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RAILWAY PASSIVE SAFETY
IN EUROPE
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Railway Passive Safety
1990 1995 2000 2005
TRAINCOL
SAFETRAIN
SAFETRAM
SAFEINTERIORS
Crashworthinessdesign tools
Passive safetyMethodologyFor trains
Passive safetyMethodologyFor trams
EN StandardsEN1557
CEN TC256EN15227-2007CrashworthinessRequirementsFor railwayVehicle bodies
CEN TC256EN15227-2007CrashworthinessRequirementsFor railwayVehicle bodies
Train InteriorPassive safety
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Ensure survival space (collision energy management, overriding protection)Improve interior environment (reduce deceleration, safe interior)Avoid derailment after collision (Obstacle deflection, lateral stability)
Railway Crashworthiness
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Develop effective and reasonable design requirementsDevise and demonstrate a safe environmentfor occupants during identified collisionscenarios
Establish a standard validation process
Significant reduction of the annual total number of fatalities and serious injuries
Research Goals
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Design tools for crashworthiness
Numerical tools Experimental results
TRAINCOL - Crash test vs. modelling
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TRAINCOL - Crash test vs. modelling
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TRAINCOL Crash Test - (New design)
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TRAINCOL Crash Test - (Old design)
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BiomechanicsErgonomics & scenariosInjury criteriaPassenger & crew modellingComponent testsCrash simulation
European StandardizationCEN TC256 – WG2
Accident & risk analysisTrain energy management
Design requirements
Design processInitial ideasDetailed designManufactureComponent testsCrash simulation
Static & Dynamic tests
Conclusions & Recomendations
Project SAFETRAIN Methodology
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Train Accident & Risk Study
Sub-category 1.1 1.2 1.3-1.4 2.1 2.2 2.3-2.4 Number of accidents 31 69 21 28 80 3
Frequency (/1012 passenger.km) 38 85 26 35 99 3.7
Total severity Dead 49 3 0 3 8 0
Dead + seriously injured 166 64 7 8 42 1
Dead x 10-11 6 0.37 0 0.37 0.99 0 Risk / passenger x km Dead+seriously injured x 10-
11 20.5 7.9 0.86 1 5.2 0.12
1.1 Head-on collision1.2 Rear-end collision1.3+1.4 Side collision + others 2.1 Collision with a car2.2 Collision with truck, bus or tractor2.3+2.4 Other collisions at a level crossing
ERRI B205
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Tram Accident & Risk Study
1.0E-10
1.0E-09
1.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
0.1110100
Accident Severity
Acc
iden
t Fre
quen
cy
Risk=E-05
Risk=E-06
Risk=E-07
Risk=E-08
Risk=E-09
Risk=E-010
Tram
Car
Truck
Bycicle
Pedestrian
Obstacle
No collision
Emergency Bracking
LRV Statistics
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Scenarios & collision speeds
P1) Collision against a rail vehicle (80 t freight wagon with UIC 526-1 buffers). 25 km/h
P2) Collision against a regional train (129 t train). 23 km/h. P3) Collision against an identical periurban tram. 36 km/hP4) Collision against a 16.5 t rigid truck on level crossing. 40 km/h
Periurban trams
C1) Emergency braking. Not applicableC2) Collision with an identical city tram. 20 km/hC3) Collision against a light rigid truck (3t). 30 km/hC4) Collision against a 55 t periurban tram with appropriate compatibility. 12
km/h
City trams
S1) Train vs. train - V70% = 36 km/hS2) Train vs. buffer stops - V70% = 36 km/hS3) Train vs. deformable obstacle In level crossing V90% = 120 km/h.
Trains
Collision scenariosRollling stock
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Representative train types
Length 20m 26m 26m 26m 26m 26m 26m 26m Mass 68T 51T 34T 34T 34T 34T 34T 51T
Length 26m 25m 25m 25m 25m 25m 25m 26m Mass 55T 53T 53T 45T 45T 53T 53T 55T
Length 20m 20m 20m Mass 42T 45T 42T
Length 26m Mass 50T
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
Main line
Main line
Regional
Motor coach
340 t
412 t
129 t
50 t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3
1 1
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Representative tram types
BOMBARDIER S1000 type
ALSTOM’s CITADIS Tram
City Tram
Multiple-articulated tram configurations Masses of 20, 35 and 45 t.Crushing length: 0.5 m Buffer load: 200kN Maximum Compressive force: 470kN
Periurban Tram
Multiple-articulated configurations Mass 55 t. Crushing length: 0.7 m Buffer load: 600kNMaximum compressive force:1400kN
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Optimization of train & tram sets
Safety objectivesA mean acceleration level should not exceed 5gNo permanent deformation in the passenger compartment
Design parametersPlastic load levels of vehicle extremities
Design constraintsLoad gap of 500 kN between consecutive plastic load levels
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Analysis of train sets
Horiz. accelEnergy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Analysis of overriding
Dynamics of overriding depend onCrushing behaviour of extremities and vehicle structuresVertical anti-climber crushing behaviour;Suspension characteristics with emphasis in jounce stop strokes;Centre of mass offsets;Collision speeds. Anti-climbing device localization
Localtechnique
(clim.)
Power car side Trailer car side
Energy absorbingdeviceBufferRivet
Normal running
Maximum compression
Prevention of climbing
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LEE – FE modelling
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
d [mm]
F [k
N]
simulationspecification
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
d [mm]E
[MJ]
simulationspecification
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High energy end prototype
Anti-penetration wall
Aluminium Honeycomb Absorber
Lateral Absorber & Anti-Climber
Obstacle Deflector
Cant-rail
DoorWindow
Corrugated sheets
Head-Stock Welded Boxes
Stiff A-Pillar
(HEE) 4.6 MJ 1800 mm
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HEE – Static test
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Dynamic test 1
Collision Scenario 1• 4.6 MJ total energy absorption• Stroke 1.8 m• Energy absorbing coupler• Shear-off mechanism • Coupler trap• Obstacle deflector, • Anticlimber withstanding 150 kNvertical forces and 100 mm offset
CNTK Zmigród Test Ring - 2nd August 2000
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Dynamic test Train vs. wagon
Total Structural Deformation: 400mmEnergy Absorption: 1470 kJ
Buffers fixed (No Climbing)
Cabin “undeformed”
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Dynamic test 3 - LEA: 59.5 tA: 59.5 t C: 30.1 tC: 30.1 t B: 69.5 tB: 69.5 t
55 km/h
•Each extremity: 1.4 MJ total energy absorption stroke 660 mm
• Energy absorbing coupler• Shear-off mechanism • Coupler trap • Obstacle deflector• Anticlimber withstanding 150 kN vertical forces and 100 mm offset.
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Dynamic test 3 - LE
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Project SAFETRAM
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Standard EN 15227
Design categories of railway vehiclesDesign collision scenariosStructural passive safety
General principlesOverriding
RequirementsDesign guidelines (Informative)
Survival space, intrusion and egressRequirementsDesign guidelines (Informative)
Deceleration limit/collision pulseRequirementDesign guidelines (Informative)
Obstacle deflectorRequirementDesign guidelines (Informative).
Validation of crashworthinessAnnex A Parameters of design collision scenariosAnnex B (normative) Requirements of a validation programme
Test specificationsTest programmeAcceptance criteria for calibration/validation testsNumerical simulationsNumerical model validation
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Project SAFETRAM Standing passenger
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Project SAFEINTERIORS
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Project SAFEINTERIORS
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Project SAFEINTERIORS
RequirementsSimpleHigh speed TSI & New standardRepresentative of risk resultsCommercial and economic aspectsInteractions with other standards
IMPROVED RISK ANALYSISINTERIOR FEATURE AGGRESSIVENESSINJURY CRITERIASURVIVAL SPACEFURNITURE & INTERIOR DESIGN
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Number of passenger fatalities per year EU25 – 2000 149EU25 – 2020 70
Projected transport demand in 2020 7600 *109 Passenger kms (43 per cent more than 2000)
Railway, a safe transport mode for the future
Safe and sustainable railSystems for a connectedEurope