Rapid Sequence Induction e Sugammadex...Chambers, D., et al., Sugammadex for reversal of...
Transcript of Rapid Sequence Induction e Sugammadex...Chambers, D., et al., Sugammadex for reversal of...
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Scuola di Specializzazione in Anestesia,
Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva,
Università di Bologna
Rapid Sequence Induction
e
Sugammadex
Giannone S, Castagnoli A
Dir. Prof.ssa R.M. Melotti
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Rapid Sequence Induction
• Scopo:
• Indicazioni:
Minimo intervallo di tempo tra
perdita di coscienza e intubazione
oro tracheale (sicurezza vie aeree)
Pz a rischio di aspirazione
(urgenze, ascite, parto cesareo)
Stept, W. and P. Safar, Rapid induction-intubation for prevention of
gastric-content aspiration. Anesthesia and analgesia, 1970. 49(4): p.
633-639
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• Pre-ossigenazione
• Oppiaceo-ipnoinduttore-miorilassante
• NO ventilazione in maschera
• Pressione cricoidea
• Intubazione oro tracheale entro 60”
Rapid Sequence Induction
El-Orbany M and Connolly LA, Rapid Sequence Induction and
Intubation:Current Controversies. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 2010. 110.
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• Rapido onset
• Rapido offset
• Sicurezza
• Basso costo
Rapid Sequence Induction:
Miorilassante ideale
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SUCCINILCOLINA
Rapid Sequence Induction:
Miorilassante ideale
• Rapido onset
• Rapido offset
• Sicurezza
• Basso costo
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SUCCINILCOLINA
Rapid Sequence Induction:
Miorilassante ideale
SUGAMMADEX
ROCURONIO
• Rapido onset
• Rapido offset
• Sicurezza
• Basso costo
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• Rapido onset
• Rapido offset
• Sicurezza
• Basso costo
Rapid Sequence Induction:
Miorilassante ideale
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• Obiettivo: intubazione entro 60”
• Gold Standard “storico”: Succinilcolina 1 mg/kg
• Alternativa: Rocuronio 0,9-1,2 mg/kg
Rapido onset
Perry, J., J. Lee, and G. Wells, Are intubation conditions using
rocuronium equivalent to those using succinylcholine? Academic
emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic
Emergency Medicine, 2002. 9(8): p. 813-836.
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Punteggio Facilità della
Laringoscopia
Posizione Corde
Vocali
Risposta motoria
all’intubazione
1 Buona Aperte Nessuna
2 Accettabile Paramediana Movimento
diaframmatico
3 Difficile In movimento Tosse leggera
4 Impossibile Chiuse Tosse forte/sussulti
Totale Punti
3: condizioni di intubazione ottimali
4 - 6: accettabili
7 - 9: scadenti
10 - 12: inadeguate/impossibile
Scala di Goldberg per le Condizioni di Intubazione
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Perry, J., et al., Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence
induction intubation. Cochrane database of systematic reviews , 2008
(n = 2690)
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Perry, J., et al., Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence
induction intubation. Cochrane database of systematic reviews , 2008
(n = 2690)
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Perry, J., et al., Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence
induction intubation. Cochrane database of systematic reviews , 2008
(n = 2690)
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Perry, J., et al., Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence
induction intubation. Cochrane database of systematic reviews , 2008
Rocuronium specific dose versus succinylcholine,
Outcome 1 Excellent versus other intubation conditions
Dose Rocuronio RR [IC 95%] n Peso
0.6-0.7mg/kg 0.81 [ 0.73, 0.90 ] 1782 62.7 %
0.9-1.0mg/kg 0.96 [ 0.89, 1.02 ] 923 32.2 %
1.2mg/kg 0.93 [ 0.75, 1.15 ] 86 5.1 %
totale 0.87 [ 0.81, 0.93 ] 2690 100%
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“Overall, succinylcholine was superior to rocuronium …
We found no statistical difference in intubation conditions
when succinylcholine was compared to 1.2mg/kg
rocuronium; however, succinylcholine was clinically
superior as it has a shorter duration of action.”
Perry, J., et al., Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence
induction intubation. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2008
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“Overall, succinylcholine was superior to rocuronium …
We found no statistical difference in intubation conditions
when succinylcholine was compared to 1.2mg/kg
rocuronium; however, succinylcholine was clinically
superior as it has a shorter duration of action.”
Perry, J., et al., Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence
induction intubation. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2008
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Rapid Sequence Induction:
Miorilassante ideale
• Rapido onset
• Rapido offset
• Sicurezza
• Basso costo
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• Succinilcolina 1 mg/kg: 6-10 min
• Rocuronio 1,2 mg/kg: 37-72 min
Rapido offset
Perry, J., J. Lee, and G. Wells, Are intubation conditions using rocuronium
equivalent to those using sucinylcholine? Academic emergency medicine :
official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2002.
9(8): p. 813-836.
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• Procedure brevi ???
• Imprevista difficoltà di intubazione ?
Quando è necessario un rapido offset ?
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• Procedure brevi ?
• Imprevista difficoltà di intubazione ?
Quando è necessario un rapido offset ?
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Lee, C., et al., Reversal of profound neuromuscular block by Sugammadex administered three
minutes after rocuronium: a comparison with spontaneous recovery from succinylcholine.
Anesthesiology, 2009. 110(5): p. 1020-1025.
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“We would warn against a false sense of security developing from
the knowledge that sugammadex is available in the theatre
complex, should problems arise when using high dose rocuronium
for rapid sequence induction; the mean time to administer
sugammadex in our study was 6.7 min following which one could
predict that a further 2.2 min would be required to achieve a TOF
ratio of 0.920.”
Bisschops, M., C. Holleman, and J. Huitink, Can Sugammadex save a
patient in a simulated 'cannot intubate, cannot ventilate' situation?
Anaesthesia, 2010. 65(9): p. 936-977.
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Benumof, J., R. Dagg, and R. Benumof, Critical hemoglobin desaturation will
occur before return to an unparalyzed state following 1 mg/kg intravenous
succinylcholine. Anesthesiology, 1997. 87(4): p. 979-1061
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“While sugammadex can be relied upon to reverse
rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block, it should not be
relied upon to rescue all CICV events, especially where
airway instrumentation has led to airway swelling. The
availability of sugammadex does not obviate the need for
emergency tracheal access in the event of failed
oxygenation.”
Curtis, R., S. Lomax, and B. Patel, Use of sugammadex in a 'can't
intubate, can't ventilate' situation. Br J Anaesth, 2012.
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Rapid Sequence Induction:
Miorilassante ideale
• Rapido onset
• Rapido offset
• Sicurezza
• Basso costo
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“ Neuromuscular block by
depolarisation of muscle cells is, in a
sense, like general anaesthesia by
depolarisation of cerebral neurons.
It is intuitively a bad idea.”
Lee, C., Goodbye suxamethonium!
Anaesthesia, 2009. 64 Suppl 1: p. 73-154.
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Succinilcolina
• Effetti collaterali: mialgie, fascicolazioni, effetti
muscarinici, aumento della pressione
endocranica/endooculare, spasmo del massetere,
liberazione di K+ , anafilassi, ipertermia
maligna…
• Controindicazioni: Traumi, ustioni estese
presenti da > 12-24 hr, malattie neuromuscolari,
allettamento prolungato, lesioni bulbo oculare…
Lee, C., Goodbye suxamethonium!
Anaesthesia, 2009. 64 Suppl 1: p. 73-154.
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Rocuronio
• Effetti collaterali: transitoria liberazione
di istamina, non emodinamicamente
significativa, anafilassi
• Controindicazioni: Allergia accertata
nei confronti del farmaco.
Engbaek, J. and J. Viby-Mogensen, Can rocuronium replace
succinylcholine in a rapid-sequence induction of anaesthesia?
Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1999. 43(1): p. 1-4.
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Sugammadex
• Effetti collaterali: ipotensione, dolore,nausea,
vomito, disgeusia, reazioni da ipersensibilità
• Controindicazioni: insufficienza renale grave
con ClCr < 30 ml/min (non raccomandato)
Yang, L.P. and S.J. Keam, Sugammadex: a review of its use in
anaesthetic practice. Drugs, 2009. 69(7): p. 919-42.
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Rapid Sequence Induction:
Miorilassante ideale
• Rapido onset
• Rapido offset
• Sicurezza
• Basso costo
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Adulto 70 kg: Rapid Sequence Induction
Induzione:
• Succinilcolina 70 mg: 1,70 euro
• Rocuronio 70-80 mg: 14 euro
Antagonizzazione:
• Sugammadex dopo 3‟ (16mg/kg): 732 euro
• Sugammadex dopo 30‟ (4 mg/kg): 366 euro
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Chambers, D., et al., Sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular block
after rapid sequence intubation: a systematic review and economic
assessment. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2010. 105(5): p. 568-643.
• Costo di 1 minuto in sala operatoria : 5,30 euro
• Costo di un minuto in recovery room: 0,39 euro
• Valore di 1 QALY (Quality Adjusted Life Year): 24.000 euro
• Perdita economica per decesso pz 20 anni: 22.9 QALY (552.000 euro)
• Perdita economica per decesso pz 60 anni : 12.33 QALY (296.000 euro)
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Chambers, D., et al., Sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular block
after rapid sequence intubation: a systematic review and economic
assessment. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2010. 105(5): p. 568-643.
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RSI in ostetricia
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric,
A., Practice guidelines for obstetric anesthesia: an updated
report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force
on Obstetric Anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 2007. 106(4): p. 843-6
“The consultants and ASA members agree that GA reduces
the time to skin incision when compared with either epidural
or spinal anesthesia; they also agree that GA increases
maternal complications. The consultants are equivocal and
the ASA members agree that GA increases fetal and neonatal
complications.”
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RSI in ostetricia
Dahl, V. and U.J. Spreng, Anaesthesia for urgent (grade 1)
caesarean section. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2009. 22(3): p. 352-6.
“The major disadvantage of general anaesthesia is the risk
of failure and the dramatic consequences of a potential
„cannot intubate, cannot ventilate‟ situation. The risk of failed
intubation is at least eight times higher in the obstetric
population… Tracheal intubation after rapid sequence
induction remains the approach to airway management
during general anaesthesia.”
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RSI in ostetricia
“There is now a possibility that SCh might be rendered
obsolete by the combination of rocuronium and
sugammadex. High-dose rocuronium offers as swift an
onset of NMB than SCh, and a cleaner side-effect.
Sugammadex can cater for both routine reversal of
NMB at Caesarean section and, at higher doses, early
reversal of profound blockade in the event of „can‟t
intubate, can‟t ventilate‟ shortly after induction.”
Sharp LM, Levy DM, Rapid sequence induction in obstetrics
revisited. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 2009. 22.
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Conclusioni- 1
• Il Rocuronio a dosaggio 0.9-1,2 mg/kg permette di
ottenere condizione di intubazione ottimali in 60”, al
pari della Succinilcolina.
• Dopo una RSI con Rocuronio, il Sugammadex a 16
mg/kg permette una antagonizzazione del blocco
neuromuscolare più rapida della risoluzione
spontanea da Succinilcolina.
• Il Rocuronio può essere un‟alternativa alla
Succinilcolina anche in ambito ostetrico.
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Conclusioni- 2
• Il Rocuronio presenta un profilo farmacologico superiore
rispetto alla Succinilcolina, per quanto riguarda gli effetti
collaterali e le controindicazioni.
• L‟elevato prezzo del Rocuronio/Sugammadex può essere
compensato dal risparmio di tempo in sala operatoria e
dalla riduzione dei costi legati alla morbidità/morbilità da
Succinilcolina.
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Quando succinilcolina ?
• RSI a < 24 hr da somministrazione di Sugammadex
(es. revisione chirurgica)
• RSI in pz con allergia accertata nei confronti del
Rocuronio
• Procedure ultrabrevi ? (costo/beneficio)
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Scuola di Specializzazione in Anestesia,
Rianimazione e Terapia Intensiva,
Università di Bologna
Rapid Sequence Induction
e Sugammadex
Giannone S, Castagnoli A
Dir. Prof.ssa R.M. Melotti
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Sorensen, M.K., et al., Rapid sequence induction and intubation
with rocuronium-sugammadex compared with succinylcholine: a
randomized trial. Br J Anaesth, 2012.