîéñ-êîé ñòåïè âñå 100% îáíàðóæåííûõ ãí¸çäîêàçàëèñü æèëûìè. Ïîñëåäíåå, âèäèìî,ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî â Áîðãîéñêîé ñòåïè ïî-èñê ãí¸çä áàëîáàíîâ, óñòðîåííûõ íà äåðå-âüÿõ â ïîñòðîéêàõ ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííè-êà, áûë îñëîæí¸í èõ íåçàìåòíîñòüþ,ôàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áûëèâûÿâëåíû ïî ñë¸òêàì, ÷òî ïðåäïîëàãàåòâîçìîæíîñòü ïðîïóñêà áåçóñïåøíûõ ãí¸çä.

Â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè êëàäêè áàëîáàíàñîäåðæàëè 3–5 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì (n=6)4,0±0,4 ÿéöà, ëåòíûå âûâîäêè – 1–5 ñë¸ò-êîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=11) 2,6±0,5 ñë¸òêà íàçàãíåçäèâøóþñÿ ïàðó èëè 3,55±0,37 íàóñïåøíóþ ïàðó; óñïåøíî çàêîí÷èëîñü 14ñëó÷àåâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ – 77,8±9,8% (Ðÿáöåâ,1998à). Â ïåðèîä ðàáîòû â ðåãèîíå ìûíàáëþäàëè ëèøü ëåòíûå âûâîäêè, ïðè÷¸ìïîñ÷èòàòü âñåõ ïòåíöîâ ñ âûñîêîé äîëåéâåðîÿòíîñòè óäàëîñü ëèøü íà 11 ó÷àñòêàõ,ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Áóðÿòèè. Êîëè÷åñòâîïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå 1–4, â ñðåäíåì2,73±1,01. Íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ãîä áûë óñ-ïåøíûé äëÿ áàëîáàíà, ò.ê. â 5-òè ãí¸çäàõáûëè îáíàðóæåíû òðóïû ïòåíöîâ (îò 1 äî3-õ øò.), ïðè÷¸ì âåðîÿòíàÿ ïðè÷èíà ãèáå-ëè âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ – íåäîñòàòîê êîðìà.Âèäèìî, â áîëåå áëàãîïðèÿòíûå ïî êîð-ìîâûì óñëîâèÿì ãîäà êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîââ âûâîäêàõ áàëîáàíà âûøå.

Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus)

Îïòèìàëüíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿñàïñàíà ëåæàò çà ïðåäåëàìè ñòåïíûõ êîò-ëîâèí – â òà¸æíîì ïîÿñå ðåãèîíà, îäíàêîè â êîòëîâèíàõ ýòîò âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ íà êðóï-íûõ ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ ïî áåðåãàì ðåê.

Â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè ñàïñàí íàáëþäàëñÿâ Ïðåäáàéêàëüå è íà Áàéêàëå. Â.Ä. Ñîíèí(1962) óñòàíîâèë ãíåçäîâàíèå 2-õ ïàð íàðåêàõ Èÿ è Âåðõ. Ëåíà, íî ïîçæå Â.Â. Ðÿá-öåâ (1998á) íà Âåðõíåé Ëåíå ñàïñàíà íåíàø¸ë è âïëîòü äî 90-õ ñ÷èòàë åãî îäíèìèç ñàìûõ ðåäêèõ è óãðîæàåìûõ ãíåçäÿùèõ-ñÿ õèùíèêîâ Ïðåäáàéêàëüÿ. Â Êóéòóí-Çè-ìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè â 1985–1991 ãã. È.Â.Ôåôåëîâ (1998) îòìå÷àë åæåãîäíûå ïîïûò-êè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ 1 ïàðû, ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòüêîòîðûõ íå óñòàíîâëåíà. Â.Â. Ïîïîâ è Â.Î.Ñàëîâàðîâ (1998) íàáëþäàëè ñàïñàíà â

Ðèñ. 14. Êàðòà ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ ñàïñàíà (Falco pere-grinus)

Fig. 14. Distribution ofbreeding territories of thePeregrine Falcon (Falcoperegrinus)


1995 ã. äîëèíå ð. Êèòîé. Â 1999 ã. òðè ãíåç-äà ñàïñàíîâ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íà ïðàâî-áåðåæüå Áðàòñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà, Âåðõ-íåé Ëåíå è â ìåæäóðå÷üå Ëåíû è Àíãàðû âëåñîñòåïíîì ëàíäøàôòå êîòëîâèí(Ryabtsev, 2003). Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (2003) ñâÿ-çûâàåò ïîÿâëåíèå ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ñàïñà-íà â ëåñîñòåïè ñ ñîêðàùåíèåì ÷èñëåííîñ-òè áàëîáàíà, êîòîðîìó ñàïñàí ïðîèãðûâàåòâ êîíêóðåíöèè çà ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû. Ïîíàøåìó ìíåíèþ, ýòè ïðîöåññû ñâÿçàíû, îä-íàêî â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñàïñàíà âñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ ðåãèîíà ëåæèò ðîñò åãî÷èñëåííîñòè â öåëîì ïî àðåàëó, ïîñëå ãëó-áîêîé äåïðåññèè â 70–80-õ ãã. ÕÕ âåêà.

Â Áóðÿòèè â 60-õ ãã. ñàïñàí ãíåçäèëñÿ âáàññåéíå Ñåëåíãè (Èçìàéëîâ, Áîðîâèöêàÿ,1973). Â Êðàñíîé êíèãè Áóðÿòèè êàêàÿ-ëèáî êîíêðåòíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãíåçäîâà-íèè âèäà îòñóòñòâóåò (Ïðîêîïüåâ, Âàñèëü-÷åíêî, 1988).

Æèëîå ãíåçäî ñàïñàíà ìû îáíàðóæèëè 26èþíÿ íà ñêàëàõ ð. Ìàðà (ëåâîáåðåæíûéïðèòîê ð. Óäà) è âçðîñëóþ ïòèöó áëèç ãíåçäàíà ñêàëå, ñîäåðæèìîå êîòîðîãî ðàññìîò-ðåòü íå óäàëîñü, âñòðåòèëè íà ð. Óäà íèæåã. Íèæíåóäèíñê. ßâíî òåððèòîðèàëüíûéñàïñàí íàáëþäàëñÿ íà ñêàëàõ ð. Îêà áëèçï. Çèìà, îäíàêî ãíåçäà çäåñü íå áûëî îá-íàðóæåíî. Åù¸ îäíî æèëîå ãíåçäî ñàïñà-íà ñ òðåìÿ ïòåíöàìè áûëî íàéäåíî 5 èþëÿíà ñêàëàõ ð. Áóãóëüäåéêà, âïàäàþùåé â Áàé-êàë. Â Òóíêèíñêîé äîëèíå ãíåçäî ñàïñàíà,ïîêèíóòîå åù¸ ïëîõî ëåòàþùèìè ñëåòêà-ìè, îáíàðóæåíî 6 èþëÿ íà ñêàëå ð. Èðêóò.Â äîëèíå Ñåëåíãè 8 èþëÿ ìû íàáëþäàëèñàïñàíà íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ â 8 êì äðóã îò äðó-ãà. Íà îäíîì èç íèõ íà ñêàëå ïðàâîãî áå-ðåãà ðàñïîëàãàëîñü ÿâíî æèëîå ãíåçäî, ñî-äåðæèìîå êîòîðîãî íå ïðîâåðåíî.

Ó÷èòûâàÿ âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå, ìîæíîïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå ìåíåå 10 ïàðñàïñàíîâ â êîòëîâèíàõ Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòèè îêîëî 10–15 ïàð â Áóðÿòèè â Òóíêèíñêîéêîòëîâèíå è íèæíåì òå÷åíèè Ñåëåíãè. Ãíåç-äîâàíèå ñàïñàíà íà ñêàëàõ â êðóïíûõ ñòåï-íûõ êîòëîâèíàõ þãà Áóðÿòèè, òàêèõ êàêÁîðãîéñêàÿ, ìàëî âåðîÿòíî èç-çà âûñîêîé÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà, êîòîðûé âûòåñíÿåòñàïñàíà ñî ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ.

Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo)

Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä Áàé-êàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè èç-äàâíà íàáëþäàëñÿ â Ïðèàíãàðüå, ãäå áûëîáû÷åí (Ñêàëîí, 1934). Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâ (1991)â 1983 ã. â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïèíàø¸ë 7 ãí¸çä. Â 1983 ã. â íèçîâüÿõ Óíãèèì áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 3 ãíåçäà â 0,9 è 5 êìäðóã îò äðóãà, ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 5 ïàð/100 êì2, â 1999 ã. íà ïîáåðåæüå Óíãèíñ-êîãî çàëèâà Áðàòñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà – 3ïàðû íà 5-òè êì îòðåçêå. Â Êóéòóí-Çèìèí-ñêîé ëåñîñòåïè ôèëèí ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåð-íûì, íî íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿõèùíèêîì, ÷àùå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ïî ñêàëàìïðàâîáåðåæüÿ ð. Îêè (Ìåëüíèêîâ, 1999à).Ãíåçäèòñÿ â äîëèíå Àíãàðû (Ïîïîâ, 2005).Â Ïðèîëüõîíüå ðåãóëÿðíî íàáëþäàëñÿ âãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, â òîì ÷èñëå èçâåñòíàâñòðå÷à ñë¸òêà â Êðåñòîâîé ïàäè â 1992 ã.(Áîãîðîäñêèé, 1989; Ðÿáöåâ, Ïîïîâ, 1995),îäíàêî â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ â íåêîòîðûõ ìå-ñòàõ ïðåæíåãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèä èñ÷åç (Ðÿá-öåâ, 2005á).

Â Áóðÿòèè íàéäåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïî âñå-ìó áàññåéíó Ñåëåíãè, âêëþ÷àÿ äåëüòó, ãäåãíåçäèòñÿ íå áîëåå 3-õ ïàð (Èçìàéëîâ, Áî-ðîâèöêàÿ, 1973; Ìåëüíèêîâ, 1984) è â Áàð-ãóçèíñêîé äîëèíå (Åëàåâ è äð., 1995).

Íàìè â Áàéêàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå âûÿâëå-íî 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíà, íà 12èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà(ðèñ. 15). Â ëåòíûõ âûâîäêàõ (n=11) 1–3, âñðåäíåì 1,88±0,83 ïòåíöà. Â ãíåçäå, îá-íàðóæåííîì â äîëèíå Ñåëåíãè (Áóðÿòèÿ)16 èþëÿ, ÿâíî ïîêèíóòîì ñë¸òêàìè, êîòî-ðûõ, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ïîñ÷èòàòü íå óäàëîñü,áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè ïòåíöà, ïîãèá-øåãî â âîçðàñòå 30–35 äíåé. Ïî äàííûìÂ.Â. Ðÿáöåâà (2005á), â íàéäåííûõ èì 2-õêëàäêàõ ôèëèíà ñîäåðæàëîñü ïî 3 ÿéöà, â4-õ äåðæàâøèõñÿ ó ãí¸çä âûâîäêàõ áûëî2–4, â ñðåäíåì 2,5 ïòåíöà, à ïîñòýìáðèî-íàëüíàÿ ãèáåëü ñîñòàâèëà 23%, â îñíîâíîì,ïî âèíå ÷åòâåðîíîãèõ õèùíèêîâ.

Â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèèãíåçäîâàíèå ôèëèíà óñòàíîâëåíî â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé è Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòå-ïè, à òàêæå âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà â

Ðèñ. 15. Êàðòà ðàñïðåäå-ëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñò-êîâ ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo)

Fig. 15. Distribution ofbreeding territories of theEagle Owl (Bubo bubo)


Êîñîé ñòåïè â äîëèíå ð. Áóãóëüäåéêà. Â Êóé-òóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè âûâîäîê èç 2-õñë¸òêîâ âñòðå÷åí ó ãíåçäà íà ñêàëüíîì îá-íàæåíèè ð. Îêà íèæå ï. Çèìà 25 èþíÿ.Â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè íà ïëî-ùàäêå â íèçîâüÿõ Óíãè 26–29 èþíÿ áûëèâûÿâëåíû 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñ æèëûìèãí¸çäàìè. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñî-ñòàâëÿåò 3,7–14,3 êì, â ñðåäíåì 9,17±4,82êì, ïëîòíîñòü – 0,84 ïàð/100 êì2. Ðàñïðå-äåëåíèå ôèëèíà íà ïåðâûé âçãëÿä âûãëÿ-äèò íåðàâíîìåðíî. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïðîñëå-æèâàåòñÿ ÿâíîå òÿãîòåíèå âèäà íàãíåçäîâàíèè ê ñêàëüíûì îáíàæåíèÿì ðå÷-íûõ äîëèí, è, ïðè ðàâíîìåðíîì ðàñïðå-äåëåíèè ñêàë, ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìèðàçíûõ ïàð ôèëèíà âàðüèðóåò â ïðåäåëàõ3,5–4,5 êì. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíà âÁàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, çäåñü ìîæ-íî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå 90–100. ÂÏðèàíãàðüå ïðèðå÷íûå ñêàëüíûå îáíàæå-íèÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû òàêæå ÷àñòî, êàê è âÁàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, è çäåñüìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå 10–15ïàð. Â Êóéòóí-Çèìèíñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, äîëè-íå Êóäû è Ïðèîëüõîíüå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ãíåç-äîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà õóæå, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ýêñò-ðàïîëèðîâàòü äàííûå ïî ïëîòíîñòè ñ

ïëîùàäêè ¹ 1 íà ýòè òåððèòîðèè íåïðà-âèëüíî. Çäåñü ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäî-âàíèå 15–20 ïàð, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî ïå-ðèôåðèè êîòëîâèí.

Â Áóðÿòèè ôèëèí íå áûë îáíàðóæåí íàïëîùàäêàõ ïî òîé ïðè÷èíå, ÷òî â ïðåäåëûïëîùàäîê ïîïàë ìèíèìóì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõäëÿ ýòîãî âèäà ñêàë. Â òî æå âðåìÿ åãî ãíåç-äîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî ôàêòè÷åñêè âåçäå, ãäåìû ïðîâîäèëè èññëåäîâàíèÿ íà òåððèòîðè-ÿõ, èçîáèëóþùèõ ïðèðå÷íûìè ñêàëüíûìèîáíàæåíèÿìè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, â äîëèíå ð. Èð-êóò â Òóíêèíñêîé äîëèíå, Áîðãîéñêîé ñòå-ïè, äîëèíå ð. Ñåëåíãà è Ãóñèíîîçåðñêîéêîòëîâèíå. Íà Ñåëåíãå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäóïàðàìè ñîñòàâèëî 10,21 êì. ×èñëåííîñòüâèäà â êîòëîâèíàõ Áóðÿòèè ìîæåò áûòü îöå-íåíà â 90–110 ïàð, îêîëî 40% èç êîòîðûõïðèóðî÷åíî ê äîëèíå Ñåëåíãè.

Ñë¸òîê ôèëèíà. Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóòñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü. Èð-êóòñêàÿ îáëàñòü. 29.06.2005. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

The fledgling of the Eagle Owl. Irkutsk District.29.06.2005. Photo by I. Karyakin

Ðèñ. 16. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãí¸çä ôèëèíà ïî õàðàê-òåðó èõ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ.

Fig. 16. Location of theEagle Owl nests.

Ãíåçäî ôèëèíà (Bubobubo), ïîêèíóòîå ñë¸ò-êàìè, ñ îñòàíêàìè ïî-ãèáøåãî ìëàäøåãî ïòåí-öà. Ñåëåíãà. ÐåñïóáëèêàÁóðÿòèÿ. 16.07.2005.Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

A nest of the Eagle Owl(Bubo bubo) leaved byfledglings with the deadchick. Republic of Buryat-ia. 16.07.2005. Photo byI. Karyakin

Âñå îáíàðóæåííûå ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà ðàñïî-ëàãàëèñü íà ñêàëàõ. Ëèøü â Áàëàãàíî-Íóêóò-ñêîé ëåñîñòåïè ôèëèí ãíåçäèòñÿ íà îòêðû-òûõ ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõâ âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñòåïíûõ ñêëîíîâ äîëèíÀíãàðû è å¸ ïðèòîêîâ (íûíå Áðàòñêîå âî-äîõðàíèëèùå). Íà îñòàëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõôèëèí ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ïðèðå÷íûå ñêàëüíûåîáíàæåíèÿ, ÷àñòè÷íî èëè ïîëíîñòüþ ïî-êðûòûå äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ. Ãíåç-äî íà ð. Îêå ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà êðóïíîéñêàëå è áûëî îòäåëåíî îò ðóñëà ðåêè óçêîéïîëîñîé õâîéíûõ äåðåâüåâ. Íà Ñåëåíãå îáàãíåçäà áûëè óñòðîåíû íà ïîêðûòûõ ðàçðå-æåííûì ñîñíîâûì ëåñîì ïðèðå÷íûõ ñêà-

ÑîäåðæàíèåÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 744

ëàõ, ñî ñòàðè÷íûìè âîäî¸ìàìè è ðóñëîì â èõ ïîäíî-æèè. Íà ð. Èðêóò ôèëèí òàêæå ãíåçäèëñÿ íà îáëåñåí-íîé ñêàëå, ïîêðûòîé ëèñòâåííûì ëåñîì. Ëèøü 22,22%ãí¸çä ôèëèíà (n=9) ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ïîäíîæèè ñêàëü-íûõ âûõîäîâ, 88,89% ãí¸çä áûëè óñòðîåíû â íèøàõ èëèøü îäíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà îòêðûòîé ïîëêå (ðèñ. 16).Ïî äàííûì Â.Â. Ðÿáöåâà (2005á), â Èðêóòñêîé îáëàñòè60% íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä ôèëèíà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â îñíîâà-íèè ñêàëüíûõ âûõîäîâ ïîä íàâåñàìè, ëèáî â íèøàõ, 2ãíåçäà (20%) áûëè óñòðîåíû íà îòêðûòûõ âûñòóïàõ áëèçâåðøèí ñêàë è 1 ãíåçäî ñðåäè ðàçâàëà êàìíåé.

Çàêëþ÷åíèå

Íåñìîòðÿ íà ðÿä íåãàòèâíûõ òåíäåíöèé, â Áàéêàëüñ-êîì ðåãèîíå äî ñèõ ïîð ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ êðóïíûå ãíåçäî-âûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, òåñíî ñâÿçàí-íûõ ñî ñòåïíûìè êîòëîâèíàìè, è, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü,ýòî îðëû, ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, áàëîáàí è ôèëèí.

Â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå â ðåãèîíå ïðîèçîøëî çà-ìåòíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà è, âåðî-ÿòíî, îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà è áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, íå-êîòîðîå ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áåðêóòà, áàëîáàíà èôèëèíà. Â òî æå âðåìÿ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë è, â îñîáåííîñ-òè, ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê ñóùåñòâåííî ðàñøèðèëèñâîé àðåàë è óâåëè÷èëè ÷èñëåííîñòü. Òàêæå ïðîèñõî-äèò íåêîòîðûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëà-êàðëèêà è ñàï-ñàíà. Áîëüøîé èíòåðåñ âûçûâàåò ïðîöåññ âñåëåíèÿáîëåå ìåëêèõ «ñóñëèêîåäîâ», òàêèõ êàê ñòåïíîé îð¸ë,ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê è îð¸ë-êàðëèê, íà òåððèòîðèè,îñâîáîäèâøèåñÿ îò ìîãèëüíèêà. Ïðè ýòîì ñòåïíîéîð¸ë, íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè àðåàëà î÷åíü îñòðî ðåàãèðó-þùèé íà çàðàñòàíèå ïàñòáèù ñîêðàùåíèåì ÷èñëåííî-ñòè, â áàéêàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå îêàçàëñÿ áîëåå ïëàñòè÷-íûì è ñòàë îñâàèâàòü òåððèòîðèè ñ ëóãîâî-ñòåïíîéðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ, ëèø¸ííûå âûïàñà, íà êîòîðûõ ïðàê-òè÷åñêè èñ÷åç ìîãèëüíèê. Óíèêàëüíîé îêàçàëàñü è àäàï-òàöèÿ áàéêàëüñêèõ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íàâûñîêèõ äåðåâüÿõ â ãîðíî-ëåñîñòåïíîì ëàíäøàôòå –îíè ïðèáëèçèëèñü ê ìîãèëüíèêó ïî ñòåðåîòèïó óñòðîé-ñòâà ãí¸çä. Äëÿ îðíèòîëîãîâ ýòî ñîçäà¸ò îïðåäåëåííûåñëîæíîñòè â èäåíòèôèêàöèè ïóñòóþùèõ ãíåçäîâûõïîñòðîåê, íî äëÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà îòêðûâàåòñÿ ïåðñïåê-òèâà äàëüíåéøåãî ðàññåëåíèÿ ñ ìèíèìàëüíûìè ïîòå-ðÿìè ïî ëåñîñòåïè, îñâîåííîé ÷åëîâåêîì.

Â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè áûë âûÿâëåí ðÿä ìîùíûõ ôàêòî-ðîâ, íåãàòèâíî âëèÿþùèõ íà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, –ýòî ïîæàðû, ðåçêîå ñíèæåíèå ïàñòáèùíîé íàãðóçêèíà ñòåïíûå áèîòîïû, à äëÿ ïîáåðåæüÿ Áàéêàëà åù¸ èôàêòîð áåñïîêîéñòâà. Òàêæå âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî ñèëü-íîå îòðèöàòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå íà õèùíèêîâ ïòèöåîïàñ-íûõ ËÝÏ ìîùíîñòüþ 6–10 êÂ íà áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ñîøòûðåâûìè èçîëÿòîðàìè. Íàì íå óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòüëèíèé, íà êîòîðûõ áû ïðîâîäèëèñü ïòèöåçàùèòíûå ìå-ðîïðèÿòèÿ, ïðè ýòîì ñåòü ËÝÏ äîñòàòî÷íî ãóñòàÿ, îñî-áåííî â ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíàõ Áóðÿòèè, è èíôðàñòðóê-òóðà ËÝÏ õîòü è âÿëî, íî ðàçâèâàåòñÿ â ïîñëåäíååâðåìÿ, â îòëè÷èå îò òåððèòîðèé ñîñåäíèõ ðåãèîíîâ,â ÷àñòíîñòè, Òóâû.

Äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áàéêàëüñêèõ ïîïóëÿöèé êðóïíûõ õèù-íûõ ïòèö, â îñîáåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà è áàëîáàíà, íà íå-êîòîðûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, â áàññåéíå Àíãà-ðû, íåîáõîäèìà ðåàëèçàöèÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ïðîãðàììïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ïàñòáèùíîãî æèâîòíîâîäñòâà, êî-òîðûå âîçìîæíî ðåàëèçîâàòü òîëüêî ïðè ïîääåðæêåîðãàíîâ âëàñòè. Åñòü íåîáõîäèìîñòü â ðåàëèçàöèè ïðî-ãðàììû ïî çàùèòå ïòèö íà ËÝÏ. Õîðîøèå ðåçóëüòàòûìîæåò äàòü ïðîãðàììà ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ áàëîáàíà íàèñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, ò.ê. â ðÿäå þæíûõ êîòëîâèíÁóðÿòèè äëÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà èìååòñÿ îáøèðíûé êîðìî-âîé ðåñóðñ (â îñíîâíîì, äàóðñêàÿ ïèùóõà), íî ñóùå-ñòâóåò ëèìèò ìåñò äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä. Îñíîâíûì ïî-ñòàâùèêîì ãí¸çä äëÿ áàëîáàíà çäåñü ÿâëÿåòñÿìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê, ïîñòðîéêè êîòîðîãî, îñîáåí-íî íà íåâûñîêèõ îäèíî÷íûõ äåðåâüÿõ, êðàéíå íåäî-ëãîâå÷íû è ðàçðóøàþòñÿ ïîñëå 1–3-õ ñåçîíîâ, â ðå-çóëüòàòå ÷åãî îïðåäåë¸ííîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïàð ñîêîëîâíå ïðèñòóïàåò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ. Â áåçëåñíûõ ñòåïÿõñóùåñòâóþò «äûðû» â ðàñïðåäåëåíèè êàê áàëîáàíà, òàêè ìîõíîíîãîãî êóðãàííèêà, íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàííûå ñëèìèòîì ìåñò, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä.


Áîãîðîäñêèé Þ.Â. Ïòèöû Þæíîãî Ïðåäáàéêàëüÿ. Èðêóòñê, 1989.207 ñ.

Ãàãèíà Ò.Í. Ïòèöû Áàéêàëà è Ïðèáàéêàëüÿ (ñïèñîê è ðàñïðîñ-òðàíåíèå). – Çàï. Èðêóòñêîãî îáë. êðàåâåä, ìóçåÿ. Èðêóòñê. 1958.Ñ. 173–191.

Ãàãèíà Ò.Í. Ïòèöû Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè (ñïèñîê è ðàñïðîñòðà-íåíèå). – Òð. Áàðãóçèí, ãîñ. çàïîâåäíèêà. Óëàí-Óäý. 1961. Âûï. 3.Ñ. 99–123.

Ãóñåâ Î.Ê. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ íà ñåâåðíîì Áàé-êàëå. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. 1962. Âûï. 5. Ñ. 149–160.

Ãóñåâ Î.Ê. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè ïòèö íà îñòðîâàõ ×èâûðêóéñêîãî çà-ëèâà è îç. Ðàíãîòóÿ. – Òð. Âîñò. Ñèá. ôèë. ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ, I960 Âûï. 23Ñ. 69–88.

Ãóñåâ Î.Ê. Óñòèíîâ Ñ.Ê. Ïî ñåâåðíîìó Áàéêàëó è Ïðèáàéêàëüþ.Ì.: Ôèçêóëüòóðà è ñïîðò. 1966. 102 ñ.

Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû ÑîâåòñêîãîÑîþçà. Ì.: Ñîâåòñêàÿ íàóêà, 1951. Ò.1. Ñ. 70–341.

Äîðæèåâ Ö.Ç. Îð¸ë-êàðëèê Hieraaetus pennatus milvoides Jerdon,1839 – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åç-íîâåíèÿ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé Áóðÿòñêîé ÀÑÑÐ. Óëàí-Óäý.1988. Ñ. 86–87.

Äîðæèåâ Ö.Ç. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811. –Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿâèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé Áóðÿòñêîé ÀÑÑÐ. Óëàí-Óäý. 1988.Ñ. 90–91.

Äîðæèåâ Ö.Ç., Åëàåâ Ý.Í. Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ôàóíå ïòèö Òóíêèíñ-êîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà. – Ñîñòîÿíèå è ïðîáëåìû îñîáî îõðàíÿå-ìûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé Áàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Ìàòåðèàëû ðåñ-ïóáëèêàíñêîãî ñîâåùàíèÿ. Óëàí-Óäý. 1996. Ñ. 100–102.

Äîðæèåâ Ö.3., Øàðãàåâ Ì. À. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë Aquila rapax nipalensisHodgson, 1833. – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà ðåäêèõ è íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä óãðî-çîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ è ðàñòåíèé Áóðÿòñêîé ÀÑÑÐ. Óëàí-Óäý. 1988. Ñ. 88–90.

Åëàåâ Ý.Í., Äîðæèåâ Ö.Ç., Þìîâ Á.Î., Ïðîíèí Í.Ì., ÊàëèíèíàË.Í., Áîðîíîåâà Ã.È., Áàäìàåâ Ã.Ã., Íàãóñëàåâ Ì.Ò. Ìàòåðèàëû êôàóíå ïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ çàïîâåäíèêà «Äæåðãèíñêèé». – Áèî-ðàçíîîáðàçèå ýêîñèñòåì Ïðèáàéêàëüÿ. Òðóäû Äæåðãèíñêîãî çà-ïîâåäíèêà. Óëàí-Óäý. 1995. Âûï. 1. Ñ. 70–90.

Åøååâ Â.Å. Ìîãèëüíèê. – Ðåäêèå è íóæäàþùèåñÿ â îõðàíå æè-âîòíûå: Ìàòåðèàëû ê Êðàñíîé êíèãå. Ì.: ÖÍÈË Ãëàâîõîòû ÐÑÔÑÐ.1989. Ñ. 62.

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Èçìàéëîâ È.Â., Áîðîâèöêàÿ Ã.Ê. Ïòèöû þãî-çàïàäíîãî Çàáàéêà-ëüÿ. Âëàäèìèð, 1973. 316 ñ.

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Â ìàå-èþíå (23.05–18.06) 2006 ã. â ðàì-êàõ Öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîé Ïðîãðàììû âû-ÿâëåíèÿ êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåð-ðèòîðèé («Central Asian Important BirdAreas Project») Àññîöèàöèè ñîõðàíåíèÿáèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà (ÀÑÁÊ, Àë-ìàòû) áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû þæíûå, ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûå è îò÷àñòè âîñòî÷íûå ïðåäãîðüÿÊàëáèíñêîãî õðåáòà â áàññåéíàõ ðåê Êîê-ïåêòû, ×àð (Øàð), Êûçûëñó, ×åðíîâàÿ èÂîéëî÷åâêà (Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêàÿ îá-ëàñòü, Êàçàõñòàí).

Êàëáèíñêèé õðåáåò (Êàëáèíñêîå íàãî-ðüå) ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé íàèáîëåå çàïàä-íîå ïîäíÿòèå ñèñòåìû Àëòàÿ, îòäåë¸ííîåîò îñòàëüíîé Àëòàéñêîé ãîð-íîé ñòðàíû äîëèíîé ð. Èðòûøè îç. Çàéñàí. Ñ çàïàäà è þãàãðàíèöû õðåáòà ïðèíÿòî ñâÿ-çûâàòü ñ ðàçëîìàìè, çàíÿòû-ìè äîëèíàìè ðåê ×àð è Êîê-ïåêòû. Ýòî îòíîñèòåëüíîíåâûñîêîå ãîðíîå ñîîðóæå-íèå ñ ïðåîáëàäàþùèìè âû-ñîòàìè âûñî÷àéøèõ âîäîðàç-äåëîâ 900–1400 ì (âûñøàÿòî÷êà 1547 ì í.ó.ì. – ãîðàÒàëäû). Ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ãðÿ-äîâî-ìåëêîñîïî÷íûé è íèç-êîãîðíûé ðåëüåô ñ áîëåå èëèìåíåå çíà÷èòåëüíûì ó÷àñòèåìðóèííîãî ðåëüåôà ãðàíèòíûõèíòðóçèé è ïëîñêî-ðàâíèííûõøèðîêèõ ñòðóêòóðíûõ äîëèíñåâåðî-çàïàäíîãî (ðð. ×àð,Êûçûëñó) è ñóáøèðîòíîãî(Êîêïåêòû) ïðîñòèðàíèÿ. Äî-

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Ilya SmelanskyNGO SiberianEnvironmental CenterP.O. Box 547Novosibirsk630090 Russiatel./fax: +7 (383) [email protected]

Raptors�of�the�foothills�of�Kalbinsky�Altai,�Kazakhstan

ПЕРНАТЫЕ�ХИЩНИКИ�ПРЕДГОРИЙ�КАЛБИНСКОГО�АЛТАЯ,КАЗАХСТАН

Smelansky�I.E.,�Barashkova�A.N.,�Tomilenko�A.A.�(Siberian�Environmental�Center,

Novosibirsk,�Russia)

Berezovikov�N.N.�(Institute�of�Zoology,�Ministry�of�Education�and�Sciences,�Almaty,

Kazakhstan)

Смелянсий�И.Э.,�Барашова�А.Н.,�Томилено�А.А.�(МБОО�«Сибирсий

эоло�ичесий�центр»,�Новосибирс,�Россия)

Берёзовиов�Н.Н.�(Инстит"т�зооло�ии�МОН�РК,�Алматы,�Казахстан)

The southern, north-southern and partlyeastern foothills of the Kalba Range (theEastern Kazakhstan District, Kazakhstan)were surveyed within the Central AsianIBAs Project (Association for the Conser-vation of Biodiversity in Kazakhstan) on23 May – 18 June 2006.

The Kalba Range (the Kalba upland re-gion) is the most western raising of theAltai Mts. bordered with the walleyes ofIrtysh, Shar and Kokpekty rivers and theZaissan Lake depression. The prevalentaltitudes of the watersheds are 900–1400meters above sea level. All the area iscovered by steppe vegetation; in addition

Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Êàëáèíñêîì íàãîðüå: 1 – ìàññèâÀéûðòàó (Ìîíàñòûðè); 2 – þæíàÿ Êàëáà. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî

Inhabitance places of raptors in the Kalba mountains: 1 – Ayirtau(Monasteries) hills; 2 – Southern Kalba. Photos by I. Smelansky

1

2


ëèíû ìàëûõ ðåê â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ èìå-þò õàðàêòåð êàíüîíîâ ñ îáðûâèñòûìèñêàëüíûìè ñòåíêàìè. Þæíàÿ ïåðèôåðèÿõðåáòà èìååò îò÷åòëèâî ÿðóñíóþ ñòðóêòó-ðó ñ äâóìÿ ïîâåðõíîñòÿìè âûðàâíèâàíèÿ(îêîëî 900–1000 è 1200–1400 ì). Ðåçêîñòüè ãëóáèíà ðàñ÷ëåíåíèÿ ìàêñèìàëüíû â áî-ëåå âûñîêèõ îñåâûõ ÷àñòÿõ õðåáòà, ðåëü-åô ïðåäãîðèé ñïîêîéíåå – âïëîòü äî ãðÿ-äîâî-óâàëèñòîãî íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ ïðàâûõïðèòîêîâ Êûçûëñó. Ñðåäíèå âûñîòû âîäî-ðàçäåëîâ â ïåðèôåðè÷åñêèõ ÷àñòÿõ íàãî-ðüÿ íà âîñòîêå è þãå äîñòèãàþò 900 ìí.ó.ì., íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå – ðåäêî ïðåâû-øàþò 600 ì í.ó.ì. Ñ èíòðóçèÿìè ãðàíèòîâñâÿçàíû êðóïíåéøèå îçåðà Êàëáû – îç.Àéûð è Ñèáèíñêèå.

Òåððèòîðèÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñòåïíàÿ.Âûñîòíàÿ ïîÿñíîñòü ñëàáî âûðàæåíà, ëèøüíà íàèáîëåå âûñîêèõ âîäîðàçäåëàõ (âûøå1200 ì) ðàçâèò ïîÿñ ìåçîôèòíûõ ëóãîâ.Ìåçîôèòíîñòü ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè íàðàñòàåò âîáùåì íà þãî-âîñòîê, âìåñòå ñ ðîñòîì âû-ñîò, ïîýòîìó þãî-âîñòî÷íûé óãîë è íàèáî-ëåå îáëåñåí. Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âûñîò, ýêñ-ïîçèöèè è ïîëîæåíèÿ â ãðàäèåíòåçàïàä-âîñòîê ïðåîáëàäàþò ñóõèå êñåðî-ôèòíîðàçíîòðàâíî-äåðíîâèííîçëàêîâî-êîâûëêîâûå ëèáî íàñòîÿùèå áîãàòîðàçíîò-ðàâíî-äåðíîâèííîçëàêîâî-êðàñíîêîâûëüíûåñòåïè, íà âîñòîêå òåððèòîðèè îíè ïðåä-ñòàâëåíû ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñâîèìè êóñòàð-íèêîâûìè âàðèàíòàìè, ïîâñåìåñòíî ïðå-îáëàäàþò ïåòðîôèòíûå âàðèàíòû. Âáàññåéíå Êîêïåêòû øèðîêî ðàçâèòû ñóõèåè ïóñòûííûå êñåðîôèòíîðàçíîòðàâíî-äåðíîâèííîçëàêîâûå ñòåïè ñ äîìèíèðîâà-íèåì êîâûëêà è òûðñèêà, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñîçíà÷èòåëüíûì ó÷àñòèåì êóñòàðíèêîâ. Ìíî-ãîâèäîâûå çàðîñëè ìåçîêñåðîôèòíûõ êó-ñòàðíèêîâ ñ ó÷àñòèåì ìèíäàëÿ Ëåäåáóðà èíåñêîëüêèõ âèäîâ êóð÷àâêè â ýòîé ÷àñòè

several tracks of pine forest are present-ed on the granite outcrops.

A total of 14 breeding territories of theGolden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos; 24 nests)were localized. Seven breeding areas wereexplored and the nests with two chickswere found in five of them, only aban-doned nests were recorded in others. TheGolden Eagle inhabits both southern andnorthwestern foothills and high easternperiphery of the range (fig. 2). All nestsplaced on cliffs in restricted range of alti-tudes – 640–840 m (in the Kalba Rangeper se) or 328–371 m (in northwesternfoothills). The density is 1 breeding pairper 25–33 km2 in the steppe of the Kalbafoothills (average distance between inhab-ited nests is about 6 km). A total of 300pairs are estimated to breed in the north-western foothills and 90 pairs – in the east-ern part of the Kalba Range. We project400 pairs breeding in the Kalba uplandregion.

We found 14 breeding territories of theSteppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). There,16 nests were found, 9 of them were oc-cupied; 7 nests were successful (2±0.53chicks per breeding pair and 1.64±0.92chicks per occupied nest). The SteppeEagle nests throughout low southern andnorthwestern periphery of the Kalba(fig.4). All nests located on a ground orsmall rocks, rare on cliffs; 78% of nestswere found in narrow range of slope ex-position – from South to Southwest. Thedensity is about 1 active nest per 5.5 km2,the average distance between active nestswas about 3.5 km2. A total of 1200 pairsare estimated to breed in the Kalba.

We noted 3 breeding areas of the Im-perial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). The nestswith 2 chicks were found in 2 of them (onenest was located on a poplar-tree in a poorforested flood-land and another – on atraverse of an electric pole in the steppe).Also we found empty nest at the low pine-tree left some years ago. A hunting adultwas observed in the Eastern Kalba. Addi-tionally Dr. Mark Pestov recorded an ac-tive nest on a tree in a sparse pine forestin the Central Kalba (Pestov, this issue).Obviously the Imperial Eagle is the mostrare eagle in the surveyed territory.

The Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus; 3records), the Montagu’s Harrier (C. pyg-argus; 25 records) and the Marsh Harrier(C. aeruginosus; 1 records) were foundpresumably in their breeding territorieswhile any nest wasn’t found.

Ðèñ. 1. Ìàðøðóòû ýêñïå-äèöèè 2006 ã.Òðåóãîëüíèêàìè îòìå÷å-íû ìåñòà ñòîÿíîê

Fig. 1. Routes of the tripin 2006. Triangular meansa point of bivouac


íàãîðüÿ îáðàçóþò è ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé òèïðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, çàíèìàþùèé ñêëîíû ñîïîêþæíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà íà ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåõýêñïîçèöèÿõ. Âåçäå â ïðåäåëàõ îáñëåäî-âàííîé òåððèòîðèè âîäîðàçäåëüíûå ëåñàñâÿçàíû ñ ãðàíèòíûìè èíòðóçèÿìè, ïðè-óðî÷åííûìè ê áîëåå âûñîêèì ÷àñòÿì õðåá-òà è ìàññèâó Äåëüáåãåòåé, îíè íå èìåþòíè çîíàëüíîãî, íè (âèäèìî) âûñîòíî-ïîÿñ-íîãî õàðàêòåðà; ýòî ðåäêîñòîéíûå îñòåï-í¸ííûå ñîñíîâûå áîðû. Ïî áîëüøèíñòâóðåê ðàçâèòà óðåìà (ìåñòàìè ñâåäåíà â èñ-òîðè÷åñêîå âðåìÿ); ïîëíîñòüþ áåçëåñíàäîëèíà ð. Êîêïåêòû (â îòëè÷èå îò äîëèí å¸ïðèòîêîâ).

Êîðìîâàÿ áàçà êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèù-íèêîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíà òàêèìè ìàññîâûìèâèäàìè, êàê êðàñíîùåêèé è äëèííîõâîñòûéñóñëèêè (Spermophilus erythrogenys, S.undulatus), àëòàéñêèé öîêîð (Myospalaxmyospalax), ñòåïíàÿ è àëòàéñêàÿ ïèùóõè(Ochotona pusilla, O. alpina), ñåðàÿ è áå-ëàÿ êóðîïàòêè (Perdix perdix, Lagopuslagopus).

Àâòîìîáèëüíûé ìàðøðóò â ïðåäåëàõ Êàë-áû ñîñòàâèë ÷óòü áîëåå 2300 êì, ïåøèåìàðøðóòû – îêîëî 170 êì çà 25 ðàáî÷èõäíåé (ðèñ. 1). Êðîìå òîãî, èñïîëüçîâàíûäàííûå, ïîëó÷åííûå ïðè ïîñåùåíèè òåð-ðèòîðèè â 2005 ã. (Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Òîìèëåí-êî, 2005).

Ðàíåå ñâåäåíèÿ î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõÊàëáèíñêîãî íàãîðüÿ áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíûÂ.À. Åãîðîâûì (1990), îáîáùèâøèì ëèòå-ðàòóðíûå äàííûå è ñâîè íàáëþäåíèÿ çà 20-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä. Çà ïîñëåäóþùèå 15 ëåòñïåöèàëüíîãî èçó÷åíèÿ ýòîé ãðóïïû ïòèöçäåñü íå ïðîâîäèëîñü.


Íàéäåíî 24 ãíåçäà, îáùåå ÷èñëî îïèñàí-íûõ íàìè â Êàëáå ãí¸çä (âìåñòå ñ íàéäåí-

The Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus,evidently this species may hybridize herewith the Upland Buzzard, Buteo hemilasi-us), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), Hon-ey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), Black Kite(Milvus migrans), and Goshawk (Accipit-er gentilis) were observed on the way. Werecorded a nest with two fledglings of theLong-Legged Buzzard (probably hybrids)placed on the cliff; several other Long-Legged Buzzard’ nests were empty andactually used by the Saker.

We found 6 breeding territories of theSaker Falcon (Falco cherrug). The activenests were found in 3 of them; and 3 ter-ritories have been revealed as possiblebreeding. The Saker nests were mainly onlow-hilled plain with granite outcrops. Theaverage distance between active nests wasabout 6.66 km. All pairs occupied nests builtup by the Long-Legged Buzzard or UplandBuzzard on rock cliffs. These breeding pairsseem to combine into local nesting groupthat covers the area about 700 km2 and in-clude no less 14–18 pairs. A total 20–30pairs are estimated to breed in the Kalbaupland region.

A total there were 19 records of theLesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) with noless 74 adults surveyed, including 12 col-onies numbered 1–10 pairs (in average2.6±2.44). The most colonies (8) werenesting at the old Kazakhs stony tombsand ruins (more than half of observed oldcemeteries and ruins were occupied by theKestrel). Two colonies were located at thestone piles and two – on cliffs. We notfound the Lesser Kestrel throughout theeastern periphery of the Kalba Range.

Among other falcons the Kestrel (Falcotinnunculus) was the most numerous andfrequent in the southern and eastern pe-riphery of the Kalba Range (no less 130adults were surveyed), both nests in rocksand at trees were found on the territory.The Hobby (Falco subbuteo; 8 records) alsowas found here in 2005 and 2006, whilethe Red-Footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus)was recorded once in 2005 only.

Among owls the Scops Owl (Otusscops) was recorded the most frequently;we heard the Scops at all camping siteswith trees to the east of E 81.9333. TheLong-Eared Owl (Asio otus; 2 breedingareas) and the Short-Eared Owl (Asio flam-meus; 2 records) were observed as well.The Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) wasn’t record-ed in 2006 while one nesting site havebeen found in 2005.

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåáåðêóòà (Aquila chrysa-etos): 1 – ïóñòûå ãí¸çäà,2 – çàíÿòûå ãí¸çäà, 3 –âñòðå÷è ïòèö

Fig. 2. Distribution of theGolden Eagle (Aquilachrysaetos): 1 – emptynests; 2 – occupied nests;3 – registration points ofadults


íûìè â 2005 ã.) ñîñòàâèëî 28. Îñíîâûâà-ÿñü íà íèõ è ðåãèñòðàöèÿõ âñòðå÷ ïòèö,ìîæíî ëîêàëèçîâàòü ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî 14ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (12 âïåðâûå îïèñàííûõâ 2006 ã.), èç ýòîãî îáùåãî ÷èñëà 11 ó÷àñò-êîâ áûëè äîñòîâåðíî çàíÿòû â ãîä íàáëþ-äåíèÿ. Óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå â 2006 ã.îòìå÷åíî íà 5 ó÷àñòêàõ (èç 7 äîñòîâåðíîçàíÿòûõ, ãäå áûëè îñìîòðåíû ãí¸çäà).

Âñòðå÷è áåðêóòà îòìå÷àëèñü íàìè êàê âþæíûõ è ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ, òàêè â âûñîêîé âîñòî÷íîé ïåðèôåðèè õðåáòà(ðèñ. 2). Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäàñîáñòâåííî â Êàëáå ïðèóðî÷åíû ê äîâîëü-íî óçêîìó èíòåðâàëó âûñîò 640–840 ìí.ó.ì. (ñðåäíåå 745±70 ì; n=15), îò íèõîò÷åòëèâî îòäåëÿåòñÿ ãðóïïà ãí¸çä â ìåëêî-ñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâàõ ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûõ ïðåä-ãîðèé, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ âûñîòàìè 328–371 ìí.ó.ì. (ñðåäíåå 345±18 ì; n=4). Ìåíååïîíÿòíî ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ïî ýêñïîçè-öèè ñêëîíîâ (ðèñ. 3). âûñîêî ïîäíÿòû íàä îêðóæàþùåé ìåñò-

íîñòüþ è îòêðûòû íà îáøèðíóþ òåððè-òîðèþ, ïðÿìîé âèäèìîñòüþ 3–10 êì. Âïîñëåäíåì âàðèàíòå ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ âû-äåëÿåòñÿ ãðóïïà ãí¸çä íà áàñòèîíàõ ãðà-íèòíûõ îñòàíöåâ (ê òàêèì îòíîñèòñÿ èíåñêîëüêî ó÷àñòêîâ, ãäå ãíåçäà íàéòè íåóäàëîñü).

Â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå, ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêàëåæèò íà óñòóïå ñêàëüíîé ñòåíêè èëè êðó-òîãî ñêàëüíîãî ñêëîíà, ÷àñòî ïðèêðûòàñâåðõó âûñòóïîì èëè íàâèñàþùåé ÷àñòüþñòåíêè. Ðàçìåðû ïîñòðîåê çíà÷èòåëüíîâàðüèðóþò (íàäî èìåòü â âèäó è òî, ÷òîáîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü îïèñàííûõ ãí¸çä – ñòàðûåè ÷àñòè÷íî ðàçðóøèâøèåñÿ), áîëüøèé äè-àìåòð äîñòèãàåò ìàêñèìàëüíî 2,5 ì,ìåíüøèé – ìèíèìàëüíî 0,6 ì (èçìåðåíîâ ïîäíîâë¸ííîì ãíåçäå áåç âûâîäêà); âñðåäíåì, ïðîìåðû îêîëî 1,5 ì. Ïîñòðîé-êè îòëè÷àþòñÿ õàðàêòåðíîé àðõèòåêòóðîé:ëîòîê íåçíà÷èòåëüíî óãëóáëåí, çàïîëíåíìåëêèì ðàñòèòåëüíûì ìàòåðèàëîì áåçàíòðîïîãåííûõ âêëþ÷åíèé, ïî êðàþ ëîò-êà âñåãäà âûëîæåíû çåë¸íûå âåòî÷êè (âíåæèëûõ ãí¸çäàõ îíè âûñîõøèå, íî òàê-æå âûäåëÿþòñÿ ñðåäè ïðî÷åãî ìàòåðèà-ëà) áåð¸çû, ìîææåâåëüíèêà èëè æèìî-ëîñòè.

×àùå íà æèëîì ó÷àñòêå èìååòñÿ ïîìè-ìî çàíÿòîãî åù¸ 1–3 ãíåçäà, óäàë¸ííûõ, âñðåäíåì, íà 0,6 êì ïî ïðÿìîé (n=13); îíèìîãóò áûòü ñáëèæåíû äî 0,07 êì, íàèáî-ëåå äàëåêî ðàçíåñ¸ííûå ãí¸çäà â ïðåäå-ëàõ îäíîãî ó÷àñòêà áûëè óäàëåíû äðóã îòäðóãà íà 1,6 êì. Îäíàêî â íåñêîëüêèõ ñëó-÷àÿõ íå óäàëîñü íàéòè äðóãèõ ãí¸çä, êðî-ìå æèëîãî.

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä áåðêóòà ïî ýêñïîçèöèèñêëîíîâ

Fig. 3. Distribution of the Golden Eagle nests accordingwith a slope exposition

Ïòåíöû áåðêóòà (Aquilachrysaetos) íà ãíåçäå.Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî

The Golden Eagle (Aquilachrysaetos) fledglings onthe nest. Photo by I. Sme-lansky

Íóæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî õîòÿ ìû íåñêîëüêîðàç íàáëþäàëè áåðêóòîâ â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñ-òè Êàëáû è, íåñîìíåííî, ýòà òåððèòîðèÿçàñåëåíà èìè, íè îäíîãî ãíåçäà çäåñü íåáûëî íàéäåíî, à åäèíñòâåííûé æèëîé ó÷à-ñòîê ëîêàëèçîâàí íà îñíîâàíèè ïîñòîÿí-íîãî ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïòèö â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîìáèîòîïå.

Âñå íàéäåííûå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëîæåíû íàñêàëàõ – â ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ áîðòîâäîëèí (íå îáÿçàòåëüíî çàíÿòûõ ðåêàìè,65,4% ãí¸çä) èëè íà ýðîçèîííûõ ñêëîíàõñîïîê (34,6%). Ðàçäåëåíèå ìåæäó ýòèìèïîçèöèÿìè íå âñåãäà îò÷¸òëèâî, íî â öå-ëîì äîëèííîå ðàçìåùåíèå ãí¸çä õàðàê-òåðèçóåòñÿ èõ îòíîñèòåëüíî íèçêèì ïî-ëîæåíèåì â ëàíäøàôòå è îòíîñèòåëüíîéçàêðûòîñòüþ (â íåñêîëüêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ äàæåíèæå óðîâíÿ êðîí óðåìíîãî ëåñà), òîãäàêàê ãí¸çäà íà ñîïî÷íûõ ñêëîíàõ âñåãäà


Âî âñåõ ïÿòè ãí¸çäàõ ñ âûâîäêàìè íàéäå-íî ïî 2 ïòåíöà (â äâóõ ãíåçäàõ 2005 ã. òàê-æå áûëî ïî 2 ïòåíöà). Ñàìàÿ ðàííÿÿ âñòðå-÷à – 28 ìàÿ – ïòåíöû â ïóõó, âèäíû òðóáêèìàõîâûõ è ðóëåâûõ ìåíåå 4 ñì, L=30 ñì;ñàìàÿ ïîçäíÿÿ – 17 èþíÿ – ïòåíöû ïî÷òèïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåíû, ìàõîâûå ðàñêðûòûïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ, ó ìëàäøåãî ïòåíöà ïóõîñòàëñÿ òîëüêî íà ãîëîâå, L=60 ñì.

Íà ãí¸çäàõ è ïðèñàäàõ íàéäåíû îñòàòêèöîêîðà, çàéöà (Lepus sp.), ñòåïíîãî õîðÿ(Mustela eversmanni), êóðîïàòêè.

Â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ ìîæíî ñóäèòü î ðàññòîÿ-íèè ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ó÷à-ñòêîâ. Â ãðàíèòíîì ìàññèâå Äåëüáåãåòåé(îáñëåäîâàíî îêîëî 73 êì2) ëîêàëèçîâàíî3 æèëûõ ãíåçäà (îäíî èç íèõ – â 2005 ã.),ñî ñðåäíèì ðàññòîÿíèåì ìåæäó íèìè 6 êì.Â áàññåéíå ðåê Áàñêóðìåëüòû è Á. Êàðãà-ëèíêà (ïðèòîêè Êîêïåêòû, îêîëî 132 êì2)ëîêàëèçîâàíî òàêæå 3 æèëûõ ãíåçäà, ðàñ-ñòîÿíèå ìåæäó êîòîðûìè ñîñòàâèëî 6 êì,10,2 êì è 10,9 êì. Ïðè ýòîì êðàéíå âûñî-êà âåðîÿòíîñòü ïðîïóñêà åù¸ îäíîãî ãíåç-äà â íåîñìîòðåííûõ âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Ãëóáî-êèé Êëþ÷; åñëè ïðåäïîëîæåíèå âåðíî, òîíà ýòîé ïëîùàäêå ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæ-äó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè â äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòèñîñòàâëÿåò 5,75 êì. Ïðè ýòîì íà êàæäîéèç ïëîùàäîê ïðåäñòàâëåíû îáà âàðèàíòàðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä.

Èñõîäÿ èç ýòèõ äàííûõ, â ñîïî÷íî-ñòåï-íûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ ïðåäãîðèé Êàëáû áåðêóòãíåçäèòñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 1 ïàðà íà 25–33êì2 ïðè ñðåäíåì ðàññòîÿíèè ìåæäó æèëû-ìè ãí¸çäàìè îêîëî 6 êì. Ïëîùàäü þæíûõè ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûõ ïðåäãîðèé, äëÿ êîòîðûõõàðàêòåðíû òàêèå ëàíäøàôòû, ñîñòàâëÿåòïðèìåðíî 10600 êì2. Ýêñòðàïîëèðóÿ, ïî-ëó÷àåì îöåíêó îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â ýòîéïîëîñå 320–420 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Ïðèíè-ìàÿ èç îñòîðîæíîñòè íèæíþþ îöåíêó è

îêðóãëÿÿ å¸ â íèæíþþ ñòîðîíó, ìîæíîãîâîðèòü î 300 ïàðàõ áåðêóòà. Êðîìå òîãî,áåðêóò ãíåçäèòñÿ òàêæå â îñåâîé ÷àñòè íà-ãîðüÿ è ïî åãî âîñòî÷íîé ïåðèôåðèè, ãäåãíåçäîâûìè ñòàöèÿìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ íå òîëüêîîïèñàííûå ñêàëüíûå áèîòîïû, íî è ðåä-êîñòîéíûå áîðû. Ïëîòíîñòü åãî íà ãíåçäî-âàíèè â ýòîé ÷àñòè íàãîðüÿ, âèäèìî, çíà-÷èòåëüíî íèæå, ïëîùàäêè äëÿ å¸ îöåíêèçäåñü íå çàêëàäûâàëèñü. Ïðèíèìàÿ ïðîèç-âîëüíî ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà â 3 ðàçàáîëüøå, ÷åì â «íèçêèõ» ïðåäãîðüÿõ, è ó÷è-òûâàÿ, ÷òî ïëîùàäü òåððèòîðèè îêîëî 8000êì2, ïîëó÷èì îöåíêó îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòèïðèìåðíî 90 ïàð. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â öå-ëîì ÷èñëåííîñòü áåðêóòà â Êàëáå ìîæåòáûòü îöåíåíà êàê ïðèìåðíî 400 òåððè-òîðèàëüíûõ ïàð.

Â.À. Åãîðîâ (1990) ñîîáùàåò âñåãî î 3äîñòîâåðíûõ íàõîäêàõ ãí¸çä áåðêóòà âðàçíûå ãîäû ñ 1957 ïî 1976, èç íèõ äâàãíåçäà ïîìåùàëèñü íà ñîñíàõ â áîðàõ Âî-ñòî÷íîé Êàëáû. Ýòîò àâòîð îöåíèâàåòïëîùàäü, çàíèìàåìóþ îäíîé ïàðîé íàãíåçäîâàíèè, â 100–120 êì2 äëÿ áîðîâûõáèîòîïîâ è äî 1000 êì2 – äëÿ ñòåïíûõ (âðàéîíå îñòàíöîâîãî ìàññèâà Àéûðòàó).Íåÿñíî, íà îñíîâàíèè ÷åãî áûëè ïîëó-÷åíû òàêèå îöåíêè.

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis)

Â 2006 ã. íàéäåíî 16 ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëàè ëîêàëèçîâàíî 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ – 9äîñòîâåðíî è 5 ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî. Èç ýòî-ãî ÷èñëà íà âñåõ 9 ó÷àñòêàõ îòìå÷åíî ðàç-ìíîæåíèå – â 7 ñëó÷àÿõ óñïåøíîå (íà ìî-ìåíò íàøåãî ïîñåùåíèÿ) è â 2 –íåóñïåøíîå.

Îáëàñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîãî îðëà â Êàëáåîò÷åòëèâî ïðèâÿçàíà ê áîëåå íèçêîé þæ-íîé è ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ïåðèôåðèè íàãî-ðüÿ (ðèñ. 4). Çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì îäíîãî ãíåç-äà, ðàñïîëîæåííîãî íà îòìåòêå 722 ìí.ó.ì. â îòðûâå îò îñíîâíîé ãíåçäîâîéãðóïïèðîâêè, âñå èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ëåæàòâ èíòåðâàëå âûñîò 314–562 ì (ñðåäíåå431±99 ì, n=15). Âñå ãíåçäà – íàçåìíîãîòèïà, ðàñïîëîæåíû íà íåáîëüøèõ ñêàëüíûõâûõîäàõ èëè óñòóïàõ ñîïî÷íûõ ñêëîíîâ. Íåïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ ÿñíîé ïðèâÿçàííîñòè êîïðåäåëåííîìó ïîëîæåíèþ íà ñêëîíå –èçâåñòíû ãí¸çäà êàê â ïðèâåðøèííîé ÷àñ-òè ñêëîíîâ è íà ïåðåãèáàõ ãðåáíåé, òàê èâ ïîäîøâåííîé ÷àñòè. Äëÿ îðèåíòàöèèãí¸çä íà ñêëîíàõ õàðàêòåðíà ïðèóðî÷åí-íîñòü ê þãî-çàïàäíîìó êâàäðàíòó ýêñïîçè-öèè – 78% âñåõ ãí¸çä (âêëþ÷àÿ 3 íàéäåí-íûõ â 2005 ã.) ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà èíòåðâàëàçèìóòà 180–225o (Þ-ÞÇ) (ðèñ. 5). Â îò-

Ðèñ. 4. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquilanipalensis): 1 – ïóñòûåãí¸çäà, 2– çàíÿòûå ãí¸ç-äà, 3 – âñòðå÷è ïòèö âíåñâÿçè ñ èçâåñòíûìè ãí¸ç-äàìè

Fig. 4. Distribution of theSteppe Eagle (Aquila ni-palensis): 1 – emptynests, 2 – occupied nests,3 – registration points ofadults.


ëè÷èå îò ïðåäãîðèé ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè Çà-ïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2005),ðàçíîîáðàçèå òèïîâ ãí¸çä îêàçàëîñü íå-âåëèêî – ïðåäñòàâëåíû òîëüêî «íàñêàëüíûé»è «ñòåïíîé» òèïû, ïðè÷¸ì ïîñëåäíèé àá-ñîëþòíî ïðåîáëàäàåò.

Àðõèòåêòóðà ãíåçä òèïè÷íà äëÿ ñòåïíîãîîðëà: âñå îíè èìåþò âûðàæåííûé ëîòîê,óãëóáëåííûé äî 10–15 ñì; âûñòèëêà ñîñòî-èò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî èç íàâîçà è àíòðîïî-ãåííîãî ìàòåðèàëà (òðÿïîê, áóìàãè, ïàê-ëè, ïîëèýòèëåíà è ò.ï.), à òàêæå îâå÷üåéøåðñòè è êîñòåé ñêîòà; ëîòîê íèêîãäà íåîáðàìëÿåòñÿ çåëåíûìè âåòî÷êàìè; â êà÷å-ñòâå ñòðîèòåëüíîãî ìàòåðèàëà ÷àñòî èñ-ïîëüçóþòñÿ ñóõèå ñòåáëè êðóïíûõ çîíòè÷-íûõ (âèäîâ ôåðóëû, ìîðêîâíèêà). Äèàìåòðãíåçäà, â ñðåäíåì: áîëüøèé ïðîìåð –1,22±0,24 ì, ìåíüøèé – 1,07±0,17 ì(n=16); íàèáîëüøèé èç ïðîìåðåííûõ äèà-ìåòðîâ ñîñòàâëÿë 1,7 ì, íàèìåíüøèé (èç-ìåðåíî ïî äâóì íåæèëûì ãíåçäàì) 0,8 ì.

Íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñòåïíîãî îðëà ðåæå, ÷åì íàó÷àñòêàõ áåðêóòà, èìåþòñÿ ïîäíîâëÿåìûåäîïîëíèòåëüíûå ãí¸çäà, à ÷èñëî ãí¸çä íàó÷àñòêå â ñðåäíåì ìåíüøå. Ýòî âèäíî óæåèç ñðàâíåíèÿ ñîîòíîøåíèé ÷èñëà ëîêàëè-çîâàííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñ ÷èñëîì íàéäåííûõãí¸çä ó ýòèõ âèäîâ. Â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà íàó÷àñòêå íåñêîëüêî ãí¸çä, îíè ðàñïîëîæå-íû áîëåå êîìïàêòíî, ÷åì ó áåðêóòà – ðàñ-ñòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè íè ðàçó íå ïðå-âûñèëî 1 êì, â ñðåäíåì æå îíî ñîñòàâëÿåòíåñêîëüêî ìåíåå 0,4 êì (n=8).

Âûâîäêè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â 2006 ã. ñîñòîÿ-ëè, êàê ïðàâèëî, èç 2 ïòåíöîâ (ñðåäíåå2±0,53 íà ãíåçäî ñ âûâîäêîì è 1,64±0,92íà çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî, n=8 è 10 ñîîòâåòñòâåí-íî). Òîëüêî â îäíîì ñëó÷àå áûëî âñòðå÷å-íî 3 ïòåíöà è â åù¸ îäíîì – 2 ïòåíöà èÿéöî-«áîëòóí». Ñàìàÿ ðàííÿÿ íàõîäêàïòåíöà îòíîñèòñÿ ê 27 ìàÿ – ïóõîâîé ïòå-

íåö áûë íå ñòàðøå 2–3 äíåé, âòîðîé ïòåíåöâ ýòî âðåìÿ òîëüêî ïðîêëåâûâàëñÿ (ïòåíåö:L=14 ñì, ðàçðåç ðòà 2,5 ñì; ÿéöî: L=7 ñì,ïàëåâî-áåëîå ñ ðåäêèì áóðûì êðàïîì).Ïîñëåäóþùèå íàõîäêè ïòåíöîâ ñäåëàíû12–17 èþíÿ. Ïðè ñàìîé ïîçäíåé èç íèõ 2ïòåíöà õàðàêòåðèçîâàëèñü ñëåäóþùèìèïðîìåðàìè: L=41 è 40 ñì; ðàçðåç ðòà 6,5è 6,2 ñì; òðóáêè ìàõîâûõ 7,5–8 ñì (ðàñ-êðûâøàÿñÿ ÷àñòü ïåðà äî 6,5 ñì) è 5,5–7,5 ñì (äî 5,5 ñì) ñîîòâåòñòâåííî; òðóá-êè ðóëåâûõ 5 ñì (ðàñêðûâøàÿñÿ ÷àñòü äî4,5 ñì) è 5,5 ñì (äî 3,5 ñì) ñîîòâåòñòâåí-íî; ó îáîèõ åñòü êðîþùèå íà ñïèíå, â ëî-ïàòî÷íîé ÷àñòè è íà êðûëüÿõ.

Íà ãí¸çäàõ è ïðèñàäàõ îòìå÷åíû îñòàò-êè öîêîðà, äëèííîõâîñòîãî è êðàñíîùåêî-ãî ñóñëèêîâ, îáûêíîâåííîãî õîìÿêà(Cricetus cricetus); â öåëîì íàõîäêè æåðòâáûëè ðåäêè.

Íà ïðåäìåò îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñòåïíî-ãî îðëà äåòàëüíî îáñëåäîâàíû 2 ïëîùàä-êè: ïëîùàäêà ¹ 1 – â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå ïîäîëèíå ðó÷. ×óáóíñêèé êëþ÷ (îêîëî 15 êì2)è ïëîùàäêà ¹ 2 – â âîäîðàçäåëüíîì ìåë-êîñîïî÷íîì ìàññèâå ïî ïðàâîìó áîðòóäîëèíû Êûçûëñó (îêîëî 16,5 êì2). Íà ïëî-ùàäêå ¹ 1 ëîêàëèçîâàíî 3 æèëûõ ó÷àñòêà(5 ãíåçä), èç íèõ 2 ñ âûâîäêàìè (2 ïòåíöà,2 ïòåíöà è ïîãèáøåå ÿéöî); íà ïëîùàäêå¹ 2 – òàêæå 3 æèëûõ ó÷àñòêà (7 ãí¸çä), âñåñ âûâîäêàìè (2, 2 è 3 ïòåíöà). Íà ïëîùàä-êå ¹ 1 ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ãí¸ç-äàìè âàðüèðóåò îò 1,98 äî 3,92 êì, íà ïëî-ùàäêå ¹ 2 ýòî ðàññòîÿíèå ñîñòàâëÿåò 3,6 êì.Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèèñîñòàâëÿåò 18,18 ïàð/100 êì2. Èñõîäÿ èçýòèõ äàííûõ è ïëîùàäè ïîëîñû ïðåäãîðèé,

Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî îðëà ïî ýêñïî-çèöèè ñêëîíîâ

Fig. 5. Distribution of the Steppe Eagle nests accordingwith of a slope exposition

Ïòåíåö ñòåïíîãî îðëà(Aquila nipalensis) íàãíåçäå. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿí-ñêîãî

The Steppe Eagle (Aqui-la nipalensis) chick in thenest. Photo by I. Sme-lansky


ïðèãîäíîé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿñòåïíîãî îðëà (îêîëî 7000 êì2),îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü â ïðåäåëàõñåâåðî-çàïàäíûõ ïðåäãîðèéÊàëáû ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â1160 ïàð. Î÷åâèäíî, íå âñÿãíåçäîïðèãîäíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿçàñåëåíà ñ òàêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ,è ðåàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü çäåñüíèæå, íî â òî æå âðåìÿ êà-êàÿ-òî ÷àñòü ïòèö ãíåçäèòñÿ ïîþæíîé ïåðèôåðèè íàãîðüÿ(ãäå íàìè íàéäåí òîëüêî 1 æè-ëîé ó÷àñòîê). Â öåëîì äëÿ îá-ëàñòè, çàñåë¸ííîé â Êàëáåñòåïíûì îðëîì, ìîæíî îöå-íèòü åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü ïðèìåðíî â 1200ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð.

Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå óäèâèòåëü-íî ñòðîãàÿ ïîâòîðÿåìîñòü ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæ-äó æèëûìè ãíåçäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð – îñî-áåííî íà ïëîùàäêå â äîëèíå Êûçûëñó –Êóéåëè. Î÷åâèäíî, ýòîò ôàêò òðåáóåò èí-òåðïðåòàöèè. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òîðåãóëÿðíîñòü ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãí¸çä îòðàæàåòíàëè÷èå êîíêóðåíöèè ìåæäó ïàðàìè âãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêå ñòåïíîãî îðëà.

Åãîðîâ (1990) íå óïîìèíàåò ñòåïíîãîîðëà ñðåäè õèùíûõ ïòèö Êàëáû.


Ëîêàëèçîâàíî âñåãî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñ-òêà ñ æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè (ïî 2 ïòåíöà âêàæäîì ãíåçäå) è 1 îñòàâëåííûé ó÷àñòîê,ãäå ïòèö îòìå÷àëè 6 ëåò íàçàä. Îäíàêîòèï ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäà è ãíåçäîâîé ñòà-öèè íè ðàçó íå ïîâòîðÿåòñÿ. Â îäíîì ñëó-÷àå ãíåçäî ðàñïîëîæåíî íà òîïîëå íàîïóøêå ïîéìåííîãî ëåñà (ó÷àñòîê â äîëè-íå ð. Êûçûëñó), â äðóãîì – ãíåçäî óñòðî-åíî íà íèçêîé ñîñíå â ñîñíîâîì ðåäêî-ëåñüå â ïðèâåðøèííîé ÷àñòè ãðàíèòíîãî

áàñòèîíà (ó÷àñòîê íàä äîëèíîé ð. Ñèáèí-êè), íàêîíåö, åù¸ â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäîðàçìåùåíî íà òðàâåðñå îïîðû ËÝÏ âñîâåðøåííî îòêðûòîì ñòåïíîì ëàíäøàô-òå. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà äëè-òåëüíî íàáëþäàëàñü âáëèçè ñ. Ìàíàò íàääîëèíîé ð. ×åðíîâàÿ (ðèñ. 6).

Îñíîâûâàÿñü íà íàøèõ äàííûõ íåâîç-ìîæíî îöåíèòü íè ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâîéãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêà, íè å¸ ÷èñëåí-íîñòü â Êàëáå, íè äàæå áèîòîïè÷åñêóþïðèóðî÷åííîñòü ìîãèëüíèêà çäåñü. Ìîæ-íî ëèøü êîíñòàòèðîâàòü òîò ôàêò, ÷òî ýòîíàèáîëåå ðåäêèé èç îðëîâ, îòìå÷åííûõíàìè íà îïèñûâàåìîé òåððèòîðèè. Âè-äèìî, ìîãèëüíèê çàñåëÿåò íà ãíåçäîâàíèèöåíòðàëüíóþ ÷àñòü íàãîðüÿ è åãî âîñòî÷-íóþ ïåðèôåðèþ, ãäå íàèáîëåå âåëèêèïëîùàäè îäíîãî èç òð¸õ ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿíåãî òèïîâ áèîòîïîâ (îñòåïí¸ííûå ñî-ñíîâûå ðåäêîëåñüÿ íà ãðàíèòíûõ ãðÿäàõ).Îäíàêî, ìû íå íàøëè ïîäòâåðæäåíèé åãîñòàòóñà çäåñü.

Â.À. Åãîðîâ (1990) óêàçûâàåò ýòîãîîðëà äëÿ Êàëáû êàê ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿâèä, îïèñûâàÿ òîëüêî îäíó äîñòîâåðíóþíàõîäêó ãíåçäà (â Êàèíäèíñêîì áîðó íàñîñíå, 1984–1985 ãã.).

Ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus)

Íàáëþäàëñÿ â 2005 ã. Â 2006 ã. îòìå÷å-íî 3 âñòðå÷è. Äâàæäû âñòðå÷åí ñàìåö; îäèíðàç âñòðå÷åíà ïàðà (îç. Ñîëóñîð) (ðèñ. 6).Âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ îòìå÷àëèñü ïòèöû, îõîòÿ-ùèåñÿ íàä äíèùàìè øèðîêèõ ïëîñêîäîí-íûõ äîëèí, çàíÿòûõ ñòåïüþ èëè ñîëîí÷à-êîâàòûì ëóãîì. Ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî âñåâñòðå÷è áûëè íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Âè-äèìî, ñòåïíîé ëóíü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêèì ãíåç-

Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) íà ËÝÏ. Ôîòî È.ÑìåëÿíñêîãîThe Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) nest on a powerline. Photo by I. Smelansky

Ðèñ. 6. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ (Circusmacrourus) (4 – âñòðå÷èïòèö) è ìîãèëüíèêà (Aqu-ila heliaca): 1 – ïóñòûåãí¸çäà, 2 – çàíÿòûå ãí¸ç-äà, 3 – âñòðå÷è ïòèö

Fig. 6. Distributions if thePallid Harrier (Circus mac-rourus) (4 – registrationsof adults) and the Imperi-al Eagle (Aquila heliaca):1 – empty nests; 2 – oc-cupied nests; 3 – registra-tion points of adults


äÿùèìñÿ âèäîì Êàëáû, íî ìû íå ìîæåìîöåíèòü åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü çäåñü.

Â òî æå âðåìÿ Â.À. Åãîðîâ (1990) ñ÷è-òàë ýòîãî ëóíÿ îáû÷íûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âè-äîì ñòåïíîé ÷àñòè íàãîðüÿ, õîòÿ ïðèâîäèòëèøü îãðàíè÷åííûé ïåðå÷åíü êîíêðåòíûõíàõîäîê.

Ëóãîâîé ëóíü (Circus pygargus)

Ôîíîâûé âèä îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòî-ðèè. Âñòðå÷åíî íå ìåíåå 25 îñîáåé â 24òî÷êàõ ïî þæíîé è ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ïå-ðèôåðèè íàãîðüÿ, îäíàêî íè îäíîé âñòðå-÷è íå áûëî íà âîñòîêå Êàëáû. Â.À. Åãîðîâ(1990), íàïðîòèâ, ïîëàãàë, ÷òî ýòîò âèäìàëî÷èñëåí â Êàëáå.

×àùå ìû îòìå÷àëè ëóãîâûõ ëóíåé îõîòÿ-ùèìèñÿ íàä äíèùàìè ðå÷íûõ äîëèí è ìåæ-ñîïî÷íûõ ðàâíèí.

Áîëîòíûé ëóíü (Circus aeruginosus)

Âñòðå÷åí îäèí ðàç 11 èþíÿ â êîòëîâèíåîç. Ìàêåòêîëü (èç ãðóïïû Ìîíàñòûðñêèõîç¸ð). Â.À. Åãîðîâ (1990) óêàçûâàåò íàãíåçäîâàíèå ýòîãî ëóíÿ íà îçåðàõ ñòåïíîéÊàëáû (ò.å. â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ïîëîñå ìåë-êîñîïî÷èíêà), â òîì ÷èñëå èì îòìå÷åíûíåîäíîêðàòíûå âñòðå÷è â ðàéîíå Ìîíàñ-òûðñêèõ îç¸ð.

Êóðãàííèê è ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê(Buteo rufinus, Buteo hemilasius)

Êóðãàííèê âñòðå÷åí 4 ðàçà íà þãå è ñå-âåðî-çàïàäå Êàëáû, â òîì ÷èñëå ëîêàëèçî-âàí 1 æèëîé ó÷àñòîê ñ ãíåçäîì (â ãðàíèò-íîì ìàññèâå Àéûðòàó). Ïàðà íà ýòîìó÷àñòêå – âîçìîæíî ãèáðèäíûå îñîáèButeo rufinus × hemilasius. Â åäèíñòâåííîìíàéäåííîì ãíåçäå íàõîäèëîñü 2 ïóõîâûõïòåíöà (1 èþíÿ). Êðîìå òîãî, íàéäåíî íåìåíåå 4 ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêà, çàíÿòûõáàëîáàíîì. Â 2005 ã. ëîêàëèçîâàí 1 ïðåä-

ïîëîæèòåëüíî æèëîé ó÷àñòîê (ãðàíèòíûéìàññèâ Äåëüáåãåòåé). Â.À. Åãîðîâ (1990)íå óêàçûâàåò êóðãàííèêîâ ñðåäè õèùíûõïòèö Êàëáû.

Îáûêíîâåííûé êàíþê (Buteo buteo)

Îòìå÷åíî 3 âñòðå÷è íà âîñòîêå íàãîðüÿ,êðîìå òîãî, æèëîé ó÷àñòîê äîñòîâåðíîëîêàëèçîâàí â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûõ ïðåäãîðü-ÿõ (â óðåìå ïî ð. Êûçûëñó). Â.À. Åãîðîâûì(1990) îïèñàíû íàõîäêè ãí¸çä â Êàèíäèí-ñêîì áîðó è â ïîéìå ð. Êàèíäû.

Îñîåä (Pernis apivorus)

Â äîëèíå ð. Âîéëî÷åâêà 6 èþíÿ íàáëþ-äàëè îñîåäà, êîòîðûé îòáèâàëñÿ â âîçäóõåîò íàïàäàþùåé ïóñòåëüãè. Â.À. Åãîðîâ(1990) íå îòìå÷àåò ýòîò âèä äëÿ Êàëáû.

Êîðøóí (Milvus migrans)

Îáû÷íûé, íî îòíîñèòåëüíî íåìíîãî÷èñ-ëåííûé âèä. Îòìå÷åíî 8 âñòðå÷, â òîì ÷èñ-ëå 2 æèëûõ ãíåçäà, ó÷òåíî 18 âçðîñëûõîñîáåé. Ãíåçäî ñ íàñèæèâàþùåé ñàìêîéîòìå÷åíî 28 ìàÿ â ëåñîïîëîñå áëèç ï. Áè-ãàø â äîëèíå Êîêïåêòû. Ñêîïëåíèå íå ìå-íåå 8 ïòèö íàáëþäàëîñü íàä îç. Êàðàêîëü(èç ãðóïïû Ñèáèíñêèõ îçåð) 8 èþíÿ. Â.À.Åãîðîâ (1990) ñ÷èòàåò êîðøóíà îáû÷íûìãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì Êàëáû.

ßñòðåá-òåòåðåâÿòíèê(Accipiter gentilis)

Âñòðå÷åí 8 èþíÿ â äîëèíå ð. Ñèáèíêàíà êîëîíèè ðîçîâûõ ñêâîðöîâ.


Ëîêàëèçîâàíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ – 3äîñòîâåðíûõ (íàéäåíû æèëûå ãíåçäà) è 3ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíûõ (ðèñ. 7). Ïîëíûé ó÷¸òãí¸çä ïðîâåä¸í íà ïëîùàäêå ïðèìåðíî190 êì2. Íà ýòîé ïëîùàäè ëîêàëèçîâàíî 4ó÷àñòêà, èç íèõ â 3-õ íàéäåíû ãí¸çäà ñ âû-âîäêàìè (â 2-õ ïî 2 ïòåíöà, îäèí âûâîäîê– 3 èëè 4 ïòåíöà), íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå îòìå-÷åíû ïðèçíàêè ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïòèö (ìíîãî-ëåòíèå ïðèñàäû), íî ãíåçäî íå íàéäåíî èåãî ðàñïîëîæåíèå òîëüêî ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ.Ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñî-ñòàâëÿåò çäåñü 6,66 êì. Âñå ãí¸çäà ðàñïî-ëîæåíû â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà â íèøàõè íà óñòóïàõ ñêàë (íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ ýòî ãðà-íèòíûå îñòàíöû, íà 1-ì – îáíàæåíèå ñëàí-öåâ). Íà òàêèõ æå ñêàëàõ íàõîäÿòñÿ ïîñòî-ÿííûå ïðèñàäû. Ãðàíèòíûå ãðÿäûðàçáðîñàíû ïî ïîëîãî-óâàëèñòîé ðàâíèíå;ðàñïîëîæåííûå íà íèõ ãí¸çäà íåäîñòóï-íû áåç ñíàðÿæåíèÿ, äîìèíèðóþò íàä áî-ëåå èëè ìåíåå îáøèðíûìè òåððèòîðèÿìè(îáçîð ñ ãí¸çä ïîðÿäêà 10 êì).

Ðèñ. 7. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåáàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug):1 – çàíÿòûå ãíåçäà, 2 –íåçàíÿòûå ãí¸çäà è ïðè-ñàäû

Fig. 7. Distribution of theSaker Falcon (Falco cher-rug): 1 – occupied nests,2 – empty nests andperches.


Â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î ëî-êàëüíîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêå áàëîáàíà,çàíèìàþùåé ïëîùàäü îêîëî 400 êì2 èâêëþ÷àþùåé íå ìåíåå 10 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð.Ðàíåå (â 1974, 2003 ãã. – Åãîðîâ, 1990;Þ. Çèí÷åíêî, ëè÷. ñîîáù.) íà ýòîé òåððè-òîðèè îòìå÷àëèñü âñòðå÷è è ïðåäïîëàãà-ëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà. Ïðè÷åì â 30êì îò áëèæàéøåãî èçâåñòíîãî æèëîãî ó÷à-ñòêà íàìè îòìå÷åíà ìíîãîëåòíÿÿ ïðèñà-äà áàëîáàíà, òàêæå ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ ïîñòðîé-êîé êóðãàííèêà. Âîçìîæíî, îíà îòíîñèòñÿê ýòîé æå ãðóïïèðîâêå. Òîãäà îáùàÿ çà-íèìàåìàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêîé ïëîùàäü, ðàâíîêàê è ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ å¸ ïòèö,äîëæíû îöåíèâàòüñÿ áîëåå âûñîêî – äî700 êì2 è 14–18 ïàð.

Áåçóñëîâíî, íå ñâÿçàíû ñ îïèñàííîéãðóïïèðîâêîé íàõîäêè ïðèñàä áàëîáàíà íàþãî-âîñòîêå è þãî-çàïàäå Êàëáû. Åäèí-ñòâåííîå ãíåçäî çäåñü, â êîòîðîì íàéäåíûñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ áàëîáàíà (ïåðüÿ, ïîãàä-êè, ïîìåò), ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñòàðóþïîñòðîéêó áåðêóòà.

Â öåëîì, ÷èñëåííîñòü áàëîáàíà â îáñëå-äîâàííîé ÷àñòè Êàëáû ìîæíî îöåíèòü â20–30 ïàð. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ýòîò ñîêîë ÿâ-ëÿåòñÿ ðåäêèì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì Êàëáèí-ñêîãî íàãîðüÿ. Òàêæå ðàññìàòðèâàë åãî èÂ.À. Åãîðîâ (1990). Çàìåòèì, ÷òî ïîñëå-äíåå èç ïðèâîäèìûõ èì ñîîáùåíèé îâñòðå÷àõ ýòîãî ñîêîëà îòíîñèòñÿ ê 1974 ã.

Â ãí¸çäàõ 10–11 èþíÿ áûëè îïåð¸ííûå,íî íåëåòàþùèå ïòåíöû; 17 èþíÿ ó ãíåçäàâñòðå÷åíû ñë¸òêè, âåðîÿòíî âïåðâûå âû-ëåòåâøèå â ýòîò æå äåíü.

Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà(Falco tinnunculus)

Íàèáîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé è ÷àñòîâñòðå÷àåìûé ñîêîë â þæíîé è âîñòî÷íîéïåðèôåðèè íàãîðüÿ; â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûõïðåäãîðüÿõ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ðåæå, ÷åì ïðåäû-äóùèé âèä. Íàìè îòìå÷åíî 45 âñòðå÷ èó÷òåíî íå ìåíåå 130 ïòèö.

Ãíåçäèòñÿ â Êàëáå êàê íà äåðåâüÿõ, òàê èíà ñêàëàõ. Ïàðà, àáîíèðóþùàÿ ãíåçäî íàñóõîé áåðåçå â ðàçðåæåííîì áàéðà÷íîìëåñó, íàáëþäàëàñü 27 ìàÿ 2006 ã. â äîëèíåð. Õîëîäíûé Êëþ÷ ó ñ. Øèãèëåê. Ãíåçäî ñâûâîäêîì (5 ïòåíöîâ) â íèøå ñêàëû ìû íà-õîäèëè 25 èþíÿ 2005 ã. â äîëèíå ðó÷. Àë-òûáàé ó ñ. Áåëîå (îáå òî÷êè – áàññåéí ëå-âûõ ïðèòîêîâ Êîêïåêòû).

Â.À. Åãîðîâ (1990) õàðàêòåðèçóåò îáûê-íîâåííóþ ïóñòåëüãó êàê îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿ-ùèéñÿ âèä, èçðåäêà îñòàþùèéñÿ íà çèìó;ïðè ýòîì àâòîð îïèðàåòñÿ íà îáøèðíûéìàòåðèàë ïî íàõîäêàì ãí¸çä è íàáëþäåíè-ÿì ýòîãî ñîêîëêà.

Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni)

Â 2006 ã. îòìå÷åíî 19 âñòðå÷ ñòåïíîéïóñòåëüãè, ó÷òåíî íå ìåíåå 74 âçðîñëûõîñîáåé (ðèñ. 8). Â òîì ÷èñëå ëîêàëèçîâà-íî äîñòîâåðíî 10 êîëîíèé ÷èñëåííîñòüþîò 1 äî 10 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì – 2,6±2,44 ïàðû.Åù¸ â 4 ñëó÷àÿõ î ñòàòóñå ïòèö êàê ãíåçäÿ-ùèõñÿ ñóäèëè ïî êîñâåííûì ïðèçíàêàì. Èçîáùåãî ÷èñëà, 8 êîëîíèé íàõîäèëîñü â îã-ðàäàõ ìîãèë ñòàðûõ êàçàõñêèõ êëàäáèù èëèðàçâàëèíàõ ïîñòðîåê, 2 – â êó÷àõ êàìíåé(îòâàë êàðüåðà, îòñûïêà ïîä îïîðîé ËÝÏ),2 – â ñêàëàõ. Çàíÿòî ïóñòåëüãàìè áûëî áî-ëåå ïîëîâèíû âñåõ ïðîâåðåííûõ ïîòåíöè-àëüíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ñòàöèé (êëàäáèù, ðàçâà-ëèí). Â 2005 ã. íàìè íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèèëîêàëèçîâàíî 2 êîëîíèè – îáå â îãðàäàõìîãèë (Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Òîìèëåíêî, 2005),îäíà èç íèõ ïðîâåðåíà â 2006 ã. (îòìå÷å-íî 2 ïàðû). Òðèæäû ñòåïíûå ïóñòåëüãè îò-ìå÷àëèñü íàìè â êîëîíèÿõ ðîçîâîãî ñêâîð-öà â îãðàäàõ ìîãèë. Â òî æå âðåìÿ, â

Ðèñ. 8. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falconaumanni): 1 – êîëîíèè,2 – âñòðå÷è ïòèö

Fig. 8. Disribution of theLesser Kestrel (Falco nau-manni): 1 – nest colonies,2 – registration points ofadults

Ïòåíåö áàëîáàíà (Falcocherrug) â ãíåçäîâîéíèøå. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñ-êîãî

The Saker (Falco cherrug)fledgling in the nestniche. Photo by I. Sme-lansky


áàññåéíå Êîêïåêòû çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíîëèøü äâå âñòðå÷è ýòîãî âèäà, ãíåçäîâàíèååãî çäåñü äîñòîâåðíî íå âûÿâëåíî. Â áî-ëåå âûñîêîé âîñòî÷íîé ïåðèôåðèè Êàë-áû ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà íàìè íå îòìå÷àëàñüâîâñå.

Â ìàññèâàõ Äåëüáåãåòåé è Àéûðòàó(Ìîíàñòûðè) ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó êîëîíè-ÿìè ñîñòàâèëî 1,5–2 êì, â äîëèíå ð. Ñè-áèíêè – 3 êì. Íà áîëüøîé ÷àñòè ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûõ ïðåäãîðèé ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâîéãðóïïèðîâêè ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè îïðåäå-ëÿåòñÿ ïëîòíîñòüþ ðàçìåùåíèÿ ñòàðûõêëàäáèù ñ êàìåííûìè îãðàäêàìè.

Ïî ìíåíèþ Â.À. Åãîðîâà (1990), ýòîîáû÷íûé âèä ñòåïíûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ Êàë-áû. Â öåëîì ìû ìîæåì ñîãëàñèòüñÿ ñ íèì,õîòÿ îáû÷íà ýòà ïóñòåëüãà òîëüêî â ñåâå-ðî-çàïàäíûõ íèçêèõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ, òîãäàêàê â ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêàõ áàññåéíà Êîêïåê-òû îíà ðåäêà.

×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo)

Îòìå÷åíî 8 âñòðå÷ ïî âñåéîáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè.Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ íà-áëþäàëñÿ â ãíåçäîâûõ ñòàöè-ÿõ – íà äåðåâüÿõ ïî îïóøêàìóðåìû èëè äîëèííûõ ëåñêîâ.Ãí¸çä íå íàéäåíî, íî, íåñîì-íåííî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ çäåñü ãíåç-äÿùèìñÿ âèäîì.

Â.À. Åãîðîâ (1990) ñ÷èòàåò÷åãëîêà ìàëî÷èñëåííûì ãíåç-äÿùèìñÿ âèäîì áîðîâ Êàëáûè ïðèâîäèò ôàêòû âñòðå÷ â Êà-èíäèíñêîì áîðó è äð.

Êîá÷èê(Falco vespertinus)

Â 2006 ã. íå íàéäåí. Îäíàâñòðå÷à îòìå÷åíà â 2005 ã. âìàññèâå Äåëüáåãåòåé, íà äå-ðåâüÿõ ïî îïóøêå óðåìû.


Â 2006 ã. íå îòìå÷åí. Â 2005 ã. ëîêà-ëèçîâàí 1 æèëîé ó÷àñòîê ïî íàõîäêå ñè-äîê âçðîñëîé ïòèöû (áëèç ñ. Áåëîå, áàñ-ñåéí Êîêïåêòû).

Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus)

Âñòðå÷åíà äâàæäû â áàññåéíå Êîêïåêòû,ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî îáà ðàçà íà ãíåçäîâûõó÷àñòêàõ. Åù¸ îäíà âñòðå÷à îòìå÷åíà â2005 ã. â ìàññèâå Äåëüáåãåòåé.

Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus)

Âñòðå÷åíà äâàæäû â áàññåéíå Êîêïåêòûè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Óñòü-Êàìåíîãîðñêà.

Ñïëþøêà (Otus scops)

Îòìå÷àëàñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ìåñòàõñòîÿíîê. Ïî þæíîé è âîñòî÷íîé ïåðèôå-ðèè íàãîðüÿ âñòðå÷åíà íà âñåõ ñòîÿíêàõ,ãäå èìåëàñü êàêàÿ-ëèáî äðåâåñíàÿ ðàñòè-òåëüíîñòü; â ïðåäåëàõ ñåâåðî-çàïàäíûõïðåäãîðèé (çàïàäíåå 81°56′ â.ä.) îòìå÷åíàòîëüêî îäèí ðàç – â 2005 ã. â óðåìå â ãðà-íèòíîì ìàññèâå Äåëüáåãåòåé (ìàññèâ îòëè-÷àåòñÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíî øèðîêèì ðàçâèòèåìäîëèííûõ ëåñîâ).

Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðíû ôîíäó «ÄàðâèíñêàÿÈíèöèàòèâà» (Darvin Iniciative) è Êîðîëåâ-ñêîìó îáùåñòâó çàùèòû ïòèö (RSPB), ïîä-äåðæàâøèì Ïðîãðàììó âûÿâëåíèÿ êëþ÷å-âûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé âÖåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, à òàêæå Àññîöèàöèèñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà,îðãàíèçîâàâøåé ýòó ðàáîòó.


Åãîðîâ Â.À. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ôàóíå õèùíûõïòèö Êàëáèíñêîãî íàãîðüÿ (Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõ-ñòàí). – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ æèâîòíûõ. Òâåðü,1990. 53–62.

Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Òîìèëåíêî À.À. Íîâûåíàõîäêè íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíè-êîâ â Êàëáèíñêîì Àëòàå (Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõ-ñòàí). – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà,2005, ¹ 4. 50–51.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â.,Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â.Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ.– Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005, ¹3.28–51.

Ñàìåö ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco naumanni) â ãíåçäîâîì áèîòîïå – íàîãðàäå ìîãèëû; êîëîíèÿ ðîçîâûõ ñêâîðöîâ. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî

Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) male at nesting habitat on the tombwall; Rose Starling nesting colony. Photo by I. Smelansky


Êîíòàêò:

Àëåêñåé ÏàæåíêîâÄìèòðèé ÊîðæåâÖåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ«Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîéýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè»Ðîññèÿ 443045Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ [email protected]://econet.universite.ru

Contact:

Aleksey PazhenkovDmitriy KorzhevThe Volga-Ural ECONETAssistance CentreP.O.Box 8001, SamaraRussia [email protected]://econet.universite.ru

Ìåòîäèêà

Â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî èíâåíòàðèçàöèèöåííûõ ïðèðîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé Çàïàäíî-ãî Êàçàõñòàíà ñîòðóäíèêàìè Öåíòðà ñîäåé-ñòâèÿ «Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîéñåòè» 10–12 ìàÿ 2004 ã. è 14–25 ìàÿ 2006ã. ïðîâîäèëèñü îáñëåäîâàíèÿ öåíòðàëü-íîé ÷àñòè ïëàòî Øàãûðàé, ðàñïîëîæåí-íîãî â Àêòþáèíñêîé îáëàñòè Ðåñïóáëè-êè Êàçàõñòàí.

Öîêîëüíîå ïëàòî Øàãûðàé ïðîòÿíóëîñüèçâèëèñòûì ãðåáíåì â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîìíàïðàâëåíèè íà 130 êì, ÿâëÿÿñü ïðîäîë-æåíèåì Óñòþðòà è Äîíûçòàó. Øèðèíàïëàòî íå ïðåâûøàåò 30 êì (â ñðåäíåì 15).Âîñòî÷íûé è þãî-âîñòî÷íûé ñêëîíû ïî-ëîãè, à çàïàäíûé èìååò õàðàêòåð ÷èíêà –îáðûâèñòûé, èçðåçàííûé ñåòüþ ãëóáîêèõëîãîâ. Àáñîëþòíûå âûñîòû çäåñü íå ïðå-âûøàþò 330 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ, íî ïå-ðåïàä äîñòèãàåò 100–150 ì. Îáùàÿ ïëî-ùàäü ïëàòî – îêîëî 1,5 òûñ. êì2.

Òåððèòîðèþ ïëàòî ïðèíÿòî îòíîñèòü êïîäçîíå ñåâåðíîé ïóñòûíè â ïðåäåëàõ Çà-ïàäíî-Ñåâåðîòóðàíñêîé ïîäïðîâèíöèèÈðàíî-Òóðàíñêîé ïðîâèíöèè Ñàõàðî-Ãî-áèéñêîé ïóñòûííîé îáëàñòè (Áîòàíè÷åñ-êàÿ…, 2003). Â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå ïëà-òî ïðåîáëàäàþò òèïè÷íûå äëÿ ýòîé ïîäçîíûñåðî- è áåëîïîëûííûå ñîîáùåñòâà, ó áðîâ-êè ÷èíêà è ó åãî ïîäíîæèÿ – ñîîáùåñòâàìíîãîëåòíèõ ñîëÿíîê (ñ äîìèíðèðîâàíè-

Birds�of�prey�and�owls�of�the�Shagyray�plateau,�Kazakhstan

ХИЩНЫЕ�ПТИЦЫ�И�СОВЫ�ПЛАТО�ШАГЫРАЙ,�КАЗАХСТАН

Pazhenkov�A.S.,�Korzhev�D.A.�(The�Volga-Ural�ECONET»�Assistance�Centre,

Samara,�Russia)

Пажен�ов�А.С.,�Коржев�Д.А.�(Центр�содействия�«Вол�о-Уральс�ой�э�оло�ичес�ой

сети»,�Самара,�Россия)

Methods

The central part of the Shagyray Plateauwas surveyed on 10–12 May 2004 and 14–25 May 2006. The total area of cliff territo-ries in the central part of the Shagyray Pla-teau is measured 150 km2. A half of theterritory was surveyed. The total length ofsurvey routes was 500 km. We set 3 studyareas with a total area of 100 km2 (¹ 1 –37, ¹ 2 – 37, ¹ 3 – 26 km2) in the centralpart of the Shagyray Plateau. The foundbreeding territories of raptors were GPSedand mapped with using GIS software(ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA) for the sub-sequent calculation of the density.

Results of studies

Ten species of Falconiformes and two spe-cies of Strigiformes were recorded on thesurveyed territory, and 7 species of Falcon-iformes and 2 Owls species were foundbreeding. A total of 57 breeding territoriesof birds of prey and owls were registered;nests were found for 40 breeding territoriesof raptors (fig. 4).

Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus)

Three adults were observed in the studyarea in 2004, and five – in 2006.

Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus)

Twelve adults were noted in the studyarea ¹ 3 in 2006.

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)

We found 3 breeding territories on cliffs.An active nest of the Golden Eagle locat-ed on a cliff was found in 2004. That nestwas empty in 2006. A pair consisted ofadult and young bird was noted no breed-ing in the area ¹ 1 in 2006. A total of 3–6 pairs are estimated to live at the sur-veyed area.

Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)

Six breeding territories of the Imperial Ea-gle were found. Occupied nests were not-ed at 5. All nests were located on the top of

Ðèñ. 1. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàä-êè íà ïëàòî Øàãûðàé

Fig. 1. Study areas on theShagyray Plateau


trees in small canyons (3 – Elaeagnus, 2 –Tamarix, 1 – Salix) (fig. 6). The distancebetween nests was 3.2–4.8 km. A total of10–12 pairs are estimated to live in thesurveyed area. We registered 3 nests with2 chicks per each and 2 nests with 3 chicksper each.

Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)

We found 2 nests in 2004 and 16 breed-ing territories and 9 active nests in 2006.All nests were built up on the top and slopeof hills (5 nests) (fig. 7), on the top of singlerocks on high 4–6 m (2 nests), on clay cliff-faces (2 nests); on the top of tree on high2 m (1 nest). The distance between occu-pied nests and the breeding area centerswas 3.3 km on average (1.67–5.61 km). Thedensity was a 0.1 pair per km2 cliffs territo-ry, and a total of 25–35 pairs are estimatedin the surveyed area.

Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus)

Ten breeding territories of the Long-leg-ged Buzzards with active nests werefound. The average brood size was 2.5chicks (1–3).

A total of 10 nests of the Long-LeggedBuzzard were located on clay cliff-faces inthe middle or upper part on high 3–25 m(at average 12.5±6.8 m). The average dis-tance between active nests was 3.5 km (2.9–5.9 km). The density was a 0.08 (plot 3) –0.14 (plots 1–2) pair per 1 km2 cliffs territo-ry, and a total of 22–27 pairs are estimatedfor the surveyed area.

Black Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus)

An adult bird was recorded in the studyplot ¹1 on 16 May 2006 (fig. 8).

Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus)

The rare possible breeding species. A malewas observed in the study area ¹ 3 on thePlateau on 25 May 2006.

Ðèñ. 2. Ïåðåõîä îò ñòåïíîé ê ïîëóïóñòûííîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè íàïëàòî Øàãûðàé. Ôîòî Ä. Êîðæåâà

Fig. 2. Changing a desert for a semi-desert vegetation on the Shagy-ray Plateau. Photo by D. Korzhev

Ðèñ. 3. Îáðûâèñòûé, ñëîæíî ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûé îâðàæíîé ñåòüþ êðàéïëàòî Øàãûðàé áîãàò åñòåñòâåííûìè óêðûòèÿìè, ïîýòîìó ïëîòíîñòüõèùíûõ ïòèö çäåñü ìàêñèìàëüíà. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà

Fig. 3. Clifffaces with the complex of branching ravines of the ShagyrayPlateau. Photo by A. Pazhenkov

åì áèþðãóíà, êîêïåêà, áîÿëû÷à). Îäíàêîïîñëå ãðàíäèîçíûõ ìíîãîêðàòíûõ ïîæà-ðîâ 1990–2000-õ ãã., êîãäà âûãîðåëà áîëü-øàÿ ÷àñòü ïëàòî, íà ë¸ãêèõ ïî÷âàõ ìåñòîïóñòûííûõ ñîîáùåñòâ çàíÿëè ïóñòûííûåñòåïè èç êîâûëêà è æèòíÿêà. Ïî äíèùàìîâðàãîâ, ëîãàì è ó ïîäíîæèÿ ñêëîíîââñòðå÷àþòñÿ îòäåëüíûå, ðåæå ãðóïïàìè,äåðåâüÿ è êðóïíûå êóñòàðíèêè – ëîõ, òà-ìàðèêñ, ñàêñàóë è äð. Áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõïîñòðàäàëî îò ïîæàðîâ.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü íà àâòîìîáè-ëå ÓÀÇ: ó÷èòûâàëèñü âñòðå÷åííûå õèùíûåïòèöû è îñìàòðèâàëèñü îòäåëüíûå ó÷àñòêèâ ìåñòàõ îñòàíîâîê. Îáðûâû ÷èíêà è ïðè-óðî÷åííàÿ ê íèì îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íàÿ ñåòüîáñëåäîâàëèñü â õîäå ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ.Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü àâòîìîáèëüíîãîìàðøðóòà ñîñòàâèëà 130 êì â 2004 ã. è 220êì â 2006 ã., ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ – 30 êì è120 êì – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.

Ïðè ðàáîòå èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ïîëåâûå áè-íîêëè ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì 12õ50; îáíàðóæåí-íûå ãí¸çäà îáñëåäîâàëèñü, â ò.÷. ñ ïîìî-ùüþ àëüïèíèñòñêîãî ñíàðÿæåíèÿ, ëèáîðàññìàòðèâàëèñü â çðèòåëüíóþ òðóáó ñ óâå-ëè÷åíèåì 20–50õ50.

Âûÿâëåííûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷à-ñòêè êàðòèðîâàëèñü, äàííûåâíîñèëèñü â ÃÈÑ (ArcView3.3), ãäå ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ ðàñ÷¸ò÷èñëåííîñòè êàæäîãî âèäà,äëÿ ÷åãî â 2006 ã. áûëî çàëî-æåíî 3 ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêè


(ðèñ. 1) îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 100 êì2 (¹1 –37 êì2, ¹2 – 37 êì2, ¹3 – 26 êì2). Â 2004ã. ó÷¸ò ïðîâîäèëñÿ òîëüêî íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëî-ùàäêå ¹3. Äàííûå ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè êàæ-äîãî âèäà â ðàéîíå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîëó÷à-ëè ïóò¸ì ïðÿìîé ýêñòðàïîëÿöèè çíà÷åíèéïëîòíîñòè, ïîëó÷åííûõ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàä-êàõ, íà îáùóþ ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõäëÿ äàííîãî âèäà áèîòîïîâ.

Â ðàéîíå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíû äâàðàçëè÷íûõ òèïà ìåñòîîáèòàíèé: âîäîðàç-äåëüíîå ðàâíèííîå ïëàòî (ðèñ. 2) è îáðû-âèñòûé, ñëîæíî ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûé îâðàæíîéñåòüþ êðàé ïëàòî (ðèñ. 3), áîãàòûé åñòå-ñòâåííûìè óêðûòèÿìè, ãäå ïëîòíîñòü õèù-íûõ ïòèö ìàêñèìàëüíà.

Ïëîùàäè äàííûõ òèïîâ ìåñòîîáèòàíèéîöåíèâàëèñü â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ ïî êîñìîñíèì-

Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug)

We found 4 breeding territories with ac-tive nests in 2006. All nests were locatedin niches in the middle and upper part ofclay cliff-faces on high 15–30 m (fig. 9).The distance between nests on the area¹ 3 was 5 and 7 km. The density was a0.08 pair per km2 cliffs territory. A total of6–8 pairs of the Saker are estimated forthe surveyed area.

Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)

The species is common breeder of cliff-faces.

Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni)

The species is rare breeder of cliff-faces.

Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo)

We found 12 breeding territories of theEagle Owl in 2006. All nests were locatedin niches (fig. 10): 8 – in the bottom part ofcliff-faces, 2 – in the upper part of cliff-fac-es. The average brood size was 3,5 chicks(n=10; 2–5). The distance between nests andthe centers of breeding areas of Eagle Owlswas 3.73 km (1.73–4.85 km). The densitywas a 0.11 pair per km2 cliffs territory. Atotal of 18–24 pairs of the Eagle Owl areestimated in the surveyed area.

Little Owl (Athene noctua)

Two pairs with characteristic breeding be-havior were observed in areas ¹2 and ¹3.

Ðèñ. 5. Ìîëîäîé áåðêóò(Aquila chrysaetos). ÔîòîÀ. Ïàæåíêîâà

Fig. 5. The young GoldenEagle (Aquila chrysaetos).Photo by A. Pazhenkov

Ðèñ. 4. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, âûÿâëåííûå â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè

Fig. 4. The breeding territories of raptors noted during surveys


êàì Landsat/ETM+ è òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèìêàðòàì Ì 1:200000.

Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü îáðûâèñòûõ ñêëîíîâ èîâðàæíî-áàëî÷íîé ñåòè ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî150 êì2, íå ìåíåå ïîëîâèíû èç êîòîðûõîõâà÷åíû ó÷¸òíûìè ïëîùàäêàìè.

Ðåçóëüòàòû

Â õîäå èññëåäîâàíèÿ áûëè âûÿâëåíû 57ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ; íà40 ó÷àñòêàõ íàéäåíû ãí¸çäà (ðèñ. 4). Â îñ-òàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ãíåçäîâûå òåððèòîðèè îï-ðåäåëÿëèñü ïî âñòðå÷àì âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé,ïðîÿâëÿþùèõ ïðèçíàêè òåððèòîðèàëüíî-ãî ïîâåäåíèÿ. Âñåãî áûëî âñòðå÷åíî 10 âè-äîâ äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö è 2 âèäà ñîâ;ãíåçäîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî äëÿ 7 è 2-õ âè-äîâ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.

×¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus)

Ðåäêèé çàë¸òíûé âèä: 5 âçðîñëûõ îñîáåé÷¸ðíîãî ãðèôà íàáëþäàëèñü ñ 22 ïî 24 ìàÿ2006 ã. â ðàéîíå óðî÷èùà Áóëåé (ó÷¸òíàÿïëîùàäêà ¹3). Òàì æå íàáëþäàëèñü 3âçðîñëûõ îñîáè 10 è 11 ìàÿ 2004 ã.

Áåëîãîëîâûé ñèï (Gyps fulvus)

Çàë¸òíûé âèä. Ñêîïëåíèå èç 12 îñîáåéäàííîãî âèäà (âìåñòå ñ 5 îñîáÿìè ÷¸ðíîãî

ãðèôà) íàáëþäàëîñü 22 – 24 ìàÿ 2006 ã. âðàéîíå óðî÷èùà Áóëåé (ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà¹3). Ãí¸çä äàííîãî âèäà íå îáíàðóæåíî.


Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Â 2004 ã. â ðàé-îíå óðî÷èùà Áóëåé (ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà ¹3)îáíàðóæåíî ãíåçäî, ðàñïîëàãàþùååñÿ âíèøå â âåðõíåé ÷åòâåðòè îáðûâèñòîãî ÷èí-êà. Â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëèñü 2 ïòåíöà. Â 2006ã. ýòî ãíåçäî ïóñòîâàëî. Åù¸ îäíî ïóñòîåãíåçäî, ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî áåðêóòà, îáíà-ðóæåíî â ïðåäåëàõ 1-é ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàä-êè. Íå ðàçìíîæàþùàÿñÿ ïàðà áåðêóòîââñòðå÷åíà â 7 êì ñåâåðíåå îò ýòîãî ìåñòà.Îäíà èç ïòèö â ïàðå èìåëà îêðàñ ìîëîäîéîñîáè 3-õ ëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà (ðèñ. 5). Òàêèìîáðàçîì, ÷èñëåííîñòü áåðêóòà â ïðåäåëàõðàéîíà ìîæåò îöåíèâàòüñÿ â 3–6 ïàð.


Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Â 2006 ã. áûëîâûÿâëåíî 6 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé ýòîãîâèäà. Íà 5 èç íèõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû æè-ëûå ãí¸çäà, à â îäíîì ñëó÷àå áûëà íàéäå-íà ðàçðóøåííàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà ýòî-ãî âèäà, â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îòêîòîðîé äåðæàëàñü ïàðà âçðîñëûõ ïòèö.Âñå íàéäåííûå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íàâåðøèíàõ äåðåâüåâ èëè íà êðóïíûõ êóñ-òàðíèêàõ (3 – íà ëîõå, 2 – íà òàìàðèêñå, 1– íà èâå), ïðèóðî÷åííûõ ê ñêëîíàì áàëîêè äîëèíàì âðåìåííûõ âîäîòîêîâ (ðèñ. 6).Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè æèëûìèãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 3,2 äî 4,8 êì â ïðå-äåëàõ îäíîé ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêè. Â òð¸õãí¸çäàõ îáíàðóæåíî ïî 2 ïòåíöà, â äâóõ –ïî 3. Â 2004 ã. íà ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêå ¹3îáíàðóæåíû òå æå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè. Ó÷è-òûâàÿ äàííûå ïîêàçàòåëè, ÷èñëåííîñòü ìî-ãèëüíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ïðåäåëàõ ïëàòîØàãûðàé ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 10–12 ïàð.

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis)

Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Â2004 ã. îáíàðóæåíî 2 ãíåçäà ñ êëàäêîé èç1 ÿéöà è 1 ïòåíöîì. Íà 60 êì àâòîìîáèëü-íîãî ìàðøðóòà ó÷òåíî 9 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Âóðî÷èùå Áóëåé (ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà ¹3) âïåðèîä íàõîæäåíèÿ òàì ÷¸ðíûõ ãðèôîâìû íàáëþäàëè îäíîâðåìåííî äî 12 îñî-áåé ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ïðîÿâëÿâøèõ áåñïî-

Ðèñ. 6. Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) íà çàñîõøåé ïîñëå ïî-æàðà èâå. Â 2004 ã. çäåñü áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 3 ïòåíöà (ôîòî âíè-çó), â 2006 – 2 (ôîòî ââåðõó). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà (ââåðõó) è È.Ñìåëÿíñêîãî (âíèçó)

Fig. 6. A nest of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) on a dry willow:3 chick in the nest in 2004 (bottom) and 2 chick in the nest in 2006(top). Photos by A. Pazhenkov (top) and I. Smelansky (bottom)


êîéñòâî è àòàêîâàâøèõ ãðèôîâ. Â 2006 ã.íàìè âûÿâëåíî 16 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèéäàííîãî âèäà, â òîì ÷èñëå 9 æèëûõ ãí¸çä.Ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íàçåìëå: íà âåðøèíàõ õîëìîâ è ñêëîíàõ âîç-âûøåííîñòåé íà ïëàòî (5 ãí¸çä) (ðèñ. 7),íà âåðøèíàõ îñòàíöîâ íà âûñîòå 4–6 ì (2ãíåçäà), íà óñòóïàõ ãëèíèñòûõ îáðûâîâ ÷èí-êà (2 ãíåçäà); îäíî ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñüíà âåðøèíå ñàêñàóëà íà âûñîòå 2 ì íàä çåì-ëåé. Áûëî ïðîâåðåíî 8 ãí¸çä, â 3-õ èç íèõáûëè ïòåíöû (2–3 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì 2,66ïòåíöà íà ãíåçäî), â 3-õ áûëè îáíàðóæå-íû êàê ïòåíöû, òàê è ÿéöà (2–3, â ñðåäíåì2,33 íà ãíåçäî), åù¸ â äâóõ ãí¸çäàõ îáíà-ðóæåíû êëàäêè èç îäíîãî ÿéöà è èç 2-õ ÿèö.

Â ïðåäåëû ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê ïîïàëî òîëü-êî 6 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (ðèñ. 4), 4 èç íèõðàñïîëîæåíû íà ïëîùàäêå ¹1. Ðàññòîÿíèåìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè âïðåäåëàõ ýòîé ïëîùàäêè èçìåíÿëîñü îò 1,67äî 5,61 êì (â ñðåäíåì 3,30 êì), ïëîòíîñòüãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñîñòàâèëà 0,1 ïàð/êì2. Ó÷èòû-âàÿ íåðàâíîìåðíóþ âñòðå÷àåìîñòü âèäà âðàéîíå è ïðèíèìàÿ ïîëó÷åííîå íà ïëîùàä-êå ¹1 çíà÷åíèå ïëîòíîñòè çà ìàêñèìàëü-íî âîçìîæíîå, ìû îöåíèâàåì ÷èñëåííîñòüñòåïíîãî îðëà â 25–35 ïàð.

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus)

Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä.Áûëî âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèéýòîãî âèäà, íà 11 èç íèõ áûëè îáíàðóæå-íû æèëûå ãí¸çäà. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîé-êè áûëè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ãëèíèñòûì îáðû-âàì èëè ýðîçèîííûì îñòàíöàì ÷èíêîâ, ãäåðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ñðåäèííîé èëè âåðõíåé÷àñòè íà âûñîòå îò 3 äî 25 ì (â ñðåäíåì12,5±6,8ì). Áûëî ïðîâåðåíî 6 ãí¸çä; â íèõîáíàðóæåíû âûâîäêè èç 1–3 ïòåíöîâ (âñðåäíåì 2,5 ïòåíöà).

Â ïðåäåëû ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê ïîïàëî 9ãí¸çä. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ãíåç-äîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè èçìåíÿëîñü â ïðåäå-

ëàõ îò 2,9 êì äî 5,9 êì (â ñðåäíåì 3,5 êì).Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò â ïðå-äåëàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê ¹¹ 1 è 2 – 0,14ïàð/êì2, â ïðåäåëàõ ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêè¹ 3 – 0,08 ïàð/êì2.

Íà îñíîâàíèè ýòèõ äàííûõ ÷èñëåííîñòüãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè êóðãàííèêà â ðàñ-ñìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå ìû îöåíèâàåì â22–27 ïàð.

×¸ðíîóõèé êîðøóí(Milvus migrans lineatus)

Â óðî÷èùå Åñêèìîëà (ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà¹1) 16.05.2006 ã. âñòðå÷åíà âçðîñëàÿ ïòè-öà (ðèñ. 8). Êîðøóí ïðîÿâëÿë ïðèçíàêè áåñ-ïîêîéñòâà ïðè ïîÿâëåíèè ÷åëîâåêà, îäíà-êî, ïðè ïîñåùåíèè ýòîé òåððèòîðèè âïîñëåäóþùèå 2 äíÿ ïòèöà íå îáíàðóæåíà.

Ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus)

Ðåäêèé, ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿâèä. Îäèíî÷íûé îõîòÿùèéñÿ ñàìåö áûëâñòðå÷åí 25.05.2006 ã. íà ïëàòî â 4 êì ñå-âåðíåå ïðîõîäà Áóëåé (ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà¹3) â áèîòîïå, ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíîìäëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçäà. Òàì æå 10.05.2004 ã.âìåñòå ñ ÷¸ðíûìè ãðèôàìè ìû íàáëþäàëèîäíîâðåìåííî äî 4-õ îñîáåé ëóíåé, ïðî-ÿâëÿâøèõ áåñïîêîéñòâî è àòàêîâàâøèõ ãðè-ôîâ. Âèäîâóþ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ëóíåé óñ-òàíîâèòü íå óäàëîñü.


Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä, ïðèóðî÷åííûéíà ãíåçäîâàíèè ê âûñîêèì îòâåñíûì îá-ðûâàì. Â 2006 ã. áûëî ëîêàëèçîâàíî 4

Ðèñ. 8. ×¸ðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans

lineatus). 16.05.2006 ã. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà

Fig. 8. The Black Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus).

16.05.2006. Photo by A. Pazhenkov

Ðèñ. 7. Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãîîðëà (Aqula nipalensis).

15.05.2006. Ôîòî À. Ïà-æåíêîâà

Fig. 7. A nest of theSteppe Eagle (Aqula ni-

palensis). 15.05.2006.Photo by A. Pazhenkov


Ðèñ. 9. Ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) â ãëóáîêîé íèøå. Ôîòî À.Ïàæåíêîâà

Fig. 9. A nest of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in a deep niche ina cliff. Photo by A. Pazhenkov

Ðèñ. 10. Ãíåçäî ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà

Fig. 10. A nest of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo). Photo by A. Pazhenkov

ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèè, íàêàæäîé èç êîòîðîé íàéäåíûæèëûå ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíà. Ãí¸ç-äà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â íèøàõ âñðåäíåé ëèáî â âåðõíåé ÷àñ-òè ãëèíèñòûõ ÷èíêîâ íà âûñî-òå 15–30 ì (ðèñ. 9).

Òðè ãíåçäà íàõîäèëèñü âïðåäåëàõ ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäêè¹1. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó äàí-íûìè ãí¸çäàìè áûëî 5 è 7 êì (â ñðåäíåì 6êì), ïëîòíîñòü 0,08 ïàð/êì2.

×åòâ¸ðòîå æèëîå ãíåçäî áàëîáàíà íàõî-äèëîñü â íèøå íà âåðøèíå ñêàëüíîãî îñ-òàíöà â óðî÷èùå Áóëåé (ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà¹3). Â 2004 ã. â ýòîì ãíåçäå, îáíàðóæåí-íîì ïî îáèëüíûì ñëåäàì ïðîøëîãîäíåãîïîì¸òà, ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå íàáëþäàëîñü,çàòî ïîä ãíåçäîì îòìå÷åíî ïðèñóòñòâèåôèëèíà.

Ó÷èòûâàÿ îãðàíè÷åííîñòü ãíåçäîïðèãîä-íûõ áèîòîïîâ (îáðûâèñòûõ îñòàíöîâ è ÷èí-êîâ ñ ïîëêàìè è íèøàìè), ìîæíî îöåíèòüîáùóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäîâîé ïîïóëÿöèèâèäà â èññëåäóåìîì ðàéîíå â 6–8 ïàð.

Ïóñòåëüãà îáûêíîâåííàÿ(Falco tinnunculus)

Îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä èññëåäóåìî-ãî ðàéîíà. Ãíåçäèòñÿ â ñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâàõ;ãí¸çäà, êàê ïðàâèëî, óñòðàèâàåò â íèøàõ èíà ïîëêàõ ñêàë, ðåæå çàíèìàåò ñòàðûåãí¸çäà êóðãàííèêà. Ñïåöèàëüíûå ó÷¸òû÷èñëåííîñòè íå ïðîâîäèëèñü.

Ïóñòåëüãà ñòåïíàÿ (Falco naumanni)

Ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Ãíåçäèòñÿ âñêàëüíûõ ìàññèâàõ; ãí¸çäà, êàê ïðàâèëî, óñ-

òðàèâàåò â íèøàõ è íà ïîëêàõ ñêàë. Ñïåöè-àëüíûå ó÷¸òû ÷èñëåííîñòè íå ïðîâîäèëèñü.


Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. Â2006 ã. áûëî âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñ-òêîâ, íà 10 èç êîòîðûõ íàéäåíû æèëûåãí¸çäà. Âñå íàéäåííûå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãà-ëèñü â íèøàõ (ðèñ. 10): 8 – â íèæíåé ÷àñòè÷èíêà (âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä íå ïðå-âûøàëà 6 ì, â ñðåäíåì – 3,0 ì), 2 – â âåð-õíåé òðåòè ÷èíêà. Âñå ãí¸çäà ñîäåðæàëèâûâîäêè ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà, ñîñòîÿùèå èç 2–5 ïòåíöîâ (â ñðåäíåì 3,5 ïòåíöà).

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ãíåçäîâû-ìè ó÷àñòêàìè èçìåíÿëîñü â ïðåäåëàõ îò1,73 äî 4,85 êì (â ñðåäíåì 3,73 êì); ïëîò-íîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñîñòàâèëà îêîëî 0,11ïàð/êì2 ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèé.

Â 2004 ã. â óðî÷èùå Áóëåé (ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëî-ùàäêà ¹3) îáíàðóæåíî 3 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷à-ñòêà ôèëèíà.

Èñõîäÿ èç ýòèõ äàííûõ, ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåç-äîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå îöå-íèâàåòñÿ â 18–24 ïàðû.

Äîìîâûé ñû÷ (Athene noctua)

Ðåäêèé, ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿâèä. Äâå ïàðû ïòèö ñ ãíåçäîâûì ïîâåäåíè-åì áûëè âñòðå÷åíû íà ïëîùàäêàõ ¹2 è¹3. Ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ íåäîñòàòî÷íî äëÿïðîâåäåíèÿ ðàñ÷¸òà ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà. Ìûïðåäïîëàãàåì, ÷òî åãî ðåàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåí-íîñòü çíà÷èòåëüíî âûøå.


Áîòàíè÷åñêàÿ ãåîãðàôèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà è Ñðåä-íåé Àçèè (â ïðåäåëàõ ïóñòûííîé îáëàñòè). Ïîä.ðåä. Å.È. Ðà÷êîâñêîé, Å.À. Âîëêîâîé, Â.Í.Õðàìöîâà. ÑÏá, 2003. 424 ñ.

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿÏåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2006, 762

Short�Reports

КРАТКИЕ� СООБЩЕНИЯ

Â ñòåïíîé çîíå îñâîåíèå õèùíûìè ïòèöà-ìè ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ) íà÷àëîñüâ 50–60-õ ãã. XX âåêà ïàðàëëåëüíî ñ èí-òåíñèâíûì ðàçâèòèåì èíôðàñòðóêòóðûËÝÏ. Ïèîíåðàìè â îñâîåíèè îïîð äëÿ óñ-òðîéñòâà ãí¸çä îêàçàëèñü êóðãàííèêè(Buteo rufinus, B. hemilasius), çàòåì èõ ñòàëîñâàèâàòü ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis),à ïîçæå è äðóãèå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö.

Âïåðâûå î íàõîæäåíèè ãíåçäà ìîãèëü-íèêà (Aquila heliaca) íà îïîðå ËÝÏ 30 êÂóïîìèíàåò À.Â. Äàâûãîðà (1999), êîòîðûéîáíàðóæèë åãî â áåçëåñíîé äîëèíå ñðåä-íåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Èðãèç. Â 2003 ã. æèëûåãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíû íàïëàòî Óñòþðò è â Ïðèàðàëüå (Êàðÿêèí è äð.,2004). Â 2004 ã. ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêàíà ËÝÏ óñòàíîâëåíî íà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàí-

Êîíòàêò:


Contact:

Igor KaryakinCenter of Field StudiesKorolenko str., 17a–17Nizhniy Novgorod603000 Russiatel.: +7 (8312) 33 38 [email protected]

Expansion�of�the�Imperial�Eagle�onto�power�lines

in�Western�Kazakhstan

ЭКСПАНСИЯМОГИЛЬНИКАНАЛЭПВЗАПАДНОМКАЗАХСТАНЕ


Каря�ин�И.В.�(Центр�полевых�исследований,�Россия,�Н.Нов�ород)

The birds of prey use electric poles fornesting in the steppe zone since 1950–60s. The first species which built up itsnests on electric poles were the Long-Leg-ged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) and UplandBuzzard (B. hemilasius). The Imperial Ea-gle (Aquila heliaca) uses electric poles fornesting since the end of 1990s.

We found 200 breeding pairs of the Im-perial Eagle in 2003–2006, 25 from which(12.5%) nested on electric poles, while 10pairs started to nest on poles since 2005–2006. Imperial Eagles have occupied nestsof the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) tonest on electric poles (fig. 2). We noted 25nests of the Imperial Eagle on electric poles:88% – were located on concrete poles and12% – on metal poles.

We monitored a power lines with highvoltage in the Aral Sea region in 2006(fig. 1). We noted 5 pairs of the SteppeEagle and 3 pairs of the Imperial Eaglebreeding there in 2003, however anumber of the Steppe Eagle decreased toa pair, but a number of nests occupied bythe Imperial Eagle raised to 9 pairs in2006. The density of the Imperial Eaglebreeding pairs increased from 2.01 to 6.03pairs/100 km of power lines for 4 year,while the Steppe Eagle number decreasedfrom 2.68 to 0.67 pairs/100 km of powerlines.

As the result of spreading onto powerlines the Imperial Eagle has penetrated onthe territory of desert plateaus, and start-ed to inhabit forestless steppes and semi-deserts where the Steppe Eagle had beenthe common breeder. The process of theImperial Eagle expansion onto power linesin arid regions expects to continue further.

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) – 1 è ñòåï-íîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) – 2 íà ËÝÏ â Ïðèàðàëüå (ïåñêè Áîë.Áàðñóêè) â 2003–2006 ãã.Fig. 1. Distribution of nests of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) – 1and Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) – 2 on electric poles in the AralSea region (Bolshie Barsuki Sands) in 2003–2006

Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2006, 7 63

ñêîì ïëàòî è â áàññåéíå ð. Ýìáû (Ëåâèí,Êàðÿêèí, 2005), íà þãå Êóñòàíàéñêîé îá-ëàñòè â ìåæäóðå÷üå Òóðãàÿ è Æèëàí÷èêà(Áðàãèí, 2005). Â 2005 ã. ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíè-êà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ îáíàðóæåíû âîñòî÷íååÀðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Ñûðäàðüè ñïëîòíîñòüþ 0,53 ïàð/100 êì ËÝÏ (Êàðÿêèíè äð, 2005) è â ñòåïÿõ ñåâåðíåå Óëóòàó íàâîäîðàçäåëå ðåê Òàìäû è Êàðà-Êåíãèð (Êà-ðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006). Â 2006 ã. 2 æè-ëûõ ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ îáíàðóæå-íû â Ìóãîäæàðàõ, ïðè÷¸ì íà îäíîì èç íèõâ 2004 ã. äîñòîâåðíî ðàçìíîæàëèñü ñòåï-íûå îðëû (Ïàæåíêîâ è äð., 2005).

Â 2006 ã. ñ öåëüþ ìîíèòîðèíãà ïîñåùà-ëàñü âûñîêîâîëüòíàÿ ËÝÏ, ïðîòÿíóâøàÿñÿçàïàäíåå ìàññèâà ïåñêîâ Áîëüøèå Áàðñó-êè (ðèñ. 1). Çäåñü â 2003 ã. áûëî óñòàíîâ-ëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 5-òè ïàð ñòåïíûõ îðëîâè 3-õ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâ, îäíàêî â 2006 ã.÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ýòîé ËÝÏ ñî-êðàòèëàñü äî 1 ïàðû, à êîëè÷åñòâî çàíÿ-òûõ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà óâåëè÷èëîñü äî 9-òè.Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãí¸çäà ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ,êðîìå îäíîãî, îêàçàëèñü çàíÿòûìè ìîãèëü-íèêàìè. Ïðè÷¸ì ìîãèëüíèê çäåñü âûòåñíèëíå òîëüêî ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ, íî è áàëîáàíîâ

ìàññà ãí¸çä (88%) ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà ãîðè-çîíòàëüíûõ òðàâåðñàõ áåòîííûõ îïîð ËÝÏ.Îñòàëüíûå 12% ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêîâ ðàñïî-ëàãàþòñÿ íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ:8% – íà âåðøèíàõ îïîð âíóòðè êîíñòðóê-öèè è 4% – íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ òðàâåðñàõ.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîöåññà îñâîåíèÿ ËÝÏìîãèëüíèê ïðîíèê âãëóáü ïóñòûííûõ ïëà-òî, âïëîòü äî ãðàíèöû ñ Òóðêìåíèåé, è ñòàëàêòèâíî îñâàèâàòü áåçëåñíûå ñòåïè è ïî-ëóïóñòûíè, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ òèïè÷íûìè ìåñòî-îáèòàíèÿìè ñòåïíîãî îðëà. Â ïîëóïóñòûí-íûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ ìîãèëüíèê ðàññåëÿåòñÿ âìåñòàõ ïëîòíîãî îáèòàíèÿ æåëòîãî ñóñëè-êà (Spermophilus fulvus), êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåò-ñÿ îäíèì èç ñàìûõ îïòèìàëüíûõ êîðìîâûõðåñóðñîâ ýòîãî âèäà. Íà ïîñëåäíåå óêàçû-âàåò ëîêàëèçàöèÿ íàèáîëåå ïëîòíûõ ãíåç-äîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ìîãèëüíèêà â àðåàëåýòîãî ñóñëèêà è âûñîêèé óñïåõ ðàçìíîæå-íèÿ îðëîâ â ýòèõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ. Ïî-âèäè-ìîìó, íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ íåñêîëü-êèõ ëåò ìû ñòàëè ñâèäåòåëÿìè ýêñïàíñèèìîãèëüíèêà ïî ËÝÏ â ïóñòûíþ è ïîëóïóñ-òûíþ, êîòîðàÿ, ñóäÿ ïî âñåìó, áóäåò ïðî-äîëæàòüñÿ è äàëüøå.

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ– 1 è íà äåðåâüÿõ – 2 âÇàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå â2003–2006 ãã. (3 – ãðà-íèöû ãîñóäàðñòâ, 4 – âî-äî¸ìû)

Fig. 2. Distribution ofnests of the Imperial Ea-gle on electric poles – 1and trees – 2 in WesternKazakhstan in 2003–2006(3 – borders of states, 4 –water bodies)

Ìîãèëüíèê. 14.05.2006. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

The Imperial Eagle. 14.05.2006. Photo by I. Kar-yakin

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heli-

aca) â ãíåçäå íà áåòîííîéîïîðå ËÝÏ. 13.05.2006.Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà

The Imperial Eagle (Aqui-

la heliaca) in the nest ona concrete electric pole.13.05.2006. Photo by I.Karyakin

(Falco cherrug), çàíÿâ 2 ïîñòðîéêè, äëèòåëü-íî çàíèìàâøèåñÿ ñîêîëàìè. Â èòîãå çà 4ãîäà îáèëèå ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ìîãèëüíèêîâíà îñìîòðåííîì ó÷àñòêå ËÝÏ óâåëè÷èëîñüñ 2,01 äî 6,03 ïàð/100 êì ËÝÏ ïðè óìåíü-øåíèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñ 2,68 äî 0,67 ïàð/100 êì ËÝÏ.

Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2006 ã. â Êàçàõñòàíåîáíàðóæåíî 200 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ìîãèëü-íèêîâ, 25 èç êîòîðûõ (12,5%) ãíåçäÿòñÿ íàËÝÏ, ïðè÷¸ì 10 èç íèõ ïîÿâèëèñü â 2005–2006 ãã. â ðåçóëüòàòå âûòåñíåíèÿ ìîãèëü-íèêàìè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (ðèñ. 2). Îñíîâíàÿ


Îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) ÿâëÿåòñÿíàèáîëåå ðåäêèì èç îðëîâ Êàëáèíñêîãî íà-ãîðüÿ, è åãî ãíåçäîâàíèå â öåíòðå ìàññèâàíå ïîäòâåðæäàëîñü ïîñëåäíèå 20 ëåò (Åãî-ðîâ, 1990; Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., íàñò. ñá.), ïî-ýòîìó âñå ôàêòû íàõîäîê ãí¸çä ýòîãî îðëàíà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò èíòå-ðåñ. Â õîäå ëåòíåé ýêñïåäèöèè, 24 èþíÿ2006 ã., íà âåðøèíå êàìåíèñòîé âîçâûøåí-íîñòè â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êàéûíäû áëèç òðàññûÑàìàðñêîå – Áåëîãîðñêèé áûëî îáíàðóæå-íî ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà, êîòîðîå ðàñïîëà-ãàëîñü íà âåðøèíå ñîñíû. Ðàçìíîæåíèå âãíåçäå áûëî áåçóñïåøíûì, òåì íå ìåíååïòèöû äåðæàëèñü áëèç íåãî. Ïîä ãíåçäîìáûëè ñîáðàíû ñâåæèå êðîþùèå è ìàõî-âûå ïåðüÿ.

Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî èìåííî äëÿ ýòîéòåððèòîðèè ïðèâîäèë ôàêòû ãíåçäîâàíèÿìîãèëüíèêà â 80-õ ãã. Â.À. Åãîðîâ (1990).


Åãîðîâ Â.À. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ôàóíå õèùíûõïòèö Êàëáèíñêîãî íàãîðüÿ (Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõ-ñòàí). – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ æèâîòíûõ. Òâåðü,1990. Ñ. 53–62.

Êîíòàêò:

Ìàðê Ïåñòîâ[email protected]

Contact:

Mark [email protected]

Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) è åãî ìåñòîïîëî-æåíèå â Êàëáèíñêîì íàãîðüå. Ôîòî Ì. Ïåñòîâà

The nest of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) and nestlocation in the Kalba mountains. Photo by M. Pestov

Record�of�the�Imperial�Eagle�nest�in�the�Kalba�mountains,

Kazakhstan

НАХОДКА�ГНЕЗДА�МОГИЛЬНИКА�В�КАЛБИНСКОМ�НАГОРЬЕ,

КАЗАХСТАН

Pestov�M.V.�(Ecological�Center�«Dront»,�N.Novgorod,�Russia)

Пестов�М.В.�(Э�оло ичес�ий�центр�«Дронт»,�Н.Нов ород,�Россия)

The nest of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heli-aca) was found near the highway Samar-skoe – Belogorskiy on a hill (on the top ofa pine-tree) in the Kalba mountains on 24June 2006.


Áðàãèí Å.À. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿâ Êóñòàíàéñêîé îáëàñòè â 2004 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñ-êèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2004. Àëìà-òû: «Tethys», 2005. Ñ. 20–25.

Äàâûãîðà À.Â. Òåððèòîðèàëüíîå ðàçìåùåíèåè îñîáåííîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà âñòåïÿõ Þæíîãî Óðàëà. – Êîðîëåâñêèé îð¸ë:ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé è ïåð-ñïåêòèâû îõðàíû îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heli-aca) â Ðîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Ñåðèÿ:Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö. Â.1. Ïîä ðåä.: Â.Ï.Áåëèê. Ì.:Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè. Ñ. 82–83.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Õèùíûå ïòèöûè ñîâû Óëóòàó. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðà-íà. 2006. ¹ 5. Ñ. 37–49.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Ìîøêèí À.Â.Áàëîáàí â Ïðèàðàëüå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè èèõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 4. Ñ. 44–49.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ.

Ðåçóëüòàòû ðîññèéñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè íà çàïàäåÊàçàõñòàíà â 2003 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòî-ëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2003. Àëìàòû: «Tethys»,2004. Ñ. 24–27.

Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïå-äèöèè íà Ìàíãûøëàê è Óñòþðò â 2004 ã. – Êà-çàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2004.Àëìàòû: «Tethys», 2005. Ñ. 14–19.

Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîðæåâ Ä.À., Õîõëîâà Í.À.Íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèöàõÌóãîäæàð, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè èèõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹ 5. Ñ. 58–60.


Êîíòàêò:

Àëåêñàíäð Ìîøêèí[email protected]

Contact:

Alex [email protected]

The�first�registration�of�the�Booted�Eagle�nest�in�the�Kurgan

district,�Russia

ПЕРВАЯ�НАХОДКА�ГНЕЗДА�ОРЛА-КАРЛИКА�В�КУРГАНСКОЙОБЛАСТИ,�РОССИЯ

Moshkin�A.V.�(Center�for�Field�Studies,�Kurgan,�Russia).

Мош�ин�А.В.�(Центр�полевых�исследований,�К�р�ан,�Россия)

Â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè îð¸ë-êàðëèê(Hieraatus pennatus) ñ÷èòàëñÿ çàë¸òíûìâèäîì (Ðÿáèöåâ è äð., 2001), è äî ïîñëå-äíåãî âðåìåíè ôàêòîâ åãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿçäåñü, êàê è âîîáùå â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè,èçâåñòíî íå áûëî.

Â õîäå ñîâìåñòíîé ýêñïåäèöèè ñ È.Â. Êà-ðÿêèíûì â áîðó íà òåððàñå Òîáî-ëà áëèç ñ. Ïðîðûâíîå â 2001 ã.ìû íàáëþäàëè ïòèöó, ïîõîæóþíà ò¸ìíîãî êàðëèêà, îäíàêîîíà áûñòðî ñêðûëàñü â ëåñó, èó íàñ îñòàëèñü íåêîòîðûå ñî-ìíåíèÿ â ïðàâèëüíîñòè îïðå-äåëåíèÿ âèäà. Òåì íå ìåíåå,äàííûé ó÷àñòîê ïîñåùàëñÿìíîé âíîâü 21 èþíÿ 2003 ã., â

ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòàïî ìîíèòîðèíãóãí¸çä áàëîáàíà âÐîññèè è Êàçàõ-ñòàíå, è êàðëèêáûë ñíîâà îáíà-ðóæåí: âçðîñëàÿïòèöà ñëåòåëà ñ ïðèñàäû íàîïóøêå áîðà è ñêðûëàñü âëåñó. Ïîèñêè ãíåçäà ðåçóëü-òàòîâ íå äàëè, õîòÿ îð¸ë â òå-÷åíèå 3-õ ÷àñîâ ïåðèîäè÷åñ-êè ïîÿâëÿëñÿ â âîçäóõå,êðóæèë ñ êðèêàìè, è åãî óäà-ëîñü çàñíÿòü íà âèäåî. Äàí-íàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ñíîâà ïîñå-ùàëàñü 5 àâãóñòà 2006 ã., è, âõîäå òùàòåëüíîãî îáñëåäîâà-íèÿ, áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ãíåç-äî îðëà-êàðëèêà (ðèñ. 1), êî-òîðîå ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â

ðàçâèëêå ñòàðîé ñîñíû íà âûñîòå 17 ì â120 ì îò îïóøêè áîðà â 50 ì îò êðàÿ íå-áîëüøîé ïîëÿíû. Âûâîäîê èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâò¸ìíîé ìîðôû óæå ïîêèíóë ãíåçäî è äåð-æàëñÿ â êðîíàõ ñîñåí â ðàäèóñå 80 ì îò íåãî.

Ïðåæíèìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè â äîëèíåÒîáîëà êàðëèê íå íàáëþäàëñÿ (Áëèíîâà,Áëèíîâ, 1997; Ìîðîçîâ, Êîðíåâ, 2002).Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äàííàÿ íàõîäêà ÿâëÿåòñÿïåðâûì ñâèäåòåëüñòâîì ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà â Êóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè.

The nest of the Booted Eagle (Hieraatuspennatus) was found in the Kurgan Dis-trict for the first time on 5 August 2006.The nest was located on a pine tree in high17 m in the distance 120 m far from theedge of a forest (fig. 1). Two fledglingwere observed near the nest.

Ðèñ. 1. Ìåñòî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà â Êóðãàíñêîéîáëàñòè

Fig. 1. The breeding area of the Booted Eagle in KurganDistrict


Áëèíîâà Ò.Ê., Áëèíîâ Â.Í. Ïòèöû ÞæíîãîÇàóðàëüÿ: Ëåñîñòåïü è ñòåïü. – Ò. 1. Ôàóíèñòè-÷åñêèé îáçîð è îõðàíà ïòèö. Íîâîñèáèðñê.1997. 296 ñ.

Ìîðîçîâ Â.Â., Êîðíåâ Ñ.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ïîôàóíå ïòèö ëåñîñòåïíîé ÷àñòè äîëèíû ðåêèÒîáîë. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðà-íà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèéÐîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ ñòàòåé. Ì.: Ñîþçîõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè. 2002. Âûï. 4. Ñ. 108–133.

Ðÿáèöåâ Â.Ê., Áîéêî Ã.Â., Ìîñêâèòèí Ñ.Ñ.,Âàñèëü÷åíêî À.À., Ãàãèíà Ò.Í., Ãàøåâ Ñ.Í., Çà-õàðîâ Â.Ä., Èðèñîâà Í.Ë., Êîðîâèí Â.À., Ìèò-ðîôàíîâ Î.Á., Ïåòðîâ Â.Þ., Ñîëîâüåâ Ñ.À.,Ñòðåëüíèêîâ Å.Ã., Òàðàñîâ Â.Â., Öûáóëèí Ñ.Ì.,ßêèìåíêî Â.Â. Ôàóíà ïòèö ðåãèîíîâ ÇàïàäíîéÑèáèðè. – Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõ-ðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèéÐîññèè. Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ ñòàòåé. Ì.: Ñîþç îõ-ðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè. 2001. Âûï. 3. Ñ. 140–168.

Ãíåçäî îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hi-

eraatus pennatus). ÔîòîÀ. Ìîøêèíà

The nest of the BootedEagle (Hieraatus penna-

tus). Photo by A. Moshkin


Ïî ìàòåðèàëàì îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ñâîäêè«Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà», îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraae-tus pennatus) îáû÷åí íà þãå Êàçàõñòàíà,âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â çàïàäíîé åãî ÷àñòè, íî íè-êîãäà íå îòìå÷àëñÿ â ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå (Êî-ðåëîâ, 1962). Íå âñòðå÷àëè åãî òàì è ÷ëå-íû îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè,ïðîâîäèâøåé àâèôàóíèñòè÷åñêóþ ñúåìêóâ Ïàâëîäàðñêîì Çàèðòûøüå â èþíå 1989ã. (Êîâøàðü, Õðîêîâ, 1989). Îð¸ë-êàðëèêíå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí è ñîâìåñòíîé êàçàõ-ñòàíñêî-ðîññèéñêîé ýêñïåäèöèåé, ó÷èòû-âàâøåé õèùíûõ ïòèö â áîðàõ íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Êàçàõñòàíà (Êàðïîâ è äð., 2006),îäíàêî â 2002–2003 ãã. âèä íàáëþäàëñÿ íàñîïðåäåëüíîé òåððèòîðèè Àëòàéñêîãîêðàÿ, ãäå ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü åãî ñïîðàäè÷íîåãíåçäîâàíèå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005).

Â 2006 ã. ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè ñîñíîâûõáîðîâ Ïàâëîäàðñêîé è Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõ-ñòàíñêîé îáëàñòåé âïåðâûå â ýòîì ðåãèî-íå áûëè íàéäåíû äâà ãíåçäà îðëà-êàðëèêà.Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó âûÿâëåííûìè ãíåçäàìèñîñòàâëÿåò 79 êì.

Ïåðâîå ãíåçäî îáíàðóæåíî 10 ìàÿ íàòðàññå Ïàâëîäàð – Ñåìèïàëàòèíñê (ðèñ. 1,¹ 1). Îíî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà âåðøèíå ðàñ-êèäèñòîé îäèíî÷íîé ñîñíû, ñòîÿùåé íà

Êîíòàêò:

Àíàòîëèé Ëåâèíòåë.: +7 (3272) 69 48 [email protected]

Contact:

Anatoliy Levintel.: +7 (3272) [email protected]

Notes�about�the�Booted�Eagle�nesting�in�North-Eastern�Kazakhstan

О�ГНЕЗДОВАНИИ�ОРЛА-КАРЛИКА�НА�СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОКЕ

КАЗАХСТАНА

Levin�A.�(Institute�of�Zoology,�Ministry�of�Education�and�Sciences,�Almaty,�Kazakhstan)

Dixon�A.�(Wildlife�International�Consultants�Ltd.,�UK)

Kunka�T.�(Volunteer,�Czech�Republic)

Shmigalev�S.�(Bird�Conservation�Union�of�Kazakhstan)

Левин�А.�(Инстит�т�зооло�ии,�Министерство�образования�и�на��и,�Алматы,�Казахстан)

Ди�сон�А.�(Межд�народная��онс�льтативная��р�ппа�по�животном��мир�,

Вели�обритания)

К�н�а�Т.�(Волонтер,�Респ�бли�а�Чехия)

Шмы�алёв�С.�(Союз�охраны�птиц�Казахстана)

Two nests of the Booted Eagle (Hieraae-tus pennatus) were found in the Pavlodarand Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya Districts forthe first time in 2006. The distance betweennests was 79 km.

The first nest was found near the highwayPavlodar-Semipalatinsk on 10 May (fig.1, ¹1). It was located on the top of a branchypine-tree (fig. 2). An adult of pale morphwas recorded in the nest.

The second nest was found during sur-veying the southern edge of the Semipal-atinsk forest (fig.1, ¹ 2). It was located in aforested flood-land of the Irtysh river at thedistance 200 m far from the edge of forest.It was in a small island on the branch fork ofan old willow-tree (fig. 3). The female werehatching the clutch.

Êàðòà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hi-

eraaetus pennatus) íàñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Êàçàõ-ñòàíà. À – ãí¸çäà îðëà-êàðëèêà, B – ãðàíèöû ãî-ñóäàðñòâ, Ñ – âîäî¸ìû, D– ëåñà

Distribution of the Boot-ed Eagle (Hieraaetus pen-

natus) nests in North-Eastern Kazakhstan. A –nests of the Booted Eagle,B – state borders, C – wa-ter bodies, D – forests

Ãíåçäî îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus) ¹ 1.Ôîòî Ò. Êóíêà

The first nest of the Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus

pennatus). Photo by T. Kunka


Ãíåçäî îðëà-êàðëèêà ¹ 2.Ôîòî Ò. Êóíêà è À. Äèê-ñîíà

The second nest of theBooted Eagle. Photos byT. Kunka and A. Dixon

îïóøêå íåáîëüøîãî ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà â 50ì îò ïîëîòíà äîðîãè (ðèñ. 2). Ïòèöà ñâåò-ëîé îêðàñêè ñèäåëà î÷åíü ïëîòíî, áûëàõîðîøî âèäíà ñî ñòîðîíû è âçëåòåëà ëèøüïîñëå òîãî, êàê ïîñòó÷àëè ïî ñòâîëó.

Âòîðîå ãíåçäî îáíàðóæåíî ïðè îñìîò-ðå þæíîé êðîìêè Ñåìèïàëàòèíñêîãî ëåñ-íîãî ìàññèâà (ðèñ. 1, ¹ 2). Îíî íàõîäè-

ëîñü â ïîéìåííîì ëåñó Èðòûøà, â 200-õ ìîò îïóøêè áîðà, íà ìàëåíüêîì îñòðîâêå,è ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â ðàçâèëêå ñòàðîé èâû(ðèñ. 3). Ñóäÿ ïî òîìó, ÷òî â òå÷åíèå ïîëó-÷àñà ñàìêà íå èçìåíèëà ïîëîæåíèÿ òåëà,îíà íàñèæèâàëà êëàäêó.

Íàøè íàõîäêè ãí¸çä îðëà-êàðëèêà ñóùå-ñòâåííî óòî÷íÿþò ñåâåðíûå ãðàíèöû ðàñ-ïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âèäà â Êàçàõñòàíå.


Êàðïîâ Ô.Ô., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áà-ðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Íåêîòîðûå ðåçóëüòàòû ïîåçäêè âñòåïíûå áîðû Êàçàõñòàíà â 2005 ã. – Êàçàõñòàí-ñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2005. Àë-ìàòû, «Thetis», 2006. Ñ. 45–51.

Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â.,Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â.Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ.– Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹ 3.Ñ. 28–51.

Êîâøàðü À.Ô., Õðîêîâ Â.Â. Ê ôàóíå ïòèöÏàâëîäàðñêîãî Çàèðòûøüÿ. – Ôàóíà è áèîëî-ãèÿ ïòèö Êàçàõñòàíà. Àëìàòû, 1993. Ñ. 133–144.

Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. 2. Àëìà-Àòà, 1962. 779 ñ.

Óðî÷èùå «Ùó÷üå ãîðû» çàíèìàåò îäíî èçöåíòðàëüíûõ ïîëîæåíèé â íàó÷íî-èññëåäî-âàòåëüñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè Ñèìáèðñêîãî îáùå-ñòâà èçó÷åíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ. ßâëÿÿñüÊëþ÷åâîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé òåððèòîðèåé

New�records�of�breeding�the�Booted�Eagle�and�the�White-Tailed

Eagle�in�the�natural�boundary�«Schuchy�Gory»,�Russia

НОВЫЕ�ДАННЫЕ�О�ГНЕЗДОВАНИИ�ОРЛА-КАРЛИКА�И�ОРЛАНА-

БЕЛОХВОСТА�В�УРОЧИЩЕ�«ЩУЧЬИ�ГОРЫ»,�РОССИЯ

Korepov�M.V.�(Simbirsk�Biodiversity�Research�Society,�Ulyanovsk,�Russia)

Корепов�М.В.�(Симбирс�ое�общество�из�чения�биоразнообразия,�Ульяновс�,�Россия)

The territory of the natural boundary «SchuchyGory» (fig. 1) was surveying on 19–22 Au-gust 2002, 1–9 May 2004, 30 April – 4 May2005 and 29 April – 9 May 2006. At themoment 13 breeding territories of theWhite-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) areknown, active nests were found on 7 breed-ing territories, an empty nest – on one terri-tory (fig. 2). A total of 13–17 pairs are esti-mate to live in the boundary. The averagedistance between nests was 2.02 km. TheBooted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) isknown breeding on 7 territories, living nestsfound on 5 territories (fig. 3). We projectabout 10 pairs to breed in the boundary.

Ðèñ. 1. Ãðàíèöû óðî÷èùà «Ùó÷üè ãîðû»

Fig. 1. Borders of the natural boundary «Schuchy Gory»


Ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñ-òà (Haliaeetus albicilla).Ôîòî Ì. Êîðåïîâà

A nest of the White-TailedEagle (Haliaeetus albicil-

la). Photo by M. Korepov

Ðèñ.2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (1–2)îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Hali-

aeetus albicilla), â òîì÷èñëå ñ îáíàðóæåííûìèãí¸çäàìè (2)

Fig. 2. Distribution ofbreeding territories (1–2)of the White-Tailed Eagle(Haliaeetus albicilla), in-cluding with active nests (2)

Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî è Åâðîïåéñ-êîãî ðàíãîâ, óðî÷èùå ïðèâëå-êàåò ê ñåáå âíèìàíèå êàê ðå-ôóãèóì äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ èïîääåðæàíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè îð-ëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetusalbicilla) è îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hiera-aetus pennatus).«Ùó÷üè ãîðû» – ýòî êðóïíûéëåñíîé ìàññèâ, ñîñòîÿùèéïðåèìóùåñòâåííî èç øèðîêî-ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä (ëèïà, äóá)ñ ó÷àñòèåì îñèíû è ñîñíû,îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ îêîëî 170êì2. Óðî÷èùå ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿñðåäè àãðîëàíäøàôòîâ, çàïàä-íûå è þæíûå ãðàíèöû ëåñíî-

ãî ìàññèâà ïðèëåãàþò ê ïîáåðåæüþ Êóé-áûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Ðåëüåô âïðèáðåæíîé ÷àñòè îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íîãîòèïà; êðóïíûå ðåêè, ïðîòåêàþùèå ïî óðî-÷èùó, èìåþò õîðîøî ðàçðàáîòàííûå äî-ëèíû; âîëæñêèé ñêëîí ïðåäñòàâëåí âûñî-êèìè òåððàñàìè. Ñåâåðî-çàïàäíàÿ ÷àñòüóðî÷èùà èìååò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïîëîãèéðåëüåô (ðèñ. 1).

Áîëåå ïîäðîáíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î íàñå-ëåíèè õèùíûõ ïòèö óðî÷èùà «Ùó÷üè ãîðû»îïóáëèêîâàíà ðàíåå (Êîðåïîâ, 2004). Âäàííîé ðàáîòå ýòîò ìàòåðèàë îáîáù¸í,ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàí è äîïîëíåí ñîáðàííû-ìè çà 2005–2006 ãã. äàííûìè ïî äâóì âè-äàì õèùíèêîâ.

Â 2002 ã. èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü âïåðèîä ñ 19 ïî 22 àâãóñòà – áûëà îñìîò-ðåíà þæíàÿ ÷àñòü ïîáåðåæüÿ Êóéáûøåâñ-êîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà (24 êì îò äîìà îòäû-õà Äóáêè íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîê è âîñòîê). Â2004 ã. ñ 1 ïî 9 ìàÿ îñìîòðåíà ñåâåðíàÿîïóøêà ëåñà îò ñ. Êèëüäþøåâî äî ð. Âîëãèè âñ¸ ïîáåðåæüå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê óðî÷èùó(40 êì), ñ ÷àñòè÷íûì îáñëåäîâàíèåì ïðè-áðåæíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñà. Â 2005 ã. ñ 30 àï-ðåëÿ ïî 4 ìàÿ ó÷¸ò õèùíèêîâ â¸ëñÿ íà ïëî-ùàäêå â þãî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè «Ùó÷üèõ ãîð»– îò Äóáêîâ íà âîñòîê äî 48,54° â.ä. Â 2006

ã. ñ 29 àïðåëÿ ïî 9 ìàÿ ïëîùàäî÷íûìè ó÷¸-òàìè îõâà÷åíà ñåâåðíàÿ ÷àñòü óðî÷èùà –òåððèòîðèÿ îò ñ. Êèëüäþøåâî íà âîñòîê äîÂîëãè, îâðàæíûå ñèñòåìû Äîëèíîâêà èËàáàé, âêëþ÷àÿ èõ âîäîðàçäåëüíûå ó÷àñò-êè, è ïðèáðåæíûå îáëåñ¸ííûå ñêëîíû íàþã äî 54,68° ñ.ø. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çà ÷åòû-ð¸õëåòíèé ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé, ìàðøðóò-íûìè ó÷¸òàìè îõâà÷åíà âñÿ ñåâåðíàÿ, âîñ-òî÷íàÿ è þæíàÿ ïåðèôåðèÿ óðî÷èùà «Ùó÷üèãîðû». Â ñåâåðíîé è þãî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòÿõóðî÷èùà çàëîæåíû ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè äëÿáîëåå òî÷íîãî êîëè÷åñòâåííîãî ó÷¸òà ãí¸çäè ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé õèùíûõ ïòèö.

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò(Haliaeetus albicilla)

Â 2004 ã. â «Ùó÷üèõ ãîðàõ» â õîäå ìàðø-ðóòíîãî ó÷¸òà è êàðòèðîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðè-àëüíûõ ïòèö è ãí¸çä âäîëü âñåãî ïîáåðå-æüÿ Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà,îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê óðî÷èùó, îáíàðóæåíî 12ïàð îðëàíîâ (Êîðåïîâ, 2004). Ïðè ýòîì äëÿäâóõ ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé íàéäåíû æèëûåãí¸çäà, åù¸ äëÿ òð¸õ – íåæèëûå. Òàêèì îá-ðàçîì, íà îäíó ãíåçäîâóþ òåððèòîðèþ îð-ëàíîâ â ñðåäíåì ïðèõîäèòñÿ ïî 3,3 êì ïî-áåðåæüÿ. Â äàëüíåéøåì íà þãî-çàïàäíîé(2005 ã.) è ñåâåðíîé (2006 ã.) ó÷¸òíûõ ïëî-ùàäêàõ áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïî 2 è 4 æèëûõãíåçäà ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿ-íèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâèëî2,02 êì (2,3; 3,3; 1,5; 1 êì), ò.å. íà ïàðóïðèõîäèòñÿ â ñðåäíåì îêîëî 2 êì ïîáåðå-æüÿ, ÷òî ïðåâûøàåò ðàíåå ðàññ÷èòàííóþïëîòíîñòü âèäà â 1,6 ðàç.

Â íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò äëÿ 7 ãíåçäîâûõ òåð-ðèòîðèé íàéäåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà, åù¸ äëÿîäíîé – íåæèëîå. Ó÷èòûâàÿ âîçìîæíóþíåðàâíîìåðíîñòü â ðàñïðåäåëåíèè ïàð ïîòåððèòîðèè, ìèíèìàëüíóþ ÷èñëåííîñòüâèäà äëÿ óðî÷èùà ìîæíî îöåíèòü â 13–15ïàð, ìàêñèìàëüíóþ – â 15–17 ïàð. Åñòå-ñòâåííî, ÷òî íå âñå ãíåçäîâûå òåððèòîðèèèñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïòèöàìè åæåãîäíî äëÿ âûâå-äåíèÿ ïîòîìñòâà, òàê èç 5 ãí¸çä (3 èç íèõïðèíàäëåæàò îäíîé ïàðå), íàéäåííûõ íàòð¸õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â 2004 ã., æèëûìáûëî òîëüêî îäíî, â 2006 ã. óæå â òð¸õ èçíèõ, ò.å. íà âñåõ ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ,ãíåçäèëèñü ïòèöû. Ýòî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò, ÷òîðåïðîäóêòèâíîñòü óðî÷èùà ãîä îò ãîäàìîæåò çíà÷èòåëüíî ðàçëè÷àòüñÿ, íî, òåì íåìåíåå, âçðîñëûå ïòèöû äåðæàòñÿ íà ñâîèõó÷àñòêàõ åæåãîäíî (ðèñ. 2).


Â óðî÷èùå «Ùó÷üè ãîðû» îðëû-êàðëèêèâïåðâûå âñòðå÷åíû â 2002 ã.: 19 àâãóñòà


îáíàðóæåíà âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöàñ äâóìÿ ñë¸òêàìè, à 20 àâãó-ñòà âñòðå÷åíî åù¸ 8 îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ, ñòàòóñ êîòîðûõ îñ-òàëñÿ íå âûÿñíåí (Áàðàáàøèíè äð., 2002 ã.). Â 2004 ã. ïðèïîëíîì, íî äîñòàòî÷íî áåã-ëîì îñìîòðå ñåâåðíîé ÷àñ-òè îïóøå÷íîé çîíû è âñåãîïîáåðåæüÿ Êóéáûøåâñêîãîâîäîõðàíèëèùà îáíàðóæåíî5 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, äëÿ3 èç êîòîðûõ íàéäåíû æèëûåãí¸çäà (îäíî èç íèõ áûëî ðà-çîðåíî, íî àáîíèðîâàëîñüïòèöàìè) (Êîðåïîâ, 2004).

Îáíàðóæåííîå â 2004 ã. ãíåçäî îðëîâ,ðàñïîëîæåííîå íà ãðàíèöå Óëüÿíîâñêîéîáëàñòè è Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí, è â 2005 ã.îêàçàëîñü æèëûì. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, ïðè îá-ñëåäîâàíèè ïðèáðåæíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñàíàéäåíî åù¸ îäíî æèëîå ãíåçäî â 1,5 êìîò ïðåäûäóùåãî. Â 2006 ã. òàêæå áûëà ïðî-âåðåíà ðàíåå èçâåñòíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ òåððè-òîðèÿ îðëîâ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ïèùåìàð –îíà òîæå áûëà çàíÿòà ïòèöàìè. Â ýòîì æåãîäó íàéäåíî íîâîå æèëîå ãíåçäî îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ â ïðèáðåæíîì ëåñó þæíåå Ëà-áàÿ, â 6 êì îò ïðåäûäóùåé ãíåçäîâîé òåð-ðèòîðèè. Ïîìèìî ýòîãî, îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöàò¸ìíîé ìîðôû âñòðå÷åíà 9 ìàÿ íà îïóø-êå ëåñà – 3 êì þãî-âîñòî÷íåå ñ. Óðþì, íîå¸ ñòàòóñ îñòàëñÿ íå âûÿñíåííûì.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ñ óâåðåííîñòüþãîâîðèòü, ÷òî îð¸ë-êàðëèê, íåäàâíî ïî-ÿâèâøèéñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Òàòàðèè, äî-âîëüíî ïðî÷íî îñåë â «Ùó÷üèõ ãîðàõ», êî-òîðûå, âèäèìî, ÿâëÿþòñÿ îäíèì èçîñíîâíûõ «ïåðåâàëî÷íûõ ïóíêòîâ» ýòîãîâèäà â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîê.Ïîäòâåðæäåíèåì ýòîìó ñëóæèò ñòàáèëüíîåãíåçäîâàíèå îðëîâ íà èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõòåððèòîðèÿõ è íàõîæäåíèå íîâûõ ãí¸çä.Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè â «Ùó÷üèõ ãîðàõ»îáíàðóæåíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé îð-ëîâ-êàðëèêîâ, äëÿ 5 èç êîòîðûõ èçâåñòíû

æèëûå ãí¸çäà. Ðåàëüíàÿ æå ÷èñëåííîñòü,íåñîìíåííî, âûøå, íî äàâàòü ýêñïåðòíóþîöåíêó òÿæåëî èç-çà äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøîãîðàçëè÷èÿ â ðàññòîÿíèÿõ ìåæäó ñîñåäíè-ìè ïàðàìè è ãí¸çäàìè. Óâåðåííî ìîæ-íî ãîâîðèòü îá îáèòàíèè êàê ìèíèìóì10 ïàð ýòèõ ïòèö. Âåðîÿòíî, èä¸ò ðîñò÷èñëåííîñòè îðëà-êàðëèêà, è ìîæíîïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî íå âñÿ ¸ìêîñòü ýêî-ñèñòåìû óðî÷èùà «Ùó÷üè ãîðû» èì çà-ïîëíåíà. Ñëåäóåò îæèäàòü óâåëè÷åíèåïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòèõ îðëîâ íà äàí-íîé òåððèòîðèè (ðèñ. 3).

Íåñîìíåííî, «Ùó÷üè ãîðû» â ïðåäåëàõÑðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ ÿâëÿþòñÿ òåððèòîðè-åé ñ îäíîé èç ñàìûõ êðóïíûõ ãíåçäîâûõãðóïïèðîâîê îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà è îðëà-êàðëèêà (Áîðîäèí è äð., 2003; Êîðêèíà,Ôðîëîâ, 2002; Êðàñíàÿ Êíèãà Óëüÿíîâñêîéîáëàñòè, 2003; Êðàñíàÿ Êíèãà Òàòàðñòàíà,1995). Ðàññìàòðèâàåìàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ íóæ-äàåòñÿ â îñîáîì âíèìàíèè ñî ñòîðîíû ïðè-ðîäîîõðàííûõ ñòðóêòóð. Öåëåñîîáðàçíîâûäåëåíèå çäåñü çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî èëè ëàí-äøàôòíîãî çàêàçíèêà äëÿ îõðàíû êàê ýòèõ,òàê è äðóãèõ âèäîâ è èõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé.

Àâòîð âûðàæàåò áëàãîäàðíîñòü âñåì÷ëåíàì Ñèìáèðñêîãî îáùåñòâà èçó÷åíèÿáèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, â ðàçíîå âðåìÿ ïðè-íèìàâøèì ó÷àñòèå â ýêñïåäèöèÿõ ïî îá-ñëåäîâàíèþ óðî÷èùà «Ùó÷üè ãîðû», àèìåííî Ä.À. Ôîìèíîé, È.È. Ëàïòåâó, Ã.Âèíþñåâîé, À.Í. Ìîñêâè÷¸âó, À.Ì. Èêñà-íîâîé, Ì.Â. Àëåêñååâó è Ä. Ïàâëîâó.


Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â., Ñàëìèí Â.À.«Ùó÷üè ãîðû» – ïåðñïåêòèâíàÿ êëþ÷åâàÿ îð-íèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíîãîðàíãà. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèìáèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ,2002. 3. Ñ. 165–167.

Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â.Ðàññåëåíèå îðëà-êàðëèêà â Ñðåäíåì Ïîâîëæüå.– Ìàòåðèàëû IV êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòè-öàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, Ïåíçà: èçä-âî Ðîñòîâ-ñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïåäàãîãè÷åñêîãî óíè-âåðñèòåòà, 2003. Ñ. 153–155.

Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî îðíèòîôàóíåñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ ïòèö «Ùó÷ü-èõ ãîð» (Òàòàðñòàí). – Áåðêóò, 2004. 13 (2). Ñ.183–188.

Êîðêèíà Ñ.À., Ôðîëîâ Â.Â. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñî-ñòîÿíèå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà þãå ëå-ñîñòåïíîãî ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ Ïîâîëæüÿ. – Èíâåí-òàðèçàöèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíã è îõðàíà êëþ÷åâûõ îð-íèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Ðîññèè, 2002. 4.Ñ. 169–181.

Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí (ãë. ðåä.À.È. Ùåïîâñêèé). Êàçàíü: èçä-âî «Ïðèðîäà»,1995. 452 ñ.

Ðèñ.3. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèåãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (1–2)îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus

pennatus), â òîì ÷èñëå ñîáíàðóæåííûìè ãí¸çäà-ìè (2)

Fig. 3. Distribution ofbreeding territories (1–2)of the Booted Eagle (Hi-

eraaetus pennatus), in-cluding with active nests(2)

Êîíòàêò:

Ìèõàèë ÊîðåïîâÑèìáèðñêîå îáùåñòâîèçó÷åíèÿ áèîðàçíîîá-ðàçèÿ432072 ÐîññèÿÓëüÿíîâñêïð-ò Òóïîëåâà 2–65òåë.: +7 (8422) 54 29 [email protected]

Contact:

Mikhail KorepovSimbirsk BiodiversityResearch SocietyTupoleva pr. 2–65Ulyanovsk432072 Russiatel.: +7 (8422) 54 29 [email protected]

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus

pennatus). Ôîòî Ì. Êî-ðåïîâà

The Booted Eagle (Hieraa-

etus pennatus). Photo byM. Korepov


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Â îêòÿáðå 2006 ã. âûøåë ïåðâûé íî-ìåð æóðíàëà Podoces1 (ISSN 1735–6725).

Ýòîò æóðíàë î ïòèöàõ Çàïàäíîé è Ñðåä-íåé Àçèè äâàæäû â ãîä áóäåò ïóáëèêîâàòüñòàòüè è êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ïî ôàóíèñòè-êå, òàêñîíîìèè è èäåíòèôèêàöèè, íàñåëå-íèþ, ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ âèäîâ ïòèö, êëþ÷å-âûì îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèì òåððèòîðèÿììåæäóíàðîäíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ, êîëüöåâàíèþ èìèãðàöèÿì, áèîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ýêî-ëîãèè êîðìëåíèÿ, ýòîëîãèè, ôèçèîëîãèè,ãåíåòèêå, áèîõèìèè, áîëåçíÿì è ïàðàçè-òàì, ýêîëîãè÷åñêèì ñâÿçÿì âèäîâ ïòèö, çàã-ðÿçíåíèþ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû è îñîáåí-íî îõðàíå ïòèö è èõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé âÇàïàäíîé è Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (è êàê èñêëþ÷å-íèå, çà ïðåäåëàìè Àçèè). Ïðèâåòñòâóþòñÿñòàòüè î íîâûõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ â ðàçíîîá-ðàçíûõ îáëàñòÿõ è ïî ðàçíûì âèäàì ïòèö.Ñòàòüè ïóáëèêóþòñÿ íà ïåðñèäñêîì, ðóñ-ñêîì è, ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíî, àíãëèéñêîì ÿçû-êàõ. Íåçàâèñèìî îò ÿçûêà, ñòàòüÿ äîëæíàñîïðîâîæäàòüñÿ àíãëèéñêèì ðåôåðàòîì,àíãëèéñêèé ïåðåâîäîì òàáëèö è ïîäïèñåé.Â ñòàòüå äîëæíû áûòü âûäåëåíû ñëåäóþùèåðàçäåëû: íàçâàíèå, ðåôåðàò, ââåäåíèå,ìåòîäû, ðåçóëüòàòû, äèñêóññèÿ, ïîäòâåðæ-äåíèÿ è ññûëêè. Êîíòàêò (3).

À.Ñ. Ëàïøèí, Ñ.Í. Ñïèðèäîíîâ, À.Á. -Ðó÷èí, Ã.Ô. Ãðèøóòêèí, Â.Ñ. Âå÷êàíîâ,Å.Â. Ëûñåíêîâ, Ì.Ê. Ðûæîâ Ðåäêèå æè-âîòíûå ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ: ìàòåðè-àëû âåäåíèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè Ðåñïóáëè-êà Ìîðäîâèÿ çà 2005 ã. Ïîä ðåä.À.Ñ. Ëàïøèíà è Ñ.Í. Ñïèðèäîíîâà. Ñà-ðàíñê: Èçä-âî Ìîðäîâñêîãî óí-òà, 2005.56 ñ. (ISBN 5–710–31341–6).

Â êíèãå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ2005 ãîäà ïî âñòðå÷àì è ãíåçäîâàíèþ ñêî-ïû (Pandion haliaetus), ïîëåâîãî ëóíÿ(Circus cyaneus), çìååÿäà (Circaetus galli-cus) , îðàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetusalbicilla) , îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetuspennatus), áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquilaclanga), ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), áåð-êóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) è ôèëèíà (Bubobubo). Ñòîèìîñòü êíèãè – 60 ðóá.

Êîíòàêò (4).

The first issue of the Podoces1 journal(ISSN 1735 6725) has been published inOctober 2006.

Podoces biannually publishes original pa-pers, review articles and short communica-tions in the field of faunal surveys, taxonomyand identification, species distribution, popu-lations, habitat studies, IBAs, ringing and mi-gration, breeding biology, feeding ecology,ethology, physiology, genetics, biochemistry,diseases and parasites, ecological relation-ships, environmental pollution but especiallyconservation of birds and habitats in West andCentral Asia (and occasionally outside this re-gion). This journal prefers new research in adiverse range of subjects, species, habitats andlocations (also the composition of articles ineach issue). Papers are published in Persian,Russian and preferably in English. Irrespectiveof the language, the paper should be accom-panied by English abstracts. The authors ofPersian and Russian papers will prepare anEnglish translation of Tables and Figures foreasy use by English readers. Papers shouldbe structured into headed sections, for exam-ple as follows: Title, Abstract, Introduction,Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledge-ments, and References. The manuscript shouldbe submitted in its final, fully corrected formas agreed by all the co-authors. Contact (3).

(3) Contact:

Abolghasem

Khaleghizadeh

Editorof the Podoces

P.O. Box 143

Karaj

31585 Iran

akhaleghizadeh@

yahoo.com

[email protected]

(4) Êîíòàêò:

Àëåêñàíäð Á. Ðó÷èí

Ìîðäîâñêèé

ãîñóíèâåðñèòåò

[email protected]

(4) Contact:

Alexander Ruchin

Mordovskiy State

University

[email protected]

A.S. Lapshin, S.N. Spiridonov, A.B. Ruch-in, G.F. Grishutkin, V.S. Vechkanov, E.V.Lysenkov, M.K. Ryzhov The rare animalsof the Republic of Mordovia – materialsfor the Red Data Book of the Republic ofMordovia in 2005. Editors A.S. Lapshinand S.N. Spiridonov. Saransk: MordovskiyState University Publisher, 2005. 56 p.(ISBN 5–710–31341–6).

The book contains the modern scientificinformation about the rare animal speciesincluded in the Red Data Book of the Re-public of Mordovia, such as Osprey (Pandi-on haliaetus), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus),Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus), White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), BootedEagle (Hieraaetus pennatus), Great SpottedEagle (Aquila clanga), Imperial Eagle (Aq-uila heliaca), Golden Eagle (Aquilachrysaetos) and Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo).Price $ 2.5. Contact (4).

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Contents Raptors Conservation 2006, 7 71

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÍÍÃÓ ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà

Ëèö. ÏÄ ¹ 18–0099 îò 04.05.01 ã.

603000, ã. Í. Íîâîãîðîä, óë. Á. Ïîêðîâñêàÿ, 37

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ñîáûòèÿ ................................................................. 3

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ................................ 4

Ãèáåëü ïòèö îò ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà íà ëèíèÿõýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé Ìåêñèêå:êðàòêèé îáçîð. Æ.E. Êàðòðîí, Ð.Ñ. Êîðîíà,Ý.Ï. Ãåâàðà, Ð.Ý. Õàðíåññ, Ï. Ìàíñàíî-Ôèøåð,Ð. Ðîäðèãåñ-Ýñòðåëüÿ, Ã. Óýðòà.............................. 4

Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîåêòà ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ìåñòãíåçäîâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Òóâèíñêîéêîòëîâèíå, Ðåñïóáëèêà Òûâà, Ðîññèÿ.Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. ............................ 15

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ .......................... 21

Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèíÁàéêàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í. ........................ 21

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ïðåäãîðèé ÊàëáèíñêîãîÀëòàÿ, Êàçàõñòàí. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý.,Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Òîìèëåíêî À.À.,Áåð¸çîâèêîâ Í.Í. .............................................. 46

Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû ïëàòî Øàãûðàé, Êàçàõñòàí.Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîðæåâ Ä.À. ............................. 56

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ............................................ 62

Ýêñïàíñèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ â ÇàïàäíîìÊàçàõñòàíå. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. ................................... 62

Íàõîäêà ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêà â Êàëáèíñêîìíàãîðüå, Êàçàõñòàí. Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â. ........................ 64

Ïåðâàÿ íàõîäêà ãíåçäà îðëà-êàðëèêà âÊóðãàíñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Ìîøêèí À.Â. ........ 65

Î ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëà-êàðëèêà íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêåÊàçàõñòàíà. Ëåâèí À., Äèêñîí À., Êóíêà Ò.,Øìûãàë¸â Ñ. ....................................................... 66

Íîâûå äàííûå î ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëà-êàðëèêàè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â óðî÷èùå «Ùó÷üè ãîðû»,Ðîññèÿ. Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â. ........................................ 67

Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû ........................... 70

Contents

Events ...................................................................... 3

Raptors Conservation .............................................4

Bird electrocutions and power poles inNorthwestern Mexico: an overview. Cartron,J.-L.E., R.S. Corona, E.P. Guevara, R.E. Harness,P. Manzano-Fischer, R. Rodriguez-Estrella,G. Huerta .............................................................. 4

Results of the project for restoration of nestingplaces of the birds of prey in the Tuvadepression, Republic of Tuva, Russia.Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G. ...............................15

Raptors Research.................................................. 21

Large birds of prey of steppe depressionsin the Baikal region, Russia. Karyakin I.V.,Nikolenko E.G., Barashkova A.N. ........................ 21

Raptors of the foothills of Kalbinsky Altai,Kazakhstan. Smelansky I.E.,Barashkova A.N., Tomilenko A.A.,Berezovikov N.N. ................................................46

Birds of prey and owls of the Shagyray plateau,Kazakhstan. Pazhenkov A.S., Korzhev D.A. ......... 56

Short Reports ........................................................ 62

Expansion of the Imperial Eagle onto powerlines in Western Kazakhstan. Karyakin I.V. ........... 62

Record of the Imperial Eagle nest in the Kalbamountains, Kazakhstan. Pestov M.V. ...................64

The first registration of the Booted Eagle nestin the Kurgan district, Russia. Moshkin A.V. ......... 65

Notes about the Booted Eagle nesting in North-Eastern Kazakhstan. Levin A., Dixon A.,Kunka T., Shmigalev S. ........................................66

New records of breeding the Booted Eagle andthe White-Tailed Eagle in the natural boundary«Schuchy Gory», Russia. Korepov M.V. ................67

New Publications and Videos .............................. 70

Raptors Conservation 7/2006

Documents

Transcript of Raptors Conservation 7/2006