RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT Adler & Carlton Ch. 8 & Bushong Ch. 1.
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Transcript of RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT Adler & Carlton Ch. 8 & Bushong Ch. 1.
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RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT
Adler & Carlton Ch. 8
&
Bushong Ch. 1
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Modern radiology
Two basic types of x-ray examinations
• Radiography
• Fluoroscopy
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Radiography exam
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Radiographic Room
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The transformation from a physicist toy to a valuable, large scale medical specialty
• 1907 Snook transformer – high voltage
• 1913 Coolidge x-ray tube – air evacuated, separate selection of voltage and current
• Standardizing x-ray tube beam output
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THE X-RAY TUBE
• The X-Ray tube is the single most important component of the radiographic system. It is the part that produces the x-rays
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THE X-RAY TUBE
• GLASS ENCASED IN STURDY STEEL HOUSING
• PRIMARY COMPONENTS
– ANODE +
– CATHODE --
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XRAY TUBE HOUSING
• MADE OF LEAD AND STEEL
• TO ABSORB ANY STRAY RADIATION
• TO PREVENT LEAKAGE RADIATION FROM THE TUBE
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TUBE HOUSINGMADE OF LEAD & STEEL
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How “X-rays” are createdSEE: MAN MADE RADIATION (PG.111)
Adler & Carlton
TO PRODUCE X-RAYS
YOU NEED:
• A SOURCE OF ELECTONS
• A FORCE TO MOVE THEM QUICKLY
• SOMETHING TO STOP THEM SUDDENLY
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How “X-rays” are created
• Power is sent to x-ray tube via cables
• mA (milliamperage) is sent to filament on cathode side.
• Filament heats up – electrons “boil off”
• Negative charge
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How “X-rays” are created
• Positive voltage is applied to ANODE
• Negative electons = attracted across the tube to the positive ANODE.
• Electrons “slam into” anode – suddenly stopped.
• X-RAY PHOTONS ARE CREATED
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How “X-rays” are created
• Electron beam is focused from the cathode to the anode target by the focusing cup
• Electrons interact with the electrons on the tungsten atoms of target material
• PHOTONS sent through the window PORT – towards the patient
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More on the tube later……..
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X-RAY TABLE
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Radiographic tables Are designed to support the patient
during a radiographic exam Comfort is not the primary concern Foam pads should be used if the patient
will be required to be on the table for longer than 10 minutes
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Tabletop
Must be uniformly radiolucent to easily permit x-ray to pass through.
Carbon fiber is used because it is strong and very little x-ray photons are absorbed.
Usually tabletops are flat however some are curved
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Tabletop
Most tabletops are floating, some are motor-driven
The brakes can be released usually by the technologist hand or foot
The brakes are electromagnetic Floating table tops save significant
amounts of time and strain on the technologist
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Tables
Tables are fixed or tilting Fixed rooms are designed for diagnostic
radiographic work only
• The table can usually be raised or lowered to accommodate the patient and
the technologist.
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Table top technique
Performing imaging using just the cassette, plate or digital image receptor
Also called “non- grid” technique
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Fluoroscopy exam
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FLUOROSCOPYIMAGES IN MOTION
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Fluoroscope1898 by Thomas Edison
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Radiation Injury
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1904 the first recorded x-ray fatality in the US – Clarence Dally, Edison’s assistant
Early injuries took the form of skin damage, loss of hair and anemia
Snook transformer & Coolidge tube reduced the injuries Why?
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Tables
Tilting rooms are designed for both diagnostic and fluoroscopic work• Tilting models usually tilt to 90 degrees in
one direction and 15 – 30 degrees in the other direction
• Tilting models include ancillary equipment; footboard, shoulder support, handgrips, compression bands
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Table Movement
Longitudinal Transverse Vertical Tilt or Angling
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Fluoroscopy tables: the tube is under the table, image capture is above the patient
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Tube Supports
Designed to help technologists with various tube locations for creative imaging.
Tube suspension systems are available in 5 versions:• ceiling mounted, floor-to-ceiling, floor, mobile
and c-arm.
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Tube Movement
• Longitudinal
• Transverse
• Vertical
• Angling or Rolling
• Rotating
• Telescoping
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Improvement in radiography
Reducing exposure time to reduce blur
Dentist William Rollins began using a diaphragm to improve image quality• First application of collimation and filtration
1921 Potter-Bucky grid – improving image contrast
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Dr. William Rollins • Dr. William Rollins was a
Boston physician and dentist who was the first to use collimation and filtration in the late 1800s.
• After receiving radiation burns to his hand in x-ray experiments in 1898, he used leather and aluminum filters when he made x-ray exposures of his patients' teeth.
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The ‘BUCKY’
• The Potter-Bucky is the device in the table or chest board that holds the film cassette. The ‘bucky’ is like a drawer that opens and closes to insert and remove the film cassette.
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TABLE OR UPRIGHT BUCKY TRAY
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Radiographic grid ?
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Bucky cross hatched
• Grids are used to “clean up” scatter radiation from the patient
• To improve • contrast on the
radiograph• Potter-Bucky are
usually a focused moving grid
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CASSETTES W/ GRID CAPS
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Radiation shields
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Viewing images
• View boxes
• Computer monitors
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COLLIMATOR
• ATTACHES DIRECTLY BELOW THE X-RAY TUBE
• SERVES AS A X-RAY BEAM LIMITING DEVISE
• CONTROLS THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF X-RAY FIELD
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Cone collimator
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• ALWAYS KEEP THE COLLIMATED AREA SMALLER THAN THE SIZE OF THE CASSETTE
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X-ray tubecontrols
• Displays– Tube angle– Distance to table top
bucky– Collimator controls– Tube lock controls– High voltage cables
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CASSETTE or FILM HOLDER
• The CASSETTE is used to hold the film during examinations. It consist of front and back intensifying screens, and has a lead (Pb) backing. The cassette is light tight
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• CR image capture
• PSP Plate
• PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR PLATE
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FILM FILM direct exposure & screen-film or film-screendirect exposure & screen-film or film-screen
SIZESSIZES
14 X 1714 X 17
14 X 1414 X 14
11 X 1411 X 14
10 X 1210 X 12
8 X 108 X 10
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Film SizesFilm Sizes
Standard “inches”:Standard “inches”:
8” x 10”8” x 10”
10” x 12”10” x 12”
11” x 14”11” x 14”
14” x 17”14” x 17”
Metric:Metric:
18cm x 24cm18cm x 24cm
24cm x 30cm24cm x 30cm
30cm x 35cm30cm x 35cm
35cm x 43cm35cm x 43cm
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• DR(DDR)
• Collection element • TFT (Thin film
transistor)• Photodiode• CCD (charge-coupled
device)
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CONTROL CONSOLE
• GIVES THE TECHNOLOGIST CONTROL OF THE X-RAY MACHINE
• TECHNIQUE SELECTION
• Located OUTSIDE of the Radiographic Room
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The Control Console
• The control console is device that allows the technologist to set technical factors (mAs & kVp) and to make an exposure.
• Only a legally licensed individual is authorized to energize the console.
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“Technique”kVp , mAs (mA x s)
• What is set at the control panel
• How the “image” is created on the “film” or Image receptor (digital)
• kVp controls the “ENERGY” of the beam
• The Higher kVp – more penetrating
• Ranges is 50 -110 in Diagnostic x-ray
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+ 30% + 50 % mas
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kVp Changes
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Darkroom
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What is in the Darkroom?
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Safe Light
• 15 Watts
• Red filter
• Must be 3-6 feet from counter top or feed tray of processor
• Used to be amber or orange filter
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UNLOAD EXPOSED FILM
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FILM ID PRINTER
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FILM BIN - STORAGE
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Transport System (Rollers)
Turnaround
Entrance
Deep Racks
Crossover
Squeegee
Dryer
Feed Tray
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Analog processor
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CR processor
• What does a DDR processor look like?
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Other x-ray stuff….
• Positioning phantoms • Pixie
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Dosimeter
An instrument that detects and measures exposures to ionizing radiation
Personal vs Field survey instruments
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Densitometer
Measures optical density on a radiograph
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Step wedge or penetrometer
Test tool made from aluminum Accurately-calibrated filter strip that
provides a stepped range of exposures
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Other x-ray stuff….
• Positioning sponges
• Lead markers
• Gurney
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