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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
BRIEF RESUME OF INTENDED WORK
6.1 INTRODUCTION:
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1NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
AND ADDRESS
Mrs.SILIYA. K V
1ST YEAR M.Sc NURSING
RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF NURSING
IIT CAMPUS, OPP. MEENAKSHI TEMPLE
BANNERGHATTA ROAD
BANGALORE – 76.
2 NAME OF THE INSTITUTION RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF NURSING
3 COURSE OF STUDY & SUBJECTFIRST YEAR M.Sc NURSING
PAEDIATRIC NURSING
4 DATE OF ADMISSION 01/06/2011
5 TITLE OF THE TOPIC
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAM
AMONG MOTHERS OF UNDER FIVE CHILDREN
ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING VITAMIN
DEFICIENCY AND ITS PREVENTIVE MEASURES
IN A SELECTED URBAN AREA AT BANGALORE
We are guilty of many errors and many faults, but our worst crime is abandoning the
children, neglecting the foundation of life. Many of the things we need can wait. The child cannot.
Right now is the time his bones are being formed, his blood is being made and his senses are being
developed.
“ T o him we cannot answer Tomorrow, His name is Today”
Gabriela Mistra
"Don't forget to take your vitamin!" "Eat your salad — it's packed with vitamins!"
you've probably heard at least one parent say But what exactly are vitamins? Vitamins and minerals are
substances that are found in foods we eat. Your body needs them to work properly, so you grow and
develop just like you should. When it comes to vitamins, each one has a special role to play. Ingesting
vitamins is extremely important to keep our bodies healthy, they are essential to life (hence the name
that comes from “vital” and “amines”) 1. Kids who eat balanced diets are probably getting all the
vitamins and minerals they need from the foods they eat, so supplementation usually isn't necessary.
Children who are very picky may be missing out on some nutrients, and there is growing research
showing many children may not be meeting their vitamin needs2.
Whenever a man or woman plans to build a house for them and their family the very first
thing they carry out is securing all the best materials which he or she can afford. The same thing or
matter is applicable to the most wonderful of the houses that is the human body. Basically we are the
builders and every day we select materials for building of our body. These materials are required to be
chosen rightly in order to carry out the process of body building very properly. This construction
basically begins from the day we step in this world and it continues for our whole life. And in order to
live in strong house or strong body we need to select the right materials. So one should not allow
anything which is inferior go inside their body. Only the best things should be allowed to go inside the
body.3
Vitamins by definition are the substances which we need in our body for its normal
functioning. Basically the vitamins are required in our body for the healthy growth; healthy vision, to
make connective tissues much stronger and bones too become strong with the good consumption of
vitamins. It also helps us to fight against all the infections cancer and number of other disease. The
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presence of the right amount of vitamin in our body helps us to heal wounds; it also prevents us
from bleeding to death and to keep all the teeth strong and very healthy.3
Vitamins are fetched entirely from the food and number of other plants. In order to get
good quantity of vitamins we must select those foods which are very good in the vitamin and protein
content. Money should not be an issue when it comes over the good diet of your child. This is because
of the fact that no one can live long on the unbalanced diet. So one should eat and enjoy the taste of
food which is full of vitamins and other materials which are required for the body building3
More than 254 million children suffer from vitamin deficiency worldwide in each year,
20-40 million children suffer from mild vitamin-A deficiency and three million children from severe
deficiency. World health organization estimates that 100 to 140 million children under the age of five
may be living with dangerously low vitamin-stores. More than four million children are worldwide
exhibit sign of severe deficiency. In Karnataka 0.3% of children are suffering from vitamin deficiency.4
In India nearly 600 million children die from hunger and malnutrition each year and lack
of essential vitamins and minerals also increased risk of dying from child hood diseases. Millennium
development goals set a target of decreasing rate of death among children under five by two-third
between 1990-2015.between 1960and 1990 number of child death fell at a rate of 2.5 each year. Since
1990 phase load to just 1.5 percentage. WHO, UNICEF and IMCI emphasis importance of improved
diet and feeding practices.5
India is home to 40 percent of the world’s malnourished children and 35 percent of the
developing world’s, low-birth-weight infants; every year 2.5 million children die in India, accounting
for one in five deaths in the world. More than half of these deaths could be prevented if children were
well nourished. India’s progress in reducing child malnutrition has been slow. The prevalence of child
malnutrition in India deviates further from the expected level at the country’s per capita income than in
any other large developing country.6
Karnataka has a population of 45 million; The state has a literacy rate of 56%. The food
consumption patterns reveal that cereals and millets are the main food items. However, protective foods
(i.e. foods that are rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals) are consumed in lesser amounts. When
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compared with the average Indian recommended dietary intake (RDI), the intake of energy in adults was
found to be higher, as was protein. The average intake of vitamins, however, was 50% less than the
recommended dietary intake. An improvement in the nutritional status of rural adults has been observed
in recent years. Protein energy malnutrition, vitamin deficiency disorders are the major nutritional
deficiencies among preschool children, in Karnataka.7
Malawi, The World Bank estimates that India is ranked 2nd in the world of the number of
Children suffering from malnutrition, after Bangladesh (in 1998), where 47% of the children exhibit a degree of
malnutrition. The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world, and is nearly
double that of Sub-Saharan Africa with dire consequences for mobility, mortality, productivity and economic
growth.27The UN estimates that 2.1 million Indian children die before reaching the age of 5 every year – four
every minute – mostly from preventable illnesses such as diarrhoea, typhoid, malaria, measles and pneumonia.
Every day, 1,000 Indian children die because of diarrhoea alone. According to the 1991 census of India, it has
around 150 million children, constituting 17.5% of India's population, who are below the age of 6 years.8
The 2011 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report ranked India 15th, amongst leading
countries with hunger situation. It also places India amongst the three countries where the GHI between
1996 and 2011 went up from 22.9 to 23.7, while 78 out of the 81 developing countries studied,
including Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Kenya, Nigeria, Myanmar, Uganda, Zimbabwe and
succeeded in.9
In society children need extra care because they are our supreme assets. As the children
of today form human resources of tomorrow this is all the more because the role of human element is
becoming more and more crucial in.10
6.2 NEED OF THE STUDY
In his Independence Day speech on 2011 August 15 th to the nation, Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh stated, “The problem of malnutrition is a matter of national shame.... I appeal to
the nation to resolve and work hard to eradicate malnutrition in five years”.
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Malnutrition in India, as in other developing countries, results from a series of
interrelated factors rooted in poverty, including a lack of access to food, health care, safe water,
sanitation services, and appropriate child feeding and caring practices. These interrelated factors are in
turn exacerbated by poor households’ and communities’ lack of access to human, financial, social,
natural, and physical capital, combined with social discrimination, lack of education.11
“Every one who cares about the future of children and the development of nations should
read this report” said UNICEF executive director Carol Bellamy. “The overwhelming scope of the
problem makes it clear that we must reach out to whole population and protect from the devastating
consequences of vitamin and mineral deficiency”.12
Unless action against vitamin and mineral deficiencies move onto new level the
developing world’s children will remain at risk of never reaching their full potential, the report
concludes. And the UN will not achieve its goals eradicating extreme poverty improving maternal
health and reducing child mortality by two-thirds by 2015.12
While the number of children and woman who die because of vitamin and mineral
deficiencies is great, greater still is the number of people who live with these deficiencies and their
consequences. The negative impact on their health is significant. More often than not they suffer
multiple deficiencies and, therefore, multiple impairments.13
The global community should be outraged by the millions of children that either die or
are disabled each year because of malnutrition. We know how to prevent and treat it. The missing link is
the political will to place nutrition squarely on the development agenda and to commit the necessary
resources to implement programs, particularly food fortification, that we know can deliver sustainable
improvements not only to the current generation of people at risk .14
At least two children die every minute of every day because they have not received the
protection vitamin A supplementation can provide. In the span of two decades, micronutrient
supplementation programs have become a mainstream national health goal to reduce childhood
mortality and morbidity in 70 countries. The goal now must be to ensure that every vulnerable child
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receives the vitamin A they require.15
Good nutrition, especially in the first years of a child's life, provides lifelong benefits in
health, education and productivity. However, one in four children under-five in the developing world
approximately 148 million children – suffer from under nutrition. Affordable and proven micronutrient
interventions to address under nutrition exist. We must work collectively to scale up access to these
micronutrients, so children everywhere have the chance to reach their full potential and contribute to the
development of their communities.16
Every day, national economies suffer significant yet unnecessary losses in productivity
due to vitamin and mineral deficiencies. In countries with the highest numbers of people living with
physical and intellectual impairments, the lost potential for economic growth is staggering.Mothers
tending to sick or disabled children lose days of work. Adults living with reduced energy and
intelligence are unable to fully contribute to society.17
Nutrients help in physical and mental growth of children and also help in preventing
nutritional deficiency diseases.Education helps to increase knowledge of mothers this helps to give the
children required balanced diet and to plan a well balanced diet for family. Researcher need to assess
the knowledge of mothers and then educating the mothers about vitamins and its deficiency diseases and
its importance in promoting physical and mental health of children.
Researcher during his experience has also found that mothers had lack of knowledge
regarding the prevention of vitamin deficiency disorders. So investigator felt the need to assess the
mother’s knowledge regarding prevention of vitamin deficiency disorders in under- five children and to
impart structured teaching programme to improve the mother’s knowledge Thus increasing health of
children.
6.3. REVIEW OF LITRATURE
Polit and Hungler(1999) review of literature can be described as “a critical summery of
research on topic interest, generally prepared to put a research problem in context or to identify gapes
and weakness in prior studies so as to justify a new investigation”.18
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For better understanding of the topic review is categorised into :
1. General information about vitamin deficiency diseases of under-five children.
2. Study related to knowledge of mothers regarding vitamin deficiency diseases of under-
five children.
3. Study related to prevention of vitamin deficiency diseases of under- five children.
4. Study related to effectiveness of structured teaching program to mothers.
1. General information about vitamin deficiency diseases of under-five children.
There are two types of vitamins: fat soluble and water soluble. When you eat foods that contain
fat-soluble vitamins, the vitamins are stored in the fat tissues in your body and in your liver. They wait around in
your body fat until your body needs them. Fat-soluble vitamins are happy to stay stored in your body for awhile
— some stay for a few days, some for up to 6 months! Then, when it's time for them to be used, special carriers in
your body take them to where they're needed. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble
vitamins are different. When you eat foods that have water-soluble vitamins, the vitamins don't get stored as
much in your body. Instead, they travel through your bloodstream. Whatever your body doesn't use comes out
when you urinate (pee).So these kinds of vitamins need to be replaced often because they don't stick around! This
crowd of vitamins includes vitamin C and the big group of B vitamins — B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), niacin,
B6 (pyridoxine), folic acid, B12 (cobalamine), biotin, and pantothenic acid.19
Diseases due to vitamin deficiency are Keratinizing metaplasia - Due to vitamin A
deficiency the epithelial lining of respiratory passage becomes rough dry and keratinized. Xerosis -
Dryness of skin and conjunctiva due to a vit A deficiency.Xerophthalmia - Dry and lustreless cornea
and conjunctiva due to a vit A deficiency.Bitots's spot - White or greasy triangular deposits on the
bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to the lateral margin of the cornea due to vitamin A deficiency.
Keratomalacia - Xerosis and ulceration of the cornea resulting from severe vit A deficiency.Nyctalopia
or Night blindness - Poor vision at night due to decreased synthesis of Rhodopsine in absence of vit A.
Phrynoderma or Toad skin - Thick and scaly skin due to vit A deficiency. Xerostomia - Non-secretion
of salvia due to destruction of saliva secreting cells in absence of vit A20
Gena valgum or Knock knee - Due to vit D deficiency in children legs are deformed and
curved inward so that the knees are close together, knocking as the person walks, with the ankles widely
separated. Bowleg - A deformity of children due to vit D deficiency in which one or both legs are bent
outward at the knee.Rickety rosary - The cartilaginous portion of the ribs swell in children due to vit D
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deficiency. Scoliosis - Sideways deviation of the backbone in children due to vit D deficiency. Pigeons
breast – Due to vit D deficiency the lower part of the sternum, xyphoid process project outward
conically by lengthening of the costal cartilage. Harrison’s sulcus - A depression develops on both sides
of the chest wall of a child between the pectoral muscles and lower margin of the rib cage due to vit
D deficiency in children. Craniotabs - Due to vitamin D deficiency in children ossification of the
bones of skull does not take place properly as a result of the presence of soft bone at various points on
the skull. Pot belly - Due to vitamin D deficiency in children muscle of belly do not developed properly,
as a result the belly muscles become nonelastic, therefore belly protrudes outward.Ricket - Due to
vitamin D deficiency among children the bones do not harden
and are malformed. Osteomalacia - Softening of bones in adults due to vitamin D deficiency.
Osteoporosis - Loss of bony tissue in adults due to vitamin D deficiency as a
result bones become brittle.21
Muscular dystrophy - Muscle fails of contract due to vit E deficit Exudative diathesis -
Due to vit E deficiency exudation of fluid takes place from cells and tissues of various parts of the body.
Ceroid pigmentation - In children vit E deficiency leads to deposition of excessive
pigment at various places on the body. Blood vomiting in new-born - Due to vit K deficiency bleeding
the mouth of newborn baby. Beriberi - A disease of the peripheral nervous system due to deficiency of
vit B1. Wet beriberi - In this type there is an accumulation of tissue fluid within body. Dry beriberi - In
this type paralysis of the limbs take place.Wernick's encephalopathy - In adult vit B1 deficiency leads to
mental confusion or delirium in combination with paralysis of the eye muscles and an uneasy
gait.Nystagmus - Due to vit B1 deficiency in adults disorders of the brain occurs and thereby rapid
involuntary movement of the eye takes place.. Cheilosis - Due to vit B1 deficiency lips become swollen,
cracked with bright red colour.Stomatitis - Inflammation of the mucus lining of the mouth with the
painful white ulcers on cheeks, tongue and gum occur due to vit B1 deficiency.Glossitis - Inflammation
of the tongue takes place and sticky exudation from scalp.. Erythroid hyperplasia - Anaemia caused by
destruction of haemopoietic cells of red bone marrow due to vit B2 deficiency. Chromitrichia - Hair
becomes greyish due to vit B3 deficiency.Pellegra - Scaly dermatitis of exposed surfaces due to vit B5
deficiency. Pernicious anaemia - Anaemia due to absence of vit B12 in diet. Scurvy - Swollen bleeding
gums due to vit C deficiency.21
ANI Jul 16, 2011, 02.51pm IST A new study has found that vitamin c is required for
the proper functioning of the eyes and the brain. The findings could have implications for diseases, like
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scurvy, glaucoma, and epilepsy.We found that cells in the retina need to be bathed' in relatively high
doses of vitamin C, inside Oregon Health and Science University's Vollum InstituteBecause the retina is
part of the central nervous system, this suggests there's likely an important role for vitamin C
throughout our brains, to a degree we had not realized before, he said. The brain has special receptors,
called GABA-type receptors that help modulate the rapid communication between cells in the
brain.GABA receptors in the brain act as an inhibitory brake on excitatory neurons in the brain. The
OHSU researchers found that these GABA-type receptors in the retinal cells stopped functioning
properly when vitamin C was removed. Because retinal cells are a kind of very accessible brain cell, it's
likely that GABA receptors elsewhere in the brain also require vitamin C to function properly, stated
von Goff. And because vitamin C is a major natural antioxidant, it may be that it essentially preserves
the receptors and cells from premature breakdown, he added.The study was recently published in the
Journal of Neurosciience22
Kheth Cheng M O (2011, Natural News) A new study shows that children with psychosis
and other severe mental health disorders also have twice as much vitamins children who are mentally
healthy. The study, presented to the American by researchers from the Oregon Health and Science
University in Portland showed that 21 percent of children with symptoms of severe psychiatric
problems had vitamin D levels below what the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends. That
level compared with 14 percent of children who participated in the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey III, a population-based study that assessed the nutrition and health status of both
children and adults in the U.S."That is 50 percent more than children in a normal population, so based
on our findings this means that 1 out of 5 kids with severe mental illness has low vitamin D levels”.23
A study shows lack of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) during the formative first six years of
life could result in long-term reduced cognitive function. Researchers from the Nutrition and Food
Research Institute in Zeist, Netherlands, studied children who had been raised on a strictly vegan
macrobiotic diet until age six. The children ate a lacto vegetarian or omnivorous diet after that
age. Between ages 10 and 16, the 48 adolescents underwent a series of tests designed to determine
cognitive function. They were compared with 24 adolescents fed omnivorous diets from birth. The
psychological tests were designed to measure fluid intelligence, spatial ability, concentration, short-term
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memory, psychomotor development and information-processing speed. Although all of the early
macrobiotic children had been consuming vitamin B12 for several years before the test, almost two-
thirds were found to be B12 deficient as determined by either low serum cobalamin or an elevated
concentration of methylmalonic acid, a marker for B12 deficiency. Almost a third still had B12 intakes
below 50 percent of the Recommended Daily Allowance. The control subjects, all of whom had normal
B12 status, performed better on most psychological tests — including those measuring fluid
intelligence, spatial ability and short-term memory — than those who had been macrobiotic. Those who
were still deficient in B 12 performed worst of all. 24
The prevalence of night blindness, an early in dictator of vitamin A deficiency, was
assessed in children attending a diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh. Five per cent of 2971 children
between 1 and 10 years complained of night blindness and 47 per cent of these children as against 6 per
cent of children without night blindness also had ocular signs of vitamin A deficiency (p.<0.01).
Children with night blindness compared to those without were significantly more likely to be
undernourished, and to have a prolonged illness with dysentery and infections
with Shigella and Entamoeba histolytica. Serum levels of vitamin A were below 10 μg/dl in 17 night-
blind patients and were significantly lower in these patients than in 13 age-matched controls without
night blindness (p<0.001). In areas where vitamin A deficiency is common, vitamin A supplements and
locally relevant nutrition education should be offered to children at high risk for vitamin A deficiency,
especially if they have a history of night blindness.25
2 Study related to knowledge of mothers regarding vitamin deficiency diseases of under five
children.
A study was conducted to investigate risk for sub clinical vitamin-A deficiency in under
six years of age in urban slums of Nagpur, India. The study included 308 non-xeropthalmic children
selected randomly from the study population, The current study recognized a significant association
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between female gender, ill-literate mother, lower socio economic status, more than two children of
under five years of age at home, under nutrition, history of Diarrhea, Measles, Acute respiratory tract
infection and sub clinical vitamin-A deficiency on analysis.26
George.E (2000) study conducted in preschool children to estimate food security and to
evaluate socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric measurement associated with food security in a
residential colony. result showed woman with high school education were twice as likely to has well
nourished children compared to illiterate and primary educated.27
Visweswara Rao (2000) conducted a case study in preschool children, Hyderabad in
India.1649 children from rural and 2550 from urban selected. Prevalence of malnutrition by socio-
economic status, income education, computed. result showed better grades of maternal literacy and
occupation reduces malnutrition in preschool children.28
Tsegaye Demissie, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research (2009) conduct a study to
determine demographic and health related risk factors of sub clinical vitamin A deficiency. Blood
samples collected from 996 children across nation for analysis of serum retinol. Interview conducted
with mothers. Result showed deficiency associated with those not receiving vitamin A supplement over
the year, belonging to mothers with high parity and low level of knowledge.29
Hunt Joseph (1999) investigated impact of mal nutrition in Asia study covers 2/3rd of
worlds 150 million children under five each country prepared 10 year investment program reviewed
health, community based intervention for children and nutrition analysis. Result showed that educated
and socio economically. empowered Asian woman where the key to improve nutritional status among
child.30
3) Study related to prevention of vitamin deficiency diseases of under five children.
Sachadeva H.P.S (2008) conducted a study to determine role of micro nutrient
supplementation in improving child health, New Delhi.Nurition foundation of India. Result showed
vitamin A supplementation decreases child mortality between 6 months to 6 years.31
Indian Ministry of Human Resources Department of Woman and Child Development.
New Delhi (1996) adopted multi sartorial approach to eliminate problems of malnutrition. Covered risk
group, mass communication ICDS and CSSM used to educate people about vitamin and other
deficiencies. Supplied Beta Carotene rich food, vitamin A prophylaxis given, intensified immunization
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result showed improvement through survey.32
Hawrah Child in Need Institute,Daulatpur,West Bengal(2005) conducted a study through
distribution of fortified candy with vitamin A 1500 IU,vitamin C 10mg folic acid with 50mcg in
ICDS.After 18 month resurvey conducted, Result showed increase in haemoglobin level, reduction in
prevalence of vitamin A deficiency diseases in children.33
4) Study related to effectiveness of structured teaching program to mothers.
A study was conducted on intake of vitamin-D from food and supplements among
Finnish children age three month to three years. A structured questionnaire method was used to study in
University of temper Finland. Their result revealed that the mean dietary vitamin-D intake exceeded the
recommendation (10 micro g. /day) at the age of three (11-0micro g.) and six months (12.0 micro g.).
Vitamin-D intake from did not differ in children who used and did not use vitamin-D were margarine,
fish, body foods, low-fat milk and eggs. They concluded that vitamin-D supplements are not used
according to the dietary recommendation.34
A study was performed that to assess health visitors knowledge of government guide-
lines for vitamin supplementation for infants and children and advice given to mothers. The study was
conducted in central middle sex, Hospital London UK. The questionnaires method was used. Their
result revealed that a total of 98% (69%) questionnaires were returned from health visitors. They
concluded that rickets has become a national public health issue. The majority of health visitors are
advising vitamin supplements according to government guide lines for breast feeding infants and the
age to which children should continue vitamin supplements. Awareness need to be raised about the
government guideline for vitamin-D supplementation for ethnic minorities to ensure all health visitors
are imparting consistent, correct advise to these families.35
A study carried out on the prevalence of maternal belief about the therapeutic uses of
sunlight in infancy in tropical Australia. Data were collected by interviewing, 114 post-partum patients.
Their result indicated that half of the women had at least one risky belief about the perceived benefit of
the sunning their baby. 36% were in favor of using sunlight to treat neonatal jaundice, 20.2% believed it
was necessary to Sun their baby to prevent vitamin-D deficiency and 10.5% thought sun light was a
good remedy for nappy rash. They found that post-parturient women had a high prevalence of beliefs
that may result in their infant being intentionally exposed to sunlight and which could increase their
Childs future risk of skin Neoplasia. Professional education is needed to change the beliefs of health
12
professional who recommended therapies involving sunlight. 36
6.4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A study to assess the effectiveness of structured Teaching program among mothers of
under-five children on knowledge regarding vitamin deficiency and its preventive measures in a
selected urban area at Bangalore.
6.5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
(1) To assess the pre-test knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding vitamin
deficiency and its preventive measures.
(2) To assess post- test knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding vitamin
deficiency and its preventive measures.
(3) To assess the effectiveness of structured Teaching program regarding vitamin
deficiency and its preventive measures among mothers of under five children.
(4) To assess the significant association between pre-test knowledge with selected
demographic variables.
6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Assess – To understand the knowledge of mothers regarding Prevention of selected
vitamin deficiency disorders using structured interview schedule.
Effectiveness - It is the difference between pre & post test knowledge score among
mothers of under five children regarding vitamin deficiency disorders and its prevention.
13
Structured teaching programme - It refers providing teaching using different audio
visual aids among mothers of under-five children regarding vitamin deficiency disorders
and its prevention.
Prevention-Steps taken by the mother to avoid the vitamin deficiency disorders in under
five children.
Vitamin Deficiency Disorder-In this study, it refers to problems related to the
deficiency of vitamins.
Mothers- Women who are having children age group between 1-5 years.
Under five children- Children in the age group of 1-5 years.
6.7. ASSUMPTIONS
Education helps in gaining more knowledge on vitamin deficiency and its preventive
measures.
Mothers of under five children will be able to understand about vitamin deficiency and
its preventive measures.
Mothers will be able to communicate knowledge gained to other members of society.
6.8. HYPOTHESIS
H1:There is a significant relationship between pre test and post test knowledge score of mothers
of under five children regarding vitamin deficiency and its preventive measures.
H2:There is a significant assosiation between pretest knowledge between selected demographic
variables such as age, education, occupation, place of residence and religion.
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6.9. DELIMITATION
This study is limited to:-
A period of 4-6 weeks.
Sample size is 50 samples.
The study is limited to only urban area at Bangalore.
7. MATERIALS AND METHODS
7.1. SOURCE OF DATA:
Data will be collected from mothers of under five children in urban area at Bangalore.
7.1.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:
Research design used in this study is one group pre test and post test design.
7.1.2. SETTINGS:
The study setting is a selected urban area at Bangalore
7.1.3. POPULATION:
The target population of the study consists of mothers of under -five children from
selected urban areas at Bangalore.
7.2. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
7.2.1. SAMPLING PROCEDURE: Convenient sampling technique.
7.2.2. SAMPLE SIZE: The sample size consists of 50 mothers of under five children from urban
areas at Bangalore.
7.2.3. INCLUSION CRITERIA:
Mothers with children above five years.
Those who are able to read and write Kannada/English.
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Those who are willing to participate.
Those who are residing in urban area.
7.2.4. EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
Those who are not willing to participate.
Those who are illiterate mothers.
Those having serious physical or mental illness.
Mothers with children above five.
7.2.5. INSTRUMENT INTENDED TO BE USED:
The instrument indented to be used has three parts.
Part A –Demographic variables
Part B-Knowledge questionnaire
Part-C-Planned teaching programme
7.2.6. DATA COLLECTION METHOD:
Data will be collected from mothers of under five children in urban area before and after
PTP
7.2.7. PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS:
Planned according to the objectiveness of the study using descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics – mean, median, mode, standard deviation, percentage calculation.
Inferential statistics. – Chi square and T test.
7.3. DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE INVESTIGATION OR INTERVIEW TO BE
CONDUCTED ON PATIENT OR OTHER ANIMAL?
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Yes, the study will be conducted among mothers of under-five children from selected
urban areas at Bangalore.
7.4. HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR INSTITUTION?
Yes, prior written permission order will be obtained from the college and from the
primary health centre of urban areas before conduction of the study. The proposed study will be
conducted with the approval of research committee of college. Prior permission also obtained from the
mothers of under five children in urban area before and after planed teaching program. Ensured
participants confidentially and no harm during study.
8. LIST OF REFERENCES
1. George Well, Vitamin-D-Deficiency-Diseases. http://georgewell.hubpages.com/hub
2. Shereen Jegtive, http://nutrition.about.com/od/nutritionforchildren/a/kidssupplemnts.htm .
3. Vitamin for kids available at http/vitamins diary, org/vitamins-for-kids-html.
4. Underwood B.A. Vitamin-A deficiency disorders, international efforts to control a preventable
pox. Journal of nutrition 2004. Jan; 134 (1): 231-6
5. George Daga, Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Research Abstracts on 1998 to
2008.www.pubmed.com
6. M.swaminathan, D.Sc, F.N.”A Hand Book of Food and Nutrition”, Fifth edition, Bangalore
Printing and Publishing. Page No:42 to 47
7. Sheela K. Nutrition scenario in Karnataka, A state in southern India. 2007. Department of rural
home science. Bangalore, India.
8. "World Bank Report". Source: The World Bank (2009). Retrieved 2009-03-13. "World Bank
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Report on Malnutrition in India”
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19
SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE
REMARKS OF THE GUIDEVitamin deficiency are most commonly seen among under five children hence the study can be proceeded
NAME AND DESIGNATION OF THE GUIDE
Mrs. Susan Shyla Abraham.
Associate Professor
SIGNATURE
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Mrs. Susan Shyla Abraham.
Associate Professor
SIGNATURE
REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN AND PRINCIPAL
Vitamin deficiency among under- five is a major problem hence the study is appropriate to conduct.
SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL