Standardization of Parameters in Radiography for radiation protection in digital radiology
Radiography Radiology Procedures
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Transcript of Radiography Radiology Procedures
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RADIOGRAPHY RADIOGRAPHY RADIOLOGY PROCEDURESRADIOLOGY PROCEDURES
ByByMasood AhmedMasood Ahmed
Radiographer Aga Radiographer Aga Khan University Khan University Hospital KarachiHospital Karachi
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X-RAY HANDX-RAY HAND
OA changesOA changes FractureFracture Dislocation Dislocation Foreign bodyForeign body
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X-RAY WRISTX-RAY WRIST
OA changesOA changes FractureFracture Dislocation Dislocation Foreign bodyForeign body
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X-RAY ELBOWX-RAY ELBOW
OA changesOA changes FractureFracture Dislocation Dislocation Foreign bodyForeign body
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X-RAY SHOULDERX-RAY SHOULDER
OA changesOA changes FractureFracture Dislocation Dislocation Foreign bodyForeign body SublexationSublexation Frozen Frozen
shouldershoulder
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X-RAY FOOTX-RAY FOOT
OA OA changeschanges
FractureFractureDislocation Dislocation Foreign Foreign bodybody
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X-RAY KNEEX-RAY KNEE
OA changesOA changes FractureFracture Dislocation Dislocation Foreign Foreign
bodybody
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X-RAY HIP JOINTX-RAY HIP JOINT
OA changesOA changes FractureFracture Dislocation Dislocation Foreign bodyForeign body
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CHEST PA ViewCHEST PA View•Lung pathology
•Tuberculosis
•Plural effusion
•Pneumothorax
•Pneumonia
•Foreign body
•Ribs fracture
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PA Erect T.BPA Erect T.B
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Lateral ChestLateral Chest
Collimation top to Collimation top to bottom: bottom: slightly less slightly less than film size.than film size.
Collimation side to Collimation side to side: side: skin of chestskin of chest
Breathing Breathing instructions: instructions: “Take “Take a deep breathe and a deep breathe and hold it.” Inspirationhold it.” Inspiration
Make exposure and Make exposure and have patient have patient breathe and relax.breathe and relax.
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Lateral Chest FilmLateral Chest Film
Should see apical Should see apical area of chest.area of chest.
Respiratory effort Respiratory effort down to tenth ribs.down to tenth ribs.
No rotation: ribs No rotation: ribs superimposed.superimposed.
Evidence of Evidence of collimationcollimation
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Trauma Patient (Lateral shoot Trauma Patient (Lateral shoot through)through)
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ABDOMEN SUPINEABDOMEN SUPINE•Kidney stone (KUB)
•Foreign body
•Fetus
•Abdomen distention
•Air under diaphragm
•Abdominal perforation
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ABDOMEN ERECTABDOMEN ERECT
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X-Ray ABDOMEN for FETUSX-Ray ABDOMEN for FETUS
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SPINESPINE
Fracture Fracture Dislocation Dislocation Arthrosclerosis Arthrosclerosis OA changesOA changes Muscles spasmMuscles spasm
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ABDOMEN DECUBITUSABDOMEN DECUBITUS
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Surgical C-ArmSurgical C-Arm
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Treatment, Garden I-II: Treatment, Garden I-II: PinsPins
Treatment, Garden III-IV: Treatment, Garden III-IV: HemiarthroplastyHemiarthroplasty
Treatment: Treatment: Dynamic Dynamic
Compression Compression ScrewScrew
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Conventional TomographyConventional Tomography
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SKULL (PA 15`Degree)SKULL (PA 15`Degree)
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SKULL (AP view)SKULL (AP view)
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SKULL (Lateral View)SKULL (Lateral View)
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SKULL (Lateral dorsal SKULL (Lateral dorsal decubitus View)decubitus View)
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Barium SwallowBarium Swallow
Barium Barium EnemaEnema
Barium Barium MealMeal
Barium small bowel EnemaBarium small bowel Enema
Barium Meal Follow ThroughBarium Meal Follow Through
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FLUOROSCOPY UNITFLUOROSCOPY UNIT
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Barium SwallowBarium Swallow INDICATIONSINDICATIONS Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia, Esophagitis), Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia, Esophagitis), Heartburn (dyspepsia), Heartburn (dyspepsia), Pain on swallowing (odynophagia),Pain on swallowing (odynophagia), CONTRAINDICATIONSCONTRAINDICATIONS Esophageal perforationEsophageal perforation Aspiration in to the bronchial tree.Aspiration in to the bronchial tree. Surgical point of view (esophagactomy)Surgical point of view (esophagactomy)
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Barium MealBarium Meal
•INDICATIONS•Dyspepsia•Unexplained weight loss•Upper GI bleed•Palpable mass in upper abdomen•Anemia•CONTRAINDICATIONS•Complete Large Bowel Obstruction•Suspected Perforation of Upper GI Tract
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SMALL BOWEL FOLLOW THROUGH
•INDICATIONS•PAIN•ABDOMINAL MASS•ANEMIA•Upper GI BLEED•PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION•CONTRAINDICATIONS•COMPLETE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION•SUSPECTED PERFORATION
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Small Bowel EnemaSmall Bowel Enema •INDICATIONS•Pain•Diarrhea•Bleeding•Partial obstruction•Anemia•Abdominal mass•CONTRAINDICATIONS•COMPLETE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION•SUSPECTED PERFORATION
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Small Bowel EnemaSmall Bowel Enema
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•INDICATIONS•Change in bowel habit•Pain•Mass•Anemia•Constipation •CONTRAINDICATIONS•Pseudo membranous colitis•Rectal biopsy with in 48 – 72 hours•Recent barium meal, it is advise to wait for 7-10 days
DOUBLE CONTRAST BARIUM ENEMA
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AREA COVERED IN THIS PROCEDURE
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25 y male, prior jejunal resection and 25 y male, prior jejunal resection and abdominal pain, constipationabdominal pain, constipation
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ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde CholangiopancreatographyCholangiopancreatography
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CT ScannerCT Scanner
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Radiology ModalitiesRadiology Modalities
Computed TomographyComputed Tomography AttenuationAttenuation DensityDensity EnhancementEnhancement
Hounsfield UnitsHounsfield Units -1000 air ***-1000 air *** -100 fat-100 fat 0 water ***0 water *** 20-80 soft tissues20-80 soft tissues 100’s 100’s
bone/Ca/contrastbone/Ca/contrast >1000’s metal>1000’s metal
Large radiation doseLarge radiation dose
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Gama Camera for Nuclear Gama Camera for Nuclear MedicineMedicine
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Radiology ModalitiesRadiology Modalities Nuclear MedicineNuclear Medicine
Counts or ActivityCounts or Activity
Physiologic imagingPhysiologic imaging RadionuclideRadionuclide
TechnetiumTechnetium RadiopharmaceuticalsRadiopharmaceuticals
““Choletec”Choletec” Radioactivity stays Radioactivity stays
with the patient until with the patient until cleared or decayedcleared or decayed
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Bone Minerals DensityBone Minerals DensityDual Energy X-Ray Absorbimetry Scanner, commonly known as a DEXA
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Ultrasound Ultrasound EquipmentEquipment
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Radiology ModalitiesRadiology Modalities UltrasoundUltrasound
EchogenicityEchogenicity ShadowingShadowing Doppler for flowDoppler for flow
No radiationNo radiation Can be portableCan be portable Relatively Relatively
inexpensiveinexpensive
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MRI EquipmentMRI Equipment
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Radiology ModalitiesRadiology Modalities MRIMRI
Signal intensitySignal intensity T1T1 T2T2 EnhancementEnhancement
No radiationNo radiation Strong magnetic fieldStrong magnetic field
No pacemakersNo pacemakers No electronic implantsNo electronic implants
Small, loud tube and Small, loud tube and patients must be able patients must be able to hold stillto hold still
Relatively expensiveRelatively expensive
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Vesicular Intervention Vesicular Intervention RadiologyRadiology
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VIRVIR
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OPG / CEPHELOMETERYOPG / CEPHELOMETERY
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Don’t forget to use the radiation Don’t forget to use the radiation shielding devicesshielding devices
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THANKS FOR THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTIONYOUR ATTENTION