_____ absorbx-radiationduring x-rayexposure andstore theenergy fromthe radiation.

2 methods ofprocessingradiographicfilms:

Accelerator:

Acidifer:

Air BubbleAppearance:

ALARAconcept:

AluminumFilters remove:

Amperagedetermines:

BeamAlignmentDevice:

Best: Filmspeed,Collimation,Technique, &Exposurefactors

Bitewing:

Cephalometric:

CMRS: (# offilms)

Collimator:

Concave dot:

Cone-cutAppearance:

1. silver halide crystals

2. manual and automatic

3. sodium carbonate- alkali or base solutionto activate the developing solution

4. acrtic acid or sulfuric acid- neutralizes thealkaline developer

5. white spots on film image

6. states that all exposure to radiation must bekept to a minimum, "as low as reasonablyachieved"

7. low-energy, less penetrating, longerwavelengths

8. the amount of electrons passing throughthe cathode filament

9. used to help the radiographer position thePID in relationship to the tooth and film

10. Using F-speed instead of D-speed reducesthe absorbed dose by 60%, Using arectangular collimation instead of a roundreduces the absorbed by 60-70%, Can belimited by using longer source-to-filmdistance, long-cone & parallelingtechnique, Exposure can be limited by usinga higher kilovoltage peak

11. examines the interproximal surfaces of thecrowns of both MX and MD teeth w/ crestalbone

12. provides a leteral view of the skull

13. # of films depends on the radiographictechnique used & the # of teeth present,Edentulous pt: 14 films, Dentulous pt: 14-20films

14. lead diaphragm used to restrict the size ofthe x-ray beam (round, rectangular, cone)

15. away from tubehead or source of radiation

16. a clear, unexposed area on the film

Consumer-PatientRadiation Health &Safety Act: (1981)

Control panel usedto: (3)

Convex dot:

Critical Organs: (4)

Curve of Spee:

Density:

Describe the Roleof Developer:

Describe the Roleof Fixer:

Developer Spots:

Developing &Fixing solutionsare/are notsterilizing agents:

Developing Agent:(2)

Developingpurposes: (2)

DevelopingSolutionChemicals: (4)

Difference betweenManual &AutomaticProcessing:

DistanceRecommendations:

Dose:

Double ExposureAppearance:

Dropped FilmCornerAppearance:

17. issues of education & certification ofpersons using radiographic equipment

18. allows for regulation x-ray beam,control electrical current forgeneration of X-rays, & house controlbuttons and settings

19. surface towards tubehead or source ofradiation

20. skin, thyroid gland, lens of the eye, &bone marrow

21. smile line curves up

22. overall darkness or blackness

23. reacts w/ silver halide crystals on thefilm that were affected by radiation,These crystals form the images

24. removes any crystals that did not react,hardens the emulsion, and preservesthe image

25. dark spots appear on the film

26. are NOT

27. hydroquinoine- generates black tones& sharp contrast, elon- acts to quicklyproduce, generates shades of gray

28. softens emulsion, & distinguishesbetween exposed and unexposed silverhalide crystals to form image

29. developing agent, preservative,accelerator, restrainer

30. automatic has no rinse

31. avoid the primary beam & limit x-radiation exposure, stand at least 6 ft.away from x-ray tubehead

32. the amount of energy absorbed by atissue

33. two (double) images are superimposeon top of each other

34. the occlusal plane appears tipped ortilted

DANB RHSStudy online at quizlet.com/_55hkp

Exposure timeis measured in:

Exposure Time:

Exposure time:

Extension armused to: (3)

Extra-OralRadiographicExaminations:

Fast Film:

FederalRegulations-1968:

FederalRegulations-1974:

Film BendingAppearance:

FilmCompostion:(4)

Film CreasingAppearance:

Film emulsionpurpose &mixture:

Film Exposedto White LightAppearance:

Film HoldingDevice:

Film Storage:(Temp &Humidity)

Film-lessRadiographyIntroduced In:

Filtration:

Fixer Spots:

Fixing Agent(ClearingAgent):

Fixingpurposes: (2)

Fixing SolutionChemicals: (4)

35. impulses

36. standard- 1/60th sec, digital- 1/100th sec

37. 1/60th of a second- standard & 1/100th ofa second- digital

38. suspend tubehead, house electrical wires,& allows movement in all directions &positioning of the x-ray tubehead

39. inspection of large areas of the skull or jaw

40. reduces exposure to radiation

41. Radiation Control for Health & Safety Act:Standardize performance of x-rayequipment

42. US FDA standardized all manufacturing ofradiographic dental equipment (allmachines must meet this)

43. film appears stretched & distorted (all orportion of film)

44. film base, adhesive layer, film emulsion,protective layer

45. a thin radiolucent (dark) line appears onthe film (usually straight)

46. to give film greater sensitivity to x-radiation, homogeneous misture of gelatin& silver halide crystals

47. film appears black

48. reduces exposure to pt, stabilizes film &reduces film movement

49. store in cool, dry place. Temp- 50-70degrees F, Humidity- 30-50%

50. 1987

51. removes unwanted x-rays, amount equal to0.5-1.0 mm

52. white spots appear on the film

53. sodium thiosulfate or ammoniumthiosulfate- remove unexposed silver halidecrystals

54. removes unexposed crystals (unenergized),& hardens the emulsion

55. fixing agent, preservative, hardeningagent, acidifier

Fogged FilmAppearance:

HardeningAgent:

Identificationdot:

Image:

Incorrect FilmPlacementAppearance:

IncorrectHorizontalAngulationAppearance:

IncorrectVerticalAngulationAppearance:

Informationon Label forMount: (4)

Interproximal:(Purpose, FilmType, &Technique)

Inverse SquareLaw:

Inverselyproportionalmeans:

KilovoltagePeak Rule:

KilovoltagePeak:

kVp controls:

kvP:

Labial:

Latent Image:

Latent Period:

Lead Apron:

Lingual:

56. gray film image; lacks detail and contrast

57. potassium alum- hards and shrinksemulsion

58. small, raised bump

59. picture or likeness of an object

60. no apices on the film

61. overlapped contact areas appear on the film

62. short teeth w/ blunted roots appear on thefilm (foreshortened)

63. pt. full name, radiographers name, date ofexposure, doctor name

64. examine the crown of both the mx & mdteeth on a single film, & adjacent surfaces ofteeth & crestal bone, bite-wing film, bite-wing technique

65. the intensity of radiation is inverselyproportional to the square of the distancefrom the source of radiation

66. that as one variable increases, the otherdecreases

67. when kilovoltage is increased by 15,exposure time should be decreased by half.When kilovoltage is decreased by 15,exposure time should be doubled

68. pentrating power, quality

69. the quality or wavelength and energy of thex-ray beam

70. 65-100 kVp range- peak of enegry

71. facing patient to view (pt.'s right side, yourleft), convex

72. stored image not visible on the film

73. the time that elapses between exposure toionizing radiation and the appearance ofobservable clinical signs

74. protects lap & chest

75. behind patient to view (pt.'s right side, yourright), concave

mA:

Manual FilmProcessing: (5)

MaximumAccumulated Dose:

MaximumPermissible Does(MPD):

MilliamperageRegulates:

Milliamperage:

Molar Bite-Wingmust include:

Most effectivemethod of reducingpt exposure toradiation:

NonstochasticEffects:

Occlusal:

Occlusal: (Purpose,Film Type, &Technique)

OFD(Object-FilmDistance):

Over Exposed FilmAppearance:

Panoramic:

Patient movementAppearance:

Penumbra:

Periapical:

Periapical:(Purpose, FilmType, & Technique)

76. 7-15 range- amount

77. developing solutions, film rinse,fixing solutions, wash film, dry films

78. based on worker's age. MAD= (N - 18) x 5 rems/yearMAD= (N - 18) x 0.05 Sv/year

79. maximum dose equivalent a body ispermitted to receive in a specificamount of time w/ little or no injury. Occupational- 5.0 rems/year (0.05SV/year) Nonoccupationally- 0.5 rems/year(0.005 Sv/year)

80. the temperature of the cathodefilament

81. current coming in; tells you howmany, # of, qt.

82. Distal 1/2 of second premolar, allmolars present, & both MX & MDmolars, & crestal bone

83. fast films

84. have a threshold and increasedseverity with increased absorbed dose,ex. loss of hair, decreased fertility,erythema

85. examines large area of the MX or MDjaw

86. examine large areas of the mx or mdon a single film, occlusal film,occlusal technique

87. the film and the object should be asclose together as possible to reducethe amount of magnification

88. film appears dark

89. provides a view of the entire mx andmd

90. film image is distorted or blurred

91. fuzzy, unclear area that surrounds aradiographic image

92. examines the entire tooth andsurrounding structures

93. used to examine the entire tooth &supporting bone, periapical film,paralleling & bisecting technique

PhalangiomaAppearance:

Photons:

Place _____barriers on allequipment to be____ duringprocedure:

Polychromaticx-ray beam:

PPE inradiology:

Premolar Bite-Wing mustinclude:

PrescribingDentalRadiographs:

Preservative:

Preservative:

Purpose of FilmProcessing: (2)

Purpose of LeadFoil Sheet:

Purpose/Why ofFilm Mounting:(4)

Radiation:

Radiograph(X-ray film):

Radiolucent:

Radiopaque:

Receptor:

Replace ManualChemicals:

94. patient's finger appears on the film image

95. bundles of energy with no mass or weightthat travel as waves at the speed of lightand move through space in a straight line

96. removable, touched

97. a beam that contains many differentwave-lengths of varying intensities

98. gloves, eyewear, & gowns should be usedat all times, Mask is optional.

99. Distal 1/2 canine, all premolars present& 1st molars of the MX & MD teeth, &crestal bone

100. based on the individual needs of the pt,professional judgement of the dentist: #,type, & frequency

101. sodium sulfite- antioxidate to preventdeveloper solution from oxidizing inpresence of air, extends life

102. sodium sulfite- prevents chemicals fromdeteriorating

103. to convert the latent (invisible) image onthe film into a visible image, to preservethe visible image so that it is permanentand does not disappear from the dentalradiograph

104. to prevent film fogging from scatterradiation

105. easier/quicker to view/interpret, easilystored, decrease chance of error indetermining pt. R/L, & decreasehandling/damage to emulsion

106. a form of energy carried by waves orstream of particles

107. a picture; recording medium

108. black areas- allow x-rays to passthrough, greater penetration of x-raysreach x-ray film

109. gray/white areas- resist passage of x-rays(block)

110. something that responds to a stimulus

111. every 3-4 weeks

Replenisher Solutionsmust be replenished:

Restrainer:

Reticulation:

Reversed FilmAppearance:

Rinsing purpose:

Scatter radiationcauses:

Shades of Gray:

SI Units of Radiation:(3)

Silver Halide crystalsduty:

SLOB:

Speed of Light:

State Gov't Regulationsdetermine when &how dental x-rayequipment ismonitored:

Stochastic Effects:

Target-film distance:

Target-objectdistance:

Target-surfacedistance:

TFD(Target-FilmDistance):

The dentalradiographer shouldstand ______ degreesaway from theprimary beam:

112. daily

113. potassium bromide- controldeveloper solution & prevent thedeveloping of exposed andunexposed silver halide crystals,prevents fog

114. emulsion cracking (pebbled orcracked appearance), from tempbeing over at least 5 degrees

115. light images w/ a herringbonepattern appear on the film

116. to remove developer chemicals

117. film fogging

118. 256

119. Couloms/kilogram (C/kg), gray(Gy), sievert (Sv)

120. absorb x-radiation and storeenergy

121. same lingual, opposite buccal

122. 186,000 miles per second

123. MN- mandatory every 2 years

124. direct function of dose with theprobablility of occurrenceincreasing with increased dose,ex. cancer, genetic mutations

125. distance from the source ofradiation to the film

126. distance from the source ofradiation to the tooth

127. distance from the source ofradiation to the patient's skin

128. the distance from the target to thefilm should be as long as possibleto direct the most parallel rays tothe film and object

129. 90-135

The thyroid collar mustbe worn for all intraoral& extraoral films: (Trueor False)

Thyroid Collar:

Tomogram:

Traditional Units ofRadiation: (3)

Tube head or tubehousing used to:

Two Types of Filtration:

Two types of lightening:

Types of Intra-OralRadiographicExamination: (3)

Types of Scanners: (3)

Umbra:

Under Exposed Film:

Unexposed FilmAppearance:

Water Bath purpose:

Wavelenght determinesthe: (2)

What mounting ispreferred by ADA:

When to mount film(s):

Which PID is preferred& why:

Who mounts film:

Wilhelm ConradRoentgen:

William Rollins:

X-radiation:

X-ray film holders:

130. False

131. protects thyroid gland

132. provides a view of sections ofthe TMJ

133. roentgen (R), radiationabsorbed dose (rad), roentgenequivalent man (rem)

134. produce x-rays

135. inherent and added

136. safe light- (7 1/2 or 15 watts,red-orange light spectrum), &overhead lighting- used toperform tasks

137. periapical, interpoximal, &occlusal

138. round drum, flat screen, & slotscanner

139. clear area on the center of thefilm image (most focused area)

140. film appears light

141. clear film w/ a bluish tinge

142. rinses out chemicals from film

143. energy and penetrating powerof radiation

144. labial

145. immediately after processing

146. Longer (16-inch PID) ispreferred because it producesless divergence of the x-raybeam

147. any trained dental professional

148. discovered x-radation in 1895

149. developed first dental x-ray unit

150. a high-energy radiationproduced by the collision of abeam of electrons with a metaltarget in an x-ray tube

151. stabe(styrofoam bite block,slimplest), XCP, Bite tab, EEZEgrip, etc.

X-ray Machine Purpose: (2)

X-ray:

152. 1- produce quality radiographs, 2- detection of disease & lesions for diagnostic purposes

153. beam of energy