Rana Sanyal

Molecules versus MalariaMolecules versus Malaria

Rana Sanyal

Rana.sanyal@boun.edu.tr

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Molecules versus Malaria• Caused by _______________• May be the greatest killer of humanity for all time:

_____________ cases annually, ____________ deaths. • Transmitted more rapidly than AIDS: HIV positive

patients infect between ____________; each infected malaria patient can transmit disease to hundreds.

• Typical symptoms: ______________________ _________________________________

• Malaria is transmitted from one human to another through ________________________

• Written records from China, India & Egypt dates thousands of years ago.

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The Malarial Parasite

• The malarial parasite is extremely small, and inside you its life cycle consists primarily of invading __________ (which are huge by comparison) and eating out the insides and using that material to make more malarial parasites. Eventually you have a loose bag filled with parasites, and it bursts.

• While the parasites are out in the blood plasma, the _____________ is capable of recognizing and attacking them. But they don't have to search far to find a new red blood cell to invade, and while they're inside the red blood cell they've vanished as far as the immune system is concerned.

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Symptoms• Symptons of malaria include ______________________

_________________________________________ Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea may also occur.

• Malaria may cause _______ and _______ (yellow coloring of the skin and eyes) because of the loss of red blood cells.

• Infection may cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma and death.

• For most people, symptons begin 10 days to 4 weeks after infection, although a person may feel ill as early as 8 days or up to 1 year later.

• Some malaria parasites can rest in the liver for ______________________ after a person is bitten by an infected mosquito. When these parasites come out of hibernation and begin invading red blood cells, the person will become sick.

• Malaria is diagnosed by _________________________

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Life Cycle of Plasmodium

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Three Different Molecules: 1. Quinine

• The genus _______contains about forty species of trees. They grow 15-20 meters in height and produce white, pink, or yellow flowers. All cinchonas are indigenous to ________________ _____________________, where they grow from 1,500-3,000 meters in elevation on either side of the equator (from Colombia to Bolivia). They can also be found in the northern part of the Andes

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Travel of The Quina Tree from South America to The Old World

– In 1640s ________ was brought to ______. – End of 18th century _______ quina trees were being

cut each year. – ________ was first isolated in 1792.– _______________ was attempted in 1856.– As European colonization increased in malarial regions

the demand grew. – ___________________________ prohibited export of living

cinchona plants or seeds.– In 1853 seeds were smuggled and bought by ______

but only _____ quinine content.– In 1861 different seeds were smuggled and bought by

____: _____ quinine content!– By 1930 >95% of the world’s quinine came from

__________.– In 1940 Germany invaded Netherlands and

confiscated the complete European stock.

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Synthesis of Quinine by Perkin

2 C10H13N + 3 O C20H24N2O2 + H2O

allyltoluidine oxygen quinine

In 2001 (145 years after Perkin) Quinine has been synthesized by Prof. Stork’s group.

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Man’s Solution to MalariaComplex Association between parasite, insect and man

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Control of Mosquito Population

• Acts as interfering with a nerve control process unique to insects

• Estimated lethal dose for humanis __________• There are no reported human deaths from DDT• It is believed that DDT _________________________

_____________________. It is thought that the birds are compromised by eating DDT poisoned insects.

• DDT was ____________ by the Environmental Protection Agency.

• It is still used in some countries.

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Nature’s Protection: Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is an ________________________________________. The iron found within hemoglobin is housed in four heme Groups. By binding reversibly to oxygen gas through its iron atom,heme enables hemoglobin to pick up oxygen in the lungs and release it in the tissues.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

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Sickle Cell Anemia

A genetic disease of the red blood cells

Result: Permanent damage in organs!

Until recently sickle cell anemia was fatal at childhood.

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Sickle Cell Anemia versus Malaria• Carriers of sickle cell trait who live in

malarial areas, the disease offers invaluable compensation: ________________________

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Sickle Cell Anemia versus Malaria

Those who inherited the sickle cell trait from both parents ____________________. Those who did not inherit it from either parent ____________________ __________________. Those inheriting the sicle cell gene from only one parent ______________________. Therefore the inherited disorder of sickle cell anemia not only continued in a population, it increased over generations.

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Molecules Affecting the World

• European colonization of much of the world was made possible by _______________________.

• It was the success of _____________ that finally eradicated malaria from Europe and North America in 20th century.

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Molecules Affecting the World

• Resistance to malaria was a crucial factor in the rapid growth of the _____________________________: Slaves from Africa could survive the fevers of tropical climates whereas native Americans would rapidly succumb to diseases. This small molecular change doomed generations of Africans to slavery. Great sugar plantations of the New World, production of cotton might not have existed. Events of the past millenium would have been very different: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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So...

• 3 Seemingly Unrelated Molecules:– ________– ________– ________

Has shaped the World History.