THECITIES AND BISHOPRICSOFPHRYGIABEINGAN ESSAYOFTHE LOCAL HISTORY OF PHRYGIAFROMTHE EARLIEST TIMES TOTHE TURKISH CONQUEST8Yw. M.D.C.L., LL.D.OrJ. Milg/ied d. hlis. d. artMol. I"sliluls, 1884; jfWI1lerly Ftl/(Jfl) tJf Extle,aJ of LincolnCollege, OX/fWd; Professor of Hu",a"ily, AlNrtJem;formerly Profess" of Classical ArtluuoloD, OxfordVOL. ITHE LVCOSVALLEV AND SOUTH-WESTERNC,rforbAT THE CLARENDON PRESS.'........... ... ......:::...................... ..... . ... ........... .......... ...::... . ......................... ... .. ......... . . ...............I ....... ............ ..... ......:.:. ..... . : . ................. . . . ... .. .. .. ..... ......: .. ........... ..... .... ............ ..........................................:.:.... ..PRINTEDAT THECLARENDON PRESSBYHORACE HART, 'KINTE. TO THE UNIVERSITY100904THEWRITERVENTURES TO DEDICATE THIS BOOKTO THE SUPPORTERS OFTHE ASIA MINOR EXPLORATION FUNDprovinOusvolumI;hens Chapter IV i8 founded 80lely on researches initiated by the Asia, Minor Explora..tion Fund in a district visitedby several other travellers. In that district fifteencities, towns, andvillages arenow placed. Only one of these fifteen is mentionedinSmith'8Dirlionary of Gtography, or in Forbiger's Alte Geogmphie. Through theworkoft.heFund, thedistrict has become our best f'ourceof informationabout80ciety in Phrygia unaffected by Greek civilization.CONTENTS..INTRODUCTION ABBREVIATION8CHAPTERITHELYC08 VALLEY 1. Tho Gateof Phrygia p. I. i 2. Sceneryof theLyoos Valley p.3. i S.TheTwoValleys p.+ I 4. Ethnologyp. 6. i 5. PrimitivoandReligionp. 7. I6. Greek Influence and Colonies p. 9- I7. The Romanand Byzantine Periods p. II. I 8. The Turkish Conquest 171-1118p. 15.19. TheTurkish Conquest 1118-1178p. 18. I 10. The Turkish Conquest1178-1210p. 22. ill. TheTurkishConquest 1310-1306p. 2+ i 12. TheTriumphof Mohammedanismp. 35. IS. Modemand Ancient Anatoliap.28.CHAPTERIILAODICEIA.: THE GBAECo-RoJrlAN CITYI 1. Foundation, Poop](1, Religionp. 32 2. SituationandTerritoryp. 35.I 3. Hibiory, Trade, Finance p. 37. 4. WoollenManufacturesp. 40. I 5.The Zenonid Family p. 43. 6. The Public Buildings. (a) Stadium Amphi-theatrum p. 47. (b) Gymnasium p. 47. (c) p. 48. (d) WallsP.49. (0) Theatres p. 49. (f) Tenlples p. 49. (g) Statues p. So. 17. CuItus.(a) Zeus Laodicenus p. 51. (b) The Goddess p. 51. (c) Asklepios p. 52.(d) Apollop. 53. I 8. Imperial Cultusp. 53. 9. Coronatus, Stephana-phoros p. 55. I10. TheNeokorate p. 58. I11. TribesandDemos p. 60.i 12. Senate p. 60. I13. Dekaprotoi p. 63. 14. GerousiaandNeoi p. 64.I 15. Magistrates p. 6+ i 16. Official Dress p. 65. I 17. Archons, Gram-mateus p. 66. I 18. Strategoi p. 67. 19. Agoranomos p. 70. I 20. OtherMunicipal Ofticials p. 70. I 21. Imperial Officials p. 70. I 22. Peregrinip. 71Appendices: I. Inscriptions p. 73. II. Bishops p. 78. In. PhrygiaPacatiana p. 80.CHAPTERIIIIImBAPOLI8: THE HOLYCITYi 1. Situation and Origin p. 84. 2. Religious Charactt-r p. 85. 18. MotherLetop. 89- i 4. LetoandKora p. 91 I 5. TheGodp. 93. i 6. Matri-archal System p. 9+ i 7. TheBrotherhoodp. 96 I 8. Religionof BurialPAOKxixxiIVIII CONTENTS.p. 98. , 9. The God as Ruler and Healer p. 101. , 10. Trade-guilds p. 105. 11. Historyp. 107. i 12. Magistrates andMunicipal Institutionsp. 109. 13. The Gerousia p. 110.CHAPTERIVCITIES OF THE MIDDLE MAEANDER VALLEY: MOSSYNA, MOTELLA,DIONY80POLI8, HYBGALEI8 1 22I. SituationandSooneryp. 122. i 2. Mossyna p. 122. 3. Thiountap. 124- i 4. Diony80polisp. 126. i 5. TheHyrgaleanPlainp. 126. 6.The Pergamenian Foundation p. 127. , 7. Anastasiopolis, and the HyrgaleanUnion p. 128. 8. Phoba p. 129. 9. HieronofMother LetoandApolloLairbenos p. 130. 10. TheHolyVilJageof Atys p. 132. 11. Lairben08p. 133. 12. The Native Anatolian Social System. (a) Enfranchisement byDedication p. 13+ (b) Exemplariap. 134- (0) Hieroi p. 13S. (d) Ceremo-nial Ptuityp. 136. (e) Deisidaimoniap. 137. (f>TIleGodas Sender ondHealer of Disoaaep. 138. (g)Animalsp. 138. 13. Motellap. 141. 14. Villages p. 141.Appendices: I. Inscriptions p. 142. II. Bishops p. IS7.CHAPTERVTHEPHRYGIANCrrIES OF THE LOWERMAuNDERVALLEYAND THECARlAN AND LYDIAN FRONTIERS 159 1. The Natural Features p. IS9. i 2. The Roads p. 160. 3. TbeMaean-der Bridgesp. 162. 4. Attouda'p. 165. 5. MenKaroup. 167. i 6.AttesandMeter Adraatos p. 169. 7. Karoura p. 170. 8. Trapezopolisp. 171. 9. Hydrela p. 172. 10. Hyelion and Leimmokheir p. 175.ill. Daldis p. 177. 12. Sala and Tralla p. 179.Appendices: I. InscriptionsofAttoudaand Trapezopo1isp. 181. II. ThePhrygo-Carian Frontier. (I) Kidramosp. 184- (2) Antiooheia ad Maean-drump. 185. (3)Tantalos p. 185. (4) Hyllarima p. 186. (S) Harmaia p. 186.(6) Louma and Pentacheir p. 187. (7) Monasteries p. 187. (8) Gordiou-Teichos p. 187. (9) Aphrodisins p. IR7. (10) Herakleia Salbake p. 189. (11)Tabai, Apollonia-Salbake, Sebastopolis p. 191. III. The Lydo-PhrygianFrontier. (I) Brioula p. 19I. (:l) Tripolis p. 192. (3) Apollonos-Hieron andAetos p. 194. (4) Mysomak('(fones p. 195. (5) Kallataba p. 199. (6) Phila-delpheia-Neocaesareiap. :l01. IV. TheSullanErap. 201. V. Hieroclcs'sLydian List p. :lOS. VI. Bishops of Attouda and Trapczopolis p. 207.CHAPTERVICoLOSSAl AND THE ROADS TO THE EAST , 1. Situation and p. 208. , 2. PCQpleandStateofColossai p. 2 I 2.t S. Khonaip. 213. t 4. St. Michael of Khonaip. :l14. i 5. ThePhrygianTripolis p. 216. 6. TheEastern Highwayp. 217. 7. TheByzantineRoad to the East p. 219. 8. TheSibIianoi p. 221. 9. TheThemeofKhoma p. 226. 10. Lampep. 2:li. 11. KhnraxandGraosGalap. 2:l8.i 12. Sanaos p. :l30. 18. The Lake of Ana,ap. :l30.Appendices: I. Inscriptions of the SiblianCountry p. :l32. II. Bishops ofSiblia and the Phrygian Tripolis p. 233.208CONTENTS.CHAPTERVIIIXLoUNDA, PELTAI, ATTANA8808 2351. SituationandScenery p. 235. 2. Loundap. 237. i S. Pcltai p. 239.i 4. Attanassos p. 241 5. Pepouza p. 243.Appendices: I. Inscriptions p. 245. n. Krassos of Pbrygia p. 247. III.Bishops p. 249-CHAPTERVIIIVALLEYOF THE KAZANES AImINDOB 1. NaturalFeature8 and Ethnology p. 250. i 2. Themisonion p. 252 8.Eriza p. 253. 4. Phylakaionp.255. i 5. History of theKazanes Valleyp. 257. 6. The Stateof Themi80nion p. 260. i 7. Thampsioupolis p. 261. 8. AgatheKome p. 261. 9. TheSaviour-Godp. 262. 10. Cibyraandthe AsianCibyratis p. 265. 11. The AsianCibyratisandKabalis p. 266. 12. The TurkishConquest p. 268.Appendices: LInscriptions of theKazanes Valley and the Cibyratis p. 269.II. Bishops of Themi80nion, Cibyra, and Lagbe p. 274.CHAPTERIX;FHBYGIANCITIES ON THE PI81DIAN FRONTIER 275 1. Keret.apa-Diocaesareiap. 275. i 2. The Killanian Plainp. 278. 8.The Milyadia or Killanian Eatates p. 280. 4. Annia Faustina, dominatractus Cyllanici p. 28'l. 5. Religion of the OrmeliallCountry p. 292. 6.Takina p. 2 9 ~ . 7. Valentia p. 297. 8. The Asian Sideof LakeAskaniaP.298. 9. The Turkish Conquest p. 299.Appendices: L InscriptionsoftheKillanian Plainp. 34. II. PisidianPhrygia. (I) PtolemysList p. 316. (2) TheFrontierbetweenGalatiaandAsiap. 318. (3) Alastos p. 321 (4) TymbrianusosandObranassap. 322(5) Bindaion-Eudoxiopolisp. 326. (6) LysiniaandKormasa p. 326. III.InscriptionsofKcretapaandValentia, andMilestones p. 328. IV. Inscrip-tions of the Askanian Coasts. (I) Maximianopolis p. 332. (2) Bindap. 334 (3) Regesalamara p. 336 (4) Limnobria p. 337 (5) KormasaP339ADDENDAMAPS AND PLANSMAP OF SOUTU-WESTERNPlIRYGIAPLANOF LAODICEIA341To face p. I" 35INTRODUCTIONEVEN if we possessed adequate authorities about the fate of Phrygia,the task ofwritingitshistory would be difficult. Thereis a lack ofunity in the vicissitudes of the landandthe people, which wouldmake it hard to giveorder andcohesiontothe Il&lT&tive, or tocatchthe attention of the reader. Only for a shorttime andat a remoteperiod does there appear to have been a unified and independentPhrygianstate. Sinceabout 700B. e., the country hasalways beenunder foreign domination; and, in such a condition, unity dis-appears from its history. Every conqueror must to some extentpractise the Roman principle to 'rule by dividing'; and Phrygiaunder a foreignpower necessarily resolveditself intoa congeriesofseparatevalleys and cities, each ofwhich looked to the external rulerfor its administration. Hence the plan ofdescribingseparatelythefate of each district would be forced on the historian ofPhrygia, if hehad good authorities to found his work upon.Still morenecessary is it toadopt the plan ofa 'Local History,'when theonlyauthorities for the historyof the country area fewscattered allusions inancient writers toisolated events or places,together withthe monuments which have been discovered inthecountry. In such circumstancesall that canbe done is to parcel theland into districts whose geographical situation imposes on t ~ e ma certain unity, tocollect all the informationthat can be gleanedfrom the authors, frominscriptions and monuments, fromthe survivalofnames andreligious facts inmodemtimes, andfromother suchscanty sources, and to interpret theseinthelight ofthe geographiealand national conditions.Xli INTRODUCTION.Theexecution of this plan in the present work is imperfect, as Iamwell aware. Muchmore might bedone thanI cando, and muchmore will yet be done 1. Butfortune hasplacedinmy hands a con-siderable mass of knowledge, and itseemsbetter topresentittotheworld as well as my powers and opportunities permit. Before I enteredAsiaMinor in MayJ 880, I hadbeenpondering for months over theproblems of its history; andsince that timeit has beenmylastthought as Ifell asleep andmy first onwaking. Rarely hasaspaceof five hours elapsedbydayor bynight inwhichsomepoint ofPhrygian antiquities or topography has not been occupying my mind.I haveturnedover each problem, attempted almost everypossiblecombination, triednumberless changes fromvarious points ofview,and gradually month by month the subject has grown clearer. Ihaveenjoyedtheadvantage ofrevisitingthecountryyear after yeartill189 [, and testingtheideasandcombinations that hadbeenshapingthemselves inmy mind. Inthelater visits I haveknownwhat tolook for,and where to look for it; and have oftenbeenabletoguidethe nativesofthe district tothespot I wanted (totheir owngreatastonishment), pick up theevidence required, andpass after a fewminutes' stay. Inthoselater visits it hasoftenbeenbrought hometome howmuchtimewas wastedonmyearlier journeys throughwant of knowledge. IfIcriticize some mistakes and misconceptionsof other travellers, I candosobecauseIhave madethesameerrorsmyself; their misconceptions are old friends of mine, which havekept me companyinlongweary rides, whichhavedeludedmeandlured me on to spendtime and health in proving their real character.Almostevery village on the mapofPhrygia, andmany not onthemap, rouse memories for me; one is thescene of some laughableadventure, oneofsomegreat disappointment, a thirdofa midnightride, ina fourthwesawedaway part of thefloor ofa mosque (withthe connivance ofthe imam) to disclose an inscription, in a fifth someartful dodgehadtobeemployedtowina copy fromtheunwillingowner of a' written stone,: in all patience and work were needed. But1 In collecting theevidence of books,the scholar in Scotland suffers fromthewant of aand thoughI kept lists ofreferences to reconditebooks, and lookedthemupinOxfordand Londonat It latAr time, yet suchinfonnation does not carry fullforce tothe mindexcept whenitis immersedinthesubject. Besides the AberdeenLibrary, I amindebtedto Prof. Fergu-son of Glasgow, andMr. Webster,Uni-versity Librarian, Edinburgh.INTRODUCTION....XIIIafter we had learnedhow todeal withthenatives, andemancipatedourselves fromdependenceon a Greekservant,our experiencehasbeen, with rare exceptions, of great kindness and hospitality andpleasant intercourse withthe peasantry. But wherever Ihave been,andwhatever was myluck, my passionhas beento lookfor tracesof the past inthefacts of the present, inthefaces, manners,pronun-ciation, tales, andsuperstitions ofthepeople, aswell as in the monu-ments of older days. My interest, and the 8cope of thisbook, are notconfined to anyperiod; I have tried tothrowsome light onthequestionhowPhrygia has come topresent the aspect that it nowshows to the traveller; and Ibelieve that Ihad no prepossessions foror against any view, but have simply gone where the evidence led me.At thedawnof our knowledge, PhrJgiaseems tohavebeenpartof that great empire which wassubject to the sovereigns of Pteria, thecity of the White Syrians on the borders ofCappadocia 1 and Paphla-gonia, whose remains are the largest and the most remarkable in AsiaMinor, thoughithaslaininruins since 539B. c. The character, theaffinities, and the fate of that empire are one of the unsolved problemsof history. Its veryexistencewas stillunsuspectedsorecentlyastwenty years ago; and is hardly even yet admitted by all scholars, orthought of by people in general Hitherto I havenever venturedtodo more than argue that such an empire once existed; as to itsethnological affinities, I have not found the evidence sufficient tosupport any conclusion. Now, while acknowledging the slipperycharacter ofthesubject, I venturefor thefirst time tosupport theopinion(maintainedah-eady bysomescholars, andcontrovertedbyothers) that that old empire of Pteria was ruled by the king Khitasar,whosewar withBamesesII towards 1300 B. c. is oneof the mostfamous events in Egyptian history.The struggle was fought out betweenRameses andthe Khitainnorthern Syria. Among the allies of Khitas&r were the chiefs ofKadesh, Aleppo, Carchemish, and other places in northern Syria,Kommagene, Cilicia, and the extreme eastern part of Cappadocia 2,and1 'Cappadocia,' here, is a roughgeo-graphical designationof avast regionin eastern Asia Minor, inhabited byvarious peoples. I imply nodefinitelimits in ancient times.t The names are given by LantsheereRace et Langue des Hittites p. I I 7as Naha-rain, Aratu (Arvad), Chilibu (Aleppo), Qa-desh, Carchemish, Anaugas, Akerith ('/),Muschanath(?), Leka, Qazuadana, Kati,Keshkesh. Lantsheere places the Kesh-keshto the north of Kommagene; butXIV INTRODUCTION.alsothechiefs ofthe Dardani, Pidasa, Masu, and MaUna (Maeonians).Khitasar, obviously, was not himsclfruler of anyofthesedistrictswhich supplied him with allies. He must havebeen luler ofagreatempire; and he has as inferior allies the lords of the great Syrian cities,andofthe Maeonians andthe Dardani. Wegather, then, that hisempire was 80 situatedthat hecould havealliesfromtwowidelysevered regions, westernAsia Minor, andthe extremeeast ofAsiaMinor with SJria. None of his allies can be assigned to the countriessituated between these two distant regions; and theobvious inferenceisthat theintermediate region, viz. central andwesternCappadocia,Phrygia (taking both names in their widest sense), and Lycaonia, wastherealm ofKhit&sar. The confederacy of which hewas the head isthus seen tobe a geographical fact; andtheempire of Khitasar wasthe same empirewhose existencehas beeninferred fromtheearliestroad-system of Asia Minor 1.This opinion isnot statedas beingcompletely proved; and, in thefollowing chapters, therule is observedinregard to it (also in regardto someother views whichseemprobablethoughnot fullyproved),never to draw any inferences from it, but only tobringout theforceof reasons that point to it. But itmay fairlybesaidthat, unless thegeographical identifications quoted above andnow generally acceptedby orientalists (thol1gh scoffed at by some ofthe classical scholars) areentirely wrong, the conclusionjust statedseems to me inevitable.surely they must be identified with thedistrict of Kiskisosin Tauros, betweenCappadocia and Cilicia. The name haslasted inall ages, Keshkesh, Kiskisos(a Byzantine bishopric), nowKisken.Lantsheere gives a goodanalysis of t.hefacts, andthe viewtaken int.he textagrees to a considerable extent with his.TheEgyptiandocument is translatedin RecolY/s of the Past IIp. 65.1 See Historical Geography of .AsiaMinor Ch. I, II. The account of the'Royal Road' which is there givenrequires one modification. It wentfromPteria, not totheCilicianGates,but to the Tokhma Su(}Ielas), which itdescended to near the EUllhrates. Thisviewresults nat-urally from the factsstated in the paperhy Hogart.handDIein M. Maspero's Rerueil vols. XIV, XV, onPre-}lellenir M01IUt"enf,'l of Cappadona-P ~ . I 3 a.ndPt. IV. Hogarthpointedout thisin1891(M. Radet inhis Lydiep. 101 f. is right in criticizing my formeropinion that thc Royal Road passcdthroughthe CilicianGates; but I can-not follow himfurther). Themodifiedroute does not require any change in thereasoning, for theroad, as thus mappedout, still pointsto Pteria&8 thecentreof the Rystenl. Herodotushere, as inseveral other cases, has put together twoseparate and unconnected facts. He hasputtheguardof the Cilician Gates ontheRoyal Road, andhebas connectedtheRoyal Road' thereforewithmari-time Cilicia(V49), whereas it crossedCappa.docianKilikin(V52).INTRODUCTION. xvHow farthese identifications are true, it is for othersto judge. IC&Ilonly point out what followsfromthem ifthey are tnle, andleave thematter for the future to decide.Onesinglereasonfurther maybequotedinits favour. Prof.G.Hirschfeldhasacutely observedthat amongthemanyanimalsusedin the' Hittite'hieroglyphic system 1,no beasts of preyhave aplace;and he correctlyinfers that thesystemwas inventedina countrywhere such animals did not exists. Where shall we find such a country1Lantsheere's suggestion, p. 101, that the systemwas invented inMelitene is impossible; that landaboundsinmountains and in coverfor wildbeasts3. But thevast openlevel treeless plains ofcentralAsia Minor fulfil thecondition. Theseplains haveprobably alwaysbeen free from beasts of prey, becausefreshwater is scarce, shadeorcover is non-existent, and animalsareveryBC&Ilty, except the domes-ticated animals, whichfigure solargely inthe hieroglyphs.- Inthisregion, probably, the hieroglyphs originated (see Ch. IVp. 140).Fromthis remote time downwards, the history ofeachdistrict inPhrygia might be traced, ifevidence existed. The irruption of Euro-pean Phrygessplit the oldempireintotwoparts, Lydia on the west,andaneastern power beyondthe Halys (seep. 7); andinterposedbetween them a new kingdom characterized by something of the adven-turous and progressive spirit of Europe. Persians, Greeks, and Romansin succession ruled the land; the S&ssanian and Saracen princes vexedit; andthe Turks at last conquered it. Inone localitywe findevidence about one period, in another about another; but in none canwe as yet trace an unbroken thread of history.Perhaps the most important part of thiswork will be found in thechapters on the earlyhistoryofChristianityinthe country. Thequestions that wereagitatingsociety, the c ~ r r e n t s ofdevelopment,thetransforming policy of theRoman -government andtheconserva-tiveresistance of the old religious hiera, the original co-operationofPauline Christian.itywith the ROInan policy, the later alliancebetweenthe Empire and the native religions against the growingpower ofthe Church, the steps by whichtheadherentsofthenew1 BerlinAbha"dl. 1887 -p.SSI f.! Da ist Bur ein Schlu8S mOglich: jeneSchrift ist ersonnen woes keine solcheThiere gab, also nicht ill Syrien.S Anti-Tauros abounds in wild ani-mals ; I have seenbear there; andIhave been told of wolves, &c.4 Hardly found except in wells.XVI INTRODUCTION.religion,beginning&9 membersofthegeneral society ofthecountry,graduallydifferentiatedthemselvesfromit andcreateda newformof society-all these topics will, it ishoped, receiveelucidation; anda series of pre-Constantinian inscriptions, suchascannot bematchedin any other country, willbe an-anged 80 as to throwlight on therela-tions betweenthe Christiansandtheir non-Christian fellow-citizens.Theplanof thebookmakesit impossible tointroducethis subjectformally earlier thanCb. XII; but incidentally most ofthechapterstouch upon it.It is not intended to discuss exhaustively each topic as it comes up,but only tobringtogether what canbelearnedabout eachdistrictandcity. For example, the deities Cybele and Men will come up inalmost everychapter, as new facts emergeinconnexionwiththeirworship, but those who wishtoread afull account ofthereligion ofCybelemust goelsewhere. InCh. II itis intendedtogiveabIiefreaume oftheconstitutionofaGraeco-Phrygiancity, chiefly for thepurposeofbringingout the questionsthat must bekept clear beforethe reader's mindj but those who desire8, full analysis ofthe natureandpowersof a 8trategos or an agora'IW'm08 must not expect themthere. Inthechapter onApameia, muchhas tobe saidabout thegymnaaiarclteB, inthe chapter onAkmonia about theagorarwnws,and soon, as facts are revealed by the documents in each city.Naturally, most ofthepossibleideaSabout Phrygiantopographyhave come before meintheyears whenI have beenponderingwiththe one desiretofind out the truth; andsome ofmycritics will,I hope, take into consideration that the first idea which suggestsitselftothemas theylookoverthesubject bas probably alsosug-gesteditselfto me 1. We cannot spend all our life in writingorreadingabout Phrygia; andI have beenstudious towasteas littletimeas possible, and to put whathastobe said asbriefly as is con-sistent withclearness-sometimes perhaps toobrieflyfor clearness.Most of the followingchapters might beexpanded each to a volume,ifevery point werearguedout fromallsides; but many argumentshavebeenomitted inthedesiretosaynomore than wasnecessary.Topographical views, therefore, asarule, aremerely stated withthe1 IfI reject their idea, I trust theywill not sayofme'Ramsay, awecettei"lpltuoBitl de malt"eillanee aveugle etbotIrt14equi Iep01U18e adlnture,- lugenssansles comprtnd,e'- a description ofmy way offindingout thetruthaboutPhrygia which is so amusing that Imust quote it.INTRODUCTION. XVllone most striking reason for each,whereadozenmight be given. Inonecase, however, where M. Radet made a suggestionabout Baristhat was quite new to me, I havespent time andtaxedthereader'spatience in workingout inan appendix the problemof C PisidianPhrygia.' His suggestion pleased me much, both as promising a justi-fication of Pliny's accuracy, where I find itnecessary to alter the text,andas boldly questioningone ofthose settledopinioDswhichhaveoften beenstumbling-blocks; but,though at first I seizedthis novelsuggestion eagerly, I was not able to work it into aconsistent schemeof topography.The obligations which are "acknowledged in my Historical Geo-grapll.y of.ABia Mi'IWrpp. 4 f, 96 f,and elsewhere, may all be taken as"J , repeatedhere. They aretoomany and variousand great tobeade-quatelyrecorded: I have utilizedeverybodyI knewinnumberlessways andtosuchanextent that I cannot thankthemindividually,for to do 80 in full would take the longest chapter of this book. Twoworks whichI hadhopedtouse still remainunpublished, M. Wad-dington's Coinage of Asia Minor andM. Imhoof-Blumer's NumismaticStudy of the country. M. Imhoof-Blumer has communicated to me inhis lettersmanyuseful details, chieflyLydian. Thelamenteddeathof Me Waddington has deprived me of much expected advice and criti-cism. Mr. Head and Mr. Wroth have been an unfailing help in Dumis-.matic matters, andMl..Head's Hi-8toriaNU'nwromisan ever-presentfriend. Prof. Th. Mommsenhasofteninterruptedhis ownworktoanswer my questions. Conversations with Prof. Pelham have left theirmark on Ch. II [2 f. But naturally my greatest obligationsare duetothose who havetravelledwithmefor theAsiaMinor ExplorationFund, Professor Sterrett in 1883(whoalsoexploredindependentlywithgreat success in 1884 and 1885), Mr. A. H. Smithin1884,Mr. H. A. Brown in1886and1887 (who hassince pelishedin SouthAfrica as one ofMajorWilson'sill-fated p&liy), Mr. Hogarth in1887,1890, 1891,Mr. Headlam in1890, Mr. Munro in 1891. Much as loweto them, however, my best findswere made when my wife's eyes aidedme in 1881, 1884, 1888, 1891. Next totheir helpmust bereckonedtheexplorations ofthe FrenchSchool of Athens: the manyrefer-encestoBCH inthe followingpages attest its work. The plan ofLaodiceia is due tothe skilful hand of my friend Mr. G. Weberof SmYl-n&, whose name oftenoccursinthisbook.I have tried, both in thisworkand in myGeography, toVOL. L bXVlll INTRODUCTION.acknowledge explicitlyeverythingwhich I have learned fromanyrecent writer 1; andifthere be anycase, inwhichI haveomittedformal acknowledgment, theomission isunintentionalandisdeeplyregretted byme. I do not knowof any serious omission in myHistorical G(j()9'raphy2. Prof. G. Hirschfeld 3,indeed, charges me withhavingpersistently used without the slightest acknowledgment theworks ofmany living scholars, suchas M. Imhoof-Blumer andhim-self. If he could substantiate one-tenth part of what he accuses me of,Ishouldfeel myself unworthytoshakehands with&ny scholar, tillI had publicly apologized. But Prof. G. Hirschfeld trusted to the pre-vailinggeneral ignorance &8 to the facts of researchinAsia; hisexamples will not bearinvestigation, and Ishall be glad to meet himandprove mystatementbeforeajury ofscholars, Germanor inter-national; but I make no other reply to him, except that, as to his chargethat I havemadenoacknowledgment ofhis work, I havequoted itin laudatory termsin that work pp. 20,84, 92,99, 137, 168, 172,318,335, 400, 402, 404, 406(twiceinagreement), 408,411, 414, 416, 436,besidesthegeneral acknowledgment onp. 96-7 (rankinghimwithM.Waddington as one of my two chief models 5).Every traveller will appreciate how much lowe to Prof. H. Kiepert'smaps; but fewrealizeasI do boththepricelessvalueofhis WOlek,andtheneedfor still furtherimprovementinhis maps, for I thinkthat notravellerinthe country except himselfhas spentone quarterofthetimethatI have spent onmakingmapsof Asia Minor. Yetfrom more than 2000 hours of work 0 (a 1&rge slice of one's life) nothinghas come-I will howevele blamenoone, but only Bay that the criticwhoappreciates the inadequacyofthe maps attachedto mybookstouches theWOI-St disappointment ofmy wholeworkonAsiaMinor.Amapshouldbeanillustrationofa book; it cannot be done well1Aporidos-kome, Ch. IXp. 323, wasidentifiedbyProf. G. Hirschfeld. Thea.clmowledgnlent, often made by me(e. g. Hist. Geogt. p. 20, &c.), hasbeenunintentionally omitted there.I Dr. Buresch in his recent article(A.then. Mittheil. 1894) points out thata viewstated inmybook(1890) waspublished by him in1889. But my cor-responding chapter was printed in1889(as itJ stated in thepreface p. II); andT.lid not see his excellent pamphlet tillmybook was published.SPetern,atltl's Mittheilungm1892, Lit-teraturbericht p. 154; B f l l i ~ , . ['hilolog.JV'ocllenschrift 1891, nos. 42-44. Selbst nur eine vorilbergehendeGemiitsstimmung.6 My real crime lies indiffering fromProf.Hirochfeld in most of the topogra-phical questions that he has raised.which hasmade meoften quotehim indissent.G EspecioJly Oct. 1884-May1886.INTRODUCTION. XiXunless the draftsmanstudies the subject and thebook with the samecarethat anartist studies the bookwhichhe intendstoillustrate.Ienvy Germany her Kiepert. Yet his maps have some serious defects.Admiral Spratt's map of Pisidia is like a picture ofthe country;I recognize in itwhat I actually saw. So isLieut. vonDiest's mapofpart ofPhrygia. They travelled, saw, anddrewwhat they saw.Kiepert unfortunately has not Reen with his own eyes the countries inwhichI ammost interested. All that could be done with his mate-rials has been doneby him; but his mapsofthese countries, thoughmarvellous effortsat reconstructingan unseenland, donot give itstrue shape, and there are some serious errors in details 1.Onmydebt toSir Charles Wilsonbefore theExplorationFundexisted, see HiBt. Geogr. p. 5. His Ha'ndbook for . A ~ }'[i-nor(Murray), nownearlyready, will be an excellent and trustworthyguidetothe country. Somedrawings made byMr.A. C. Blunt in1881will appearinvols. II, III. Thecareful reac.lingof theproofsby Mr. A. Souter, G. & C. College, Cambridge, has aided me much.Some writers and travellers of older generations, especially Hamilton,havenota8 yet receivedtheir dueat my hands. Sometimes Imighthave quoted fromthema statement made on morerecent authority;oftener I might havelearned from thema useful addition or correc-tion. It isoneofmy dreams to writethehistoryQfexploration inAsia Minor; but onecannot doall onewould like, andmy positionmakes Asia Minor a parergon, before whichofficial workmust alwayscome.Ihope thatBome Cambridgeman will vindiCltte the credit of anoldCambridge scholar, J. Jebb, who is quoted by Le Quien as the authorityforan inscliption, which (I muchfear) hasthelookof a forgery(seep. 79). Can it be genuine 1 or how did it come into Jebb's hands 1The bad spelling ofthePhrygianGreekis retained inall inscrip-tions. Iotawubscript is, however, added, whereit iscustomaryinmodemspelling: wherethe inscriptions have iota adscript, it is1 Iregret much that, in a foot.not.eto hearty apologyfor ever having penneuthe text of Asia Provincia in hiR F01 n,ae that sentence, which becomes treblyOrbis Antiqlli, he has quoted a sharp hateful whenquotedinthis way apartcriticismonanarticlebytwoFrench fromits context, and placedbefore thescholars contained in a. heedle88 sentence thousands who will use Kiepert'saUasofmyHistorical Geoglaphy. I tender insteadof the fewwhoread myHist.to MM. Cousin and Deschamps my Geogr.bzxx INTRODUCTION.adscribedinmytext. Theoriginals wereoftenseen by some of mycompanions(p. xvii); but, as in many cases Ihad not notes to recordhowmany pairs of eyes co-operated, it soomedbetter not togiveimperfect statistics. Evenwhere theseinscriptionshavebeenpub-li..hedbyothers, itwill beobservedoncomparison that thepresenttest almOHt alwaysdiffers, sometimes verymuch; and, unlessdoubtill exproIHed, itmaybe understoodthat thc newformisgiven UD-bONitatingly811 animprovement.Tho ..polling of geographicalnames isarranged with acertain plan,nalnolyhytran8litorationof the Greekform, except in afew familiarw(Jrdll, and oxcopt that c isoften uRed for k, where the name is eom-Inonly fluotNl inIno. 26. With the useof theSyriantitle, compare thenameAnaitis intheKatakekaumene: it wasintroduced by the oriental settlersplanted there by Cyrus; they identifiedt hegoddess Artemis-LeOO of the dil'trictwith their own Anaitis. Addenda.3 Zeus Hypsisto8 or 6f. v"'iUTlf atMiletos Ath. Mitth. 1893 p. 267; AizanoiCIG3842 d, add.; Palmyra 4500, 4502,4503; Mylasa 2693e. LW416; IasosHCH 1884p. 456; Lagina Bell 1887VOl,. 1. D34 II. LAODICEIA: THE GRAECOROMANCITY.ZeusAseisis, onthecoins, representedalongwithagoat. Latercoins, whichshow abeardedgod, supportingachildonhisleft armand extending his l'ight tothe horns ofagoat, may beassumedtocommemoratethesamedeity 1. Thebirthofa god was thereforethe subject of a cult-legendofLaodiceia. Another coinshows theinfant god inthearmsofawoman, whilethree armedmalefigures,standing around, beat their shields with their swords; but it isdoubtful whether this typehas not beentosomeextent influencedby thehellenizingtendencyandassimilatedtothe Cretanlegend 2.Thechildisnodoubt Sabazios-Dionys08 3, sonof Zeus andPerse-phone; and, &8 M. Foucart remarks (.A88OC. Relig. p. 69), 'weneedhardly say that Zeus and Persephone arenot thereal namesof thesegods, but Hellenic equivalents.' The father and theBon, however, aremerely complementary forms of the single ultimate formof thedivinity&s male (Ch. III).Personal names sometimes givevaluable evidence ofnationality,but too fewat Laodiceia are known. Molossos, no. 12, andSeitalkasmaybeMacedonian, unless theypoint to a settlement of Thracianmercenaries madebythe PergameniankingsintheLyoos valleytocounterbalancethecolonists ofLaodiceia, whowereattachedtotheSeleucidkings 4. Suchsoldiers, originallysettledat Tripolis(Ch. VApp. II!), might spread over the valley in later times. Seitalkas, whowere sometimes planted in the Seleucidcolonies of Asia. Seleucus Nikator hadplaced many Jews in themevenbeforeLaodiceia wasfounded (andAntiochusthe Great did so afterwards): JosephusAnt. Jud. XII 3IE" aIS' lICT&a. 7ToAfU'1''J/ "'0 'Au&, 1C01 rOICGT&) JIJPlq. ICO& I" alnj'Jj J.&'JTpo7f'o).,,, I AJ1'f'&oXf &'1 7To'AaTdas alrrotJslCa& ".O&S' I"Of,lClu(Jf&aall laO'f"iJ.&ovr MaK.Maa lCat -EU']UIJ/, ".r}"".o).,a".f{a" ".a.1",,, fTC.lCall'ii"1 ImhoofMGp. 407. Onthegoatsee Ch. IV 12 g.2 According to Drac. Sib. V130 f,Rhea came (from Crete) to Phrygia andsettledthere. 4&0," rOJ/ai, i. e. thecir-cumstances connected with the birthof Zeus,isthelegendaccompanyinga.&imilar type ona. coin of TraJleis (HeadHiat. Num. p.555).I On Sabazios see Ch. IX5. P.Aelius Dionysius Sabinianus (hardlyanimperial freedman 21) appears oncoins of the second century with Diony-siac types, inonecase a cornucopia onwhich sits an infant holding a bunchofgrapesintheright hand. Theinfantthenis Dionysos, andDionysius chosefrom the city-religion a t:rpe that suitedhis name. The samechild-godseemst.o have playeda part in the divinedramaat Hierapolis; but onits coinsmother andinfant are representedonthe analogy of Eirene and Ploutos.Such Greekideasmust not be taken asgivingthe real nature of the deities.Imhoof MG p.403. Macedoniancolonists were charac-teristicofSeleucidcities(seeSchuch-hardt's excellent articlein.Atn. Mittn.1888 p. 1 f); while thePergameniankings oftenusedThracianmercenariescalled Tralleis orTraleis, Hist. Geogr.p. 112, FrAnkel In8Ch,'. Perg. I no. 13,p.16......~ ......;.:--..........I> .... " ... . -.-..--... -.."..... ...... ., ....... '"..~ .: .. ..' .". . ... ...~s,"" .,~'i'j\;'.\,"f>-.I'.' j,?lCTHC TAlC nATPICI CMYP AAO.Other coins apparently commemorate & dedication for a victory(probably in the easternof L. Verus) nKAATTAAOCenINIKION ANE:9HKE:N AA04IKE:fiN.Kallisto, thedaughterofP. Claudius Attalos, marriedRufinianusof Phocae&, a man of consular rank; and their son was thecelebratedorator Hermokrates, who was compelled by Septimius Severus tomarry the daughter of L. Septimius Antipater, the Hierapolitan orator,a consular, private secretary of the emperor, and governor of Bithynia 1.HermokrateB died aged 28, after squandering his vast property.His life may be placed about 185-213.This account will givesomeideaof thesociety and theeducationof Laodiceia and Hierapolis in the secondcentury 2.It appears from this list that theLaodiceanZenonids appropriatedseveral nameswhichcameintothefamily throughthe marriage ofPolemonEusebes withPythodoris. Thedescendants of Pythodorishad a right tothe name Antonius, for she was grand-daughter ofthe Triumvir; but the other descendants of ZenonRhetor are notknown to have hada right to the name 3. Kotys also was appropriatedinthesame way. The Laodiceanbranch wasnaturally proud of theroyal connexion. The imperial names Julius, Julia, Claudius, Claudia,were alsousedin thefamily. The followinggenealogical tablemaybeaddedfor convenience, thoughmanyofthestepsin itare veryuncertain. .1 [L.] Septimius Antipater, BOn ofZeuxidemos, apparently was made acitizen by the Emperor Severus (towhosesons hewas tutor), andenrolledby himamong the C01l81,zat-es. It istherefore certain that that emperor senthim to govern Bithynia. He was buriedin his native city, Hierapolis. Philostr.}''it. Soph. II24 and2S.2 Probably L. Antonius Hyacinthu8,mentioned in a Greek inscription ofRome (Kaibel1402), did Dot belong tothesame familyasM. Antonius Pole-mon. He was Asiarch, praetor inRome,and a citizen of Laodiceia of Asia. Thenames in a great family of Cibyra(Ch. VIII) arestrikinglylikethose ofthis Laodicean family.3 Except that probably Zenon gotrir.;fas fronl Antony,p. 43 n. 2.I IClaudia Zenonia, Bor. 81-g6 Julia Zenonis ? Julius Kotys?.......... -.....r= M. Antonius Polemon Rbetorn. c. 907m. c. 146IZeuxidemos P. Claudius AttalosHierapolitanus D. c. 120I IL Septimh18 Antipater Kallisto=r= Ruftnianus PhocaeensisHierapolitanj oonsularis n. c. IS0 I consularisI IAur. Antipater 1 fiJia - Hermokrates D. C. 182,m. c. 210I::;: PolemoD I EusebesIrex Ponti et Bosporin. c. 60, m. c. 8A.C.r-.

C

.......

.....

8

a

:-p) , understanding thatYmay be got in a monogramfromthe two oblique stl"okes of K, alsoseem unacceptable. See p. 68.The legend of (2) cannot mean Dios-coridesson of Dioscorides, which wouldbe air.sa II. LAODICEIA: THE GRAECOROMANCITY.This explanationof K0 Presorts tothesupposition of a customelsewhere unknown; but theabbreviationis unique, and seems tohave norelationtoany office or institutionwhichis knownelse-where. 10. THE NEOKOBATE. ThepositionofNeokoros,ofwhichLaodiceia,like many other cities inAsia, boasted, is obscureinsomerespects.It is clear that the expressions 'NeokoTosJ and tNeokoros of theEmperors' aregenerallyequivalent; i e. the t i t l ~ Neokoros is con-nected with the worship of the Emperors 1. It is also well-establishedthat the title (which was conferred by decree of the Senate)was coin-cident with the building ofa templeand the institution ofgames. inhonour ofsomeEmperor. The mere receptionof anEmperor intothe temple ofany older god (as CTvvva,or) was not sufficient: thetemple must be built for him alone. Whena "secondtempleand theaccompanying games were instituted (by leave of the Senate) inhonour of some later emperor or emperors, the city became 82rNEO>lCopor; whena thirdfoundation w&s made, Tp2r NfO>lCopor; andsoon.The question has been keenly debated whether the Neokoratetemples were foundedbythe cityor bythe KoinonofAsia in thecity. BUchner inhis valuable treatisede Neo/coriahasmaintainedthat the temple was dedicatedbythe Koinon, andthat thegamesconnected withthefirst Neokorate weretheKOtva 'ACT[ar EV Tfi '1ToAft.He holds, however, that games for asecond and thlld Neokorate mustbe distinguished fromthe Kotva 'ACTlar 2 The facts connectedwith theLaodicean Neokorate decisively refute this view. Games of the Koinontookplacethere (see p. 55)as early &S the first half of thesecondcentury; but it was not until the time ofCommodus that the cityreceived the title Neokoros,and this honour was coincident with thefoundation ofa temple to that emperor and of the festival K0 MM04EI A1 Thewordisanoldreligioustermadopted anddevelopedintheimperialcultus. Ephesos boasted the title of'temple-sweeper of Artemis' in themiddleof thefirst centuryofoureraActs XIX 35; thefact(on which Bfich-Der deNeocoritJp. 23laysmuch8treas)that cities donot call themselves Neo-1toros of a god on extant coins or inscrip-tionstill thethirdcentury, is of littleimportance, showing merelythat thelove for cumulatinghonorifictitles be-camestronger amongtheAsiancities&8 time went on.t M. Monceaux tk communi Asiae pro-nncia, 1886p. 24 takes our viewofthe Neokorate, but does not advanceany conclusive argument. Another argu-ment against BftchnerisfurnishedbyEphesos. When T. Aurelius FulviusAntoninuswas proconsul of Asia, about135A. D.,there was only onetempleofthe Koinon in Epheso8, andthesecondwas probably built under Antoninus;but thesecondNeokorate wasgrantedunder Hadrian, Clll88. Reo. 1889 p. 175.9. CORONA TUS, STEPHANEPHOROS. 59mentionedonhis coins. Nocoins ofCommodusmentiontheNeo-korate: but under CaracaJla we find the legend AA04IK.EnNNEnKOpnN40rMATICYNKAHTOYKOM040YKEANTn-NEI NOY, which shows that Caracalla was received into the temple ofCommodU8tobe cnJvvaorlCai cnJvfJo>por with him. Thisreceptionisprobably. to beexplainedbya remarkofEckhel's. He points outthat nocoins ofLaodiceia withthe nameofSeptimius Severusareknown. Inthe richcoina.ge ofthecity, this omission can hardly beaccidental; and Eckhel inferred that Laodiceia had taken a prominentpart on the side of Pescennius Niger, andbeenpunishedby Severnswith certain penalties, includingthe loss ofthe right of coinage.Asia was for a short time heldby Pesoonnius, and his name seemstohave remainedattachedto 8. village between Apolloni8. and Antiochof Pisidia (JHS 1883 p. 34). Laodiceia must have beenheldbyPescenniu8, and, asit was a strongfortress, it wouldbelikely tobeheld in strength and perhapsto resist Severus 1. The contrasted caseof Laodiceia in Syria, which was made a metropolis andentitledSeptimia becauseit hadresistedPescennius Niger, showshowmuchimportancewas attachedbySeverus to theconduct ofthe easterncities t-owards his rival. He also was with difficulty induced topardon Alexandria because it hadsided with Niger (Malalas XIIp. 29.1)The penalties inflicted, according to this theory, onLaodiceia wereremittedby Cara.calla, probably at thetimeofhis accessiontosolepower inFebruary 21 I. Therenewedliberty andhappiness ofthecity and their gratitudetotheemperor, are attestedby their addingthe worship of Caracalla to that of Commodus, by the very rich seliesof coins struck under Caracalla, and especially by the type andlegend onone: E:YTYXEIC KAIPOI AA04IKE:nN NEnKopnN.This legend, usually interpreted, onaccountof the type offour boyswhich accompaniesit, &9 referringtothe fOltr Seasons, has been ex-plained with much greater probability by M. Babelon 2 as8. renderingof the Latin legend FELICIA TEMPORA, frequentlyusedonRoman1 On the other hand Hierapolis strucknumerous coins under Sevents, andprobably received the honour of theNeokol"&te under him; though the favourshown it may havebeendueinpart tothe influenceof L Septimius Antipater st RetJ. Numism. 1891 P.31 Comparethe coins of Commodu8 and Marcia, &JldAnnius VernI IUld Commodus, withTEMPORVM. FELICITAS and thetype of four boysrepresenting thefourSeasons. Similarly in an inscription ofMagnesiaon theMaeander thewordsoccur '" f"oi'r flmlXfQTaro&f lCo&poir f"oiiOv.rOlCptlf"OPOS TpaiaJloii Aap&QPoVBCH 1888p.206.60 II. LAODICEIA: THE GRAECOROMANCITY.coins. This explanationsuits admirably withEckherstheoryjuststated. The date nH, whichoccurs sooftenoncoins,bothimperial&Jld autonomous, struckunder Caracalla, is A. D. 2111. The legendl1ao8ucEO>v TO 11'''1' is thenequivalent to EVrvXEir lCatpol l1ao8tICECc>v,c the beginning of the prosperous time for the city of the Laodiceans.'A dedication, probably made to Caracalla A. D. 214-7, by the neokoro8city of Laodiceia, haa been found at Rome (Kaibel 1063): it is erectedunder care of Aelius Antipater Rhodon and Aelius Antipater Kollegas2 11. TRIBESANDDEMOS. The population of Laodiceia was dividedinto an unknownnumberoftribes, of whichthreeare known, Apol-Ionis, Athenais, andlaodikis3. The last isobviouslynamedafterthequeenof Antiochus II, and(likethe Ephesioi inEphesos) wasprobably the first andmost honourabletribe onthelist. Doubtless&cultus and priesthoodof Laodike was instituted whenthe city wasfounded(I). The relations of the various sections of the population,colonist and native, to each other are obscure.The deliberative bodies inLaodiceia were, as usual, Senate andDemos. As to the latter nothing is known; but, according to analogy,it would be an unimportant body, which met to accept proposals drawnup by the grammateus and 8trategoi and approvedhy the Senate. 12. SENATE. The most important question regarding the Senate iswhether it had a constitution like theGreekbO'lJ1e 01like the Romansenatu8. It iscertainthat before theRomanperiod thesenateinthe cities of Asia was chosen by the people for a certain term(doubtless a year) according tothetribes (so many senators from eachtribe); andalso that inlater time the senatorsinthesecitieswereappointedin theRoman way forlife, andconstitutedanorder. Thepoints on which evidence is needed are (I) when was the change madefromthe GreektotheRomansystem1 (2) W8Sit madeinall citiessimultaneously (in which easeit must have beenmadeunder ordersfromtheRoman government), or did ittakeplace atdifferenttimesindifferent cities 1 (3) wasitmadebyasinglecompletechange, or(asMr. Hicksisinclined to think6) bya gradual rom&nizationoftheSenate.1It is calculated fromthe era, 123 A. D., 6(b).t Kaibel rather oddly understandsthis to mean' Aelius Antipater his col-league.' In a Greek inscription Kollegasmust be treated as a proper name.S Apollonis, Ath. Mitth. 1891 p. 146 ;Laodikis, inscr. 9: Athenais BCH1887p. 353 (the publishedtext shouldprob-ably be completed [6]J[(T]'1' M. AlJp. K.T.X.:epitaphs with this formula are probablyChristian). Tribes Athenais also atNyssa, Eumenia, and Apollonis at aBitbynian city (Wadd. 1183).4 On this queen see Ch. VIII 2 and 5.aSee his valuable essay on the consti-tutionof Ephesos, Inscr.Brit. Mus. IIIP7310. THE NEOKORATE. 61Theevidence astotheconstitutionofthe Senate at Laodiceiaisscanty and indirect. The romanization of the Senateinvolved certainother changes; whentheSenateceasedtobepopularly elected, theRoman method of periodically revising the lists was substituted.Theofficialswhodidsowereperhaps (ifwe may judgefromana-logy) the ordinarychief board ofmagistrates, who for the specialoccasionwereinvested withthe properauthority. LiketheII\Tiriquinquennales of Italiancities, pentetelic 8trategoi may be looked forin the function of censors or revisers of the list (Aoyurral, 1.Ifany indicationof suchaninstitution canbefound, we mayinferthat theRomansystemhad comeintouse. Further, inthe Romansystem the list ofsenators wasarrangedinorder ofseniority. Thereviscrs periodically filled up thelist, introducing those who had beenmagistrates since the last revision (andwhohadalreadyexofficiotaken their seats), and completing it in case of need by adding personswhofulfilledtherequiredconditions2. The persons whohadfilledthe highest offices ofthestatecame first onthe list. The tenwhowere placcd atthc beginning had special distinctions and powers, andwcrenamcd Decem,primi (13). Wherever, therefore, wecandetectanysignoftheexistenceof a senatorial order or of revision andrevisers oftheor of arrangement of thelist accordingtorankor seniority, the senate must have been remodelled more or lesscompletely ontheRomansystem 3. Ontheother hand, since theGreek senate waschosenaccordingto tribes, itseemstofollow that,where wecandetect any signthat thelistwas kept, or the senatorsclassed, accordingtotribes, orthat thepresidency passedroundthetribes in succession, the senate was of the Greek type.It therefore seems probable that at the time wheninscr. 7 wasengraved the Senate was organized onthe oliginal Greeksystem.Here Menander bequeathsasum tothe tribe Apollonis of the Senate,i. e. the part of the Senate which wassclected fromthat tribe.It is unfortunate that the date of the inscriptions quoted here and inJ 3 is uncertain. Inacr. 7 can hardly be later than thefil"8t century;the names suit that period. A womancalledDometia wasprob8.blyborn not later thanA.D.68; andtheother names wouldbeperfectlyconsistent evenwithanearlier date. Onthewhole 70-100seemsafair guess; and we may infel- as probable that the Laodicean Senate) Or, as the board of strategoi wasproba.bly large, one or two of thehighest Btl"ategoi may have acted a.s

2 Each senator had t.o Rubmit to R8crotiny (3o"l.p.oCl'la) conducted bytherevising officials: the conditions relatedto age, property, honourable oceupation,and freebirth.So inno. 6, see p. 63.62 II. LAODICEIA: THE GRAECO-ROMANCITY.was romanizedafter that time. The mutilated inscription, no. 6,affords no Burecriterion of date, but is not likely tobeearlier thanthesecondcentury. Now Mr. Hicks has brought out the probabilitythat inA.D. 106 the EphesianSenateof 450 members was formedbyelecting 75 fromeachtribe; and, &8 hethinks, it must havebeenorganized ontheGreekmodel 1. On theotherhandHadrian in129wrotetothe Ephesian Senaterequestingthemtoadmit L.Erastus ;and theanalogyof casesinthe Bithyniansenates forces ustoinferthat. the constitution was of the same type; and the Bithyniansenates had beenof theRoman type sincethe Lex Pompeia, B. c. 64 2.Between106 and129, therefore, a change perhaps occurred in Ephesosfromthe Greek totheRoman type; andthetwoLaodicean inscrip-tions pointtoa change having occurredinLaodiceia about the same_period. Marquardt, on the contrary, considers that the senate ofMiletos, Ephesos, andCyziC08 was Greekintypeaslate asthetimeof the Antonines3. We must wait for further evidence; but it seemsclear that thesenateof Tenino8wasRomanintype inthetime ofCicero (p.Flac. 18, 43).The honour of servingonthesenatewas accolnpanied byheavyburdens. Entry-money was required from newmembers, at firstonlyfromthose whowere addedbeyondthe proper number(PlinyadTraj. 39), later fromall. They were forced tobe personally1 Mr. Hicks, indeed, considen thatthe proportion, seventy-five per tribe,wasalways maintained, evenafter thesenatewas romanized. Pliny Epist. adTroj. 39showsthat romanizedsenateshada, fixednumber of members.t Mr. Hicks considers that the roman-ized Senate of Ephesos was filled upbycooptation, andthat beyondthestrictnumber 450, it admitted honorary mem-bers; and he explains the letter ofHadrian, and the frequent appoint-ments of succe88ful athletes as senators,as referring tohonorary senators. Th('idea seems to me to be too moderr..Mr. Hickss only arguments arefoundedon analogies fromthe constitution ofmodern London and the Oxford colleges(Sicilyaffords a nearer analogy, Mar-quardt, p. 211). The senate had becomean ordo; and it was an honour andatitletobeof senatorial rank. NowErastus in due course could only becomea senator at the next revision; andHadrian asks the senate to hold thescrutinyimmediately, and admit himprovisionally until the list was formallymade upat the ensuingrevision: thecase of magistmtes furnished a completeq,nalogy, for they took their seats atonce, andwere afterwards put onthelist at thenext revision. ThescrutinyofErastus might beperfonnedby thesupreme boardofmagistrates, or by acommittee '1). Pliny, Ep. adTraj. 39 and 112, mentions such senators,appointedbenejidoimperatoris, ascom-mon. Menadier Ephesii p. 30: MarquardtStaatsalt. Ip. 211, Cyzkos p. 53 f. Pliny consulted Tmjan whether-entry-moneywas compulsory. Trajanreplied, 113, that it was not compulsory ;those who were willingly appointedwouldpay voluntarilyfrommotives ofambit.ion; in the case of unwilling12. SENATE.responsiblefor the investment ofthe money belongingtothestate ;the beginning ofthis custom wasproposedbyPlinytoTrajan, anddecidedly rejectedby him (54, 55); but afterwardsitbecame regular,and the dekaprotoi, 13, were especially charged with the management.Thus the honour was changed first into a duty, and finallyintoa burden, runningthesamecourseby which all honored weretrans-formed into munera. When it &88umed this form, the burden becamehereditary, for thesenatecouldnot be filled upinanyother way.Thus the pernicious system of hereditary castes grewup intheByzantine empire 1. 13. D..:KAPROTOI. IniJl8Cr. no.6an occurs. This is,however, not &certain proofthat theRomansystem hadbeen intro-duced, foror 'AoyttiTa.( or EdiJvvot were alsowell-knownofficials ofpure Greektype, charged withduties analogous tocer-tainof the Romancensorial functions. But inthis case thesamepersonwho had beenalso became d.p'roto8; and thedecernpri/lni (8EICa,1rPO>Tot) are certainly a Roman idea. Originallythey weresimply thefirsttenmenonthelist ofthe senate; and itappears fromthefrequent references tothe position ofdekaprOto8,and still morefromthe use ofthe verb 8ElCa1rpo>TEVEtJl, inlists ofmunicipal offices filled by individual citizens, that somedistinct officeand power was implied by the term. According toMommsen (Staats-Techt III 852) the d.ecentprirni or 8EICa,1rpo>Tot regularly appear insituations wherethesenateinitsofficial capacityhastoplaya part,anddoes 80 bydeputing a committeeto represent it. It is form-ally laiddownbyUlpian (Digest50, 3, 1) thatthelist ofmunicipalsenators must be made in the order of dignity and seniority accordingtooffice, first those whohadbeenqui'nq'Uennales or hadfilledthatoffice which was reckonedhighest inthe city. Apersonthereforecould hardly be oneof the dekaprotoi unless he hadfilled the highestoffice in the state, andthisat Laodiceiamust have beenthat offirst8tratego8.Dekaprotoi in thesimplest and earliestformarementioned in twoinscriptions ofAmorgos (CIG 2264 and 2264b add.), whereit isadded that they performed the duties which were (in the Greeksenate) performedby prytane'i8.Inthe thirdcenturyandlater thedekaprotoi seemtohavebeenspecially occupiedinthecollection oftaxes. They were responsiblemembers, the custom of eachcity mustbe followed (which implies that feeshad become universal in 80nle cities).1 I havetothank Prof. H.F. Pelhamfor answeringmy questionsonseveralpoints about the senates.64 II. LAODICEIA: THE GRAECO-ROMANCITY.forlOBSordeficiency, and it was therefore necessary that they shouldbemenofproperty. Itisquiteprobablethat whenthisdutywasimposed onthem, they ceasedtobemerely the .first ten by officeandseniority, and were selected 1 witha viewto financial suitability.They were really servants collecting the imposts of the centralgovernment.Again wefind C. Julius Paterculusanathleteandsenator, wherethe term isusedsimply&8 a term indicativeof rankand has none ofthe realofficial character 2. The senate haR now become an ordo. 14. GEROUSYA ANDNEOI. That aGerousiaexisted at Laodiceiamay beassumed&8 certain; but noproofhas beenyet found. Thelteoi were also unitedin a social organization. InMr. Whittall'scollection I have seenacoin withthelegendAA04IKEnN NEOI 3.On the character of these bodies, see Ch. III I 3.15. THEMAGISTRATES. Evidenceabout themagistrates ofLao-diceia is so scanty that it is not possibletodomuchmorethanstatethequestions for future investigation. Theanalogy ofother Asiancities throws some light on the few referencesin inscriptions; but thegreat diversity of usage in different cities of Asia makes all inferencesfromanalogy uncertain. Uniformity was gradually introduced as themunicipal systemofthe province was romanized; andanalogiesofromanized institutions have more probability thananalogies of Greekcustoms. The oldGreekconstitutionofLaodicciais quitelikely tohave differed from that of Smymaor Ephesosinregard to anyofficecommonto bothstates; whereas inlaterRomantimeanycommonoffice was probably of the same character in both.Magistracies wereoftwotJpes, honoursandburdens (lwnores and'Tfi/unera, apxa{ and 'AetTovpy{at). The former brought an accession ofdignity with a salary, or at l e & ~ t theydid not necessarily entailexpenditure, whereas the latter expressly required expenditure indefined ways. The distinction, though not introduced by the Romans,was greatly modified by them; and it isdifficult to apply itin detail.Thehonores wereoftenvoluntarilyaccompaniedby expenditure byambitious or patriotic citizens, while several offices, mentioned &8munera in the Digest L 4, 14, were probably esteemed horwresintheoriginal Greekconstitution; andvaryingdistinctionsweremadein1Menadier p.100 considers that theywere chosen fromthe citizens as awhole and not fromthesenatorsaloneThill isimprobable: probably carewastaken that the richest citizensshouldbe senators. II BCB1887 p. 352: read Tl,,, ICpoTiu-"II' ['YV"aia], and on the other sideperhaps ElpaT&otrllJ[A]lr see p. 42.S I do not know what becameof thecoin at his sale.13. DEKAPROTOI.differentcities(Dig. L 4, 1M, 2and19). Muneraweremultipliedinthe later Roman system, and the imposition of heavy burdens on pro-pertywas carried to an extreme, andcertainly helped to produce thatslavery to systemand that absence of individuality, energy, andpet-sonal freedom, whichmadethelater empire weakagainst foreignenemies. The individual citizeninlater times hadfewrights &Ildlittle opportunity of initiating action of any kind: his life was markedoutfor him; for that which wasnot orderedbythecentral govern-ment was orderedby thetrade-guilds, suchas still control commercein some parts of the country 1. Thus castes were formed, and aman'slifewasfixedfromhisbirth, onlythechurchandthemonasteryorhermitage being beyond this rigid system. Thehistory of theAsiancitiesunder the Empireisagradual declinefrom thefreedomof theGreek con.qtitution, through growing centralization of government andabridgement of municipal power, to the caste-system and the annihila-tion of individual freedomandlife under the Byzantine Emperor.The completedominationof thecentralizedprinciple ofgovernmentin the CatholicChurchhadagreat influenceinhastening and fixingthe Byzantine style of administration. 16. OFFICIAL DRESS. Howfar official dress was worn bythemagistrates, evidencehardly exists. It is indeedcertainthat someof the higher officialsat least worea special dress; but inall thecases of this which are known the dresswasprobably the survival ofsome ancient religious institution. Thisiscertaininthecase of themunicipal Stephanephoroi(10) andthe Basileisorother representa-tives ofearlykingship I; andprobablyinmany c a . ~ e s unknowntous magistracies representative of theoldpriestly dignities existedinAsiancities. But the remarkof Attalos sonof Polemon, quotedin 5, shows howmuchimportancewas attachedtodress 3, andtherecanbelittledoubt that someright of dress wasconferredby officialposition, thoughit is doubtful whether, inmost cases, it was morethan the right of wearing themunicipal senatorial dress.InAphrodisias a termoccurs denotinga magistrate whichseemsto be derived fromhis official dress. The officerwhosuperintendsthe practical workof placing the dedicationinoneinstanceiscalledPetroniua C,na Trimalch. with Fried-lAnder's notes p. 210, 38, in respectofthe eagemess of officials in smalltowns of Italy to wear official dressandhaveofficial insigniaborneinfront ofS, 36 and them.}4'1 E. g. at Angora (Ancyra) themule-teers form(or formed) aguild, andtheguild-master assigned to eachmuleteerhis share of busineBB.I See Strabo p. 633.3 Compare Horace ..~ t . IVOL. I.66 II. LAODICEIA: THE GRAECOROMANCITY.PhoinikouB 1, because hewears a purple robe. The term, RO far 8.8I know, is unique. The robeDlust havebeenone entirely of purple,not withmerely& purpleborder Ruchas was probably wornby allmagistrates (purpurea 2,not praetezta). Official dress was a Romanrather than a Greekidea; andexcept whereanofficial representsan old religious dignity, we maybe sure that any tl'aOO of official dressmust be due toRoman influence. 17. ARCHONS, GRAMMATEUS. The title archon, so common inAsia, never occurs on coins or inscriptions ofLo,odieeia3. Eckhelhas observedthe rulethat incities whichput thetitle ypappaTEvrontheir coins, noallusiontothe existenceof magistrates entitledArChO'1l8is found; whereassuch cities frequentlyC&1l be provedtoposses8st'rateooi, andoftenmentionthemontheir coins. Eckhel'srule is not absolutely correct, but there seems to be a tendencytowards it, whichsuggests that, where aTch0n8existed, the g'rafli,-'lnateis wereless important andthereforeless likely tobementionedon coins.InTralleis the office ofgra'nt'l1utteu8 is mentionedas the climaxof a municipal career 6. Mr. Hicks, p. 82, well observes that in1 It.tl-ratTlewatTop.'J10VTOUepOlJlfl.leOvvrof ill.,., .,.ijf aTpaTTfYlar ain-ou Xpa"" (BOH 188Sp. 78). It is difficult tosaywhetherain-ovhererefers tothePhoinikousorto the dedicator. If theformer isthecase, one of the stmlegoi must havewomofficiallya purplerobe (perhapsas continuing an older office of thestyleof kingor priest); if thelatter,the Phoinikous must be someveljT highofficial, whose actionwasintendedtogive special distinctiontothededica-tion. The second alternative is moreprobable. Pedisas, whichis writteninlarge:r letters, isprobablythefamiliarname of thededicator (MM. ParisandHolleaux express doubt astoitsinten-tion): such familiar names are oftenadded (genemlly in dative or genitive).t In Rome the toga puryurea wasworn by kings, by generalsitl triumpho,bycertainmagistrateswhenpresiding8t certain of the great games (capec.Iud; Apollinares) or when engagedincertain sacrifices, and under the Empireby the consuls on First Januaryandby the emperors at feasts and games.8 Aletter, Josephus Ant. Jud. XIV10, 20, begins Aaoauc'QJp llpxoVT,r rnl.,'PlIl3&pltp r. v. [a."S]V1rOTXalpflP(soHo-molle, BCH 1882 p. 608 for 'PafJl'Altp andWTfITlp); but heredenotes themagistrates as a body.f Heas examples Adramyttion,Antioch Mae., AllameiaMae., Ephesos,Kilbianoi(Lower), Magnesia Mae., My-l&8a, Nysa, Pergamos,Tralleis. But atAntioch Mae. bothArchonsandGram-mateis are mentioned; and at MagnesiaMae. Archons certainly occur, while thelegend r Pis not quite so certain.Ephesos has APX on alliance-coins,and there were archons there inearliertimes (see C. Curtius in HernlU IVp. 22S). Megarai8theonlycityout-side of Asiawhich mentions a gram-maletls on coins. See p. 2 12.6 Sec inscr. in CIG2931 r. 'lovAlo" AlJp'1Al0J10J1 apxaral'Ypallp.tJTfVcravra -rij" and there we findalsotheexpression'Y"tp.'1 leal roiiptJ-r'O)".,.ov Bqp.ov.16. OFFICIAL DRESS.Ephesos, '&8 the vigour of the popular assemblydeclined, it wasleft moreandmoretothegra'ntm.ate'U8toarrangeits business: heco-operated withthe Btrategoi indraftingthedecrees 1, hehadthemengraved, hetookchargeof moneyleft to the people,'&c. ;andtheanalogyofEphesos probablymaybe appliedwidely. The' gram-'rnateus ofthecity' isprobablyidentical withthe'gramtmate'U8ofthe dern08J and the' g'ramrnateuB of senate and demoB' (CIG 3151-3) ;but the ' grammate'UB of the senate'is tobe distinguished.The close relation that existed between the Clerk and the Strategoiexplains the inscriptions on coins of Hadrian and Sabina,ArPlnnINOC rPAMANE9HKENArPlnnINOC CTPATHrnNAN9HK.Probably both commemorate the same dedicationby Agrippinus. 18. STBATEGOI. There was a bO&1d of Btrategoi at Laodiceia,takingtheir designationfromthefirst andeponymous 8t'ra.tegOB(011rEp2 crrpaTTJYo[CIG 3948), whoapparently was styledStratego8of the City (Tijr 1r6AEcor) I, andhadcharge of therevenues(YEJl6pEJlOrE1r2 TWJI 81Jpocrlo>JI 1Tpou680JJI), for in Ath. Mitth. 1891p. 145Q. Pom-ponius Flaccus is praisedbecause' heactedas BtrategOBofthecityin away advantageous to the people and gaveattentionto the publicl-evenues.' The question arises what relationexistedbetween thisstrateg08 and the' superintendent of public estates'(inscr. 6). Theseestateswere probably let out toindividual farmers (PtU(JO>Ta,[), whopaid a rent or share of producetothestate; andthesuperintendentlookedafter thestateinterest 3. It isprobablethatthelatter wasa subordinate official in the financial department over whichthe first8tTategos presided as ' First Lord of theTreasury.'The number and composition ofthe board of strategoi isunknown.Besidesthe City-strategos therewas (2)aNight-strategos, whowasprobably a superintendent ofpolicecharged withthemaintenance of1 In Amorgosthedekaprotoi seemto the eponymous magistrate has thetitlehave been the arrangers of the business inRn. Et. Gr. 1893p. 13. Thetitleof theassembly, CIG2264and2264 b rOI1 fl'pGwOI1 ordmw also was(p. 63). widely used, Waddington 845, 883t At Stratonikaia Car. there was (Aizanoi), BCH 1886p. 416(Thyatim),a. boardof fourstrategoi, threefor the &c. Asimilar fonnula occurs inthecity, and one for the country, BCH 1891 caseofarchons; see Ath. Mitth. 1887P.424. At Cyzicostherewas aboard p. 173 and CIG 3773 (where readof six CTTpaTfl'yov".,.fr ."ijr ",dA,CIlS', and [apx]oJ1Tor rOI1 a' TMrOI' apXlIlvCTTOVaielapparently each of the six was indi- fJiov, see Mordtmann in Ath. Mitt1a.vidually styled crrpanl'YOr 'rijr ",OA'.S', 1887 p. 174). See Addenda.for thethirdinonelist is mentioned I Asimilar Irr&,u'A'IT1JS'a"IOCT[CIlJlwiththat title, BCH1890p. 537j but pio,,.,, existed at Colossai (Wadd.1693 b).t F268 II. LAODICEIA: THE GRAECO-ROMANCITY.orderby night, thepreventionoffires, &c. (3) The relationofthisofficial to the tTTpaT"1yor E1Tl Tijr(at SmyrnaCIG3151) isuncertain. It isprobablethattheseare varyingnames for thesameofficer, who was head of the gem tEarm.es. Pionius mentionsa 8trn-tego8 at Smyma asengaged inkeepingorder by night, and Lightfootseems right inidentifyinghimwiththetTTpa"lyor E1Tl Tfjr Elp.qJlT/r,while it is very difficult to avoid also the identification with theNight-strategos 1. The latter office is mentioned in the Digest &8a 'TnUn1L8 2; but many officeswhichwereoriginally nonore8seemtohave become munera in later times.Two other official names occur which are connected with thissubject. Oneis thePa'raphylaa;, whois evidentlytheheadoftheparaphylakitai, &kind of gen8 d'arTneB 3; theother is theEirenarck.Inan inscriptionof Nysathe Eire!narch andthe Paraphylaa; aredistinguished fromeach other (BCH1883 p. 274); and in one ofSebastopolis the Eirenarchandthe Night-strategosare distinguished.Prof. O. Hirschfeldproposes tounderstandthat the Eirenarchwasnot a municipal, but an imperial, official, and that his authorityextended over the whole province (in which case the municipalNight-strategosandParaphylaxwouldbesubordinatetohim); butIdo not think that he has proved his case . At present thereisnotevidence to show the relations between these various offices.1 ViI. Polycarpi 18, andLightfootad loe. It is, however, doubtful whetherPionius's words canbeusedasanau-thorityfor the official terminologyofthe second century: the author mayha.ve used, and probably did use, theofficial names of his own time (i. e.probably fourth century, Lightfoot, p.1011). The nocturnae custodiae fectus at Amisos(quotedfromApuleiusMet. p. 178by M. Cagnat demunicipal.et prDf'inc. militiis p. 14) mayalsobeeither the one or the other. The Night-strategosalsooccurredat SebastopolisofCarla (Sterrett E. J. no. 25); butI do not think that Prof. O. Hirsch-feldisjustifiedinquoting the phrasef.l Tjj CTTP0rtrllq. at Colonia AntiochiaPisidiae as a proof that he was anofficial there (Berlin Sitzungsber. 1891p.868).t S0, 4, 18, 12nyctostrategi et pi8frin-orum curatores personale ",unUB ineunt.I SeeCh. VIII App. ; Hiat. Oeogr. p.178; O. Hirschfeld BerlinSitzungsber.1891 p. 868. Apamphylax at Nysa(BCH1883 p. 274), at Tralleis ('b.),Iotapa (CIG4413 e), Magnesia Mae.(Kontoleon d"fICBOTO& MllCpaCT. 11r&'Ypoepolno. 90), M088ynaor Hierapolis (inscr.31), Eumeneia, and among the Ormeleis(Ch. IX 3).Theexpressionininscr. ofSebas-topolis Cariae (Sterrett E. J. no. 25)f',&p."s,ir WrfP 'rijr fTTPO>CT'OIf rijr 'r"p.aif ,lp'I"apXl.lCo"ir appears to provethat the eirenarchate (orthehonours&c. pertainingto that office) hadbeengiven by the city as a reward for pavingthe exedra(i. e. probablyhehadpro-mised,I.rrrY'l'AaTo, to doso and waselected). The eirenarchate is fre-quently given in listsof offices heldbyan individual, but the asiarchate (whichwas imperial) is also often giveninsimilar lists.18. STRATEGOI.(4) The StrutegoBE1rt Tqr xwpar (or xwpaJl or Tourwasprobably chargedwiththe careof peace and order in the villagesscatteredover thewide territories ofthesegreat cities(onthoseofLaodiceia see 2) 1. At Alabanda there were two 2; 8Jldwe findamonument erected by thestatetotwo of themwhohadbeenslaininthe performanceoftheir duty(TETEAEVT1]ICfrrEr VrrEp1raTp[8orBCH1881p.180).(5) The Nomophylax was perhaps a member of the board: but thephrase8t' aio,Jlor (CIa 3937) is hardly consistent with this.But the office of a Nomophylaxis enumerated in the career ofQ.Pomponius Flaccusafter those ofCity-strategos and Agoranomos,and before that of Night-strategos (Ath. Mitth. 1891 p. 145), whichmakes it probable that the Nomophylax was one of the supremeboard of magistrates. At Laodiceia he had to spend money in respectof practical arrangementsand to manage certain distri-butions ofoil (a duty which generally fell onthe gymnasiarch); andhemight acquirepopularityb.>" defrayingthis expense fromhis ownpocket 3. At Mylasa he acted as supervisor inmatters offinance andpublic property (BCH 1881 p. 112, Ath. Math. 1890 p. 269). The Oiko-nomos at Smyrna (CIG 3162) was&strategos, and probably ofsimilarduties to the Nomophy1&x.(6) On a coin with type Zeus Laodikenos occurs the legend Nornothetes and Nornophylax wereperhaps different names of the same official, and the former wascertainly a 8tratego8 at Smyrna. Part ofhis duty probably wasto8uperintendthe custolDSandways ofsociety, especiallyamongtheyoung, andto transfer themfromclass toclass as they grewolder.The 1Tat80Jlop.or at Toos andNikomedeiawas perhaps a subordinateofficial of similar charactel (CIa 3773, COITected Ath. Mitt}". 1887p. 174).The following names of 8tratego'i occur in other Asian cities.(7)CTTpaT"Iyor E1rt TOlJl wAQ)JI is known at Smyrna, where Menadierinfers fromPhilostratuBvit. Soph. II 16 al 8E O(ICOL Ttpa2 Er Tour1 O. Hirschfeld 1. c. identifies thisofficial with the Nycto-stmtegos, andtakes no notice of the Eireno-strategos ;andhequotesHenzen, AnnaUd. 1nat.1852 p. 118 f as agreeing with him.2 Compare BCH1886 p. 314 (Ala-banda); Wood. 1604, 161 I, BOIl 1890p. 606, AnnaZi 1852 p. 124 (two atAphrodisias); BCB1891p. 424 (one atStratonikaia Car., where M. CousinquotesalsoSyllog. CoMtantinop. 1880-81 frapOpT. p. 53 [Tralleis] and Alia.M/tth. II p.224 [Rhodes]).aAtla. Mitth. 1891 p. 145 GAEittJPTGI"lfr&aT,p.o&ffrapt ;avrov(IT'dp.ijllG leal "o#w