Rain on Snow
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Rain-on-SnowSnowmelt ModelingPete Fickenscher-----HydrologistCalifornia-Nevada River Forecast CenterNational Weather Service-----San Joaquin River Flood Control AssociationFeb. 16, 2006
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Snowmelt Due to Rain-on-Snow
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Snowmelt Due to Rain-on-SnowMr = Cw*Px * (Tw-273.16)
Mr = Melt Rate (mm)Cw = Specific heat of waterPx = Precipitation (mm)Lf = Latent heat of fusionTw = Wet-bulb Temp. (K)Lf Tw Melt (% of Px)50 F12.5 %68 F25.0 % Simple Energy Balance
Chart1
0
0.0125470514
0.0250941029
0.0376411543
0.0501882058
0.0627352572
0.0752823087
0.0878293601
0.1003764115
0.112923463
0.1254705144
0.1380175659
0.1505646173
0.1631116688
0.1756587202
0.1882057716
0.2007528231
0.2132998745
0.225846926
0.2383939774
0.2509410289
1 inch of rain
Wet Bulb Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Rain on Snow
simple
3.95256917253
0
Px(mm)TwMrPx(in)TwMrPxTwMr
100273.16010273.1601 inch320
274.161.2547051443274.163.174404015133.80.0125470514
275.162.5094102886275.166.348808030135.60.0250941029
276.163.7641154329276.169.523212045237.40.0376411543
277.165.0188205772277.1612.697616060239.20.0501882058
278.166.2735257215278.1615.8720200753410.0627352572
279.167.5282308657279.1619.046424090342.80.0752823087
280.168.78293601280.1622.220828105444.60.0878293601
281.1610.0376411543281.1625.395232120546.40.1003764115
282.1611.2923462986282.1628.569636135548.20.112923463
283.1612.5470514429283.1631.7440401506500.1254705144
284.1613.8017565872284.1634.918444165651.80.1380175659
285.1615.0564617315285.1638.092848180753.60.1505646173
286.1616.3111668758286.1641.267252195755.40.1631116688
287.1617.5658720201287.1644.441656210857.20.1756587202
288.1618.8205771644288.1647.6160602258590.1882057716
289.1620.0752823087289.1650.790464240960.80.2007528231
290.1621.3299874529290.1653.96486825662.60.2132998745
291.1622.5846925972291.1657.13927227164.40.225846926
292.1623.8393977415292.1660.313676286166.20.2383939774
293.1625.0941028858293.1663.4880803011680.2509410289
simple
1 inch of rain
Wet Bulb Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Rain on Snow
Snow-17
10.3004942093LongwaveTotal
Total0.10.16hours6hours
PxTaESATM1M2allM3TaRainmeltTaRainmelt
25.306.110489687600-0.000000239320320
16.56851059010.28560919790.61674420931.36814138560.751734541333.80.011288901133.80.0660017288
27.05669475360.58924609381.23679657482.76035854771.523899337835.60.023290359435.60.1335235348
37.57674075830.89621352191.86018128774.17784493482.318001012137.40.035423459437.40.2020440527
48.13042544931.20653574852.48692262725.6218481843.135262921839.20.0476891639.20.2716125957
58.71960664571.52023712753.11704496077.09367177133.9769641756410.060088424410.3422806839
69.34622590711.83734210133.75057274378.59467691574.84444153742.80.072622217442.80.4141021201
710.01231135382.15787524.387530519810.1262845225.739091367144.60.085291509944.60.4871330659
810.71998054382.48186104215.02794292111.68997716046.662371604446.40.098097274446.40.5614321204
911.47144340392.80932433395.671834666913.28730108557.615803783648.20.111040487548.20.6370603999
1012.26900521653.14028987016.319230565814.91986829238.6009750915500.1241221293500.714081619
1113.11506965983.47478253316.970155513616.58935860949.619540460851.80.137343183151.80.7925621737
1214.01214190353.81282729387.624634494818.297521830410.673224700653.60.150704636153.60.8725712251
1314.9628317574.15444921078.282692581820.046179881511.763824664755.40.164207478755.40.9541807856
1415.96985687174.49967343098.94435493521.837229026212.893211456257.20.177852704857.21.0374658058
1517.03604599574.84852518919.609646803223.672642106314.0633326681590.1916413118591.1225042631
1618.16434228135.201029808510.278593523225.554470818915.276214660760.80.205574300760.81.2093772517
1719.35780664375.557212710.951220519827.484848029116.533964874262.60.219652675962.61.2981690741
1820.61962117125.917099362911.627553306229.465990117617.838774176464.40.233877445264.41.3889673336
1921.95309258586.280715384312.307617483631.500199363919.192919245466.20.248249619966.21.4818630288
2023.3616557546.648086439712.991438741133.589866362720.5987649866680.262770215681.5769506493
2 inch
RainmeltTaESATm2TaRain
06.110320
16.6320.3162533.80.025
27.1540.632535.60.05
37.6760.9487537.40.075
48.1981.26539.20.1
58.721.58125410.125
69.431.897542.80.15
710.142.2137544.60.175
810.852.5346.40.2
911.562.8462548.20.225
1012.273.1625500.25
1113.2243.4787551.80.275
1214.1783.79553.60.3
1315.1324.1112555.40.325
1416.0864.427557.20.35
1517.044.74375590.375
1618.3065.0660.80.4
1719.5725.3762562.60.425
1820.8385.692564.40.45
1922.1046.0087566.20.475
2023.376.325680.5
6hours
TurbulentTaESATM3Rainmelt
06.11048968760.0003184194320
16.56851059010.751734541333.80.0297128277
27.05669475361.523899337835.60.0602331754
37.57674075832.318001012137.40.0916205934
48.13042544933.135262921839.20.1239234356
58.71960664573.9769641756410.1571922599
69.34622590714.84444153742.80.1914799026
710.01231135385.739091367144.60.226841556
810.71998054386.662371604446.40.263334846
911.47144340397.615803783648.20.3010199124
1012.26900521658.6009750915500.3399594898
1113.11506965989.619540460851.80.3802189905
1214.012141903510.673224700653.60.421866589
1314.96283175711.763824664755.40.4649733069
1415.969856871712.893211456257.20.509613101
1517.036045995714.0633326681590.5558629513
1618.164342281315.276214660760.80.603802951
1719.357806643716.533964874262.60.6535163982
1820.619621171217.838774176464.40.7050898884
1921.953092585819.192919245466.20.7586134089
2023.36165575420.5987649866680.8141804343
Snow-17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6 hours melt
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt (inches)
Snowmelt Due to Turbulent Transfer
Sheet3
6 hour melt
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to LW Radiation
000
0.025094102900
0.050188205800
0.075282308700
0.100376411500
0.125470514400
0.150564617300
0.175658720200
0.200752823100
0.22584692600
0.250941028900
0.276035131700
0.301129234600
0.326223337500
0.351317440400
0.376411543300
0.401505646200
0.426599749100
0.451693851900
0.476787954800
0.501882057700
Rainmelt
Longwave Radiation
Turbulent Transfer
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt (inches)
Snowmelt During Rain-on-snow
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Rain-on-SnowM = (0.0125 * Px * Ta) { rainmelt} + 3.67 * 10-9 * t/6 *(Ta+273)4 20.4 { longwave exchange} + 8.5 * UADJ * t/6*[(0.9 * esat 6.11) + 0.00057 * Pa * Ta{turbulent transfer}Snow-17 - Operational EquationM = Melt (mm)Ta = Air Temperature (C)Px = water equivalent of precipitation (mm)UADJ = average wind function during rain-on-snowesat = saturation vapor pressure at the airPa = mean sea level atmospheric pressure
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Rain-on-SnowM = (0.0125 * Px * Ta) { rainmelt} + 6.12 * 10-10 * t [(Ta+273)4 2734] { longwave exchange} + 8.5 * UADJ * t/6*[(0.9 * esat 6.11) + 0.00057 * Pa * Ta{turbulent transfer}Snow-17 - Operational EquationAssumptions: no solar radiation relative humidity = 90% atmospheric radiation = black body at Ta wet bulb temperature (rainwater ) = Ta UADJ is the average wind function during rain-on-snow events The snowmelt occurs at the surface of the snowpack
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Rain-on-SnowSnow-17 - RainmeltAssume a 6 hour event with constant Ta = 45 F and2 inches of rain
Chart3
0
0.0250941029
0.0501882058
0.0752823087
0.1003764115
0.1254705144
0.1505646173
0.1756587202
0.2007528231
0.225846926
0.2509410289
0.2760351317
0.3011292346
0.3262233375
0.3513174404
0.3764115433
0.4015056462
0.4265997491
0.4516938519
0.4767879548
0.5018820577
2 inches of rain/6hours
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Rain on Snow
simple
3.95256917253
0
Px(mm)TwMrPx(in)TwMrPxTwMr
100273.16010273.160320
274.161.2547051443274.163.174404015133.80.0250941029
275.162.5094102886275.166.348808030135.60.0501882058
276.163.7641154329276.169.523212045237.40.0752823087
277.165.0188205772277.1612.697616060239.20.1003764115
278.166.2735257215278.1615.8720200753410.1254705144
279.167.5282308657279.1619.046424090342.80.1505646173
280.168.78293601280.1622.220828105444.60.1756587202
281.1610.0376411543281.1625.395232120546.40.2007528231
282.1611.2923462986282.1628.569636135548.20.225846926
283.1612.5470514429283.1631.7440401506500.2509410289
284.1613.8017565872284.1634.918444165651.80.2760351317
285.1615.0564617315285.1638.092848180753.60.3011292346
286.1616.3111668758286.1641.267252195755.40.3262233375
287.1617.5658720201287.1644.441656210857.20.3513174404
288.1618.8205771644288.1647.6160602258590.3764115433
289.1620.0752823087289.1650.790464240960.80.4015056462
290.1621.3299874529290.1653.96486825662.60.4265997491
291.1622.5846925972291.1657.13927227164.40.4516938519
292.1623.8393977415292.1660.313676286166.20.4767879548
293.1625.0941028858293.1663.4880803011680.5018820577
simple
10 inches of rain
Wet Bulb Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Rain on Snow
Snow-17
10.3004942093Longwave
Total0.10.16hours
PxTaESATM1M2allM3TaRainmelt
25.306.110489687600-0.000000239320
16.56851059010.28560919790.61674420931.45162996070.751734541333.80.0112889011
27.05669475360.58924609381.23679657482.92964321131.523899337835.60.0232903594
37.57674075830.89621352191.86018128774.43536311782.318001012137.40.0354234594
48.13042544931.20653574852.48692262725.97017324593.135262921839.20.04768916
58.71960664571.52023712753.11704496077.53551919473.9769641756410.060088424
69.34622590711.83734210133.75057274379.13291071264.84444153742.80.0726222174
710.01231135382.15787524.387530519810.76392385555.739091367144.60.0852915099
810.71998054382.48186104215.02794292112.4302031876.662371604446.40.0980972744
911.47144340392.80932433395.671834666914.13346402097.615803783648.20.1110404875
1012.26900521653.14028987016.319230565815.87549470648.6009750915500.1241221293
1113.11506965983.47478253316.970155513617.65815895349.619540460851.80.1373431831
1214.01214190353.81282729387.624634494819.483398201110.673224700653.60.1507046361
1314.9628317574.15444921078.282692581821.353234025911.763824664755.40.1642074787
1415.96985687174.49967343098.94435493523.269770591912.893211456257.20.1778527048
1517.03604599574.84852518919.609646803225.2351971414.0633326681590.1916413118
1618.16434228135.201029808510.278593523227.251790518415.276214660760.80.2055743007
1719.35780664375.557212710.951220519829.321917752316.533964874262.60.2196526759
1820.61962117125.917099362911.627553306231.448038652217.838774176464.40.2338774452
1921.95309258586.280715384312.307617483633.632708461719.192919245466.20.2482496199
2023.3616557546.648086439712.991438741135.878580542920.5987649866680.262770215
2 inch
RainmeltTaESATm2TaRain
06.110320
16.6320.3162533.80.025
27.1540.632535.60.05
37.6760.9487537.40.075
48.1981.26539.20.1
58.721.58125410.125
69.431.897542.80.15
710.142.2137544.60.175
810.852.5346.40.2
911.562.8462548.20.225
1012.273.1625500.25
1113.2243.4787551.80.275
1214.1783.79553.60.3
1315.1324.1112555.40.325
1416.0864.427557.20.35
1517.044.74375590.375
1618.3065.0660.80.4
1719.5725.3762562.60.425
1820.8385.692564.40.45
1922.1046.0087566.20.475
2023.376.325680.5
6hours
TurbulentTaESATM3Rainmelt
06.11048968760.0003184194320
16.56851059010.751734541333.80.0297128277
27.05669475361.523899337835.60.0602331754
37.57674075832.318001012137.40.0916205934
48.13042544933.135262921839.20.1239234356
58.71960664573.9769641756410.1571922599
69.34622590714.84444153742.80.1914799026
710.01231135385.739091367144.60.226841556
810.71998054386.662371604446.40.263334846
911.47144340397.615803783648.20.3010199124
1012.26900521658.6009750915500.3399594898
1113.11506965989.619540460851.80.3802189905
1214.012141903510.673224700653.60.421866589
1314.96283175711.763824664755.40.4649733069
1415.969856871712.893211456257.20.509613101
1517.036045995714.0633326681590.5558629513
1618.164342281315.276214660760.80.603802951
1719.357806643716.533964874262.60.6535163982
1820.619621171217.838774176464.40.7050898884
1921.953092585819.192919245466.20.7586134089
2023.36165575420.5987649866680.8141804343
Snow-17
6 hour event
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt (inches)
Snowmelt Due to Turbulent Transfer
Sheet3
0
0.0250941029
0.0501882058
0.0752823087
0.1003764115
0.1254705144
0.1505646173
0.1756587202
0.2007528231
0.225846926
0.2509410289
0.2760351317
0.3011292346
0.3262233375
0.3513174404
0.3764115433
0.4015056462
0.4265997491
0.4516938519
0.4767879548
0.5018820577
2 inches of rain/6hours
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Rain on Snow
-
Rain-on-SnowSnow-17 - Longwave RadiationNote: This melt is independent of rainfall amount Assume a 6 hour event with constant Ta = 45 F
Chart4
0
0.0112889011
0.0232903594
0.0354234594
0.04768916
0.060088424
0.0726222174
0.0852915099
0.0980972744
0.1110404875
0.1241221293
0.1373431831
0.1507046361
0.1642074787
0.1778527048
0.1916413118
0.2055743007
0.2196526759
0.2338774452
0.2482496199
0.262770215
6 hour melt
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to LW Radiation
simple
3.95256917253
0
Px(mm)TwMrPx(in)TwMrPxTwMr
100273.16010273.160320
274.161.2547051443274.163.174404015133.80.0250941029
275.162.5094102886275.166.348808030135.60.0501882058
276.163.7641154329276.169.523212045237.40.0752823087
277.165.0188205772277.1612.697616060239.20.1003764115
278.166.2735257215278.1615.8720200753410.1254705144
279.167.5282308657279.1619.046424090342.80.1505646173
280.168.78293601280.1622.220828105444.60.1756587202
281.1610.0376411543281.1625.395232120546.40.2007528231
282.1611.2923462986282.1628.569636135548.20.225846926
283.1612.5470514429283.1631.7440401506500.2509410289
284.1613.8017565872284.1634.918444165651.80.2760351317
285.1615.0564617315285.1638.092848180753.60.3011292346
286.1616.3111668758286.1641.267252195755.40.3262233375
287.1617.5658720201287.1644.441656210857.20.3513174404
288.1618.8205771644288.1647.6160602258590.3764115433
289.1620.0752823087289.1650.790464240960.80.4015056462
290.1621.3299874529290.1653.96486825662.60.4265997491
291.1622.5846925972291.1657.13927227164.40.4516938519
292.1623.8393977415292.1660.313676286166.20.4767879548
293.1625.0941028858293.1663.4880803011680.5018820577
simple
10 inches of rain
Wet Bulb Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Rain on Snow
Snow-17
10.3004942093Longwave
Total0.10.16hours
PxTaESATM1M2allM3TaRainmelt
25.306.110489687600-0.000000239320
16.56851059010.28560919790.61674420931.45162996070.751734541333.80.0112889011
27.05669475360.58924609381.23679657482.92964321131.523899337835.60.0232903594
37.57674075830.89621352191.86018128774.43536311782.318001012137.40.0354234594
48.13042544931.20653574852.48692262725.97017324593.135262921839.20.04768916
58.71960664571.52023712753.11704496077.53551919473.9769641756410.060088424
69.34622590711.83734210133.75057274379.13291071264.84444153742.80.0726222174
710.01231135382.15787524.387530519810.76392385555.739091367144.60.0852915099
810.71998054382.48186104215.02794292112.4302031876.662371604446.40.0980972744
911.47144340392.80932433395.671834666914.13346402097.615803783648.20.1110404875
1012.26900521653.14028987016.319230565815.87549470648.6009750915500.1241221293
1113.11506965983.47478253316.970155513617.65815895349.619540460851.80.1373431831
1214.01214190353.81282729387.624634494819.483398201110.673224700653.60.1507046361
1314.9628317574.15444921078.282692581821.353234025911.763824664755.40.1642074787
1415.96985687174.49967343098.94435493523.269770591912.893211456257.20.1778527048
1517.03604599574.84852518919.609646803225.2351971414.0633326681590.1916413118
1618.16434228135.201029808510.278593523227.251790518415.276214660760.80.2055743007
1719.35780664375.557212710.951220519829.321917752316.533964874262.60.2196526759
1820.61962117125.917099362911.627553306231.448038652217.838774176464.40.2338774452
1921.95309258586.280715384312.307617483633.632708461719.192919245466.20.2482496199
2023.3616557546.648086439712.991438741135.878580542920.5987649866680.262770215
2 inch
RainmeltTaESATm2TaRain
06.110320
16.6320.3162533.80.025
27.1540.632535.60.05
37.6760.9487537.40.075
48.1981.26539.20.1
58.721.58125410.125
69.431.897542.80.15
710.142.2137544.60.175
810.852.5346.40.2
911.562.8462548.20.225
1012.273.1625500.25
1113.2243.4787551.80.275
1214.1783.79553.60.3
1315.1324.1112555.40.325
1416.0864.427557.20.35
1517.044.74375590.375
1618.3065.0660.80.4
1719.5725.3762562.60.425
1820.8385.692564.40.45
1922.1046.0087566.20.475
2023.376.325680.5
6hours
TurbulentTaESATM3Rainmelt
06.11048968760.0003184194320
16.56851059010.751734541333.80.0297128277
27.05669475361.523899337835.60.0602331754
37.57674075832.318001012137.40.0916205934
48.13042544933.135262921839.20.1239234356
58.71960664573.9769641756410.1571922599
69.34622590714.84444153742.80.1914799026
710.01231135385.739091367144.60.226841556
810.71998054386.662371604446.40.263334846
911.47144340397.615803783648.20.3010199124
1012.26900521658.6009750915500.3399594898
1113.11506965989.619540460851.80.3802189905
1214.012141903510.673224700653.60.421866589
1314.96283175711.763824664755.40.4649733069
1415.969856871712.893211456257.20.509613101
1517.036045995714.0633326681590.5558629513
1618.164342281315.276214660760.80.603802951
1719.357806643716.533964874262.60.6535163982
1820.619621171217.838774176464.40.7050898884
1921.953092585819.192919245466.20.7586134089
2023.36165575420.5987649866680.8141804343
Snow-17
6 hours melt
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt (inches)
Snowmelt Due to Turbulent Transfer
Sheet3
6 hour melt
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to LW Radiation
0
0.0250941029
0.0501882058
0.0752823087
0.1003764115
0.1254705144
0.1505646173
0.1756587202
0.2007528231
0.225846926
0.2509410289
0.2760351317
0.3011292346
0.3262233375
0.3513174404
0.3764115433
0.4015056462
0.4265997491
0.4516938519
0.4767879548
0.5018820577
2 inches of rain/6hours
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Rain on Snow
-
Rain-on-SnowSnow-17 - Turbulent TransferNote: This melt is independent of rainfall amount. UADJ set to 0.09 (12 mph wind) Assume a 6 hour event with constant Ta = 45 F
Chart2
0
0.0297128277
0.0602331754
0.0916205934
0.1239234356
0.1571922599
0.1914799026
0.226841556
0.263334846
0.3010199124
0.3399594898
0.3802189905
0.421866589
0.4649733069
0.509613101
0.5558629513
0.603802951
0.6535163982
0.7050898884
0.7586134089
0.8141804343
6 hour melt
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Turbulent Transfer
simple
3.95256917253
0
Px(mm)TwMrPx(in)TwMrPxTwMr
100273.16010273.1601 inch320
274.161.2547051443274.163.174404015133.80.0125470514
275.162.5094102886275.166.348808030135.60.0250941029
276.163.7641154329276.169.523212045237.40.0376411543
277.165.0188205772277.1612.697616060239.20.0501882058
278.166.2735257215278.1615.8720200753410.0627352572
279.167.5282308657279.1619.046424090342.80.0752823087
280.168.78293601280.1622.220828105444.60.0878293601
281.1610.0376411543281.1625.395232120546.40.1003764115
282.1611.2923462986282.1628.569636135548.20.112923463
283.1612.5470514429283.1631.7440401506500.1254705144
284.1613.8017565872284.1634.918444165651.80.1380175659
285.1615.0564617315285.1638.092848180753.60.1505646173
286.1616.3111668758286.1641.267252195755.40.1631116688
287.1617.5658720201287.1644.441656210857.20.1756587202
288.1618.8205771644288.1647.6160602258590.1882057716
289.1620.0752823087289.1650.790464240960.80.2007528231
290.1621.3299874529290.1653.96486825662.60.2132998745
291.1622.5846925972291.1657.13927227164.40.225846926
292.1623.8393977415292.1660.313676286166.20.2383939774
293.1625.0941028858293.1663.4880803011680.2509410289
simple
1 inch of rain
Wet Bulb Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Rain on Snow
Snow-17
10.3004942093LongwaveTotal
Total0.10.16hours6hours
PxTaESATM1M2allM3TaRainmeltTaRainmelt
25.306.110489687600-0.000000239320320
16.56851059010.28560919790.61674420931.36814138560.751734541333.80.011288901133.80.0660017288
27.05669475360.58924609381.23679657482.76035854771.523899337835.60.023290359435.60.1335235348
37.57674075830.89621352191.86018128774.17784493482.318001012137.40.035423459437.40.2020440527
48.13042544931.20653574852.48692262725.6218481843.135262921839.20.0476891639.20.2716125957
58.71960664571.52023712753.11704496077.09367177133.9769641756410.060088424410.3422806839
69.34622590711.83734210133.75057274378.59467691574.84444153742.80.072622217442.80.4141021201
710.01231135382.15787524.387530519810.1262845225.739091367144.60.085291509944.60.4871330659
810.71998054382.48186104215.02794292111.68997716046.662371604446.40.098097274446.40.5614321204
911.47144340392.80932433395.671834666913.28730108557.615803783648.20.111040487548.20.6370603999
1012.26900521653.14028987016.319230565814.91986829238.6009750915500.1241221293500.714081619
1113.11506965983.47478253316.970155513616.58935860949.619540460851.80.137343183151.80.7925621737
1214.01214190353.81282729387.624634494818.297521830410.673224700653.60.150704636153.60.8725712251
1314.9628317574.15444921078.282692581820.046179881511.763824664755.40.164207478755.40.9541807856
1415.96985687174.49967343098.94435493521.837229026212.893211456257.20.177852704857.21.0374658058
1517.03604599574.84852518919.609646803223.672642106314.0633326681590.1916413118591.1225042631
1618.16434228135.201029808510.278593523225.554470818915.276214660760.80.205574300760.81.2093772517
1719.35780664375.557212710.951220519827.484848029116.533964874262.60.219652675962.61.2981690741
1820.61962117125.917099362911.627553306229.465990117617.838774176464.40.233877445264.41.3889673336
1921.95309258586.280715384312.307617483631.500199363919.192919245466.20.248249619966.21.4818630288
2023.3616557546.648086439712.991438741133.589866362720.5987649866680.262770215681.5769506493
2 inch
RainmeltTaESATm2TaRain
06.110320
16.6320.3162533.80.025
27.1540.632535.60.05
37.6760.9487537.40.075
48.1981.26539.20.1
58.721.58125410.125
69.431.897542.80.15
710.142.2137544.60.175
810.852.5346.40.2
911.562.8462548.20.225
1012.273.1625500.25
1113.2243.4787551.80.275
1214.1783.79553.60.3
1315.1324.1112555.40.325
1416.0864.427557.20.35
1517.044.74375590.375
1618.3065.0660.80.4
1719.5725.3762562.60.425
1820.8385.692564.40.45
1922.1046.0087566.20.475
2023.376.325680.5
6hours
TurbulentTaESATM3Rainmelt
06.11048968760.0003184194320
16.56851059010.751734541333.80.0297128277
27.05669475361.523899337835.60.0602331754
37.57674075832.318001012137.40.0916205934
48.13042544933.135262921839.20.1239234356
58.71960664573.9769641756410.1571922599
69.34622590714.84444153742.80.1914799026
710.01231135385.739091367144.60.226841556
810.71998054386.662371604446.40.263334846
911.47144340397.615803783648.20.3010199124
1012.26900521658.6009750915500.3399594898
1113.11506965989.619540460851.80.3802189905
1214.012141903510.673224700653.60.421866589
1314.96283175711.763824664755.40.4649733069
1415.969856871712.893211456257.20.509613101
1517.036045995714.0633326681590.5558629513
1618.164342281315.276214660760.80.603802951
1719.357806643716.533964874262.60.6535163982
1820.619621171217.838774176464.40.7050898884
1921.953092585819.192919245466.20.7586134089
2023.36165575420.5987649866680.8141804343
Snow-17
6 hour melt
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to LW Radiation
Sheet3
0
0.0125470514
0.0250941029
0.0376411543
0.0501882058
0.0627352572
0.0752823087
0.0878293601
0.1003764115
0.112923463
0.1254705144
0.1380175659
0.1505646173
0.1631116688
0.1756587202
0.1882057716
0.2007528231
0.2132998745
0.225846926
0.2383939774
0.2509410289
Rainmelt
Longwave Radiation
Turbulent Transfer
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt (inches)
Snowmelt During Rain-on-snow
6 hour melt
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Turbulent Transfer
-
Rain-on-SnowSnow-17 - Component ComparisonAssume 2 inches of rain during a 6 hour event with constant Ta Ta Total Melt (inches)45 F0.50 (25%) 40 F 0.30 (15%)35 F0.11 ( 6%)Note: 41 F 0.34 (17%)
Chart1
0000
0.02509410290.01128890110.02971282770.0660017288
0.05018820580.02329035940.06023317540.1335235348
0.07528230870.03542345940.09162059340.2020440527
0.10037641150.047689160.12392343560.2716125957
0.12547051440.0600884240.15719225990.3422806839
0.15056461730.07262221740.19147990260.4141021201
0.17565872020.08529150990.2268415560.4871330659
0.20075282310.09809727440.2633348460.5614321204
0.2258469260.11104048750.30101991240.6370603999
0.25094102890.12412212930.33995948980.714081619
0.27603513170.13734318310.38021899050.7925621737
0.30112923460.15070463610.4218665890.8725712251
0.32622333750.16420747870.4649733069
0.35131744040.17785270480.509613101
0.37641154330.19164131180.5558629513
0.40150564620.20557430070.603802951
0.42659974910.21965267590.6535163982
0.45169385190.23387744520.7050898884
0.47678795480.24824961990.7586134089
0.50188205770.2627702150.8141804343
Rainmelt
Longwave Radiation
Turbulent Transfer
Total Melt (2 inches/6 hrs)
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt (inches)
Snowmelt During Rain-on-snow
simple
3.95256917253
0
Px(mm)TwMrPx(in)TwMrPxTwMr
100273.16010273.1601 inch320
274.161.2547051443274.163.174404015133.80.0250941029
275.162.5094102886275.166.348808030135.60.0501882058
276.163.7641154329276.169.523212045237.40.0752823087
277.165.0188205772277.1612.697616060239.20.1003764115
278.166.2735257215278.1615.8720200753410.1254705144
279.167.5282308657279.1619.046424090342.80.1505646173
280.168.78293601280.1622.220828105444.60.1756587202
281.1610.0376411543281.1625.395232120546.40.2007528231
282.1611.2923462986282.1628.569636135548.20.225846926
283.1612.5470514429283.1631.7440401506500.2509410289
284.1613.8017565872284.1634.918444165651.80.2760351317
285.1615.0564617315285.1638.092848180753.60.3011292346
286.1616.3111668758286.1641.267252195755.40.3262233375
287.1617.5658720201287.1644.441656210857.20.3513174404
288.1618.8205771644288.1647.6160602258590.3764115433
289.1620.0752823087289.1650.790464240960.80.4015056462
290.1621.3299874529290.1653.96486825662.60.4265997491
291.1622.5846925972291.1657.13927227164.40.4516938519
292.1623.8393977415292.1660.313676286166.20.4767879548
293.1625.0941028858293.1663.4880803011680.5018820577
simple
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 inch of rain
Wet Bulb Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Rain on Snow
Snow-17
10.3004942093LongwaveTotal
Total0.10.16hours6hours
PxTaESATM1M2allM3TaRainmeltTaRainmelt
25.306.110489687600-0.000000239320320
16.56851059010.28560919790.61674420931.36814138560.751734541333.80.011288901133.80.0660017288
27.05669475360.58924609381.23679657482.76035854771.523899337835.60.023290359435.60.1335235348
37.57674075830.89621352191.86018128774.17784493482.318001012137.40.035423459437.40.2020440527
48.13042544931.20653574852.48692262725.6218481843.135262921839.20.0476891639.20.2716125957
58.71960664571.52023712753.11704496077.09367177133.9769641756410.060088424410.3422806839
69.34622590711.83734210133.75057274378.59467691574.84444153742.80.072622217442.80.4141021201
710.01231135382.15787524.387530519810.1262845225.739091367144.60.085291509944.60.4871330659
810.71998054382.48186104215.02794292111.68997716046.662371604446.40.098097274446.40.5614321204
911.47144340392.80932433395.671834666913.28730108557.615803783648.20.111040487548.20.6370603999
1012.26900521653.14028987016.319230565814.91986829238.6009750915500.1241221293500.714081619
1113.11506965983.47478253316.970155513616.58935860949.619540460851.80.137343183151.80.7925621737
1214.01214190353.81282729387.624634494818.297521830410.673224700653.60.150704636153.60.8725712251
1314.9628317574.15444921078.282692581820.046179881511.763824664755.40.164207478755.40.9541807856
1415.96985687174.49967343098.94435493521.837229026212.893211456257.20.177852704857.21.0374658058
1517.03604599574.84852518919.609646803223.672642106314.0633326681590.1916413118591.1225042631
1618.16434228135.201029808510.278593523225.554470818915.276214660760.80.205574300760.81.2093772517
1719.35780664375.557212710.951220519827.484848029116.533964874262.60.219652675962.61.2981690741
1820.61962117125.917099362911.627553306229.465990117617.838774176464.40.233877445264.41.3889673336
1921.95309258586.280715384312.307617483631.500199363919.192919245466.20.248249619966.21.4818630288
2023.3616557546.648086439712.991438741133.589866362720.5987649866680.262770215681.5769506493
2 inch
RainmeltTaESATm2TaRain
06.110320
16.6320.3162533.80.025
27.1540.632535.60.05
37.6760.9487537.40.075
48.1981.26539.20.1
58.721.58125410.125
69.431.897542.80.15
710.142.2137544.60.175
810.852.5346.40.2
911.562.8462548.20.225
1012.273.1625500.25
1113.2243.4787551.80.275
1214.1783.79553.60.3
1315.1324.1112555.40.325
1416.0864.427557.20.35
1517.044.74375590.375
1618.3065.0660.80.4
1719.5725.3762562.60.425
1820.8385.692564.40.45
1922.1046.0087566.20.475
2023.376.325680.5
6hours
TurbulentTaESATM3Rainmelt
06.11048968760.0003184194320
16.56851059010.751734541333.80.0297128277
27.05669475361.523899337835.60.0602331754
37.57674075832.318001012137.40.0916205934
48.13042544933.135262921839.20.1239234356
58.71960664573.9769641756410.1571922599
69.34622590714.84444153742.80.1914799026
710.01231135385.739091367144.60.226841556
810.71998054386.662371604446.40.263334846
911.47144340397.615803783648.20.3010199124
1012.26900521658.6009750915500.3399594898
1113.11506965989.619540460851.80.3802189905
1214.012141903510.673224700653.60.421866589
1314.96283175711.763824664755.40.4649733069
1415.969856871712.893211456257.20.509613101
1517.036045995714.0633326681590.5558629513
1618.164342281315.276214660760.80.603802951
1719.357806643716.533964874262.60.6535163982
1820.619621171217.838774176464.40.7050898884
1921.953092585819.192919245466.20.7586134089
2023.36165575420.5987649866680.8141804343
Snow-17
6 hour melt
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to LW Radiation
Temp
0
0.0250941029
0.0501882058
0.0752823087
0.1003764115
0.1254705144
0.1505646173
0.1756587202
0.2007528231
0.225846926
0.2509410289
0.2760351317
0.3011292346
0.3262233375
0.3513174404
0.3764115433
0.4015056462
0.4265997491
0.4516938519
0.4767879548
0.5018820577
Rainmelt
Longwave Radiation
Turbulent Transfer
Total Melt (2 inches/6 hrs)
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt (inches)
Snowmelt During Rain-on-snow
6 hour melt
Air Temperature (deg F)
Melt from rain (inch)
Snowmelt Due to Turbulent Transfer
BLUHYSUpper American MAT (
12/30/96 1:16393936
12/30/96 2:57414038
12/30/96 4:18414140
12/30/96 7:20424238
12/30/96 10:22414038
12/30/96 13:24404139
12/30/96 16:26414042
12/30/96 19:28414242
12/30/96 22:30414144
12/31/96 1:33414046
12/31/96 4:35404146
12/31/96 10:39434346
12/31/96 13:41434345
12/31/96 16:43444341
12/31/96 19:45434437
12/31/96 22:47444435
1/1/97 1:494647
1/1/97 4:514649
1/1/97 7:534749
1/1/97 10:554747
1/1/97 13:574747
1/1/97 16:594747
1/1/97 20:014748
1/1/97 23:034747
1/2/97 2:054747
1/2/97 5:074746
1/2/97 8:093944
1/2/97 11:123935
1/2/97 14:143835
1/2/97 17:163838
1/2/97 20:183737
1/2/97 23:203636
42.542.5937540.8125
MBD000000F0.unknown
MBD01F4DE39.unknown
MBD000001C8.unknown
MBD00000244.unknown
MBD00000296.unknown
MBD0000015C.unknown
MBD00000084.unknown
-
Example 1997 Event
Chart1
21.897233201619.211.617.15.1402371542
22.80632411071912.27.295.1402371542
23.280632411121.813.589.855.5317786561
23.043478260923.715.7511.26.7164426877
23.20158102772416.3411.26.7164426877
23.35968379452417.91116.1241106719
21.9762845852417.9110.84.3471146245
20.94861660082418.1110.52.3693280632
20.31620553362417.1310.20.9838735178
20.118577075124.115.9410.040.7931225296
20.079051383424.115.94100.5923320158
SNOW-17 - NFDC1UP (5000' - 9006')
CSSL (6900')
Huysink (6600')
Greek Store (5600')
Blue Canyon (5300')
Date
SWE (inches)
Snow Water Equivalent Comparison ('96 -'97)
sup
$IDENTIFIER=NFDC1UPDESCRIPTION=NF AMERICAN UP SWE
$PERIODOF RECORD=10/1960 THRU 09/2003
$SYMBOLFOR MISSINGDATA=-999.00 SYMBOL FOR ACCUMULATEDDATA=-998.0
$TYPE=SWE UNITS=MM DIMENSIONS=LDATATIME INTERVAL=24 HOU
$OUTPUTFORMAT=(3A4,2I2,I4,6F10.0)
DATACARDSWELMM 24 NFDC1UPNF AMERICANUP SWE
1019949 1997 6F10.0
10941000610
10942000000
10943000000
10944000000
10945000000
109460
1194122137893
119428887122131130140
11943139139162168225239
11944239239239239238239
11945320341352351353353
12941355365445526528547
12942549548548548555596
12943602627628629628630
12944628627625624622655
12945651649649670667666
12946666
1951665664672705761810
19528559361012108410911117
1953117611661193119511941194
1954119411941194122812421274
1955129813401361135913561349
19561343
2951133213281323131713121308
2952130413011299129512931291
2953133613461345134413401333
2954132513161307129812881279
29551273126612601254
3951125613021330133713551353
3952135013581390144014811485
3953151215021485147614681475
3954146615351581168117381762
3955176217611761176117601758
39561750
4951174017321719170416911690
4952171217131710170316911689
4953172517241730172917291731
4954172817601755173917171698
4955168016631656167616601666
5951162516081593158015681557
5952154515281513149714831490
5953148914941486146914501427
5954140213771354133013051284
5955126112371213118711571127
59561095
6951106610391012986967958
6952948934918898879854
6953830814806794783769
6954759748732709683654
6955621595571550528509
7951491475458442425409
7952395379366355346338
7953329317304292281267
7954257248240233226219
7955212205197189182175
7956168
8951161155148142136131
8952126122117113110106
89531029894908784
8954807673696562
8955595654514946
895644
9951413836333129
9952272523211917
9953151211975
9954310000
9955000000
10951000000
10952000000
10953000000
10954000000
10955000000
109560
11951000000
11952000000
11953000000
11954000000
11955132100
12951000200
129520000111161
12953184186210212211211
12954211210209210212211
12955211210222223262276
12956276
1961276274272271270268
1962266264261260257254
1963252250240274275338
1964360376441450469572
1965603606698700700705
1966718
2961718718721779758747
2962740734728722716709
2963702696693683672703
2964725767825857871886
2965899898898898898
396189789690399810331039
3962103710291018100810341043
396310421038102710171005990
3964977964952948944941
3965938934955992991987
3966978
4961990984979969955939
4962922907891882875872
4963866857860881914917
4964932933928916899881
4965860837819800779753
5961728704687673656640
5962625612597578552526
5963502484468443440423
5964415409402390383376
5965364352341331321313
5966303
6961290274259246232218
6962207196187178170162
6963155148141136131125
696412011511010610299
6965969390878276
7961706559555046
7962413631272319
796315118520
7964000000
7965000000BLUE
796601996122507.125-Dec179.63
89610000001996122607.2926-Dec184.437
89620000001996122709.8527-Dec249.205
896300000019961228011.228-Dec283.36
896400000019961229011.229-Dec283.36
89650000001996123001130-Dec278.3
8966019961231010.831-Dec273.24
996100000019970101010.51-Jan265.65
996200000019970102010.22-Jan258.06
996300000019970103010.043-Jan254.012
9964000000199701040104-Jan253
9965000000199701050105-Jan253
10961000000199701060106-Jan253
10962000000199701070107-Jan253
10963000000Blue Canyon (5300')Greek Store (5600')Huysink (6600')CSSL (6900')SNOW-17 - NFDC1UP (5000' - 9006')
1096400000925-Dec55425-Dec130180294486554
109651100121726-Dec57726-Dec130184309481577
109661427-Dec58927-Dec140249344552589
11961118655428-Dec58328-Dec170283398600583
1196232211029-Dec58729-Dec170283413607587
11963010421068430-Dec59130-Dec155278453607591
1196464625459594931-Dec55631-Dec110273453607556
119654948494544431-Jan5301-Jan60266458607530
129615555551112092362-Jan5142-Jan25258433607514
129622352332383063523683-Jan5093-Jan20254403610509
129633643603593573563554-Jan5084-Jan15253403610508
129643543965195515545545-Jan5105-Jan15253403622510
129655545775895835875916-Jan5096-Jan5253403630509
129665567-Jan5087-Jan5253403645508
1971530514509508510509
197250850750550450351148104.90220.2449.841-37.95833.2806324111
1973511510514511510508
197450853155159361262634.25825
1975736802795793790786
1976784
2971783780778773769767SNOW-17 - NFDC1UP (5000' - 9006')CSSL (6900')Huysink (6600')Greek Store (5600')Blue Canyon (5300')
297277177777577377176825-Dec21.8972332016191275
297376175675174575074526-Dec22.8063241107191275
297473773072872572372127-Dec23.28063241112214106
297571771270670128-Dec23.04347826092416117
397170072973273172872429-Dec23.20158102772416117
397271971370569568768230-Dec23.35968379452418116
397367767066366164363231-Dec21.9762845852418114
39746216095975855735611-Jan20.94861660082418112
39755485365265155065082-Jan20.31620553362417101
39765073-Jan20.11857707512416101
49715065034974914864824-Jan20.07905138342416101
4972478475470466461455
4973447438424411399383
4974367357342332322315
4975305293283277272269
5971262256248239231221
5972211201191181170160
5973151143136129121114
597410710297939087
5975848177726863
597658
6971545147434138
6972343128252220
6973171410630
6974000000
6975000000
7971000000
7972000000
7973000000
7974000000
7975000000
79760
8971000000
8972000000
8973000000
8974000000
8975000000
89760
9971000000
9972000000
9973000000
9974000000
9975000000
sup
Blue Canyon (5300')
Greek Store (5600')
Huysink (6600')
CSSL (6900')
SNOW-17 - NFDC1UP (5000' - 9006')
Date
SWE (mm)
Snow Water Equivalent Comparison ('96-'97)
SNOW-17 - NFDC1UP (5000' - 9006')
CSSL (6900')
Huysink (6600')
Greek Store (5600')
Blue Canyon (5300')
Date
SWE (inches)
Snow Water Equivalent Comparison ('96 -'97)
-
Example 1997 EventBlue Canyon (5300)Average Temp (42.5 F): Rainfall = 19.8 inches SWE loss = 5.3 inches Ratio = 27 %Greek Store (5600): Rainfall = 13.8 inches SWE loss = 0.80 inches Ratio = 6 %Dec. 30, 1996 Jan. 2, 1997Greek Store snowpack was deeper and less ripe, more sheltered.Rain-on-snow melt is highly dependent on pack conditions
-
Example 1997 EventHuysink (6600)Average Temp (42.5 F) Rainfall = 16.55 inches SWE loss = 2.0 inches Ratio = 12 %Central Sierra Snow Lab: CSSL (6900): Rainfall = ?? SWE loss = 0.0 inchesRatio = 0 %Dec. 30, 1996 Jan. 2, 1997At 6900 the rain passed through the deep CSSL snowpack with no melt.
-
Example 1997 EventDec. 30, 1996 Jan. 2, 1997NFDC1UP is represents the basin average rain-on-snow snowmeltSNOW 17 (NFDC1UP): Average Temp (41 F) Rainfall = 18.0 inches SWE loss = 3.28 inches Ratio = 18 %
-
Snowmelt Due to Rain-on-Snow Rain-on-Snow is a complex phenomena. Many variables need to be considered. (Temperature, humidity, wind speed, snowpack conditions, forests,) The strongest component is usually turbulent transfer. All components together may reach 25% (or more) snowmelt-to-rain ratios in very warm events, especially at lower elevations. When snowpack is deep and still cold, little additional snowmelt occurs during rain-on-snow events.Summary