Essential Question: How do unstable (radioactive) isotopes become stable?
Radioactive Isotopes and Their Uses
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Transcript of Radioactive Isotopes and Their Uses
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Radioactive isotopes and their uses
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Learning outcomesLearning outcomes CO PO Guided
learningSelf directed learning
Assessment SLT
1 Describe 3 types of radioactivity and their properties
2 Describe radioisotopes use in biological applications and methods of measuring radioactivity
3 Describe working practices when using radioactive isotopes
4 Carry out a half life calculation
5 Practise radioactivity interconversion
6 Use the concept of specific activity in calculation
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Three isotopes of carbonStable• 98.9%
Stable • 1.1%
Radioactive• Negatron emitting radioisotope
Atomic number
Mass number
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Review
• Isotopes of particular element have:-– Same number of proton → same atomic number– Different number of neutron → different mass
number
• May be stable or radioactive• Radioactive isotopes disintegrate
spontaneously at random to yield radiation and a decay product
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Radioactive decay
• 3 forms of radioactivity1. Alpha (α) decay2. Beta (β) decay3. Gamma (γ) decay
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Types of radioactivity and their properties
Radiation Range if maximum energies (MeV*)
Penetration rage in air (m)
Suitable shielding material
Alpha (α) 4 – 8 0.025 – 0.080 Unnecessary
Beta (β) 0.01 – 3 0.150 – 16 Plastic (e.g. Perspex)
Gamma (γ) 0.03 - 3 1.3 - 13 Lead
* 1 MeV = 1.6 x 10 -13 J
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Alpha decay
• Involves the loss of a particle equivalent to helium nucleus
• Large and positively charge• Do not penetrate far in living tissues, but it can
causes ionisation damage• Thus, unsuitable for tracer studies
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Beta decay
• Involves loss or gain of an electron or positron• It have 3 subtype:
1. Negatron (β-)2. Positron (β+)3. Electron capture (EC)
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Negatron (β-)•Loss of an electron from nucleus when a neutron
transform into a proton•Most importannt form of decay for radioactive tracer
used in biology•e.g. 3H, 14C, 32P, and 35 S
Positron (β+)•Loss of a positron when a proton transform into a
neutron
Electron capture (EC)•When a protin captures and electron and transforms
into a neutron
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Gamma decay
• Emission from a nucleus in a metastable state • Always follows initial alpha or beta decay.
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Properties of some isotopes used commonly in life sciencesIsotope Emission(s) Half-life Main uses Advantages Disadvantages
3H β- 12.3 yr Suitable for labelling organic molecules in wide range of positions at high specific activity
Relatively safe Low effieciency of detection, high isotope effect, high rate of exchange with environment
14C β- 5715 yr Suitable for labelling organic molecules in a wide range of positions
Telatively safe, low rate of exchange with environment
Low specific activity
22Na β+(90%) + γ, EC
2.6 yr Transport studies High specific activity Hazardous
32P β- 14.3 days Labelling proteins and nucleotides High specific activity, ease of detection
Short half-life, hazardous
33P β- 25 days Labelling proteins and nucleotides Safer than 32P
Moderate half life
35S β- 87.2 days Labelling proteins and nucleotides Low isotope effect Low specific activity
36Cl β-, β+, EC 300000yr Transport studies Low isotope effet Low specifc activity, hazardous
125I EC + γ 59.9 days Labelling proteins and nucleotides High specific activity Hazardous
131I β-+ γ 8.04 days Labelling proteins and nucleotides High specific activity Hazardous
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Half life• Radioactivity decay exponentially• Half life (t½) – Time taken for the radioactivity to fall from a given value to
half of that value
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To calculate fraction (f) of the original radioactivity left after a particular time (t)
• Use the following relationship
f = ex, where x= -0.693t/t½
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ExampleFor 35S, with a half life of 87.2 days, the fraction of radioactivity
remaining after 28 days
Solutionx = (-0.693 x 28 days) / 87.2 days = -0.222522936
f = e-0.222522936
= 0.800496646
Thus, the fraction of radioactivity remaining after 28 days is 80.0% of original activity
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SI unit of radioactivity• Becquerel (Bq)– Equivalent to 1 disintegration per second (d.p.s)
• Non SI unit – curie (Ci)
1 Bq = 1 d.p.s 1Sv = 100 rem
1 Bq = 60 d.p.m 1 Gy = 100 rad
1 bq = 27 pCi 1 Gy ≈ 100 roentgen
1 d.p.s = 1 Bq
1 d.p.m = 0.0167 Bq
1 Ci = 37 MBq
1 mCi = 37 MBq
1 µCi = 37 kBq
Relationships between units of radioactivity
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Specific activity
• Is a measure of the quantity of radioactivity present in a known amount of the subtance
Specific activity = radioactivity (Bq, Ci, d.p.m., etc.)amount of subtance (mol, g, etc.)
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Examples
If 0.4ml of a 32P-labelled DNA solution at a concentration of 50 µmol L-1 gave count of 2490 d.p.m. What is the specific activity of the labelled DNA solution in becqueral unit?
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Amount = 0.4 x 50 /1000 = 0.02 µmol
Specific activity = 2490 d.p.m/0.02 µmol = 124500 dpm µmol-1
= 2075 Bq µmol-1
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Methods of measuring activity
• 4 major methods of measuring radiactivity for biological purposes:-1. Geiger-Muller (G-M) tube2. Scintillation counter3. Gamma-ray (γ-ray) spectrometry4. Autoradiography
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Geiger-Muller (G-M) tube
• Operates by detecting radiation when it ionises gas between a pair of electrodes across which a voltage has been applied
• Only used for detection of γ radiation
• Routine checking for contamination of radioisotopes
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Scintillation counter• Operates by detecting the scintillation
(fluorescences ‘flashes’) produced when radiation interacts with certain chemicals called fluors
• Measure and quantify β radiation
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Gamma-ray (γ-ray) spectrometry
• Methods which a mixture of γ-ray emitting radionuclides rasolved by pulse-height analysis
• Pulse height (voltages) produced by a photomutiplier tube are proportional to the amount of γ-ray energy arriving at the scintillant or a lithium-drifted germanium detector
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Autoradiography
• Method where photographic film is exposed to the isotope
• Used to locate radioactive tracers in thin sections of an organism or on chromatography papers and gels
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• Write a blog on the title “Working practices when using radioactive isotopes”
Group work