RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1.

NAME OF THE CANDIDATEAND ADDRESS

Mr.SAIYADIPTHEKAR. M. KAJI,1st YEAR M. Sc. NURSING,

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF NURSING,

HEGGANAHALLI CROSS,

SUNKADAKATTE, VISHWANIDAM

POST, VIA, MAGADI ROAD

BANGALORE - 560 091.

2

.

NAME OF THE

INSTITUTION

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF NURSING,

HEGGANAHALLI CROSS,

SUNKADAKATTE, VISHWANIDAM

POST, VIA, MAGADI ROAD

BANGALORE - 560 091.

3.

COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT

M. Sc. NURSING

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

4.

DATE OF ADMISSION TO

THE COURSE 13th Sep 2010

5

.

TITLE OF THE TOPIC KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ABOUT

ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND ROAD

SAFETY MEASURES AMONG

HIGHSCHOOL CHILDREN IN SELECTED

HIGHSCHOOLS AT BANGALORE, WITH

A VIEW TO DEVELOP INFORMATIONAL

BOOKLET ON PREVENTION OF ROAD

TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND ABOUT

ROAD SAFETY MEASURES.

1

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

6.1 INTRODUCTION

‘‘Youth are the power of nation’’

-Mahatma Gandhi

A Road Traffic Accident (RTA) was defined as accident, which took place on the

road between two or more objects, one of which must be any kind of a moving vehicle.

The major causes for RTAs in our country are rapid increase in personalized

modes of transport, a mixture of slow and fast moving vehicles, lack of road discipline,

drunken driving and use of mobile phones while driving.1

Since most of these causes are preventable, in order to create awareness,

WHO’s theme for 2004 was ‘‘ROAD SAFETY IS NO ACCIDENT’’. The timely

quality care provided to the victims will definitely alleviate their pain and limit the

disability associated with accident.2

Nearly 90 percent of road traffic accidents involving junior high school students in

2008 happened while they were riding a bicycle, a study has shown. Bicycle accidents

accounted for about 70 percent of all traffic accidents involving high school students

during the same period, while the figure was around 60 percent for elementary school

children. The number of accidents while riding bikes was extremely high among high

school and younger students, while it accounted for only 20 percent of all the traffic

accidents that took place in Japan in 2008.3

"More children have become victims of bike accidents as a result of the lack of

social recognition of the problem," an expert pointed out. The Mainichi analyzed data

compiled by the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis on a total of

766,147 road traffic accidents in 2008, covering both cases in which people were held

accountable for an accident and in which they were deemed victims. The results indicated

that of 13,047 traffic accidents among junior high school students, 11,311 cases, or 86.7

percent, took place while riding a bicycle. Among them, 2,455 accidents were caused by

2

the negligence of riders while those involved in the remaining 8,856 cases were

considered victims.4

There were a total of 30,797 traffic accidents involving high school students, and

21,938, or 71.2 percent of them, involved bicycle riders. Among elementary school

children, 13,472, or 60.6 percent of all traffic accidents, happened while riding a bike.

Police officials said students from elementary school to high school age are the most

likely victims of bike accidents as they use bicycles more often than other generations.

Elementary school children tend to drift out onto the road and get hit by cars, while high

school students are often involved in accidents while riding motorcycles.5

Accidents, tragically, are not often due to ignorance, but are due to carelessness,

thoughtlessness and over confidence. William Haddon (Head of Road Safety Agency in

USA) has pointed out that road accidents were associated with numerous problems each

of which needed to be addressed separately1.Human; vehicle and environmental factors

play roles before, during and after a trauma event. Accidents, therefore, can be studied in

terms of agent, host and environmental factors and epidemiologically classified into time,

place and person distribution.6

Traffic accidents are the leading cause of death among young people between 10

and 24 years, according to a new report published by WHO. The report, Youth and Road

Safety, says that nearly 400,000 young people under the age of 25 are killed in road

traffic crashes every year. Millions more are injured or disabled. The vast majority of

these deaths and injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries. The highest rates are

found in Africa and the Middle East. Young people from economically disadvantaged

backgrounds are at greatest risk in every country. Young males are at higher risk for road

traffic fatalities than females in every age group under 25 years.7

Unless more comprehensive global action is taken, the number of deaths and

injuries is likely to rise significantly. Road traffic collisions cost an estimated US$ 518

billion globally in material, health and other expenditure. For many low- and middle-

income countries, the cost of road crashes represents between 1-1.5% of GNP and in

some cases exceeds the total amount the countries receive in international development

aid.8

3

Youth and Road Safety stresses that the bulk of these crashes are predictable – and

preventable. Many involve children playing on the street, young pedestrians, cyclists,

motorcyclists, novice drivers and passengers of public transport.9

The children are not just little adults. Their height, level of maturity, their

interests, as well as their need to play and travel safely to school, mean that they require

special safety measures. Also, the report says, protecting older youth requires other

measures such as lower blood alcohol limits for young drivers and graduated license

programmes.10

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6.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

"Safe and supportive environment helps children to emerge as responsible adults"

- Health Dialogue 2003

Road traffic accidents (RTA) are increasing in an alarming ways. Globally nearly

1.2 million people killed in RTA during the year 2002. Developing and underdeveloped

countries accounted for 80% of these deaths. RTA accounts for 2.1% of total deaths and

21% of total injury. Projected estimations revealed that fatalities due to RTA will increase

of death by 2020 moving from its present 9th position.11

In India every year RTA accounts for over 1,00,000 deaths, 2 million

hospitalization, 7.7 million minor injuries and an estimated loss of 55,000 cores or nearly

3 % of the GDP every year. If the present scenario is continued, it is projected that deaths

due to RTA’s will be 1, 50,000 and 2.8 million victims will be hospitalized by 2015. The

social and psychological suffering of the injured persons is increased and their families

and also families with RTA deaths are phenomenal. It is sad to note that saved due to

advancements in health and health related factor is now being wasted on the roads.12

Globally, injuries result in death of 16,000 people everyday and rank third in

overall mortality. Injury is the leading cause of death in productive age group. As per

WHO estimates that 5 million persons lost their lives in the year 2002 due to an injury,

contributing for 10% of total deaths.13

Among 28 states of India, RTA mortality rate/1,00,000 population varied from as

low as 1 in Haryana to as high as 18 in Goa, with national average of 8/1,00,000. The

states of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharahtra, Himachal Pradesh, Tamilnadu

and Rajasthan had higher than national average of 8/1, 00,000. Interestingly these are

some of progressive states being high on various indicators of growth and development in

health, literacy, economy, transport and modernization.14

In a study conducted by department of civil engineering, Kuwait University, Safat,

Kuwait, Gulf in Jan 1994, to know the impact of seat belt use on road accident injury and

injury type among road accident. It was found that seat belt use had a positive effect in

reducing both road traffic fatalities and multiple injuries. The use of seat belts has also

affected the nature of the injuries resulting from road traffic accidents. Non-use of belts

5

experienced higher frequencies of head, face, abdominal, and limb injuries. User of belts,

suffered higher frequencies of neck and chin injuries.15

Study was conducted in Innsbruck University Clinics by the department of

Biological Psychiatry to know alcohol/ benzodiazepine use in injured road users, admitted

to the Emergency Room of the University Hospital of Trauma Surgery in Innsbruck,

Austria in 2001. The large majority of patients were drivers (55%), followed by

passengers (19.7%), cyclists (12.6%), followed by pedestrians (12.3%) respectively.

Blood samples of 269 patients involved in the road traffic accidents were analyzed.

Alcohol was most commonly found drug in all groups constituting drivers (36.9%),

passengers (15.1%), cyclists (29.4%), followed by pedestrians (18.2%). The commonly

detected benzodiazepine was diazepam, benzodiazepine consumption was seen in drivers

(8.1%), passengers (5.7%), cyclists (8.8%), followed by pedestrians (3%). As compared

to males, females showed lower frequencies of using both alcohol and benzodiazepine.

Frequency of alcohol was higher in patients less than 60 years of age.16

As per NCRB report (2002), 63% 0f deaths occurred in 16-44 years with children

and elderly constituting 8.6% and 7.5% respectively. Among men, highest rates of 45%

were noticed in 30-59 years. Data from SCD (n=1,049), revealed that the age group of

25-34 years recorded highest number of RTA deaths (21%), followed by 15-24 years

(19%),35-44 years (16%), 45-55 years (15%), 60+ years (14%) and 5-14 years (11%),

with a total 71% in 15.54 years. As per MCCD report, 69% of RTA deaths were in the

age group of 15-54 years, children (<15 years) constituted 7.2% and 15% of motor

vehicle deaths in MCCD and SCD reports, while elderly (65+) accounted for 10% and

21% respectively. Gururaj et al (2004) studied that nearly 60-70% of RTA subjects were

in 15-44 years age group. The limited number of population based studies also indicates

that the age groups of 15-44 years constitute nearly 2/3 to ¾ of total RTA patients by

Varghese and Mohan. Gururaj and Suryanarayana studied that children and elderly have

contributed for approximately 10-15% of deaths in these studies.17

Adolescence is an age of exploration. A search to discover themselves and the

world around them. It is normal for an individual to be interested in driving. Hence they

have to be guided in understanding the various aspects of driving and road safety

measures and at the same time instilling right attitude among them. The best way to create

6

awareness among them is to establish a counseling cell in each college, so as to drive

safely for and also to counsel individual students and clarify the doubts in a tactful

manner so that they do not develop misconceptions. This will prevent the youngsters from

accidents.

Adolescence in one of the most fascinating periods of human life that marks the

transition from being a dependent child to an independently functioning adult. Awareness

and understanding among adolescents are the best strategies to prevent the accidents.

Our present concern is therefore to assess the amount of information the

adolescents have, the lacunae in their knowledge bank and to see if there is a need for a

well planned educational structure, which can make them good drivers and prevent

accidents.

Nurses are vital source in educating the public on various health related issues.

She has to carefully assess the level of knowledge attitude and practices of the

adolescents before planning the appropriate intervention. There is a paucity of data

regarding the accidents and road safety measures in the contemporary world. Hence, in

this study, the investigator is interested to assess the knowledge, attitude adolescents. A

study of this kind will help to prevent accidents and enhances use of road safety

measures.

In addition to this, campus atmosphere and peer pressure is forcing and

influencing the adolescents to indulge in rash driving mainly due to lack of adequate

knowledge about the consequences of its use or falsely perceived knowledge and attitude

towards accidents as the students have driving for ‘curiosity’, prevention and education

are important aspects of nursing care in any setting.

Therefore, the investigator felt that there is a compelling need to assess the

knowledge and attitude of adolescent boys regarding road traffic accidents and safety

measures based on this, a specific content of information booklet can be developed and it

would enhance the knowledge of adolescent boys.

6.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

7

Review of literature is considered as an essential step of research process. It

involves systematic identification, location, scrutiny and summary of written materials

that contain information on a research problem (Polit and Hungler 1995).18

The overall process of review of literature is to develop a strong knowledge base

to carry out research and other scholarly educational and clinical practice activities. It

helps to determine the gaps, consistencies and inconsistencies in the literature about the

particular subject under study. Review literature guides the investigator to design the

proposed study in the scientific manner so as to achieve the desired results.

Every person has different knowledge, attitudes, a person’s knowledge and

attitudes have a strong influence on his or her attitudes and behaviors.

A WHO advisory group 1956 has defined accident as ‘‘an unpremeditated event

resulting in recognizable damage’’. According to another definition an accident is that

‘‘occurrence of sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury death or

property damage.

A study conducted shown that, an epidemiological approach to the study of road

accident and stated that, (1) different groups of the population are affected differently by

such accidents as they are by disease. (2). Accidents also differ in their geographic

location tending to occur more frequently at certain sites. This may be designated as

‘‘black spots’’. (3) Accidents differ in incidence between urban and rural areas and (4).

The incidents of road traffic accidents also varies with such environmental factors as time

of the day, day of the week, weather conditions, type of road design and surface lighting

and visibility.19

A study conducted showed that alcohol was a major problem in single vehicle

fatal accidents. In 72 fatal accidents which claimed 87 lives, he showed that half of

drivers had serious drinking problems of chronic nature.20

A study on vehicular related fatalities among teenagers was carried out from case

files of the office of medical examiner, Metro Dade Country Miami, Florida, United

States, between the years 1978-82. during the 5 year period a total of 1919 vehicular

related fatalities were examined, of which 247 (12.9%) occurred in individuals between

the ages of 13 and 19 years. Males 191 (77.3%) were more commonly involved that

8

females 56 (22.7%) in vehicular accidents. Out of total 247 cases, when as in 118 (47.8%)

of cases alcohol was not detected. Common drugs of abuse were found in at least 16.6%

of cases. In majority of cases, victims were either passengers or drivers. Pedestrians as

victims were loss. Only one documented case of an individual dying with a seat belt in

use in noted in five years. Careless driving 63(25.5%) was the major key factor

responsible for the fatality.21

A study conducted in municipality of Londrina, a medium- sized city of southern

Brazil in 1996 to know the characteristics of road traffic accidents that occurred during

the first semester on 1996. 3643 were victims of RTAs during the year 1996. Car or small

truck collisions were the most common type of accidents. The rate of motor cycle related

injuries (per 1,000 registered vehicles) was seven times higher than that resulting from

cars or small trucks. Fatality rates were higher for motor cyclists who colloid with were

injured by Lorries and buses (22.2%), in comparison with a mean fatality rate of 1.8%.22

A study on the pedestrian casualties and fatalities in the road traffic crashes was

conducted by Division of Economics, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa in 1999,

a South African municipality, was undertaken using official road traffic accident data.

The pedestrians were in the age group of 25 to44 years and accounted for 39.3% of the

causalities and 48.2% of the fatalities. The most vulnerable pedestrians were those

between 30 to 34 years old and they accounted for 11.7% of the causalities and 14.6% of

the fatalities and those between the age group of 40 to 44 years accounted for 7.5% of

causalities and 10.2% of the fatalities. Out of these cars were involved in 52% of the

vehicle pedestrian crashes whereas mini buses and buses which were involved in 1% of

the vehicle pedestrian crashes. There was no statistically significant difference in the

monthly distribution of road traffic crashes.23

Another study conducted to describe road traffic related mortality data in Iran

between 1999 and 2000 in Iranian Institute Of Health Sciences Research, Tehran, Iran,

revealed the following data, a total of 15, 482 individuals died from road traffic accidents,

most of them were male (79%), mostly aged 40 years or less (65%) and most of them

were pedestrians or car occupants (62%). Head injury was most common cause of road

traffic related mortality (66%) in males and females of all ages. 57% 0f deaths occurred

before admitting in the hospital. In total injuries, head injury was the most common cause

of mortality and most of the deaths occurred before admitting to the hospital.24

9

A Study was conducted by Department Of Emergency Medicine, Singapore

General Hospital, Singapore, to identify the factors that are contributing for road traffic

accidents mortality and pattern of injuries over a period of 1 ear in 2001. A total of 226

deaths occurred, of which 82.3% victims were males. The median age was 31 years.

Blood alcohol was detected in 42 (18.7%) victims. In the general head injury was the

most common among road traffic victims accounting for (86.7%), followed by thoracic

(67.7%) and abdominal (31.4%) injuries. Severe lower extremity trauma was most

common among pedestrians and pedal cyclists (20.6% and 11.0%) respectively.25

A study conducted analysis from both National and police data (2001) and data

from the Rhone Medical Road Accident Trauma Register (1996-2001) to know

differences between males and females in traffic accident risk in France in 2001. In

France 7,720 people where killed in RTAs in 2001, 75% of which were men, where as the

number of injured people were 153,945 of which 65% were men. Male and female

incidence rate was 3.1 for mortality and 1.7 for morbidity. Two wheel motorized vehicle

accidents are very specific to males. The fatality rate and severs injuries rate among

survivors are higher; Males are more severely injured for all body regions and have more

often severe after effects.26

A population study conducted by Department of Health and society, Division of

social Medicine and public Health Science, Faculty Of Health Sciences, Linkoping,

Sweden in 2001 to acquire knowledge about prevalence of first aid training and incidence

of being a bystander and of the first aid provided at traffic crashes and impact of first aid

training on the risks people take in road traffic. A questionnaire was administered to 2800

randomly selected persons aged 18-74 years. The response rate was 67.55. During the

previous five years, 39% of the population had received first aid training with higher rate

among younger individuals and those with higher education. After training, 30% of the

respondents had used their skills and 41% took fewer risks in traffic, particularly those

who were older or had a lower level education. 14% of those with training had been

bystanders at a traffic crash and 20% 0f the crashes, a bystander had administered first

aid, and one third of those provided such assistance had use of their training.27

In a study done on 331 victims of road traffic accident at KMC Manipal

Karnataka in 2001, revealed that the maximum number of victims 23(26%) were in the

age group of 21-30 years, followed by 17(20%) in 41-50 years age group. Male to female

relation was 7:1, among the 87 victims, 26(29.9%) were pedestrians and 61% were

10

occupants in various types of vehicles, of which 33 (37.93%) were two wheelers,

10(11.4%) were three wheeler occupants 18(20.68%) were four wheelers occupants. Two

wheelers are more prone for accidents as compared with three and four wheeler vehicles.

Most of chest injuries included contusion and laceration.28

A study conducted revealed; nearly 80% of those killed in Delhi and Mumbai are

vulnerable road users. Collision of heavy vehicles like buses and trucks with these road

users results in greater number of severe injuries and deaths. In urban and sub urban

areas, buses and trucks are involved in higher proportion of fatal crashes with VRUs.

Among fatalities during peek hours, 62% of responsible vehicles for crashes were buses

are trucks, while those killed were primarily pedestrians, bicyclists or motor cyclists.

Even on national highways, pedestrians constitute 30% of fatalities and 65% of all deaths

occur among VRUs.29

A study conducted shows that pedestrians (40%) and motorized two wheeler

riders and pillion (32%) were the major category of killed people. Data from Chennai

reveal that pedestrians, two-wheelers and cyclists constituted 28%, 5% and 29% of total

deaths (sathyasekaran, 1991). Hospital studies in Bangalore during 1993, 1998, and 2005

have shown that pedestrians, motorized two-wheeler occupants and bicyclists are injured

and killed to the extent of 25-35%, 30-40% and 7-10% with minor variation across

studies (Gururaj, 1993; 2000; 2005). Studies from Delhi, Pondicerry, Chennai,

Hyderabad, Patiala point to similar observations. Data from population-based surveys

also indicate a similar picture. In a recent study of 709 RTA injured persons from a

population base of 96,619, it was observed that pedestrians, two wheeler occupants and

bicyclists constituted 26%, 43% and 8%, respectively.30

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge and attitude about road traffic

accidents and road safety measures among high school children in selected high schools

at Bangalore, with a view to develop informational booklet on prevention of road traffic

accidents and about road safety measures.

6.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

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1. To assess the knowledge about, road traffic accidents and road safety measures

among high school children in selected high schools at Bangalore.

2. To assess the attitude about, road traffic accidents and road safety measures

among high school children in selected high schools at Bangalore.

3. To correlate the knowledge and attitude about, road traffic accidents and road

safety measures among high school children in selected high schools at Bangalore.

4. To associate the knowledge and attitude with selected demographic variables

about road traffic accidents and road safety measures among high school children

in selected high schools at Bangalore.

5. To develop an informational booklet regarding prevention road traffic accidents

and about road safety measures.

6.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. KNOWLEDGE: refers to the correct response of high school children to the

structured questionnaire on road traffic accidents and road safety measures. It also

refers to the awareness and understanding of high school children regarding, road

traffic accidents and road safety measures which covers the general information

on reasons, effects, and prevention.

2. ATTITUDE: refers to the response of high school children to the items in attitude

scale stating their opinion regarding road traffic accidents and road safety

measures.

3. ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: refers to motor-vehicular accidents which

occur on the road.

4. ROAD SAFETY MEASURES: refers to the precautionary measures which help

people to travel safely on the road.

5. HIGH SCHOOL CHILDREN: refers to boys and girls who are studying 8th -10th

standard and are aged between 14-16 years.

6. HIGH SCHOOLS: refers to schools who offer education to children of 8th -10th

standard.

12

7. INFORMATIONAL BOOKLET: refers to learning materials prepared by the

researcher which comprises pictures and written information about road traffic

accidents, its consequences, prevention and road safety measures, This will serve

as a reference guide for high school children.

6.6 HYPOTHESES

1. H01: There is no significant relationship between the knowledge and attitude among high

school children.

2. H02: There is no significant association between selected demographic variables with

the knowledge and attitude among high school children.

6.7 ASSUMPTIONS

1. The high school children may have some knowledge about road traffic accidents and

road safety measures.

2. There will be no association between the knowledge and attitude with selected

demographic variables among high school children.

3. Knowledge and attitude on road traffic accidents and road safety measures among high

school children is measurable.

4. The high school children may have positive or negative attitude about alcohol abuse.

5. Adequate knowledge improves favorable attitude.

6. Favorable attitude encourages gain of knowledge.

7. Informational booklet may help high school children to update their knowledge about

road traffic accidents, its consequences, prevention and road safety measures.

6.8 DELIMITATION

The study is delimited to high school children who are studying 8 th -10th standard

in selected high schools at Bangalore.

7. MATERIAL AND METHODS

7.1 SOURCE OF DATA

13

Data will be collected from high school children who are studying 8 th -10th

standard in selected high schools at Bangalore.

7.2 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA

Structured interview schedule method will be used to collect the data.

VARIABLES

Dependent (study) variable refers to : Knowledge and Attitude of high school children

Extraneous variable refers to : Demographic variables viz. age, gender,

religion, educational status, occupation, residential

area, type of family, parents occupation, monthly

income of the family, percentage of marks

obtained in the previous year, source of

information regarding road traffic accidents and

road safety measures.

7.2.1 RESEARCH APPROACH

Descriptive survey approach will be used to carry out the study.

7.2.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

Descriptive design will be used.

7.2.3 SETTING

Selected high schools at Bangalore.

7.2.4 POPULATION

The population of the present study consists of high school children who are studying 8th -

10th standard in selected high schools at Bangalore.

7.2.5 SAMPLE SIZE

14

The sample size of the present study comprises of 60 numbers.

7.2.6 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Non-probability, purposive sampling technique will be adopted to select the sample.

7.2.7 SAMPLING CRITERIA

Inclusion criteria:

1. The high school children who are willing to participate in the study.

2. The high school children who are available during the period of data collection.

3. The high school children who can able to communicate either in Kannada or

English.

4. The high school children who gave consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion criteria:

1. The high school children who are not willing to participate in the study.

2. The high school children who are absent during the period of data collection.

7.2.8 TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION

The tool for the data collection consists of three sections:

Section A: Socio-demographic Performa of the study participants.

Section B: Structured questionnaire to assess the knowledge of high school children

about road traffic accidents and road safety measures.

Section C: Structured questionnaire to assess the attitude of high school children about

road traffic accidents and road safety measures.

7.2.9 DURATION OF THE STUDY

Duration of the study will be 6 weeks.

7.2.10 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

Data analysis will be through descriptive and inferential statistics.

Descriptive Statistics:

15

Frequencies, percentage, mean, median and standard deviation will be used to

explain demographic variables and to compute the knowledge and attitude.

The Correlation Coefficient will be used to find out the correlation between the

knowledge and attitude.

Inferential Statistics:

Chi-square test will be used to find out association between selected demographic

variables with the knowledge and attitude among high school children.

PROJECTED OUTCOME

The findings of the study would reveal:

1. The existing knowledge of high school children regarding road traffic accidents

and road safety measures.

2. The attitude of high school children regarding road traffic accidents and road

safety measures.

7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR

INTERVENTIONS TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER HUMANS

OR ANIMALS? IF SO, PLEASE DESCRIBE BRIEFLY.

No

7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR

INSTITUTION?

YES, copy enclosed.

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16

04. Mehta SP. An epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases admitted in

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05. Jha N. Road traffic accident cases at BPKIHS, Dharan, Nepal. One year in

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07. Dhingra N, Khan MY, Zaheer M et al. Road traffic trauma management - A

National Strategy 1991.Proceedings of International Conference of Traffic Safety

27-30 January 1991, New Delhi, India.

08. Ghosh PK. Epidemiological study of the victims of vehicular accidents in Delhi.

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09. Chunli C, Huichun W, Xiaohong S. The investigation and analysis of 1000 cases of

traffic injury emergency treatment in five cities in China 1991. Proceedings of

International Conference of Traffic Safety 27-30January 1991; New Delhi, India.

10. Balogun JA, Abreoje OK. Pattern of road traffic accident cases in a Nigerian

University Teaching Hospital between 1987 and 1990. Trop Med Hyg 1992; 95: 23-

9.

11. Road Traffic Injury Prevention in India. Government of India, World Health

Organization India Country Office Collaborative Programme. 2004-05.

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Banarsidas Bhanot Publication, 2001.

13. Kuezthaler I. Alcohol and/ or Benzodiazepine use in injured road users. Human

psychopharmacology, 2003; 18(5):361-7.

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Public health, 1949:504.

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control, Vienna: 25-6:2004.

17

18. Polit D F, Hungler B P. Nursing Research. Principles and methods. 5th Ed.

Philadelphia. J B. Lippincot Co, 1999.

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injury and injury type in Kuwait. Acci Anal Prev, 2003; 35(2):237-41.

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African municipality. Traffic Inj Prev, 2003; 4(4):355-7.

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18

9. SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

10. REMARKS OF THE GUIDE

11.NAME AND DESIGNATION

11.1 GUIDE Mr. Preeti. N

PROFESSOR CUM HEAD OF

DEPT. OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING,

NATIONAL COLLEGE OF NURSING,

19

BANGALORE.

11.2 SIGNATURE

11.3 CO-GUIDE

11.4 SIGNATURE

11.5 HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Mr. Mr. Preeti. N

PROFESSOR CUM HEAD OF DEPT. OF

PSYCHIATRIC NURSING, NATIONAL

COLLEGE OF NURSING, BANGALORE.

11.6 SIGNATURE

12. 12.1

REMARKS OF THE

CHAIRMAN AND

PRINCIPAL

12.2 SIGNATURE

20