8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 1/12

  FINAL T  ERM 

PAPEROF

ELE-101

TOPIC :- TEMPERATURE SENSORS

SUBMITTED BY  

SUBMITTED TO

NAME- RAJESH KUMAR

MR.GAGANDEEP SHARMA

REGISTRATION NO. -10904731 (DEPARTMENT

OF ELE.SCIENCE)

SECTION-C 4903

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 2/12

ROLL NO. – A06

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As usual a large number of people deserve my thanks for

the help they provided me for the preparation of this

term paper.

First of all I would like to thank my teacher MR.

GAGANDEEP SHARMA “Sir” for his support during the

preparation of this topic. I am very thankful for his

guidance.

I would also like to thank my friends for the

encouragement and information about the topic they

provided to me during my efforts to prepare this topic.

At last but not the least I would like to thank seniors for

providing me their experience and being with me during

my work.

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 3/12

THANK YOU 

 

RAJESH KUMAR 

  CONTENTS

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF SENSORS

2. PROPERTIES OF SENSORS

3. TYPES OF SENSORS

4. INRODUCTION OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS

5. TYPES OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR

A) CONTACT TYPE TEMPERTURE SENSORS

B) NON-CONTACT TYPE TEMPERATURE SENSORS

6.

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 4/12

GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF SENSOR.

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal

which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. OR

Sensor can be defined as a device which receives a signal and converts it into

electrical form which can be further used for electronic devices. A sensor differs

from a transducer in the way that a transducer converts one form of energy into

other form whereas a sensor converts the received signal into electrical form only.

EXAMPLE:-A mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature

into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass

tube. A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read

by a voltmeter. For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known

standards.

PROPERTY OF SENSOR

Ideal sensors are designed to be linear . The output signal of such a sensor is linearly proportional 

to the value of the measured property. The sensitivity is then defined as the ratio between outputsignal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage

output, the sensitivity is a constant with the unit [V/K]; this sensor is linear because the ratio is

constant at all points of measurement.

TYPES OF SENSORS:-

 THERE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF SENSORS PRESENT IN THE INDUSTRY.SOME OF

 THEM ARE AS FOLLOWS:-

1Auto tomotive, transportation

2 . Electric current, electric potential, magnetic, radio

3 . Environment, weather, humidity

4 . Thermal, heat, temperature

5 . Force, density, level.

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 5/12

HERE IN MY PROJECT I AM GOING TO DISCUSS ABOUT TEMPERATURE SENSOR 

INTRODUCTION TEMPERATURE SENSORS

Temperature Sensor is a device which is used to measure the temperature of an object. This sensor senses the

temperature and generate output signal in one of the two forms: 1.change in voltage 2. Change in resistance. In

order to select a sensor for a particular application - accuracy, range of temperature, response time and environment

are considered.

Temperature sensors are categorized into two types:

1. CONTACT TYPE SENSORS.

2. NON-CONTACT TYPE SENSORS.

Contact type sensors

These measure their own temperature i.e., they are in contact with the metal and will be in thermal equilibrium.

This is also of two types:

1. Thermocouples.

2. Resistive temperature devices

Thermocouple contact Temperature Measurement

Sensors :

Thermocouples work on the principle of See-beck effect. They are available

in bead type or probe type construction. A thermocouple consists of two

dissimilar metals, joined together at one end, they consist of two junctions:

cold junction and hot junction. which produce a small voltage when heated

(or cooled). This voltage is measured and used to determine the temperature

of the heated metals. The voltage for any one temperature is unique to the

combination of metals used. The voltage developed between two junctions is

called See-beck voltage. Voltage is in the order of milli-volts. They generate

energy in the order of microwatts-milliwatts.

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 6/12

Different types of thermocouples:-

Thermocouples are available in different combinations of metals, usually refered to by a letter,

e.g. J, K etc. Each combination has a different temperature range and is therefore more suited to

certain applications than others. Although it is worth noting that the maximum temperature

varies with the diameter of the wire used in the thermocouple.

 

Summary of Thermocouple Types

 

Type

Conductor

Combination

Temperature Range

°F °C

BPlatinum 30% Rhodium /

Platinum 6% Rhodium2500 to 3100 1370 to 1700

E  Nickel-chromium / Constantan 32 to 1600 0 to 870

J Iron / Constantan 32 to 1400 0 to 760

K   Nickel-chromium / Nickel-aluminum 32 to 2300 0 to 1260

N  Nicrosil / Nisil 32 to 2300 0 to 1260

R Platinum 13% Rhodium /

Platinum1600 to 2640 870 to 1450

SPlatinum 10% Rhodium /

Platinum1800 to 2640 980 to 1450

T Copper / Constantan -75 to +700 -59 to +370

 

Thermocouples :- 

Calculations of the voltage generated by the thermocouple is given by the equation given below

V= S* ΔT Where

Where, V= voltage measured (V), S= See beck coefficient (V/°C) & ΔT= difference in temperature between two

 junctions.

Hence the unknown temperature can be calculated using this equation,

T= Tref + V/S in °C

FEW EXAMPLES ARE:-

1. Thermometers PCE-IR 425

2. Thermometers PCE-TDL 100

3. - PCE-T 800 series temperature sensor 

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 7/12

4. PCE-FWS 20 WEATHER STATION TEMPERATURE SENSORS.

5. - PCE-MSR145 series temperature sensor 

(temperature sensor / humidity / pressure )

6. PCE-T390 series temperature sensor 

(single channel with memory and software)

HERE I HAVE DISCUSSED ABOUT PCE-FWS-20 THERMOCOUPLE 

TEMPERATURE SENSORS WHICH IS AN EXAMPLE OF CNTACT TYPE SENSOR 

The PCE-FWS 20 Weather Station is a multifunction device which can cover all our needs both in the

private and in the professional sector . The PCE-FWS 20 Weather Station allows us to detect with a

high accuracy wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Apart from

these performances we will be able to activate different alarm functions (air speed, atmospheric pressure,

etc...). we will be fascinated by this weather station. With the help of PCE-FWS 20 weather station we will

be able to choose suitable clothes and the watering of the garden among other functions. Meteorological

data is sent by means of a radio to the main unit when the distance does not exceed 100 meters. This

weather station is equipped with the latest technology for the meteorological analysis. Meteorological

values can be easily recovered by means of the touch screen. With the USB port and the USB cable

included in the delivery, data can be transferred from the weather station to a PC or portable computer to

be analyzed subsequently. Data values can also be recorded with no limits. The analysis software

included in the delivery allows analyzing and comparing meteorological fluctuations by means of graphs

and diagrams for a long period. The delivery includes all the elements we need to set up the weather 

station.

Technical specifications of PCE-FWS-20

 Indoor  

1.Measurement ranges- -Operating temperature: 0 ... +60 °C

-Humidity: 1 ... 99 %

-Atmospheric pressure: 919 ... 1080hPa

2.Resolution -----------------------------------------------------------------------Air temperature: 0,1 °C

-Humidity: 1 %

-Atmospheric pressure: 0,1 / 1,5 hPa3.Measuring range of the atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity. ---48 seconds

4.Alarm duration ------------------120 seconds

Outdoor 

1.Measurement ranges------Operating temperature: -40 ... +65 °C

-Humidity: 1 ... 99 %

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 8/12

-Rain fall: 0 ... 9999mm

- Wind speed: 0 ... 180 km/h

- Indication of the wind direction

2.Resolution -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-Air temperature: 0,1 °C

-Humidity: 1 %

-Rainfall: 0.1mm (volume <1000mm) / 1mm (volume >1000mm)

Temperature and humidity measuring range-------------48 seconds

Radio transmission ----------------------up to 100 m in the open air 

Por ----------------------------------------------- USB

Power --------------------------- Main Unit ---3 x 1,5 V AA batteries

- Radio ----2 x 1,5 V AA batteries

Dimensions- Main Unit-----------------------------------230 x 150 mm

- Remote sensors---------------------660 x 540 mm

IMAGE OF PCE-FWS-20

DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF PCE-FWS-20

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 9/12

2.Rain sensor of PCE-FWS 20 weather station

1.Temperature and humidity sensor 

of the PCE-FWS 20 weather station

3.Air velocity sensor of PCE-FWS-20 4. wind direction sensor of PCE-FWS-20

 

ASSEMBLED SET PCE-FWS-20 BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SENSORS

Functions of the thermometer

PART-1.FUNCTION

- Indoor temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit

- Outdoor temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit

- Indoor relative humidity- Outdoor relative humidity

- Atmospheric pressure is shown in inHG or hPa

- Relative / Absolute humidity selection

PART-2.FUNCTION

- Rainfall is shown in mm or inch

- Rainfall indication for 1 hour, 24 hours, 1 week, 1 month or from the last reset.

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 10/12

PART-3.FUNCTION

-Selection of wind speed in mph, km/h, m/s, knots or Beaufort

- Indication of wind direction

PART-4.FUNCTION

-Wind Chill temperature indicator 

- Dew point indication

- Weather forecast

- Weather forecast trend

- Storm warning

OVERALL WORKING

- Indication of meteorological values.

- Programmable alarm functions for different meteorological values.

- It can store maximum and minimum values

- LED with backlight displayvhv- Radio clock 

- Indication in 12 or 24 hours

- Calendar 

- Set up of Time slot

- Energy saving function

- It can be placed on the wall or vertically

- Permanent adjustment of meteorological values and clock by means of a radio.

 APPLICATIONS OF THERMOCUPLE  :-

1.Steel industry

2. Heating appliance safety

3.  Thermopile radiation sensors

4. Manufacturing

5. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators

6. Process plants

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 11/12

2.Non-Contact type sensors :- These infer temperature by measuring the thermal radiations emitted by the material.

Non-Contact type sensors.

1.IR thermometers .( infrared (IR) radiation thermometers)

2. line-measuring thermometers .

It works, or based on, the law of physics, Planck’s Law of the thermal emission of radiation. 

1.These measure the temperature by detecting the infrared energy emitted by the material.

2.This consists of a lens which senses the IR signal and converts it into electrical signal which is displayed in

temperature units.

3.These are applied when the object is moving, surrounded by EM field or when a fast response is required.

Temperature sensors .Non-contact temperature sensor  

Our infrared temperature sensor measure temperature by way of the infrared radiation of an object. Allnon-contact temperature sensor contain a targeting light to ensure the correct surface area is beingmeasured. Infrared temperature sensor can only measure the temperature of exposed surfaces and notthrough glass. Some models possess a preset K value, and others allow the user to choose the K valuedepending on the material being measured, whether it's paper, wood, metalic surfaces, etc. If the user measures shiney metalic surfaces, such as cylinders, the device can only be used to determinetendencies in temperature as it's no possible to measure absolute temperature, with a non-contacttemperature tester, of polished or shiney surfaces. Please read: how to use a non-contact temperaturetester .

- PCE-HT71 series temperature sensor 

(temperature sensor, humidity, 32.000 values)

- PCE-880 series temperature sensor  (temperature sensor for work or training, with infrared)

- PCE-IR 100 series temperature sensor  (to measure surface temperature or inside food)

- PCE-888 series temperature sensor  

(temperature sensor with laser and accurate to within 11.5%)

8/7/2019 RAJ ELE FINAL TERM PAPER

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/raj-ele-final-term-paper 12/12

 - PCE-889 series temperature sensor  

(temperature sensor <1000ºC, graphic display, adjustable emissivity)