RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS FROM OPERATIONS UPSHOT AND KNOTHOLE - U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
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M A S T E R
U N I T E D S TA TE S A T O M I C E N E R G Y C O M M I S S I O N
. N Y 0 - 4 5 5 2 ( D E L . )
RADIOACTrPE DEBRIS PROM OPERATIONS
UPSHOT AND KNOTHOLE
Photostat Price $ / 3" . / ? / 9
M i c r o f i l m P r i ce S 4 ^ . ^ g
A va i l a b l e f r o m the
O f f i c e of Techn ica l Se rv ices
Department of Commerce
Wash ing ton 25, D. C.
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DISCLAIMER
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process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, orotherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any
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DISCLAIMER
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from the best available original document.
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CHAPTES 3« FINDINGS
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APPENDIXAl Fallout Outside Uo S« Following Each Burst,aoaa oo, 65
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTIOW
The monitoring siirrey desc ribe d in this report is one of a
series coordinated by tbe Health and Safety Divisioa of the Ne w York
Operati ons Office beginning with the weapons tests early in 195lo These
surveys have been mads for health ntoaitciriRg and to provid® injEbrmation
useful to the phctographi3 industry and othsrs whos-© operations are inter^
fered wit h b y small aecuits &f radioactive contamination» Such operati ons
in cl ud e low^lare l x-daia-64.on lasasTjrementa for estimating the age of ge=
ological and arehealogisal spe-slia^r^gj, for Icsa'sing uranitim mi ne s and oil
fields , and for oths^ purpose a o
The report corers the astivitiss of tns National Monitoring
System for the paricd Mars h lat to Ju ne 15th;, ISiZp dur ing wh ic h sleveEs
nucl ea? devices wsr© flrsd at the Net'aia Prc Ting Grcu ndSo
This 3U2r/^ is similar In plan to tha monitorin g prcgraja forthe Spring 1952; weap ons tast s-o Eefsj^^nses 2 , i* aad $ S.T'B reports ofmonitoring ops/'aticns ^cadacted during oths^ tsst series»
The prcgran employed a world-^id-» network of 125 sampling
locations wit h its gr-^at^-st l^nslty in th^ Unltsd Stat es, It had thecooperation of the DiT-ijicn of Blclcg7' and MtilslxiSj the Test Organ s
izationp the Weathsr Buj-saifl tiie Dapar'tmsnt of
Defenses the Canadi an W6aths:^ Ssi^s'icsj, t h ^ A-Citlc^ fBc^^ Cas ua lt y Cc m=
mission and the Civi l A^ronaatl cs Admlnistratlc^'io
All but the first two in this list c f agencies provided
sampling stations ani pe^*3cnnslo Thii Ci'"ll Asrcnaiitica Admin is tr at ion
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i i i l lg i i i l l i l f 1 i 1 iM< rf t^r ' -1 ^- ' -^ ' ' - i i r — -- - • . | ^ i ir ii ir i lt 1 i t f> '« i i j - i ir ^- - " i . -< . f -»- - ^ . . . . » . . .^- - t nn—•-•* - ' - •• • y. . - . -« -« .^^-«- .a i .<« ,» i» . • . . . , „ . j .A . . ja iaa4 . . -^ . . ^
Chapter 2
METHODS
2.1 DESIGN OF THE PROGRAM - ^
To estimate tha activity settling out of the atmosphere^Weather Bureau personnel at 96 cities in the United States collecteddaily samples by exposing one foot sqtiares of gummed cellulose acetate
filmo At a portion of the n3t"?crk<) in tha noirtlieast qaadxant of acircle about 2000 miles in diameter5 centered at the Proving Grounds5another typo of samples, intended to furnish estimates of radioactivesuspended matter in the air^ was also collected. The second type ofsample was a circle of filter pape r through which a measured volume ofair had been drawn by a suction ptaap.
Within about 500 miles of tha test, sit® the dust cloud flrcaa anuclear explosion ma y be concentrated in a sjsall ap&cso A fixed network
in this region cannot eacnomically be mads dense enough. To improve thacoverage, eight mobile teams of two men each were deployed after eachburst with the center team under the expected trajectory of the cloud.The teams made radiattan measuraments and collected special samples forparticle size st udies in addition to the two principal types collectedat the fixed stations.
All samples were mailed to the Health and Safety Division
laboratory. New York Operations Office where their beta activity was
meas ured, usually from three to ten days after ccllection.
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UNCLASSIFIED
position, gummed side up , by a frame elevated three feet above the ground
or roof of the weather station. In most cases the duplicate frames wereplaced six feet apart but i n some cities one frame was set up at each oftwo weather stations, usually at a suburban airport and in the city,.
Filtered dust samples were collected b y pumping air through a
filter paper circle at the rate of approximately one cubic meter per
minute. The flow rate was read from a rotameter attached to the airpump,
Aerotej! and cascade impactor samples (collected only by themobile teams) served the purpose of providing estimates of particlesize. The aerotec device is an attachment to th e high volume sampl er.By imparting a rotary motion to the air entering the sampler it bringsabout centrifugal separation of the dust into two fractions. The largeparticles drop out of the air stream and are collected in a bottle partlyfilled with water. The small particles are collected on the filter ofthe high volume sampler.
The cascade impactor divides the dust of an air sample intolive flractions. The velocity of tha air stream is varied in four stagesby means of orifices and-dust is collected at each stage by impingementon a slide coated with si licone, Dust of a fifth stage containing thesmallest particles is collected on a paper filter9
Two of the mobile teams operated automatic dust sampl ers. Eachsampler includes a pump which draws air through a filter paper tape 9
Every twenty minutes a fresh part of the tape is moved into position for
filterlng9 Design air flow is approximately 2 Cof,m„| thus each twentyminute sample represents kO cubic feet or 1 cubic meter in round num ber s,Radl oact i^ ty of the sample is automatically measured and recorded during
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UNCLASSIFIED
They collected settled and filtered dust samples and used
survey instruments to measure radiation from the grotrnd and from thefilter paper used to collect the filtered sam ples. The principal pu r
pose of the radiation measur^&ents was to detect the passage of the
Tadl oact ive cloud. On the basis of these readings the teams increased
or decreased the length of the sampling period for the filtered sample .
When meteorological information and the radiation readings indicated
that the cloud had passed and that no further significant fallout or
airborne activity was to be expected, the sampling was discontinued
and the teams returned to their base at Ogde n, The time for dis coo-
tinning sampling nas uocuilly about 1 ^ or i. aays alter the burst .
In addition to the standard filtered and settled dust sampOLas,which were collected in the same manner as at the fixed stations but fordifferent sampling periods (sea section 3.2), two of the teams collectedaerotec and cascade impactor samples and operated autonatls recordingair dust samplers a
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UNCLASSIFIED
Chapter 3
FIHDINGS
The relationships among the several kinds of data make itImpractical to discuss each kind a s it is introduced. For this reasonthe results of the survey are presented in this chapter with littlecoonteot and discussed in Chapter U,
3.1 CUMULATIVE FALLOUT
Figures 3,1 to 3,11 ar e maps o f the United States showing fal lout occurring between bursts extrapolated to Janiiary 1, 195Uo Bursts #7and #9 were evidently responsible for much grea ter fallout than any of theothers. Because of this fact the arbitrary procedure of attributing al lactivity to the most recent burst may have caused considerable error inthe mapped totals for bursts #8 and #1 0.
Figure 3al2 is a map showing tota l fallout for the seriesextrapolated to January 1, 19 5^.
392 RADIOACTIVE DUST IN AIR
Airborne activity, at locations where analysis of mobile teamfiltered samples demonstrated the presence of radioactive suspendedmat ter , is plotted ag ainst time in figures 3,13 to 3*329 The findingsare discussed in Chapter k In relation to the fallout pattern 9
Observers at fixed stations in Nevad a, Idaho, Montana, Utah,
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i UNCLASSIFIED
distribution curve on logarithmic probability paper and read the mass
media n diameter by linear interpolation from the graph , Tbble 3.1presents the mas s median diameters of samples having more activity than100 d/m>ir3.
Parti&le ^ize classification was also effected with theaerotec attachment'to th e •Hi Volume* sampl er, the pomp used for collecting the unfractionated a ir dust samp les, !Ihe aerotec Imparts tothe air a rotary motion which causes centrifugal separation of largeparticles firom the stream before it passes through the paper filter
of tha «Hi Volume" samp ler. ^
The aerotec sample activities and their distribution expressedas the percentage of small particles are listed i n Table 3,2, The borderline particle size between the two fractions is estimated at 5 mi crons.The activities of the individual fractions are also included in the table«
3.U DECAY DATA
Values of the exponent, I, read from logarithmic graphs ofdec ay data ar e shown in Table 3«3<> Results are listed for all the sampleswhic h were counted for deca y except those not clearly attributable to adefinite burst and therefore of unknown age.
The mean is 1,30. Only a portion of the samples from the firstand last bursts tend to confirm the figure, 1,2 , which is customarilyused.
Since the observed decay rates differ from those calculatedfrcmi the Way-Wign er formula, using the exponent 1,2, it is desirable
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UNCLASSIFIED
activity of the sample was generated by b urst 7 and the ratios of cor
responding ordinates read from the two curves measures th e error whichwould be committed by attributing it to burst 6,
The mistaken burst assignment results in an estimated activity
only one-third of the true value at the time of sampling. In extrapolating to the future.the error is in the direction of high values and byday 85 , four weeks after burst 7, the exaggeration will be in the ratio
28l, The ratio reaches 2,7 on d ay ICOO and 3,0 on da y ItOOO,
Figure 3ouO shows a similar pair of curves based on a 2k hoursampla collected at Salt Lake City on the day of burst 2, The mostprobable time of "occurrence of the fallout was 12 hoars after b urs t
since this was the tima of arrival of the mafcSmiam air concentration atOgden (see Fig . 3ol5) and an estimate of activity at this time basedon a misassignment to burst 1 wil l be only one=>twelffeh of the tru e
value. The same mistake will produse an estimate exaggerated by afactor of 2 on day 300,
The samples used for illustration were collected shortly afterthe burs ts which they represent and thsy possessed exceptionally hi ghactivitiesa They were chosen to show the greatest possible effect ofan erroneous btirst assignment on the cimailat-ive total s. However , it
is in Just such cases that the bxirst assignments are most reliabl e, andit is 4>robable that this ty pe of error ha s been confined to older a;id
less active samples which influence the totals relatively lit tle.
3.6 COMPARISON OF AIR CONCENTRATIONS WITH FALLOUT
Settled dust samples were collected by the mobile teams
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UNCLASSIFIED
concentration m ay occur without the other and (2) more often they wil l
occur together and when they do the fallout per square foot per day islikely to exceed the airborne concentration p er cubic meter b y a factor
in the hundreds.
3.7 COMPARISON OF AREA GAMMA WITH FALLOUT
The measurements with survey instruments mad y by the mobileteams included gamma readings taken three feet above the ground. If
the radiation is duti to fallout ;Lt snoula oe proportional to the a mountof radioactive dust on the ground surfaoe at the time the read ing ismade. In the absence of dist|23^ing fkctors such as rainfall and radi o-activa deca y one wotild expect the falloat, as estimated from the gammedfilm sam ple , to be proportional to the difference in the gamma readingsat the end and the beginning of the sampling period, Tb reduce the e ffects of these di sturbing factors the maximum 2k hour gummed film resultfor each mobile team operation was chosen for study and it was comparedwith the maximum gamma reading of the 2k hour period, rather than with
the difference between the final and initial read ings .
Figure 3,i4l is a scatter diagram showing h©/ resul ts of thiscomparisoika The equation of the fitted line isg
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N E » YO R K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT. BURST 1 (d/m/ff^ on 1/1/54)
DATE3 / 1 7 / 5 33 / 2 3 / 5 3
F I 6 .
3.1
CHECKED BY
0. S. Lynch
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UNCLASSIFIED BOST ON
CAR IBOU
I
WASHINGTON
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COIVMISSION
NEW YORK OPERA TIONS OFFICE
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT, BURST 2 (d/m/ff* on 1/1/54)
DATE3/24/533/30/53
FIG.
3 .2
CHECKED BY
I>. i . Lynch
- 10 -
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M IAM I
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U^'CLAbc^IFIED
S E A T T L E
CAR IBOU
W A S H I N G T O N
6
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
N EW Y O R K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT, BURST 3 (d /m /ft on 1/1/54)
DATE3'31/534/5/53
F I G .
3 . 3
CHECKED BY
D. S. Lynch
- u -UNCUSSIFIED
M I A M I
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U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY CONWISSIONN EW YOR K O PER A T I O N S O F F I C E
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT, BURST 4 (d /m /ft ^ on 1/1/54)
DATE4/fl/534/10/53
F I G .
3 .4
CHECKED BY
D. B. Lynch
- 12 -
UNCUSSIFIED
- • ^ ' • - • " • • •
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UNCLASSIFIED
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
N EW Y OR K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT. BURST 5 ( d/ m/ ft^ on 1/1/54)
DATE
4 / 1 1 / 5 34 / 1 7 / 5 3
F I G .
3 .5
CHECKED BY
D. B. Lynch
- 1 3 -
UNCLASSIFIED
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P
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
N EW YO R K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT, BURST fl (d/ m/ ft^ on 1/1/54)
DATE
4 / 1 8 / 5 3V 2 4 / 5 3
F I G . ICHECKED BY
D. B. Lynch
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UNCLASSIFIKD
W A S H I N G T O N
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. . . . M ni - - m mi f f i f . . . i i . i i ah r a i a j M ^ i i i & i x . . — . . . . ^ . . — j . ^ ^ , . ^ . - . ^ 1 J . , . . . , . , . . • - . , !• . .^f •—i^g^,f(|n i|„r-t . . - .«..«.-.-. .>, -^^,^' "^-"^^ • -^- • ' - ^• • i i r^-ir^' • * i n i Tn ' i - i ^ ^-i *^" * '^^' *^^^--• ^^• n i i i r^ l i i ii t f^ [fc i i ii ^i i ii ^mri i rrita^fii l it-''T'--^^^'^-'^^'^^'^^^^ tfimw i
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UNCUSSIFIED BOSTON
CAR IBOU
U . S . ATOMIC ENERGY COKWISSION
N EW Y OR K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT. BURST 7 (d/m/ff^ on 1/1/54)
DATE
4 / 2 5 / 5 35/7/53
F I G .
3 . 7
CHECKED BY
D. S. Lynch
- 1 5 -UNCUSSIFIED
M IAM I
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_, ilAr«twuaL.^S« ^^l j l l j l l ly^.>«l . .^ . '^^
BOSTON
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UNCUSSIFIED
1
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
N EW YO R K O PER A T I O N S O F F I C E
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT. BURST 8 (d/m/ff^ on 1/1/54)
DATE5/aA53
5/18/53
F I G .
3 .8
CHECKED BY
D. S. Lynch
- 16 -
UNCUSSIFIED
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" " * ' ^* * ' ^ ' ' ' '* ' ^ - " ' " - ' " ^ - ' ^ - | tT l l l l i ' h- r l
- C ^ ^ A ^ C i !* t- « » J T » . ! «. ** « ^ ^ . s J • - Jlttil^-^-V^USta.'JF* ^ -^ n rSa ^ M>»^ >» .u^.^J'^ruMnUta^
. . -c^-.J.»..—-»^-,.-, ->....- i,.ja,iiiMi.,.i.-,„».a.».iVs,w...,.^-L,.. , . . 1 - . . - . - . . — ^ , - . „i . .- ^ • • • . . . ^ , , . . . . ...I.,-., f - tr f ' il h li i r i ra i r i , i _" " -" ^-^ trifrliiriiij M ii-r i r if i i i fi r n fc B ii r i ri i r ni i inr Y i i n l ' i r ' i r ii? iTt i iT «- . f f if f i i i t4 i ini i iM >f, r f 7ri r i i ,< i^ t f h^m^ ^• fa iMt. jw.^S w.. - . . . . . - .^ ^- . . . .^v » . . • • . • ^ ^ , -
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»
UNCUSSIFIED BOSTON
CAR I BOU
U . S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
NEW YORK OPERA TIONS OFFI CE
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT, BURST 9 ( d / m / f f ^ on 1 / 1 / 5 4 )
DATE5 / 1 9 / 5 35 / 2 4 / 5 3
FIG.
3. 9
loiECkED BY
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UNCUSSIFIED BOSTON
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U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
N E W Y O R K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT, BURST 10 ( d / m / f t ^ on 1/1/54)
DATE5/25/53e/3/53
FIG. CHECKED BY
3,10 D. B. Lynch
JACKSONVILLE
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UNCUSSIFIED"
S E A T T L E
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C A R I B O U
WINNEMUCCA
12
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6
12
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U . S . ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
N EW Y O R K O P E R A T I O N S O F F I C E
NATIONAL MONITORINa NETWORK
FALLOUT, BURST 11 ( d / m / f t ^ on 1/1/54)
DATE6 /4 /538 /9 /53
F I G .
3 . 1 1
CHECKED BY
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UNCLASSIFIED
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i UNCLASSIFIED
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Table 3»l - Continued
Burst
11
Looat lon bStart TlM»
G9 C» T»
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Ta bl e 3 . 2 - PARTICLE SIZE D ISTR lBDn (»f OF RADIOACTIVE DDST IV AIR
(Aeroteo Samples)
Burst
No 9
1
R
m
2
H
m
N
H
3
k
5
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Location
Cortes, Colo9
N N
Elko, Nevada
It N
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Ogden, Utah
N N
Wendover, Utah
Albaquerque, N o M .
El Centre, Callf9
Tucson, Arlsona
• H
Winslev, Arlsona
Needles, Calif9
Start
Date
GC T
3/17
3/18
3/17
3/2i*
3/25
3/2k
3/25
3/2U
U A
k/6
V ii
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Via
start
Time
GC T
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1700
1500
ihoo
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11*00
11*00
1300
li*00
li*00
1500
1500
1300
1700
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21*
3.33
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680
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6 8
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10
50
6 U
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BurstNoo
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Grand «toa t30 n, Colob
Gunnison, Coloa
Albuqueifqus, NoMo
Farmingtitn, NoMo
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n K
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Ogden, Utah
Cortes, C0I09
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S t a r tDateGCT
V 1 8
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U/26
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S t a r tTimeOCT
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11*00
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BurstNo 9
8
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t t
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R
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W
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R R
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R R
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R o o k S p r i n g s , 1 ^ 9
H R
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Farmington, NoMo
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Hanksville, Uta h
R R
T a b l e 3
S t a r t
DateGC T
5/9
5/19
5/20
5/19
5/20
5/19
5/20
5/25
5/26
5/25
5/25
5/26
6/^
6A
6/^
6A
6A
o2 - Cohtinued
S t a r t
TimeO C T
11*00
121*5
13 0 0
1600
160 0
1200
1200
170 0
170 0
163 0
1700
1700
11*00
170 0
170 0
160 0
1600
Sampling
PeriodHrs 9
15
21*
8
2k
3
21*
12
2k
2
2k
21*
6
17
2k
Ik
2k
15
Beta,d/m/i?
2,560
1*«326
lp2l*8
3 e l60
1«752
5*650
1,280
529
31 0
799
128
1*071*
221*
168
1*80
752
381*
P er C ent S e l l e rThan 5 Microns
hk
7
k
7
16
I9O
10
18
36
98
38
28
92
31*
65
21
98
" ' * ^ ' - — i ^ - ^ - ^ - itii || . . • . , . • » , , . . . . . -.- -I... «| |. | ,, I (..-J.<a»«»..^.i t . ; t - » . . . . - , t . . . i ^ . . . . i . »- ,i.«»»n»—If -i-mf |,(t^^..-..fi...,..a
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S t a t i o n
Neir Torks N . T.
Cortez, Colorado
Cortes, Colorado
Corte?, ColoradsOgden, Utah
Ogden, Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
Winslow^ Arizona
Win slow, Arizona
Salt Lakp City, Utah
Farmington; N * M»
Farmington, N . M*
Albany, Nefw York
Billings, Montana
Grand Junct ion, ColOo
Grand J unct ion, Colo
Grand Junction, Colo.
UNCLASSIFIED
TBble 3.3 =• DECAY RXPONERT, X
SamplingDa y
3/18
3/16
3/18
3/ip3/21*
3/21*
3/21*
V19
1*A9
V2 0V2 6
V2 7
V2 6
5/9
5/20
5/20
. 5/19
SampleTSrpe
Settled
Aerotes*
Aerote<5*»
FilteredSettled
Settled
Settled
Filtered
Filtered
FilteredFiltered
Filtered
Settled
Filtered
Filtered
Filtered
Filtered
Burst
1
1
1
12
2:
2
6
6
67
7
7
8
9
99
r
1.36
I0I8
1.22
loOl*
lo33
1.33
1.36
lo35
lo36
loi*31.35
1.33
1.1*7
1.26
1.35
1.39
1.37
MfUMIMU^Mldu&aiiiM <-..j,.,.iM«..t^.u.- . .. . . . _ „ - t i ' . - . ^ , . j . ^ . , . . ^ . . . . . . . . . „ . . ^ . j i „ . ^ . „ ., ,, , . , . . ., ^ ^ . 1 1 . i , - i j . . j n , -r . rM tlir l lr t- r i i l i
UNCLASSIFIED
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10'
10=
>
u
10^
^
\
1\
n \V \
1 \ \\ \ \
\ V \I ^ ^\ \\
\ \\ \
s vV
-
•
. . . J . , . , . . . . . ^ > 1 .- .....•••>...,.-. J..,,. ^ ..t...,,..-,.„ ,j:: .» f, .Wli-it.,. .„ r.i.jaiti<[i.iia,«IJ.,n.fM
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UNCLASSIFIED
—^ -^-'-\l • y . . . - " — - ^ i - J
UNCLASSIFIED
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I0 7
I0«
f:>•
1
I
II
* • • *
.11,wV\ \
v >\
I : I2
--
\
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Table 3.1*
Mb.
1
2
»
at
6
•
n
K
7
•
«
Ml
It
•>
B U R S TDateOC T
3/17
3/2U
R
H
V18
«
R
tt
V25
«l
w
tt
R
tt
TimeGCT
1320
1310
K
N
1235
N
tt
tt
1230
W
tt
tt
tt
tt
Location
Cortez, Colorado
Elko, Nevada
Ogden, Utah
Wendover, Utah
Winslow, Arizona
Needles, Cal ifornia
Albuquerque, N. Mo
Farmington, N. Mo
Winslow, Arizona
Grand Junction, C0I09
Albuquerque, No M«
Farmingto n, N9 M9
Delta, Utah
Hanksville, Utah
MOBILE TEAM
Max. AirAotivitv(d/m/ft2)
1,1* I io5
l*o5 X 10**
2.5 X io5
io3 X 10 ^
loi I 1 0^
396 I io5
59!* X io5
692 X io5
I92 X io5
I9O X 10**
I93 X 10**
I93 X io5
595 X io5
1.0 X lo'*
DATA
Time of Max ,Hrs. After
Burst
13
10
12
15
16
20
S 2
32
16
1*0
36
1*0
2S(
32
Fallout (dA/ft2)Extrapolated toTim e of MajC9
293 X 106
1*97 X io5
295 X lo7
1*,8 X 10^
I98 X 106
8,0 X lol*
I95 X 1 0^
399 X lol*
9 9O X 10 ^
i*90 X io5
996 X io5
iJlvX 10 ^
29l*x io5
298 X 1 0^
• i M M i l i M M i i a i i M 9 a i l i M H H M i i R i M M M > i a 9 9 9 ^ ^ •i l iJIHMkMMMM
""1
!
Jtmmmm ^ ^ • -
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tT i
Table 3.1* -
B U R S TDate Time
No 9 GCT GCT Location
9 5/19 1205 Farmingto n, N. Mo
• < tt R Grand' Junction, C0I09
" " " Albuquerque, No M9
11 6/1* 1115 Cort es, Colorado
I I • R R Farmington, No Mo
M ^ tt R- tt Hanksville, Utah
Continued
Max . Air
Activity
. (d/m/ftg)
2o2 X 105
9,2 X lol*
1,5 110 **
2*5 X lo3
1*97 X io 3
lol I lo'*
Time of Maxo
Hrs9 After
Burst
12
16
16
3027
28
Fallout (d/Vft^)
Extrapolated to
Time of Max.
397 X 106
390 X 106
396 X 10^
i»6 X io5
6,6 X lo5
1,7 X lo5
. Ji-«.Vt« ^ f' J- i^
,.>.._ ^ . '^-^•A.Mrtfft H V iii^rrt-f^^'*'*'*'^^*^*-"-^
UVCLA3SIF|E|>
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12
)0
J 8
•ou.omo
J 6•J
^-
o_>
-
•
-
.
w
/
/
/
/
/
w
UNCLASSIFIED
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Chapter k
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this chapter is to present a cjaalitative desc rip^tion of the findings following each burst based orj all the pertinent data.,which include air concentrations and decay rates as w$ll as fallout ac tiv ^ity.
Four of the ele- -en test explosions ware followed by low levelsof fallout activity possibly attriouoao^e lo «arj.ier ourstSo Jailoot
and ai r concentrations after four other bursts were moderate and formedtime and space patte rns tending to jtistify attributing the activity tothe latest bursts before samplingo Ilie remaining tnree explosionsj,mimbers,23 7 and 9s"were clearly responsible for most of the activityshown on their respective mapSj, Figurea 3o2<, 3oT and 3.99 ameczating tomore than 7$ % of the total for the s erie s. These inferenoas depend onboth the air concentration and gumnea film data aiod ^hsy infLueaace tksinterpretation of the decay rate result s.
k» l BUHSTS 1 fiROUGH
.Only I95I of the total fallout is atti^ibuted 1&0 the first H r®explosions. Most of this ii-action (11)6) osourr^i between March 2k%t and3lst3 the dates c f bursts 2 and 3,
Salt Lake City experienced an especially heavy falloat on the
2lfiik and 25 th , BxtrapiQlated to 8J1 hours af^^a? bur^t the fallout fbr ttia
day o f the explosion am c mt ed to 28pOOOpOCO d/as/ ' e "Sljg Nerada amdCasp er , WjrtMing ware also sceaoa of ijaapr fallosalj en tisai d ay , rang ing
•• a..> a^ --..« i-n„ ,1,-, ,.^ ,. - , „ , „ , — . . . ^ . . j ^ . . . , -lY'i-, ,, 11 r»i I r ••^••^•- ..^1.-.. > •.-• ....- <•• „-...:••, »...-.. .••.... - 1 . .f-. • i.,.«.J.il,f, ,,- „i-.1,1. ..f, >^ »ai
UHCLASSIFIED
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Peak activlly arrived at 51ko a nd Ogden about 1 2 hours afterburst and this was the reason for extrapolat ing Salt Lake City fkllout
to 12 hour ag e.
Bursts 1 , 3, ii and 5 accounted fbr only 8^ of the tot al fal l- ^out for the series* Daring the periods following each of these exp losions the mobi le tea ms found significant concentrat ions of rad ioactivedust in the air only at Cor tez, Colorado (Figure 3.13) after burst 1, •The lower levels o f activity, not considered significant, at other mobi leteam locatio ns showed two indications that the mat eri al in the samplesma y have contained residual frttm earlie r oursi;3. One sign was a steady
diminution in the computed concentrat ions Arom a maximum a t the start o fthe sampling period and the o ther sign was a low value of the decay ex ponent i^nL* in Table 3 .3 ) . If the activities of samples collected afterburst 5 are attributed to b urst h the decay exponents appear typical andthe air concentrations show random fluctuatio ns at a low leve l. Thepossibili ty of the samples containing r esidual activity makes it unsafeto assume that the map s for b ursts 3 and 5 present a true pi cture of thefallout attri butable to those e xpl osions. Some o f the activity shown onthese ma ps ma y have heea generated b y bursts 2 and k»
li.2 BUBSTS 6 THROUGH 11
Sim ila rly, a considerable part of the activity after bursts 8and 1 0 ma y have been due to numbers 7 and 9* Bursts 6 and 10 are chargedrespectively with 2% and ^% of the series to ta l. The mobi le tea ms foundnegligible airborne a ctivity after these explosions and the low valuesof the de cay exponent are consistent wit h the hypothesis that the samples
tested for decay are attributable to ear lier b ursts. Number 7 accountedfor ^$% and numbe r 9 for 31jC of the t ota l fallout for the series and it
•••- - -' - I ( a ^ i f l i l i a . i . f - i n f , . - . . - - • • ^ r . . , i - ^ V ; - , - ^ < i - , . , . . , * . t ^ . , . m . t i . ^ n
UHCIASSIPIED
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The fallout at Albany for the period between bursts 7 and 8was Il4.,000 i/n/tt^ extrapolat ed to January 1, 1951+, It was exceed ed
at Las Vega s, Nevada and Roswall, New Me xico, where the cumulativefallout for t he same period was 30,000 and 22,000 6/m/t^ respectively,
• * . • '
Outside the Albany area bursts 7 and 9 were praotioally equalas sources of fall out. The dust from number 9 spread throughout the
I » country producing activities over 500 i/m/ti^ (extrapolated to January 1,19 54) at suoh widel y separated stations as Metrquette, Albuquerque andAtla nta, The mobi le tea ms found maximum conoentratious of radio aotivityin the ai r a t Farming-con, ' %m maxLQ®^ and Grand Junctio n, Col or ad o, irtiere
the levels reached 210,000 and 90,000 d / i 0 6 (see Figures 3«27 and 3,28),There was sane a otivity a t Albuquerque, New Maudoo {Figure 3,29)o
O n , the nap, Fig%ire 3»6o one oan tr ace the pa th of r" '»"<'"'™aotivi-ty foll owing bnarst 6 along the Gulf C oast -through 1*8 Veg as, Alb uquerque, Port Arthur and New Orl eans, Total fallout over the natio n -wasmo de ra te . Typical patt erns of airb orne conoen-bration were esdiibited atfour of the mob ile stations and are shwon in Figure s 3o i7 *o 3<»20« Themaximum was 10,800 d/ia/i5 at Wiaalow, Arisona, The maximum fallout,5«-t00 (J/iy ft (corrected to January 1, 1954) occurred at Albuquerq ue,
The fallout after the last explosion of the series -was 2 ^ of-Uie total, A pa-th of maximiaa aotivity is distinguishable throughIfyomlng, Colorado, Kansas, l^ssourio Illinoia, Michigan and New YorkoAir activity oonosntrstlons at Cor tez, Colo rado, Farmington, New Mexi co,
• . and Hanksville, Utah ar e plotted in Figures 3,30 to 3o32<>
in sxxmmary, it appe ars that bursts 2, 7 and 9 wer e responsiblefor most of the a ot lvi-^ found in the gummed film and filtered air samplesi
• .. • J r . < ^ - , . ^ ^ . > . ^ . ^ V ^ ^ . , . . . ^ ^ , . . . ^ . , ^ . ^ - - .^^J.^ ....••—-^.-:-^.- ^. .t......-.^t. .... •..-. .-A. .•..•.,•,..-...„•--• ..... ^.. •f.*Jt.»*ig>.^»-...t.iri.iiii-l i.. rTi rtf i^i .>* M.„ i.> ^^
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REFEBSNCES
! • I 1 0 < ^ 0 5 - S e c r e t"R adio activ e Deb ris From Op era tions Tumbler & Snapper"Part I = He alth & Sa fety D ivis ion - January 12 , 1953
HIO-U512 - Secret•R ad ioa etiv e D ebris From Op erations Tumbler & Snapper"Par t I I - R, Jo L i s t , Weather Bureau =• February 25 , 1953
2 . NTO-U522 = Secret"R adioa ctive De bris From Ope ration Ivy *Health & Sa fe ty Div i s io n - Ap r i l 28 , 1953
Pr iva te Communication = U nc la ss ifi edProfessor Herbert Clark ofR e n ssal a er P o l y t e c h n ic In s t i t u t e
U# NIO-li555 - Se cr et"A Meteorological Analysis of the Transport of
Debris From Operation Ivy"
Lo F, Hubert, L, Machta & R. J, List, Weather Bureau
October 30, 1953
5. NIO-1576 - Secret
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Appendix
WORLD-WIDE MONITORING
This discussion of the world-wide sampling network is pre
sented separately in a n appendix in order to avoid unnecessary classifi
cation of information on nat ion wide monitoring.
1 OPERATICW OF THE NETWORK
Sampling stations distributed throughout the world, most ofthem in the Northern hemisphere5, were provided by the Weat)ier Bur eau , the
State Depar tmen t, t he Air Force , the Na-vy, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Com
mis sion, the Canadian Wea ther Service and the Canadian a-tomic energy i n-
s-tallation at Chal k Riv er .
The stations are listed in Table A-1. As Indicated in the-table, twenty-four hour fallout samples were collected at some of themand seven day samples at othe rs. Except for the longer sampling period
at some localities the -world=wide network operated in exactly the samemanne r as the fixed s-tations in the United States which collected dus tsettling on gummed film. This was the only type of sample collectedoutside the Uni-ted S-tates.
2 FINDINGS
The activity falling out during the periods between bursts
was extrapolated to January 1 , 195U and the results are listed in Table Al©
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p f C < iu
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Burst No. tBurst Dat«^»*
AnchorageAlaska
Nor-fch BayOntario
MooeooneeOntario
Moncton
New Bninswick
Montreal
Quebec
Seven IslandsQuebec
Winnipeg
Manitoba
Churchill
Manitoba
Reglna
Saskatchewan
Edmonton
Alber-ta
Table Al - FALLOUT OUTSIDE U, S. FOLLOWING EACH BURST(d/m/ft2 extrapolated to Jan. 1, I95I+)
1 2 3 1 + 5 . 6 I 8 9 10 11. 5717 iT ^ 3/^1 1^6 i / l l 1 /16 V^5 578 5A 9 5 / ^ ^
0
0 57
21
9 200 15 e ? 5i* 27
0 510 45 18 12 3 33 33 6
0 lobo 3
0 16 30 3 0 I42 3
9 480 300 21 21 27 90
6 6 540 36 290 16 170
3 9 3600 59 18 21
57 76 200 66
3 240 84 90 54 21
3 6 3 0 24 15 6 200 12
TOTAL
33
66 0
9^0
UPO
3700
1500
190
550
27 0
c •
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Table Al - Continued
Burst No, t
Burst Datet*
IVestwick
Scotland
Rhein Main
Oemany
Pre-boria
South Africa
DakarFr . West Africa
Tripoli
Tripolitania
BiroshimaJapan
NagasakiJapan
Anderson A,F,B,Guam
HonoluluHawaii
1 i l k 5 , ^ 2 8 i i o u
^ i/ ihl li/L^ l b b / §/L. I2!!±
0 6
15 330
0
6
0
24
12
0 36
81 27
12
27 12
93
27
72
6
2
6
3
6
0
9
3
0
0
9
9
0
0
0
3
15
0
9
51
59
3
160
120
360
450
6
9
HO
510
0
72
30
36
5
18
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
36
0
18
36
42
2%
0
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
P29
lObo
6
300
230
490
670
42
54
* The last column ll'Sts -total fallout from 3/l7 to 6/9* Each o-ther colmpn represents aperiod from the burst date at the head of -the column to the day before the next burst.
l i i i iai iMi i# - l lg llJ^ ^ •1^ 1 ^ I ' i & i i i i •IMaiata
Table Al - Continued
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CU3
•K J
Burst No. tBurst Dat es*
Port HardyBritish Columbia
Prince Georg eBritish Columbia
Port SimpsonMachensen
Deep River• Ontario
1 StephenvilleNewfoundland
ThuleGreenland
KeflavlkIceland
Albrdo k A.F.B.
Canal Zone
Kindley A,F,B,Bermuda
LimaPeru
1 2
3>^7 3 M
0 1^
0 6
0 0
6o 15
9 3
3 6
3 3
3 0
3 39 0
0 6
4 5 - 6 B 10 11S . ^ TOTAL
12 3 6 1 2 2 1 1 8 6 1 2 3 100
5 3 3 21 30 6 27 15 9 120
3 IS 24 6 6
3 12 3 30 72 0 31 170
3 6
0 $1 6 24o 66 0 30
6 6 Q 16
60
0 93 4800 100 69 33 ^ 0 5100
24'
400
36
15 30 15 100 no 3900 2go 540 45 5 ^
6 0