Radicalization and Islamophobia - University of Alberta · 2017-08-03 · ISLAMOPHOBIA VS....
Transcript of Radicalization and Islamophobia - University of Alberta · 2017-08-03 · ISLAMOPHOBIA VS....
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J O H N M C C O YF E B R U A R Y 8 , 2 0 1 7
RADICALIZATION AND ISLAMOPHOBIA
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STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
vDescribe the radicalization process
vDescribe the nature of contemporary “Islamophobia”
vIdentify the connections between Islamophobia and radicalization
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RADICALIZATION: A LOADED TERM
• A common association with terrorism and individuals from a Muslim background
• The common association stigmatizes Muslims and is misleading
• Violence originates from all ethnic groups and different ideologies (e.g., far-right extremist groups)
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UNDERSTANDING RADICALIZATION
• Difficult to distinguish between radicalization that leads to violence and radicalization that does not
• There is no terrorist profile or “personality”
• There is no single predictive model of radicalization to violence, but there are some shared experiences
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RADICALIZATION AND GRIEVANCES
• Grievances create a sense of victimization and injustice and a cognitive (mental) opening to radicalization
• Grievances can come different experiences (e.g., loss of job, failed relationship, discrimination)
• Yet grievances (in isolation) cannot explain radicalization - many of us have these experiences
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RADICALIZATION AND IDEOLOGY
• Ideologies frame grievances and give them greater meaning
• Ideologies create a world view or “master narrative” that places life experiences and social identities within a broader political context
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RADICALIZATION AND SOCIALIZATION
• Socialization is an essential component of radicalization
• A vast majority of radicalized individuals adopt their views among close friends or kinship groups
• Social networks provide a sense of belonging and drive radicalization through peer pressure and “group think”
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RADICALIZATION AND ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS
• Enabling environments create a support network where radicalization can take place
• They can be virtual (online) or physical (e.g., school, prison, religious / cultural institution)
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ISLAMOPHOBIA VS. ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM
• The term comes from a 1990s Runnymede Trust Report - defined as an “unfounded hostility towards Islam, and therefore fear or dislike of all or most Muslims”
• Islamophobia is inadequate – it does not describe the highly politicized form of racism that Muslims experience today
• Today politicians and a broad based anti-Islamic social movement foment anti-Muslim racism
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CONNECTING ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM AND RADICALIZATION
• Anti-Muslim Racism is associated with two parts of the radicalization process: grievances and ideology
• Studies show that experiences with discrimination can drive support for terrorism and violence (especially among young people)
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RACISM AND THE FAR RIGHT
• Anti-Muslim racism defines much of the political energy of the far-right
• Groups share a belief that Muslim communities represent an existential threat to European identity, values and security
• The language of the far-right stimulates violence on the fringes
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CONCLUSION
• Radicalization impacts every ethnic, cultural and religious group in Canada (far-right and militant Islamism represent primary threats to public safety)
• Counter these threats requires the promotion of ideas that undermine hate
• In the education system it is Important to encourage empathy, respect and understanding of difference