Radiation Safety Manual - Webs · If you have questions or concerns about the manual or the...

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Dr. Florence T. Cua-Christman

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Radiation Safety Manual

2001

_____________________________

Administrator

_____________________________

Chair, Radiation Safety Committee

_____________________________

Radiation Safety Officer"

Prepared for PHILIPPINE ACADEMY by Edward A Christman, Ph.D., CHP

Disclaimer This document must be regarded as an example only. It can be used as a guide for the creation of a manual only after careful consideration of the types of activities involving

ionizing radiation hazards in your institution and the Philippine Government regulatory

requirements. The document is written to comply with specific United States Regulations that

may differ from those in the Philippines.

This document describes a program for both in vitro research activities and research

activities involving the intake of radioactive materials by human research subjects which are

regulated much more strictly than simple laboratory use. This document does not include

programs for the use of x-ray and other radiation producing machines.

A manual is only one element of an effective radiation safety program. An effective

program must also have adequate training procedures and a well supported management

structure.

The words “Philippine Academy” are generic and do not refer to any specific entity.

Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions or comments.

Dr. Florence T. Cua-Christman, MS3, PhD

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EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

IN CASE OF FIRE, INJURY OR OTHER EMERGENCY WHERE

RADIOACTIVITY MAY BE INVOLVED:

1. CALL xxx. State the nature of the emergency, the location

and your name and the extension at which you can be

reached. State that radioactive materials may be involved

2. QUALIFIED PERSONS SHOULD TREAT A SERIOUS INJURY OR FIRE WITHOUT REGARD TO THE POSSIBLE PRESENCE OF RADIOACTIVITY. HOWEVER, TAKE PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF ANY RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION THAT MAY BE PRESENT.

3. CALL THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER. (xxx) xxx-xxxx

4. For additional information see the emergency response procedures in the manual and the Philippine Academy emergency response procedures.

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Table of Contents

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES IN CASE OF FIRE, INJURY OR OTHER EMERGENCY WHERE RADIOACTIVITY MAY BE INVOLVED: ............... i

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... ii

Philippine Academy Radiation Safety Policy .................................................................... 1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1

The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Radiation Safety Program Structure............................. 2

The Professional Standards for the Program ................................................................... 5

Annual Review and Audit of the Program ........................................................................ 5

Security of Radiation Sources ........................................................................................... 6

Acquisition of a Radiation Source ........................................................................................... 6

Authorization to Use a Radiation Source ............................................................................... 6

Security of Radiation Sources .................................................................................................. 8

Standard operating procedures for the use of unsealed sources of radioactive materials

(both medical and non-medical uses). ..................................................................................... 9

Standard Procedures for Medical (Human Use) of Radioactive Materials ...................... 13

The Quality Management Program for Therapeutic Administrations of Radioactive

Materials. ................................................................................................................................. 14

Provision of Information to Patients at Release .................................................................. 16

Response to Spills, Fire and Other Emergencies ................................................................. 17

Standard operating procedures for sealed sources .............................................................. 19

Education and Training .................................................................................................. 20

Personal Radiation Dose Limits and Personal Monitoring ........................................... 21 Radiation Dose Limits ......................................................................................................................... 22

Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 24

The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Radiation Safety Committee ........................................ 26

Appendix II Application to use Radioisotopes (Non-Human Use) ................................ 28

PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Application to use Radioisotope(s) (non-human use) ...... 29

Experience Relevant to Use of Proposed Material .............................................................. 30

Appendix III Application for Human Use of Radioactive Materials ............................. 28

(Insert protocol blank form here) ...................................................................................... 29

Appendix IV The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Quality Management Program .............. 29

Appendix V The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Patient Release Information Form ......... 30

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Appendix VI Declaration of Pregnancy Form................................................................ 31

Appendix VII Radioactive Material Receipt, Inventory and Disposal Forms ............... 33

Appendix VIII Laboratory Contamination Survey Form ............................................. 31

Appendix IX Survey Record for Sealed Sources of Radioactivity .................................. 33

Appendix X Using Radioactive Materials in the Animal Care Facility ......................... 34

Appendix XI PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Licenses to Possess and Use Radioactive

Materials ........................................................................................................................... 36

Appendix XII References and Information about Specific Radionuclides ................... 38

Frequently used vendors of radioactive materials and radiation safety Equipment ....... 39

APPENDIX XIII Records and Reports that must be kept ............................................. 40

Glossary ............................................................................................................................ 42

INDEX .............................................................................................................................. 47

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The Philippine Academy Radiation Safety Policy

The use of all ionizing radiation sources in the PHILIPPINE ACADEMY must be such

that radiation exposures to those using the sources and other PHILIPPINE ACADEMY

employees, to patients, members of the public and to the environment are kept as low as

reasonably achievable.

The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY complies with all relevant governmental regulations and

the current professional standards.

Introduction

The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY uses radioactive materials in two major activities, the

diagnosis and treatment of patients ("human use") and as one of many tools in laboratory

research activities ("non-human use"). Although there are similarities in the requirements

and precautions for these different activities, there are also important differences.

The ACADEMY Radiation Safety program covers both of these activities. It also has

policies and procedures specific to each. Each individual using radioactive materials

under any of the ACADEMY's regulatory licenses must be familiar with the policies of

the Radiation Safety Program and comply with all of the relevant procedures.

This manual reflects the differing nature and concerns of human use and non-human use

of radioactive materials. Some sections refer to one of the activities, some cover both. It

enunciates the policies of the Radiation Safety Program and contains information and

materials to assist users in complying with them. This information includes:

� the application and procedure for the use of radioactive materials

� guidance for precautions that must be taken when using this sources

� procedures that are required for compliance to the governmental regulations

� procedures for the disposal of radioactive materials

You should read this manual and become familiar with the sections that are relevant to

your needs and activities. Keep it with your other administrative information. If you

supervise others who use ionizing radiation sources, you must also make the manual

available to them.

If you have questions or concerns about the manual or the radiation safety program,

please contact the Radiation Safety Officer or the Radiation Safety Committee Chair.

The Philippine Academy Licenses and Permits

The ACADEMY has obtained a "specific license of broad scope" (License No. 29-28554-

01; a copy is in Appendix X) from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) which

permits the possession and use of a variety of by-product materials in both medical

(human use) and non-medical applications. A similar license (No. 20390/00/008) has

been obtained from the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) for

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naturally occurring and accelerator produced radioactive isotopes, which are regulated by

the State of New Jersey. Only materials that are listed on these licenses may be used in

the ACADEMY. All uses must comply with the license conditions and regulations. The

licenses may be amended to include new radionuclides but the process can result in

substantial delays in the approval process. Use of these sources must comply with the

relevant federal regulations including 10CFR Parts, 19, 20, 30, 35 and NJAC 7:28.

Copies of the regulations are available in the Radiation Safety Office and the websites of

the NRC (www.nrc.gov) and the NJ DEP ( www.state.nj.us/dep/rpp ).

Copies of these licenses are posted on bulletin boards in these locations:

• The hallway near the Clinic Office (1st floor)

• The hallway in the radiolabeling facility (1st floor)

• The Radiation Safety Office (1st floor)

The State of New Jersey regulations (NJAC 7:28) require that any device capable of

producing ionizing radiation, for example x-ray machines or particle accelerators, be

registered with the NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP). The

registrations are renewed annually and devices must be checked annually to insure that

they do not result in radiation doses to the users and others.

Inspectors from the NRC and the NJ DEP occasionally visit the ACADEMY to monitor

compliance to the regulations, license and permit conditions. The ACADEMY may be

subject to fines and citations if violations are observed

Employees of the ACADEMY have the right to report a violation of NRC regulations or

NJ DEP regulations to the respective agency and to request inspections. Any user who

believes that a violation of the regulations or license conditions exists or has occurred in

license activities with regard to radiological working conditions in which the worker is

engaged, may request an inspection by giving notice of the alleged violation to the NRC

or any NRC inspector (or to the NJ DEP or its inspectors). Any such notice shall be in

writing, shall set forth the specific grounds for the notice, and shall be signed by the user.

Additional information about these rights is found on the notices posted at the employees’

entrance and outside the Radiation Safety Office.

The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Radiation Safety Program Structure

The Radiation Safety program is designed to use, to the extent practical, procedures and

engineering controls based upon sound radiation protection principles to ensure that all

occupational exposures and doses to members of the public that are as low as is

reasonably achievable (ALARA). It also ensures that the PHILIPPINE ACADEMY

complies with the relevant governmental regulations and the current professional

standards.

The radiation safety program has four levels of responsibility:

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The Individual User

The Authorized Investigator

The Radiation Safety Officer

The Radiation Safety Committee

Individual users

Scientists, physicians, laboratory technicians, and other research, clinical and support

personnel, engaged in activities involving the actual use of ionizing radiation sources,

both radioactive materials and machine sources. These individuals must be trained

adequately for the hazard they may encounter and adhere to the approved procedures for

each of the sources. They must work under the supervision of an Authorized User.

Visiting scientists, summer college and high school students and others working

temporarily in the laboratory must also be adequately trained, obtain and use the

appropriate dosimeters, and observe the precautions and procedures of the radiation safety

program. Minors, those under 18 years old, may work in the laboratory but are subject to

much lower permissible dose limits under the NRC and NJ DEP regulations.

Users who are or may be pregnant may also work with the sources. If they declare the

pregnancy to the RSO in writing, they are subjected to lower regulatory permissible dose

limits.

Authorized Users

Authorized Users are typically, scientists and physicians with training and experience

such that they are authorized by the Radiation Safety Committee to possess and use

specific sources of radiation. Working with the RSO, Authorized Users must plan each

use of the source such that the exposure to those involved is kept at acceptable levels and

as low as possible. They must adequately train those involved and provide the equipment

and materials required. They must ensure compliance with the Radiation Safety Program

procedures.

The Authorized User must ensure the security of the radioactive materials or machine

sources at all times by restricting access to those who are adequately trained and

informed.

Specifically, the Authorized User must:

• Perform radiation surveys and contamination surveys in all authorized restricted areas

often enough to demonstrate that these areas are free of unnecessary radiation fields

and radioactive contamination. Surveys must be conducted at least monthly whenever

radioactive material is in use. The appropriate units (e.g., Bq (µCi) for radioactivity measurements, C Kg

-1 hr

-1 for radiation field intensity cGy (mrads) for absorbed dose

must be used in the records of all surveys. The records must be maintained for the

life of the license and are subject to inspection by the RSO and regulatory inspectors.

• Keep a current inventory of all radioactive materials for which he or she is responsible

released down the drain.

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• Educate and train each user working under the Authorization at a level adequate for

the hazards encountered.

• Train and closely supervise all visitors and others working temporarily in the

laboratories, especially those under 18 years old.

• Enforce the policies and procedures of the Radiation Safety Program in the authorized

restricted areas.

The Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)

The RSO has the responsibility for the implementation and management of the Radiation

Safety Program, including the upkeep of all documentation and records necessary to

demonstrate compliance to the ACADEMY policies and government regulations. A

copy of the Memo delegating authority to the current RSO is in Appendix I. The RSO

may delegate these activities to complete them efficiently, but retains the full

responsibility for them. Typical activities include:

� Receiving, delivering and shipping from the ACADEMY all radioactive materials

� Maintaining an inventory of all sources

� Operating the ACADEMY radiolabeling suite

� Monitoring the use of these materials both in the radioisotope suite and in other areas

� Monitoring individual users by provision of dosimeters or bioassay when appropriate

� Providing instruction and training about the appropriate procedures and precautions

for the use of the sources to individual users

� Providing training and education to maintenance, custodial, security staff members

and other persons who may need to enter the restricted laboratories

� Providing general "awareness" information to secretarial, clerical and other staff

members.

� Providing instructions to patients and their families

� Supervising and coordinating the disposal of radioactive waste

� Performing leak tests on all sealed sources

� Supervising the clean up of spills of radioactive materials

� Maintaining the necessary survey instrumentation and other equipment in proper

operating condition and in calibration

� Acting as liaison with the NRC, NJ DEP and other regulatory agencies when radiation

sources are involved

� Implementing program changes suggested as a result of the annual program audit

and/or required by changes in the regulations or license conditions.

The RSO also provides technical assistance to ensure that the uses of the radiation

sources do not result in unwarranted and unnecessary exposure to radiation and to ensure

compliance with program policies and procedures.

The Radiation Safety Committee

The Radiation Safety Committee recommends policies and procedures of the Radiation

Safety program to senior management. The committee approves of all proposed uses of

radiation sources, provides technical assistance to the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) and

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oversees the quality of the implementation of the program. The Committee reports to the

Vice President of PHILIPPINE ACADEMY. The committee meets every three months

but may meet more frequently if necessary to transact its business. The Committee Chair

maintains minutes of each meeting for the life of the ACADEMY's licenses.

Appointed by the Senior Management, the Committee is composed of experts in radiation

protection, the Radiation Safety Officer, representatives of the user community and

ACADEMY management representatives with responsibilities that affect the radiation

safety program. The Chair of the Committee is the Director of Clinical Research

Administration; the RSO is the Executive Secretary. The current membership of the

committee is shown in Appendix I.

The committee reviews all proposed uses of ionizing radiation to determine that they

comply with the policies and procedures of the Radiation Safety Program and that all

exposures to radiation are kept as low as reasonable achievable. No work with

radioactive material can proceed without the prior approval of the committee or the

Radiation Safety Officer, acting as its agent.

The Committee may authorize the RSO to act as its agent in routine approval and review

activities. However, it has the final responsibility for the implementation and

management of the program.

The Committee reviews all instances of alleged infractions of the policies and procedures

with the RSO and the responsible management before submitting reports and

recommendations to the senior management. It also adjudicates any differences arising

between Authorized Users and the Radiation Safety Officer.

The Professional Standards for the Program

The standards of the following organizations are used as a basis for the PHILIPPINE

ACADEMY program. Each organization maintains an Internet web site listing its

activities and publications as well as links to additional interesting and useful web sites

about radiation and radiation protection.

• National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

• American Association of Physicists in Medicine(AAPM)

• American Board of Radiology (ABR)

• International Committee on Radiation Protection (ICRP)

• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

• The Health Physics Society (HPS)

Annual Review and Audit of the Program

A federal regulation requires that a formal audit of the Radiation Safety Program be

conducted at least once every twelve-month period. The Radiation Safety Manual is

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reviewed and updated after the Audit is completed. The Committee Chair keeps copies

of each Annual Audit report for the life of the licenses.

Security of Radiation Sources

A key tenet of the radiation safety program is to ensure that only authorized and properly

trained individuals are permitted access to sources of radiation.

Acquisition of a Radiation Source

The Radiation Safety Committee, through its agent, the RSO, must approve the purchase,

lease, donation, or other acquisition of any source of ionizing radiation. Contact the

Radiation Safety Officer well before you acquire any source so that any adjustments to

the ACADEMY's NRC license or regulatory permits can be made. For example, it takes

about four weeks to add a radionuclide not already listed to the license.

All purchased radioactive materials sources must use a purchase requisition signed by the

RSO. The requisition must contain the name of and be signed by the Authorized User.

Blanket and standing orders must have the prior approval of the RSO.

All radioactive material sources, purchased or otherwise acquired, must be shipped to this

address during normal business hours (7:00 a.m. to 5 p.m., M-F):

Philippine Academy

(address)

Attention: Radiation Safety Officer (name) RSO

Deliveries at other times must have the prior approval of the RSO. When the source is

delivered, the RSO will check the shipment for possible contamination, review the

accompanying shipping documentation for compliance to the regulations and initiate the

internal inventory tracking documentation before releasing the shipment to the authorized

user.

Authorization to Use a Radiation Source

Using these procedures will provide to the Radiation Safety Committee with the

necessary information to evaluate the proposed use of the source(s) with minimum

burden to both the Committee and prospective authorized user.

Human (Medical) Use of radio-labeled pharmaceuticals and other chemical substances.

A physician who has the appropriate training and experience in the use of the materials

must supervise human administration of radioactive material. The specific requirements

for the training and experience are delineated in the NRC regulations (10 CFR 35;

Subpart J). Unless the administration is explicitly listed in 10 CFR 35, the Radiation

Safety Committee must approve a complete proposed clinical protocol before any

human use of radioactive materials. (See Appendix III for procedural details).

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The proposal, which must include an approved Institutional Review Board (IRB)

protocol, should be submitted to the Chair of the Radiation Safety Committee. The

Radiation Safety Committee will consider the recommendations of its Human Use

subcommittee and the RSO during its evaluation. (IRB). The protocols are reviewed for

renewal annually.

Unsealed Radioactive Materials (non-medical use).

Complete the appropriate application (Appendix IV), with the assistance of the RSO if

necessary, and send it to the RSO. The RSO will present the complete application to the

Committee for review with recommendations. In some cases, when the activities

involved are relatively uncomplicated, the RSO, acting as agent for the Committee may

approve the proposal subject to a final review by the Committee. No work may begin

until the Committee issues a formal approval.

The authorizations are approved for a two-year period and can be renewed. The

Committee must approve any significant changes in the approved activities before

implementation.

The authorizations are terminated if an Authorized User leaves employment with the

ACADEMY or ends the use of radioactive materials. All sources of radioactivity,

including radioactive waste must be transferred to the RSO or placed under the control of

another active Authorization before an Authorization is ended. A final survey of all

restricted areas controlled exclusively by the Authorization, showing the areas to be free

of contamination by the authorized materials, must be submitted with a written request

for termination.

An Authorization can also be terminated by the Radiation Safety Committee for repeated

failure to comply with the Policies and Procedures of the Radiation Safety Program by the

Authorized User or one of the workers under the authorization. This termination may

take place after a sequential chain of actions:

1. An informal verbal or written warning by the RSO or a designated person

2. A formal notice of violation issued by the RSO with copies to the Radiation Safety

Committee and the Authorized Users immediate superior.

3. A formal hearing by the Radiation Safety Committee

4. A formal vote by the Committee on remedial action(s)

The Radiation Safety Committee acts as the final adjudicator in all disputes about

Radiation Safety in the ACADEMY.

Sealed Radioactive Material Sources (e.g., an electron capture detector for a gas chromatograph or check sources, flood sources)

The person responsible for the source must be an Authorized User. (See Appendix II for

application form) The purchase requisition for the source or the device that contains it

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must be signed by the RSO. A completed application must accompany the requisition.

The RSO approves the acquisition and use of the source subject to the license conditions

and the program procedures. The RSO must be notified when the source arrives so that

an initial evaluation and leak check test can be performed before it is put into service.

Security of Radiation Sources

Access to all sources of ionizing radiation, unsealed and sealed radioactive materials and

machine sources, must be restricted to those with adequate training and knowledge

about the hazards of the source. They must be used only in areas restricted to approved

persons. The acquisition, relocation or disposal of all sources must have the prior

approval of the RSO. Radioactive materials sources, both unsealed and sealed, must be

stored in locked areas when not in use. Access to the operating controls of radiation

producing devices, usually restricted by a key, must be limited to approved persons.

Sources must never be left unsecured and unattended.

Each Authorized User must keep a current inventory listing all sources and the location of

each. This inventory must be updated semi-annually. These inventory records must be

kept for the life of the Authorization and submitted to the RSO before the Authorization

is ended.

The entry doors to each restricted area where unsealed radioactive materials sources may

be used must be posted with the appropriate caution sign. These signs are supplied by the

RSO upon approval of the application for radioactive material use. Refrigerators and

other storage areas for radioactive materials must be labeled with caution signs.

Containers for sealed radioactive material sources and machine sources must be labeled

in accordance with the regulations. The RSO will supply the labels and guidance related

to positioning them.

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Standard operating procedures for the use of unsealed sources of radioactive materials (both medical and non-medical uses).

Authorized Users must provide these procedures to all individual users and enforce

compliance. In general, all chemical hygiene precautions and procedures must be

followed and all laboratory workers must be familiar with the location and use of safety

devices such as eye wash stations, drench hoses and safety showers.

Protective Measures

� Do not eat, drink, smoke, chew gum or apply cosmetics in chemical laboratories.

� Do not store food or beverages in refrigerators or freezers that store chemicals, including radioactive materials.

� Wear disposable protective gloves made of material impervious to the chemicals used when handling radioactive materials. Replace torn or perforated gloves immediately, check for the presence of radioactive contamination before washing your hands prior to donning new gloves. Contact the RSO immediately if there is contamination. Do not wear gloves when leaving the lab, using the telephone or the computer keyboard or other similar activities.

� Wash your hands and exposed skin areas on forearms thoroughly before you

begin other activities.

� Wear appropriate protective eyewear. Safety glasses are adequate for routine activities. Consider wearing goggles or a face shield for activities involving large volumes, extremely hazardous substances or substances such as powders or volatile liquids that can become airborne easily. Consult the RSO or your supervisor if you have any questions about the need to do so.

� Wear protective lab coats at all times in the laboratory. Store them in the lab. Clean or replace them routinely and when they are contaminated. Do not wear them outside of the laboratory.

� Be aware of the particular hazards (external and internal) of the radionuclides you use and the necessary precautions to reduce the risk from them.

Operating Procedures

� Always work in areas clearly delineated for the use of radioactive materials. Use specially designated trays or cover bench surfaces with absorbent paper.

� Clean-up all spills immediately and monitor to assure that no contamination remains. Report all spills except those of a very minor nature to the Radiation Safety Officer. Records of all spills except very minor ones and cleanup actions must be kept for the life of the licenses.

� Label all containers of radioactive materials with a radioactive label containing your name, the isotope and chemical in the container, the activity, the CAS number and the date.

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� Label all equipment that may be contaminated. This may include chemical fume hoods, centrifuges, biosafety cabinets, laminar flow hoods and similar equipment. Pipetters, stirrers, peristaltic pumps and other small items must also be labeled.

� Use and store all materials that are relatively volatile in a properly operating chemical fume hood.

� Minimize the possibility of aerosolization of the radioactive materials by using the appropriate precautions and lab equipment such as centrifuges and vibrators.

� Never pipette by mouth.

� Transport containers of radioactive materials sealed and in an enclosed secondary container.

� Constantly monitor your activities for contamination. When you finished and have cleaned the area, monitor the area and equipment to assure that it is free of inadvertent contamination. Record the results on your survey log. Records of these surveys must be kept for the life of the Authorization and submitted to the RSO before the Authorization is ended.

� Dispose of radioactive waste according to the procedures provided. Never discard radioactive waste or containers with “radiation” labels in the normal trash. This includes the disposal of liquid scintillation vials. Records of all disposals must be maintained for the life of the Authorization and submitted to the RSO before the Authorization is ended.

� Decontaminate and check any device or equipment that may be contaminated

before servicing or relocation from the restricted area. This eliminates the possibility that service personnel, moving personnel and other untrained persons will be contaminated.

� Install traps in any vacuum line that may be used with radioactive materials. This will prevent contamination of the vacuum system. The traps must be appropriate for the materials involved.

These additional precautions should be taken if the radioisotopes emit high-energy betas (betas with kinetic energies greater than 70 KeV), positrons or gammas:

� Monitor your activities with a properly operating survey instrument such as a geiger

counter. Keep the instrument on and close by. Continuously check for contamination

as you work.

� Keep the radiation exposure to you and others in the area as low as possible by adding

shielding materials to minimize the radiation levels. Use plastic or other low density

(low Z) materials to shield strong beta sources to minimize the x-radiation produced

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by bremsstrahlung interactions. Lead or some other high density material is more

appropriate for gammas and x-rays.

� Minimize the source handling times, use shielding materials around the source

containers and use tongs or other handling devices if necessary to minimize the

radiation doses to the hands and fingers. ("Time, distance, shielding").

� Store the radioactive materials in remote areas of the laboratory and add shielding to

minimize the radiation fields in the vicinity of the storage area.

� Wear your personal dosimeter and extremity dosimeters whenever the sources are

used.

Administrative Procedures

� Plan your experiments so that the minimum activity of the radioactive material is

required. This will reduce the hazard involved as well of the cost of purchasing and

disposing of the material.

� Do not accept radioactive materials into the laboratory unless they have been

approved and processed by the Radiation Safety Officer or a designated individual.

� Ship or transfer radioactive materials from the Technology ACADEMY only through

the Radiation Safety Officer. Do not hand carry radioactive materials from the

ACADEMY without the approval of the Radiation Safety Officer.

� Escort visitors to the laboratory at all times, providing information and instructions

that will minimize the potential for unnecessary exposure to the radioactivity.

Visitors include anyone not a trained individual user and may include maintenance,

custodial, secretarial staff as well as friends and family.

� Evaluate the training and experience of temporary workers, such as summer students

and visiting research scientists to assure that each person is qualified to be an

individual user. They must be trained and supervised as individual users.

� The RSO or a designated representative will conduct a routine radiation safety survey

of each restricted area, including a contamination check, at least every two months.

The Authorized User must keep the areas under his or her supervision free of

radioactive contamination and correct any deficiencies observed during these surveys.

Records of these surveys and of any corrective actions are maintained by the RSO for

the life of the license.

� Termination of a restricted or controlled area. An area can be reclassified as

unrestricted only after the RSO has determined that all sources of radiation have been

removed and there is no contamination remaining. The release of a restricted area

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must be thoroughly documented; the records must be kept for the life of the license

plus one year.

Disposal of Radioactive Waste

The disposal of radioactive waste materials is extremely expensive. Therefore, every

effort must be made to minimize the volume of the waste. You should consider the

disposal options, conferring with the RSO as necessary, as you plan your activities. Each

Authorized User must maintain complete records of the radioactive waste material

generated as part of the radioactive material inventory.

The RSO coordinates the transfer of the waste material from a laboratory or the

radiolabing laboratory to an on-site storage area where it is processed for disposal.

The options for disposal:

Decay in storage. Radioisotopes with half-lives of 120 days or less must be stored for a

period of at least 10 life-halves. After that time, they may be released to the normal waste

if the radioisotope is not detectable by an appropriate survey instrument.

Disposal via the sanitary sewerage system. Water miscible liquids containing some

radioisotopes may be released through the sanitary sewerage system under controlled

conditions. The RSO coordinates this procedure. Authorized Users must keep complete

records of all radioactive materials released down the drain.

Disposal of certain Tritium and Carbon 14 labeled materials without regard to the

radioactivity. Liquid scintillation cocktail solutions and animal tissues with activity

concentrations less than 0.050 µCi/gm averaged over the bulk material may be discarded as if they contained no activity.

Disposal by transfer to a qualified waste hauler. This is the most expensive option and

is used only when the other options are not available. The RSO coordinates the transfer

and maintains the records tracking the material to its ultimate fate. The material may be

incinerated or placed in an engineered waste disposal site.

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Standard Procedures for Medical (Human Use) of Radioactive Materials

Follow all the relevant procedures in the SOP for use of radioactive materials.

Complete documentation of all human administrations of radiolabeled substances must be

maintained.

1. All Standard Nuclear Medicine precautions and procedures shall be followed

2. All radioactive materials must be transported in containers with shielding such that

the radiation field at one meter from the container is not greater than 2.0 mr/hr1

3. When there is a possibility that the patient will exhale, excrete, sweat or otherwise

contaminate his surroundings, the administration should be performed in a private

injection room that has a functioning toilet. The room must be restricted and posted

with required "Caution -Radioactive Material" signs.

4. The surfaces of the room should be impervious to moisture and easily cleaned.

Absorbent materials and protective coverings should be strategically located to

minimize contamination and clean up hence to minimize the unnecessary radiation

dose to the clinical staff. A properly labeled waste container for disposable utensils,

surgical dressings, absorbent tissues, etc., must be provided, as well as plastic bags to

hold reusable items.

5. Syringe shields shall be used unless it can be adequately demonstrated that their use

will increase the hand dose of the administrator or adversely affect the health of the

patient. The shield must be labeled properly unless the label on the syringe can be

easily observed with the shield in placed.

6. After the patient has been given the radioactive material, measure the radiation

exposure levels in the room and the adjacent areas with an ion chamber based survey

instrument. Portable shielding should be placed around the patient so that the

exposure rate does not exceed 2.0 mr/hr in any unrestricted area (outside the room)

and so that radiation dose to the clinical staff attending to the patient is minimized.

7. Radioactive waste must be held for a minimum of ten half-lives and until the

radioactivity decays to levels undetectable with a scintillation survey instrument. The

room and reusable items must be cleaned or stored until the radioactivity is no longer

detectable with the scintillation detector based survey instrument or equivalent

instrument.

1 As measured by a properly calibrated ionization chamber survey instrument.

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8. Excreta or vomitus collected from a patient for analysis must be held for decay in the

radioactive waste storage room. However, a patient may excrete or vomit material

containing radionuclides directly into the sanitary sewerage system.

The Quality Management Program for Therapeutic Administrations of Radioactive Materials.

The Quality Management Program, required by the NRC license, provides a high

confidence that byproduct material will be administered as directed by the Authorized

User. The details of the ACADEMY's program are given in Appendix IV. The program

requires:

1. That prior to a therapeutic administration, a written directive (see below) is prepared.

This must be done unless the patient's health would be jeopardized by the delay.

Under that circumstance, an oral revision to an existing written directive may be

given, if it is documented immediately in the patient's file and followed within 48

hours by a revised written directive.

2. That prior to each administration, the patient's identity is verified by more that one

method as the individual named in the written directive.

3. That each administration is in accordance with the written directive

4. That any unintended deviation from the written directive is identified and evaluated,

and appropriate action is taken.

Written Directives. A written directive is an order for a specific patient, dated and signed

by an Authorized user prior to the administration of a radiopharmaceutical.

• It must be written for every therapeutic administration and all administrations of 125I

or 131I labeled sodium iodide greater than 30 microcuries.

• It must contain the name of the radiopharmaceutical, the dosage and the route of

administration. (for 125I or

131I only the dosage is required).

• Each directive and a record of each administered dose must be kept at least three

years after the date of administration.

• Oral changes to the directive by qualified persons due to patient related difficulties

must be documented within 48 hours after the change is made.

Misadministrations

For all diagnostic and therapeutic radioactive materials (except 125I and

131I in quantities

less than 1.11 MBq [30 microcuries]) a misadministration is declared if a patient

receives an effective equivalent dose greater than 0.05 Sv (5 rem) or a dose equivalent to

any organ greater than 0.5 Sv (50 rem) under any of these circumstances:

• The pharmaceutical is given to the wrong patient

• The wrong pharmaceutical is administered

• The pharmaceutical is administered by the wrong route

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• The administered dosage differs from the prescribed dosage; for

therapeutic dosages, the difference is greater than 20%.

• For 125I and

131I, the administered dosage differs from the prescribed

dosage by more than 20% and the difference is greater than 1.11 MBq [30

microcuries]

A misadministration must be reported to the RSO immediately and the following

actions must be taken:

1. The RSO must report the misadministration by telephone to the NRC Operations

Center, no later than the next calendar day after it is discovered.

2. She or he must file a written report with NRC Region I Office (King of Prussia, PA)

within 15 days after discovery.

3. The referring physician must be notified no later than 24 hours after the discovery.

4. After consultation with the referring physician or if the physician cannot be reached

within 24 hours, the patient must be notified unless, based on medical judgment, such

notification would be harmful.

5. If the patient is notified, a written report, either the report to the NRC or one referring

to it, must be sent to the patient within 15 days after discovery.

6. NRC regulations require that a complete record of an misadministration must be kept

for a minimum of five years after discovery.

Recordable Events

Although some discrepancies are considered not serious enough to report to the NRC,.

they must be reported immediately to the RSO. The RSO must investigate each event,

prepare a comprehensive report of the relevant facts and the corrective actions taken for

review by the Radiation Safety Committee. The reports must be kept for at least three

years.

These "recordable" events are:

• An administration without a written directive when one is required

• An administration of 125I or

131I greater than 1.11 MBq [30 microcuries] that differs

from the prescribed dosage by more than 10% and 0.56 MBq [15 microcuries]

• An administered therapeutic dosage other than 125I or

131I that differs by more than

10% from the prescribed dosage.

Deviations from the Package Insert Requirements

An Authorized user (Physician) may direct a specific departure from a manufacturer's

instructions for a radiopharmaceutical preparation and use if there is a reasonable medical

justification. However, the rationale for the departure and a detailed description of the

changes made must be documented in writing as part of the written directive. If the

patient's health requires it, the documentation may be done after the administration.

Audits

The Quality Management Program must be audited annually. The review must include

evaluations of a representative sampling of patient administrations, all recorded events,

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and all misadministrations. Records of each audit must be retained for at least three

years.

Provision of Information to Patients at Release

The patient to be released must, by the ACADEMY license conditions, be provided with

information about the radioactive material(s) within and about the precautions and

procedures to use to minimize the radiation dose to members of the family and others.

The extent of the information provided depends on the dose as well as the identity of the

radiopharmaceutical. A copy of the information form that must be given to each patient

is in Appendix V.

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Response to Spills, Fire and Other Emergencies

If material is volatile or can become airborne:

1. Warn other workers and evacuate the area immediately. Be careful not to spread the

contamination

2. Contact the Radiation Safety Officer or Assistant RSO immediately and wait for their

arrival

3. Post a notice prohibiting entry on each entry door; close and lock the doors.

If there is a serious injury or illness involved:

4. Call the emergency response team immediately. Inform them that contamination by

radioactive substances is possible.

5. If you are qualified to do so, treat the injury without regard to the radioactive

contamination. However, try to minimize the spread of contamination as much as

possible consistent with treatment.

6. If the spill is major. Such as a large volume of material or high activity [greater than

< 1.8 x 107 Bq (0.5 mCi)] or a radionuclide that emits gammas with energies greater

than 100 keV.

Warn others and leave the area immediately; prohibit access to the area.

Contact the Radiation Safety Officer or Assistant RSO immediately

Do not leave the area before the RSO arrives

For other spills 7. Immediately wash off any material spilled or splashed on the skin with soap or mild

detergent and warm water. Flush the material from the eyes with an eyewash. If it

possible to do so, use a survey instrument to determine the amount of contamination

before removing the radioactive material from the skin. Check for residual

contamination.

8. Inform the RSO immediately of any personal contamination.

9. Avoid tracking the material away from the spill by checking the bottoms of shoes and

clothing immediately. Immediately remove or clean any contaminated items.

10. Localize the spill and prevent it from spreading

11. Put on clean protective gloves, eye protection and if necessary a clean protective lab

coat.

12. Right the container

13. Apply an appropriate absorbent on the spilled material

14. If the material is dry, carefully wet it with water or other suitable solvent

Decontamination

15. For small spills, you are expected to perform the major work of the decontamination.

Upon request, the RSO or his Assistant will survey the area for contamination and

will also advise on the procedures and assist as necessary.

16. The contaminated absorbent, as well as any contaminated clothing, wipes, utensils or

equipment must be discarded as radioactive waste.

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17. The RSO will perform a final survey of the area to assure that it is free of

contamination before normal work can resume.

In the event of sudden electrical power outage

21. If you are working in a chemical fume hood, immediately cease all work and close the

sash.

22. Cease all work with radioactive materials and close all containers.

23. If the material is considered volatile leave the laboratory and prevent access by others.

24. Notify the RSO immediately

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Standard operating procedures for sealed sources

Electron Capture Detectors

Electron capture detector sources installed in Gas Chromatograph systems (GC's) must be

tested for contamination every six months. The RSO or his designated representative

normally does this.

If the GC is relocated to another laboratory, notify the RSO.

Notify the RSO before removing a EC detector from a GC for storage, servicing, disposal

or return to vendor so that he can perform a contamination check.

Notify the RSO immediately if the GC temperature control system malfunctions and

causes the system to overheat. In the past, this malfunction has resulted in release of the

radioactivity.

EC detectors not in GC's must be stored in locked areas. The detector must be labeled

with an appropriate caution label.

Other sealed sources

If the source contains a gamma or strong beta emitter (beta energies greater than 70 KeV),

wear your personal dosimeter when using the source. Obtain and use a properly operating

survey instrument such as a geiger counter or ionization chamber to monitor the radiation

fields.

Sources in use must be tested for contamination every six months. Source in storage

must be tested every five years. Records of the surveys are kept by the RSO. They must

be kept for the life of the license(s).

Sources must be stored in a locked area and used only in a restricted area. If necessary,

the source must be shielded so that the radiation level outside the storage area is as low as

possible and in no case greater than 2.0 mR/hr. The storage area should be located in area

remote from normal activities.

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Education and Training

For Individual and Authorized Users

All users of ionizing radiation sources must demonstrate knowledge of the hazards

involved and about the precautions and procedures required to minimize the risks from

those hazards. They must also demonstrate the maturity required to adhere to those

precautions and procedures. Authorized Users must have adequate experience using the

sources or similar sources as well.

Evaluation of the adequacy of the training and education for both the individual user and

the Authorized user is made by the Radiation Safety Committee or the RSO as its agent,

as part of the evaluation of an application to use a radiation source. Insufficient training

or knowledge may be supplemented by the RSO, an outside source or by the Authorized

User supervising the individual. The RSO may restrict the conditions under which the

sources may be used until adequate experience and training is obtained.

The Authorized User must arrange for adequate training for each visiting research

scientist, part time lab worker and student worker before he or she begins work with

radioactive materials. Workers younger than 18 years old must be given special attention

because the maxmum permissible dose limits are considerably lower.

“Declared pregnant users” should be given information about the risks to the

embryo/fetus and special instructions to ensure that the potential for a radiation dose to

the embryo/fetus is minimized and kept well below the permissible dose limits for the

embryo/fetus.

The RSO will provide a mandatory annual training seminar for all Individual and

Authorized Users. These seminars will provide a review of the fundamental of radiation

protection in addition to current information about the regulatory requirements and

hazards involved.

For Support Staff and Emergency Response Personnel

Maintenance and custodial staff who service the areas containing radiation sources must

be informed about the hazards that may exist in those areas and be trained to avoid the

risk from those hazards. The RSO will provide the training for new employees before

they begin work in those areas and annual refresher training for all support personnel.

The Authorized User responsible for a restricted area must make sure that each

maintenance person or custodian working in that area is aware of the hazards present and

takes the appropriate precautions to avoid unnecessary risk. Similar precautions must be

taken with emergency response personnel.

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Emergency medical technicians, fire and security personnel and others who may enter the

restricted areas in case of a serious injury, fire, or other emergency must also be informed

about the hazards and precautions required to avoid unnecessary risk.

Other PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Personnel

Secretaries, clerical staff and other staff members who may not routinely enter

laboratories and other restricted areas, should be instructed about the general hazards

involved with the use of radioactive materials and about precautions to avoid risk from

those hazards.

Personal Radiation Dose Limits and Personal Monitoring

Because risk from radiation seems to exist even at very low doses, PHILIPPINE

ACADEMY requires that all employees keep all radiation exposures "as low as

reasonably achievable". Personnel monitoring provides an additional check to ensure that

this is done.

Users of sources of penetrating radiation, gamma emitters, strong beta emitters (beta

energies greater than 70 KeV), positron emitters, and radioisotopes that decay by electron

capture, are required to wear personal dosimeters ("radiation badges") that monitor

exposure to penetrating, external sources of radiation. The purpose of these dosimeters is

to assess the effectiveness of the radiation safety procedures in use ("quality control"),

that helps to the ensure the safety of the user and compliance with the regulatory dose

limits.

The dosimeters are issued after the RSO evaluates the individual potential for radiation

exposure. The number of dosimeters issued and the frequency of processing them will

depend on the anticipated radiation exposure for each individual. Dosimeters may be

issued for the trunk of the entire body (whole body), certain areas of the body such as the

eyes or gonads and extremities such as fingers, wrists or ankles.

The RSO coordinates the exchange and processing of the dosimeters, and maintains the

dose reports as required by the regulations. Federal and State regulations require that

reports be provided to individual users annually upon request and be kept for at least the

life of the license.

Individual Users must wear the dosimeters at all times when they are working in

restricted areas, store them in a safe place away from radiation sources when they are not

worn and exchange them in a timely fashion at the request of the RSO or a designated

representative. Since these dosimeters are to monitor only occupational exposures, they

should never be taken home or removed from the ACADEMY. In addition, a user who

undergoes a nuclear medicine procedure as a patient must notify the RSO prior to the

procedure to receive instructions about the wearing of the dosimeter afterwards. The

ACADEMY reserves the right to charge individual users a fee for lost or deliberately

damaged badges.

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Individuals using iodine radioisotopes in quantities greater than 18.5 MBq (0.5 mCi) will

be provided an external assay to measure the thyroid uptake of the isotope within a few

days after each use. Contact the RSO for the details.

In the event of a suspected accidental intake of radioactive material or as a precautionary

measure, the RSO may determine that testing for accidental intake of radioactive material

(bioassay) be performed. The precise test will depend on the radioactive material

involved and might be a fecal, blood, or urine analysis, as appropriate. The RSO will

coordinate the bioassay procedure, sample collection, and recordkeeping. Federal and

State regulations require that reports be provided to individual users upon request.

If a significant radiation dose is reported, the RSO will investigate the circumstances to

determine the cause and the actions needed to prevent recurrences. The RSO will report

to the Radiation Safety Committee and the individuals involved the results of the

investigation and recommendations. Both the NJ DEP and the US NRC require that

events that result in personal radiation doses exceeding the regulatory limits be reported

within 30 days of the incident.

Complete documentation of all personal dosimetry must be maintained at least for the life

of the regulatory licenses. Any individual has a legal right to the information pertaining

to him or her under both federal and state regulations. Contact the RSO.

The regulatory limits for radiation doses are given below. The occupational limits

represent a risk that is comparable to the risk encountered in normal "safe" workplaces.

The NRC and the NJ DEP must be notified if a person receives a radiation dose

exceeding the limits. Note that the limits are much lower for juvenile workers, those

younger than 18 years old and for declared pregnant users. It is unlikely that these limits

will be exceeded at the PHILIPPINE ACADEMY . However, the corporate policy is that

all radiation exposures be minimized.

A user who knows or suspects that she is pregnant may voluntarily inform the RSO in

writing of her pregnancy and the estimated date of conception and be subject to lower

regulatory limits, other dose limiting conditions and recordkeeping requirements. The

declaration, maintained on file, remains in effect until the declared pregnant woman

withdraws the declaration in writing or is no longer pregnant.

Radiation Dose Limits

For Occupational Exposures in a year

The total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) 0.05 Sieverts (5.0 rem)

The dose equivalent to any organ 0.5 Sv (50 rem)

The dose equivalent to the lens of the eye 0.15 Sv (15 rem)

The shallow dose (skin dose) 0.50 (50 rem) in a year.

An extremity ( e.g. hands, feet) 0.50 (50 rem) in a year

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For an individual who declares a pregnancy

The TEDE to the fetus/embryo 0.005 Sv (0.5 rem) for the term of the

pregnancy.

For minors working in restricted areas, the dose limits are 10% of the occupational limits

above.

To a member of the public (non -occupational), the TEDE may not exceed 0.001 Sv (100

mrem) in a year.

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Appendices

I. The Radiation Safety Committee Membership and Delegation of Authority to the

RSO

II. Application to Use Radioactive Materials (Non human use)

III. Application for Human Use of Radioactive Materials

IV. The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Quality Management Program

V. The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Patient Release Information Form

VI. Declaration of Pregnancy Form

VII. Radioactive Material Receipt, Inventory and Disposal Forms

VIII. Laboratory Contamination Survey Results Form

IX. Survey Results for Sealed Sources of Radioactivity

X. Procedures for Use of Radioactive Material in the Animal Facility

XI. Philippine Academy’s NRC License to Possess and Use Radioactive Materials

XII. Information About Applicable Government Regulations and other Radiation

Safety Matters

XIII. Records and Reports That Must be Kept for NRC or NJ State Inspections

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Appendix I Radiation Safety Committee Membership

Delegation of Authority to the RSO

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The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Radiation Safety Committee

Committee Chair: (name) Name Position Phone e-mail

address

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Memorandum To: All Employees

From: CEO

Re: Delegation of Authority for Radiation Safety Officer

(name) has been appointed Radiation Safety Officer and is responsible for managing the

radiation safety program; identifying radiation safety problems; initiating, recommending,

or providing corrective actions; verifying implementation of corrective actions; an

ensuring compliance with regulations for the use of radiation sources. The Radiation

Safety Officer is hereby delegated authority necessary to meet these responsibilities.

The Radiation Safety Officer has the authority to immediately stop any operations

involving the use of radiation sources in which health and safety may be compromised or

may result in non-compliance with the regulatory requirements or license conditions.

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Appendix II Application to use Radioisotopes

(Non-Human Use)

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PHILIPPINE ACADEMY

Application to use Radioisotope(s)

(non-human use)

Instructions: Please provide the information requested below in a concise, legible and

complete form. Send the completed form to the Radiation Safety Officer. Incomplete information will delay the evaluation process. The Radiation Safety Committee must approve the proposed use(s) before any work begins.

Person in charge of project Department Phone and e-mail address

Proposed use of Radioactive Material(s) 1. List all radionuclides to be used. All radioactive material sources must be stored in the Radioisotope suite. We strongly urge you to confine all activities using radioactive materials to the suite. You must obtain prior approval from the Radiation Safety Officer before any radioactive materials are taken from the suite.

Radionuclide Labeled Chemical2 Total Activity(Bq

or µµµµCi.) on Hand3

Room Number(s) of Proposed

Use (if outside the suite)

2. On a separate page, please describe the activities involved. You should include (a) a general statement of the objective of the project, (b) a concise description of procedure including the

estimated amount of each radioactive material (Bq or µCi.) used in each step, (c) precautions to prevent contamination of the workers

4 and the facility

5, and (d) disposal of radioactive materials.

3..Use in Animals. If any material is to be used in animals, please provide a complete description of the proposed activity (ies), including the identity of the radioisotope, the activity to be used per animal, the total number of animals. All proposed animal use must be approved by the Director of the Animal Facility before work can begin.

2 The MSDS for this chemical must be attached to this application. 3 Total activity includes stock sources, experimental samples and waste. Be generous in estimating this

quantity since it will serve as the upper limit that you may possess at any time. 4 For example, the use of disposable gloves of the appropriate material, protective lab coat and eye

protection. 5For example, confining work to a delineated bench area, cleaning after work is completed for the day, and

making contamination checks to ensure that area is free of contamination.

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Personnel Training and Experience List all persons who will use the radioactive material. Each person must have training and experience to assure that the radioactive material is handled properly and with minimum risk.

Name Attendance Date:

Radiation Safety

Training Session

Experience Relevant to Use of Proposed Material

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Appendix III

Application for Human Use of Radioactive Materials

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Appendix IV

The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Quality Management Program

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Appendix V

The PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Patient Release Information Form

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PATIENT RELEASE INFORMATON AND INSTRUCTIONS

To:

(Patient's Name)

Because of the treatment you received here, there is a radioactive substance in your body.

Although the radioactivity will decrease to nothing in the next few days, we have evaluated

the potential for risk to members of your family and others who may spend time close to you

during that time. The result of this evaluation is below along with specific instructions if

necessary.

Please read this document and discuss it with a PHILIPPINE ACADEMY staff member if

you have questions or want additional information. When you are satisfied that you

understand this information please sign this page in the indicated place below. The

ACADEMY will provide you with a copy of the signed form and keep another in your

treatment file. The ACADEMY is required by law to keep a copy of all the details of this

evaluation for a minimum of three years after the administration of the radioactive material.

Recommended Special Precautions

______ There is no significant risk to other people. No special precautions are necessary.

______ There is a small but acceptable risk to other people. PHILIPPINE

ACADEMY policy and Federal regulations require that you be instructed to minimize the risk by taking the precautions on page 2 until (date):______________

_______ Other Special Precautions or Instructions:

____________________________ _______________________________________________________________

I understand the information in this document and will take the precautions indicted

Patient __________________________- Date _________

PHILIPPINE ACADEMY staff member __________________

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Routine Precautions for Patients Released After Treatment with Radiolabeled Materials

The radioactive material you have received to diagnose or treat your illness presents a risk to you that

is quite small compared to the potential benefits you may receive. For a short period after you leave

the ACADEMY, however, some of your actions may present a potential tiny but unnecessary risk to

your loved ones and others near you.

The radioactive materials will decay naturally within your body, releasing some radiations that leave

it and may penetrate the bodies of others nearby. The radioactive material itself may also be released

from the body during you normal activities such as sweating or using the toilet, allowing those living

with you the possibility of coming into contact with it. Using the simple precautions below will help

to eliminate these unnecessary hazards both to you and others.

A. To reduce the possibility of direct radiation emitted from your body affecting others:

1 Drink plenty of fluids to increase your urination rate, flushing the radionuclide from your body

faster thereby reducing the intensity of the radiation faster

2 Since the radiation intensity falls off rapidly with distance, keep yours from others for the first

few days by

a. Keeping a distance of at least three feet between you and others and minimizing the contact time

with them.

b. Sleeping alone

c. Avoiding holding, cuddling and kissing, especially with children and infants

d. Avoiding sexual activities

e. Separating yourself from drivers and other passengers in vehicles if you must travel and avoiding

public transportation.

B. Avoid spreading the radioactive materials by:

1. Sitting down when you use the toilet, flushing several times afterwards and wiping the seat with

a moist paper towel before leaving the bathroom. Then wash your hands using plenty of water

and soap.

2. Washing and keeping your eating utensils separate from others. If you can, wash them yourself.

3. Sequestering your clothing, towels, washcloths and bed linens. Allow the several days for the

radioactivity to decay; it you must launder them sooner, do so separately.

4. Sequestering your personal items such as wallets and watches and jewelry for several days to

allow the radioactivity to decay.

5. Washing tubs and sinks thoroughly after each use for the first few days

6. STOPPING THE BREAST FEEDING OF INFANTS; this may be a direct route for radioactivity

to enter the infant's body. Discuss the duration of the interruption with a ACADEMY staff

member.

7. Using a disposable toothbrush for the first few days, then dispose of it.

If you seek medical attention during the next several days, advise those involved that you have been

injected by radioactive material for therapeutic purposes and instruct them to call the Philippine

Academy for details.

If you have any questions about the purpose of these precautions or how to carry them out do not

hesitate to call the ACADEMY.

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Worksheet Results: Patient Release and Information

Federal Regulations (10CFR35.75) require that patients be released after the

administration of radiopharmaceuticals only when certain conditions are met. In addition,

they must be given certain instructions. This worksheet is to be used with NRC

Regulatory Guide 8.39 (4/97) to determine the conditions for the release of patients with

administered radioactivity. You must have a copy of the guide available since several

tables and equations are used. Copies of all of the calculations and evaluations must be

kept for a minimum of three years after the date of the administration.

Patient Name __________________ ID number _________ Evaluation Date ___________ Time _____________

Radioisotope(s) activity in patient

Radioactive material Activity (mCi.) Administration

Date Time

Release Criteria6

Release Time: Date _______ Time _______

Patient will ____ or will not ____ be breast feeding infant or child. If patient is breast-

feeding, you must provide a separate evaluation in accordance with the procedures of

section 3.2 of the reference.

6 In accordance with NRC regulat1ons 10CFR35.75

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Evaluation Sections. A patient may be released if it is reasonably certain that no one will

receive a total effective dose equivalent greater than 1 mSv (0.1 rem) as a result of the

radioactivity in patient. However, the patient must be given instructions, in writing,

about precautions that ensure that all doses are as low as reasonably achievable. Special

evaluations are required if the patient is breast feeding an infant.

There are several ways to determine if these limits are exceeded. This evaluation form is

based on those provided in the NRC Regulatory Guide 8.39. You must be familiar with

the relevant contents of this guide and have it available when completing this form.

Copies of this evaluation must be kept for a minimum of three years from the

administration of the radionuclide.

1a. For single administered radionuclide (see reference, section 1.1); for more than

one radionuclide go to item 1c. The patient can be released if the administered

activity is less than a published NRC limit. If the administered activity is greater than

this limit, the release can be delayed for a time period estimated by assuming only

physical decay of the radionuclide, i.e. no biological elimination. This computation

must be filed with this documentation.

Note that these limits are based on a specific set of assumed conditions and

circumstances concerning the patient's activities after release. The patient's conditions

and circumstances must be the same for the limits to be used. See Section 1.1 of the

regulatory guide for details. Use evaluation 1b or 1c if the limits cannot be used.

Date patient will be released: _____________________

Activity at

proposed

release time

Limit from Table

1; Column 1 of ref.

Patient can be

released?

Limit from

Table 2,

Col. 17

Patient must be

given

instructions?

Yes No Yes No

7 If activity is greater than limit in Col 1, Table 2, patient must be given instructions

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1b. Release based on Measured Exposure Rate (see reference section 1.2) for a

single radionuclide injected. See the comments in evaluation 1a.

Date of Measurement:___________________ Instrument and S/N: _________________

Person making the measurement _______________________

Maximum

measured

exposure rate

at 1 meter

Limit

Exposure rate

from Table 1,

Col. 2

Patient can be

Released

Limit exposure

rate from Table 2,

Col. 2.8

Patient must be

given instructions?

Yes No Yes No

1c. Release based on patient specific dose calculation (Must use procedures of Section

1.3 of the Reference. The calculations, including the assumptions made must be attached

to this form.

Calculated Dose Is this dose greater than

1 milliSieverts (0.1 rem)?

Patient can be released9

Yes No

1d. If additional instructions for discontinuation of breast feeding are needed.

Instructions must be provided to a patient who could be breast feeding if the effective

dose equivalent to the infant may reasonably exceed 5 mSv (0.5 rem). Use Table 3,

Column 1 to determine if instructions are required.

Activity at

proposed

release time

Limit from Table

3; Column 1 of ref.

Calculated dose to

infant if Table 3

cannot be used

Patient must be

given instructions?

Yes No

If radiopharmaceutical is not listed in Table 3, the effective dose equivalent to the infant

must be calculated with the assumption that 50% of the administered radioactivity is

excreted in the breast milk unless better data about the specific radiopharmaceutical is

available. These calculations must be done by a qualified person and must be included

with these records.

8 If activity is greater than limit in Col. 2, Table 2, patient must be given instructions 9 Patient should not be released if the calculated dose exceeds 5 mSv.

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Recommended Precautions: Please complete this section and transfer information to

Patient Information page.

____ Recommended Special Precautions

______ There is no significant risk to other people. No special precautions are necessary.

______ There is a small but acceptable risk to other people. PHILIPPINE

ACADEMY policy and Federal regulations require that you be instructed to minimize the risk by taking the precautions on page 2 until (date):______________

_______ Other Special Precautions or Instructions:

____________________________ _______________________________________________________________

Evaluation performed by PHILIPPINE ACADEMY staff member ___________________.

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Appendix VI

Declaration of Pregnancy Form

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(insert form here)

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Appendix VII

Radioactive Material Receipt, Inventory and Disposal Forms

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PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Radiochemical Receipt and Inventory Page 1 of 2

Name of Compound

Isotope

Supplier

Catalog Number

Lot Number

Assay Number

Date Received

Number of millicuries

Specific Activity

Milligrams/Millicurie

Physical form

How Packaged

Amount of Material (mCi/mg/ml)

Storage Location

Survey Results Package Container Background

MR/hr

Dpm (LSC)

Comments

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Radioisotope Inventory Page 2 of 2

Date Activity removed (µCi) Activity remaining

(µCi)

Date source container discarded. _____________

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PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Radioisotope Disposal Record

Complete a copy of this form for each container of radioactive waste. Date and sign the form, a copy must accompany the container when it is removed from the lab. Authorized Users should retain a copy for their inventory files.

Laboratory __________________ Room ___________ Waste type: ________solid ________ liquid _________other

Date Radioisotope Activity placed in waste container

(µCi)

Chemical name and CAS number

Date container removed from laboratory __________ Lab supervisor ______________________________

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Appendix VIII Laboratory Contamination Survey Form

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PHILIPPINE ACADEMY

Radioactive Material Contamination Survey

Location of Laboratory _________________Radioisotopes in Use ___________ Responsible Person ___________________ Department __________________________ Phone / e-mail ________________________ Surveys are performed by wiping approximately 100 sq. cm. of area with a filter paper circle moistened with water or other appropriate solvent. The filter paper is then counted open channel in a calibrated LS analyzer.

Survey Results

10 Record only areas of contamination above 200 dpm/cm

2 . Store printouts of

liquid scintillation analyses with this record. To reduce the effort, make a detailed sketch of the

laboratory showing the likely points of contamination with reference numbers.

Date Location of contamination Comments LS Analyzer Manuf/Model/S/N

Surveyor

10 Removable contamination above 200 dpm/100 cm

2 must be cleaned and the area resurveyed.

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Appendix IX

Survey Record for Sealed Sources of Radioactivity

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Appendix X

Using Radioactive Materials in the Animal Care Facility

All use of radioactive material with animals must take place in the Animal Care Facility.

The Director of the Animal Care Facility must approve of any use of radioactive material

in the facility before work begins. The staff of the facility must be provided with

adequate information about the nature of the activities involved, the identity, and activity

(mCi or Bq) of the radionuclides to be used before any use of activity begins.

The animals to be used with the radioactive material must be isolated and placed in

properly labeled areas of the facility. Soiled bedding must be disposed of as radioactive

waste. Animal carcasses containing radioactive materials must be isolated and handled as

radioactive waste. Contaminated animal cages must be segregated until it is

demonstrated that they are free of radioactivity.

Specific Procedures:

1. All use of radioactive materials must comply with the policies and procedures of the

PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Radiation Safety Program.

2. The Authorized User is responsible for the use of Authorized radioactive materials in

the facility, including the injection into animals, posting of the areas in which the

radioactive material is used, the disposal of animal carcasses, excreta and bedding;

and decontamination of the animal cages. The Authorized User must work closely

with animal facility staff in carrying out the activities.

3. The possibility that the radioactive material may become airborne because the

metabolic processes in the animals result in the animal exhaling or sweating out the

material must be considered with each new use of the radioactive material. If the

possibility is significant, appropriate measures to minimize the intake by the facility

staff and other workers must be taken. Such measures could include isolation of the

cages in a properly ventilated area and supplying the appropriate personal protective

equipment and respiratory protection equipment to the workers. The use of

respiratory protection equipment must be approved by the RSO since there are NRC

and OSHA regulatory requirements for the evaluation, use and maintenance of these

devices.

4. The racks containing animal cages used with radioactivity must be labeled with the

required "Caution - Radioactive Materials" tape or label and this information:

The Identity of the radioisotope, the activity per animal and the date of injection

The name and CAS number of the labeled chemical,

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The names and local phone numbers of the responsible person and the Authorized

User

5. Animal carcasses, animal tissues, excreta, and bedding containing radioactivity must

be properly packaged and labeled with the identity of the radioisotope, the activity

and date, the name of the Authorized User. Carcasses and tissue material must be

wrapped in aluminum foil, double-bagged in moisture-proof material. The

Authorized User must inform the RSO when there is radioactive waste to be removed.

.

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Appendix XI

PHILIPPINE ACADEMY Licenses

to Possess and Use Radioactive Materials

US NRC Board By-Product Material License

NJ DEP License for Natural Occurring and Machine Produced Materials

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Place a copy of license here

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Appendix XII

References and Information about Specific Radionuclides

The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission website (www.nrc.gov) has downloadable

copies of the current regulations and of informative regulatory guides

These include:

10CFR Part 19 Notices, Instructions and Reports to Workers: Inspection and

Investigations

10CFR Part 20 Standards for Protection against Radiation

Regulatory guide 8.29 Instruction Concerning Risks from Occupational Exposure

Regulatory Guide 8.36 Radiation Doses to the Embryo/Fetus

Regulatory Guide 8.13 Instruction Concerning Prenatal Exposure (see also DG-

8014, a proposed revision of this document)

The NJ Department of Environmental Protection (NJ DEP) website

(www.state.nj.us.dep/rpp) provides similar information including

NJ Administrative Code 7:28 New Jersey Radiation Protection Rules and Regulations

The University of Michigan Radiation and Health Physics website

(www.umich.edu/~radinfo) contains much information of interest to radiation workers,

professional health physicists and laypersons.

Included is a short monograph by Laurison S. Taylor, the father of the National Council

on Radiation Protection (NCRP) titled What You Need to Know About Radiation

(www.sph.umich/edu/group/eih/UMSCHPS/lstintro).

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Frequently used vendors of radioactive materials and radiation safety Equipment

AEA Technology,

Isotopes Section,

Nuclear Science

220 Harwell

Didcor,

Oxfordshire, OX11,

UK

+44 (0) 1235

43 4212

Amersham Corp. Naylon Place,

Livingston, NJ

07039

(973) 533-9109

Beckman Coulter Inc. Fullerton, CA (800) 742 2345 www.beckman.com

ICN Pharmaceuticals,

Inc.

Costa Mesa, CA (714) 545-0100 www.icnpharm.com

Iso-Tex Diagnostic,

Inc.

1511 County Road

Friends Wood, TX

77546

(800) 631-0603

Mallinckrodt, Inc. 26 Chaplir Road

Pine Brook, NJ

07058

(973) 227-0205

Mount Sinai Medical

ACADEMY/Cyclotron

4300 Alton Rd

Miami Beach, FL

33140

(305) 674-2465

Mura Radio

Pharmaceutical,

University of

Missouri,

Columbia, Missouri

65211

(573) 882-5243

New England Nuclear

(NEN) Life Sciences

Corporation

549 Albany St.,

Boston, MA

02118-2512

(800) 551-2121 www.nenlifesci.com

Packard Instruments see also their

links page

www.packardinst.com

Syncor International

Corp.

130 Market St.

Kenilworth, NJ,

07033

(908) 241-1818 Syncor.com

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APPENDIX XIII

Records and Reports that must be kept for NRC and State

Inspections

These reports, records and documents must be available for regulatory inspections.

They must be kept (unless otherwise indicated) for the life of the license or

applicable permits and registrations

Copy of the License and all supporting documentation.

Copies of all machine permits and registrations

Radiation Safety Committee meeting minutes

Copies of Annual Audit Reports (for the last three years)

Copies of Authorized User Applications and supporting documentation

Instrument Calibrations for all instruments used for radiation surveys

Radiation Safety Manual

For Unsealed Radioactive Materials

Inventory records

Laboratory contamination survey results

Shipping, delivery receipts and radiation survey results for any radioactive

material acquired or shipped

Records for the disposal of any source including discharge to sanitary sewerage

system (drain dumps), decay in storage, transfer to qualified waste hauler

Air sampling results

For Sealed Sources

Inventory records

Contamination survey results

Shipping, delivery receipts and radiation survey results for any radioactive

material acquired or shipped

Records for the disposal of any source

For Machine Sources

Inventory Records

Radiation Survey Results

Shipping and delivery documentation for any source acquired or shipped

For Each Individual User

Records of relevant formal education and training

Reports of any personnel monitors (radiation dosimeters) used

Reports of any bioassays (urine analyses, thyroid scans)

Reports of involved in any emergencies involving radiation sources

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For Patient Doses

Reports and Documentation for any misadministrations

Reports of Quality Management Program Audits

Copies of Patient Notification Forms

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Glossary

Absorbed Dose The amount of energy absorbed per unit mass,

in matter from ionizing radiation. See Gray and

rad.

Activity The number of nuclear transformations of

radioactive atoms per unit time. See Becquerel

and Curie.

Alpha Particle A massive particle emitted in the nuclear

transformation of some heavy radioactive

atoms. It has a charge (+2) and mass (2 protons

and 2 neutrons)equivalent to that of a helium

nucleus

Alpha Rays A stream of alpha particles. Strongly ionizing

so they are stopped by a very thin thickness of

any material. They present a health risk only if

taken into the body by inhalation, ingestion,

absorption or injection.

Annihilation An interaction that results when a positron and

an electron meet. The rest masses of the two

particles are converted to two gamma rays each

with energies of 0.511 Mev. Shielding may be

needed to protect laboratory workers and others

from these gammas if positron emitters are

present.

Background radiation Ionizing radiation from natural occurring

sources such as cosmic radiation and radioactive

elements created by cosmic radiation,

radioactive elements naturally in soils, air and

other natural materials. The greatest radiation

dose, about 300 mrem per year, to most humans

comes from natural background radia.tion

Becquerel (Bq) The SI unit of activity. One Bq = one

disintegration per second (dps). The unit honors

Henri Becquerel, the discoverer of radioactivity.

See also activity and Cuire.

Beta particle A particle with the mass and charge (-1) of an

electron or emitted during the nuclear

transformation of a radioactive atom. The

energy carried by the particle is characteristic of

the atom.

Beta ray A stream of beta particles. For a single

radioactive element, there is a distribution of

beta energies, up to a maximum that is

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characteristic of the element. The mean energy

about one third of that maximum.

Bremsstrahlung Ionizing electromagnetic radiation (x-rays)

released as energetic electrons and other

charged particles loose energy in matter. May

present a radiation hazard with high energy beta

emitters such as P-32.

Contamination, radioactive The presence of radioactive materials any place

where it is not wanted. The result may be an

unwarranted hazard for workers and others as

well as the vitiation of experimental results.

Controlled Area The NJ DEP definition is “any area to which the

access, occupancy and activity of those within

are subject to control and supervision for the

purpose of radiation protection.” The NRC has

a similar one.

Carrier Free A solution containing only the radioactive

isotope of the element and none of the stable

isotope (carrier)

Count (radiation instrumentation) The indication of a response of a device

containing a radiation detector. However, the

response may be from the interaction of an

ionizing radiation particle from background

radiation, a radiation source in use, or a spurious

electronic pulse.

Critical Organ The organ of the human body that is most

susceptible to damage from radiation doses

resulting from the intake of a specific

radioactive substance.

Curie (Ci) The traditional unit for activity (e.g.,

disintegrations per sec, dps) of a radioactivity.

One Ci = 3.7 x1010 dps (2.22 x 10

12 dpm), the

transformation rate in one gram of radium 226

(in equilibrium). The unit honors Mme. Marie

Curie the discoverer of radium. Common

subdivisions are the millicurie (2.22 x 109 dpm)

and the microcurie (2.22 x 106 dpm). See also

activity and Becquerel

Dose See Absorbed Dose

Dose Equivalent HT The quantity used for radiation protection

evaluations of radiation dose. Calculated by

multiplying the absorbed dose due to a type of

radiation by the appropriate weighting factor for

that radiation. The total dose equivalent for a

tissue is the sum of dose equivalents for all

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radiations. The Units are the J/Kg (Sievert) and

the rem ( 1 rem = 100 erg/gm)

Dosimeter Device used to measure radiation dose delivered

over time, such as personnel dosimeters (film

badges or Thermoluminescent dosimeters)

Effective Equivalent Dose HE = ∑ HTWT , The quantity used in radiation

protection to assess detriment from radiation

doses.

Efficiency (Counting) The ratio of the number of pulses recorded by a

radiation detection system and the intensity or

activity of a radiation source (particles emitted)

e.g., cpm/dpm

Electron capture A mode of radioactive decay in which an inner

shell electron is absorbed by the parent nucleus

with the resultant release of a gamma and one or

more characteristic x-rays

Electron Volt (eV) A unit of energy equivalent to 1.6 x 10-19 J. It is

the energy gained by an electron attracted across

a potential difference of one volt.

Exposure The quantity measured as ionization per unit

mass in air produced by x-rays or gammas. The

total charge per mass (Coloumb/Kg) produced

when the charges of one sign are collected

Traditional unit is the Roentgen ( 1 R = 2.58 x

10-4 C/Kg)

Fission The fission process is the splitting of a nucleus

into two or more parts, usually with the release

of two or three neutrons and about 200 Mev of

energy as gammas and kinetic energy. The

fragments are frequently radioactive and called

by-products. Fission induced in a reactor is the

source of much of the radioactive material used

in medicine and research activities.

Gray (Gy) The SI unit for the absorbed dose. ( = J/Kg)

Gamma Ray Electromagnetic radiation emitted by a nucleus;

differs from x-ray only in source. Gammas with

greater than 10 KeV are considered penetrating

radiations

Geiger-Mueller (GM) counter A very sensitive gas filled detector and

associated electronics. Measures the intensity

of penetrating radiations; not good for low

energy betas or alphas.

Half-Life The time for the radioactivity present to

decrease to half of the initial level. The physical

or radioactive half-life, T1/2, is time required for

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50% of the atoms present to decay. The

biological half-life Tb is the time required for

50% of the radioactivity to be removed from the

organ or body. The effective half-life, Te is the

time required for the radioactivity in a system to

be diminished by 50% due to radioactive decay

and biological elimination. 1/Te = 1/T1/2 + 1/Tb

Half-Value Layer The thickness of a material required to reduce

the intensity of an x-ray or gamma beam by

50%.

Inverse Square Law The relationship that expresses the dependence

of the intensity (I) of an x-ray or gamma field

on the distance (d) from a point source when the

intervening attenuation is neglected [I1/I2 =

d2/d1].

Ionization chamber An instrument used to measure the exposure in

an x-ray or gamma field.

Ionizing Radiation Radiation with enough energy per particle to

ionize atoms or molecules in a material.

Isotopes Nuclei of the same element that differ only in

the number of neutrons, e.g., Tritium (3H) is an

isotope of hydrogen (1H)

Maximum Permissible Dose The regulatory limit (annual) for radiation dose

(HE) that an individual may receive. There is a

limit for occupational workers, individuals of

the general public and some special groups such

as pregnant workers.

mR (milliRoentgen) See Roentgen. 1 mR = 0.001 R.

Monitoring Periodic or continuous determination of a

radiation field or radioactive contamination in

an occupied area as a safety measure Areas or

personnel may be monitored

Rad The traditional unit of absorbed dose ( = 100

erg/gm)

Radiological survey Evaluation of the radiation hazards incident to

the production, use or existance of radiation

sources under a specific set of conditions.

Radionuclide A nuclide in an unstable excited state that

decays spontaneously with the release of one or

more ionizing radiation

Relative Biological Effectiveness

(RBE)

The ratio of the absorbed dose from a specific

radiation to that from moderate energy x-rays

that results in a specific biological endpoint.

Rem The traditional unit for the Dose Equivalent;

rem = rad x Wr where Wr is the radiation

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weighting factor given by the ICRP

Restricted Area An area, access to which is limited by the

licensee for the purpose of protecting

individuals against undue risks from exposure to

radiation and radioactive materials. Restricted

area does not include areas used as residential

quarters, but separate rooms in a residential

building may be set apart as a restricted area.

See also “controlled area”.

Roentgen The traditional unit of exposure (= 2.58 x 10-4

C/kg)

Scintillation counter A detection system that operates by detecting

light flashes created by radiation in special

materials (scintillators).

Shallow Dose Equivalent The dose equivalent measured at 0.007 cm

below the surface of the skin. The basal layer of

the dermis, the most radiosensitive of the skin

tissue lies at this depth. Sometimes called the

"skin" dose

Specific Activity The total activity per unit mass (µCi/gm or Bq/Kg)of a radioactive substance

Tracer, isotopic An isotope of a normal element introduced

explicitly to trace the pathway or endpoint of a

labeled substance in a process.

Thermoluminescent material A substance that traps electrons produced by

ionizing radiation. The material is subsequently

heated carefully to drive the electrons from the

traps and produce light that is measured to

determine the radiation dose given to the

material.

x-rays Ionizing electromagnetic radiation produced by

the change in the kinetic energy of a charged

particle, usually an electron. Characteristic x-

rays are produced when the electronic structure

of an atom is disrupted. Bremmstrahlung x-rays

are produrced as electrons slow down or change

direction in matter.

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INDEX

A

AAPM · See American Association of Physicists in

Medicine

ABR · See American Board of Radiology

absorbent · 29, 38, 45, 46

acquisition · 21, 26

aerosolization · 30

airborne · 44, 103

American Association of Physicists in Medicine · 20

American Board of Radiology · 20

audit · 20, 21, 110

Authorization · 7, 16, 22, 24, 25, 27, 31

Authorized User · 6,8,14, 15, 17,21, 24, 25, 26,

27,28, 34, 35, 39, 49, 50, 89,103, 104, 110

B

beverages · 28

bioassay · 18, 53

biosafety cabinets · 30

bremsstrahlung · 32

C

centrifuges · 30

chemical fume hoods · 30

contamination · 34, 111

contamination surveys · 15

custodial · 19, 34, 50

D

decontamination · 45

disposal · 11, 19, 26, 31, 35, 36, 47, 62, 103, 111

dosimeters · 14, 18, 33, 51, 52, 112, 117

E

education · 18, 49, 112

electrical power outage · 46

electron capture detector · 47

Emergencies · 8, 44

employees · 10, 50, 51

Excreta · 39

extremities · 52

F

fire · 8, 44

food · 28

freezers · 28

G

gammas · 32, 44, 114, 118

gas chromatograph · See Electron Capture

Detectors

H

half-lives · 35, 38

Health Physics Society · 20

high-energy betas · 32

HPS · See The Health Physics Society

human use · 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 23, 37, 57, 60, 61,

65,116

I

IAEA · See International Atomic Energy Agency

ICRP · See International Committee on Radiation

Protection. See International Committee on

Radiation Protection

illness · 44, 73

individual users · 18, 28, 34, 52, 53

infractions · 17

injury · 4, 44, 50

Institutional Review Board · 23

International Atomic Energy Agency · 20

International Committee on Radiation Protection ·

20

inventory · 15, 18, 22, 27, 35, 89

IRB · See Institutional Review Board

L

label · 30

laminar flow hoods · 30

leak tests · 19

license · 10, 12, 16, 21, 30, 34, 53, 110

limits · 14, 50, 54, 55, 78, 79

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M

medical · 7, 20, 23, 37

misadministration · 40, 41, 42

N

National Council on Radiation Protection and

Measurements · 20

NCRP · See National Council on Radiation

Protection and Measurements

NRC · 12, 13, 14, 21, 23, 39, 41, 42, 54, 57, 76, 77,

78, 110

Nuclear Medicine · 37, 58

P

patient · 10, 19, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 76, 77, 78, 79,

80, 81

physician · 23, 41

positrons · 32

pregnancy · 54, 55

protective eyewear · 29

protective gloves · 28, 45

protective lab coats · 29

protocols · 23

Q

Quality Management Program · 7, 8, 39, 57, 67, 112

R

Radiation Safety Committee · 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16,

21, 22, 23, 25, 42, 49, 53, 57, 58, 61, 110

Radiation Safety Manual · 2, 21, 110

Radiation Safety Officer · 6, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21,

30, 33, 44, 58, 61

Radiation Safety Program · 6, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17,

18, 20, 25, 103

radiation surveys · 15, 110

radioactive material · 4, 7, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21 22,

23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 3, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38,

40, 43, 46, 49, 51, 53, 61, 62, 64, 71, 73, 74, 75,

102, 103, 108, 111, 115, 118

radioactive waste · 19, 24, 31, 35, 39, 46, 89, 102,

104

radioisotope suite · 18, 35

radiopharmaceutical ·7, 23, 40, 42, 43, 81

Recordable Events · 42

records · 34, 110, 111, 112

refrigerators · 28

regulations · 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 22, 23, 27, 42, 52,

53, 71, 83, 107

reports · 110, 112

restricted area · 15, 16, 24, 27, 31, 34, 48, 50, 51,52,

55

RSO · See Radiation Safety Officer. See Radiation

Safety Officer

S

sanitary sewerage system · 35, 111

Sealed Radioactive Material Sources · 7, 8, 19, 26,

47, 48

sealed sources · See Sealed Radioactive Material

Sources

security · 6, 7, 21, 26

shallow dose · 54

shielding · 32, 33, 37, 38

shipping · 111

spills · 19, 30, 45

Standard operating procedures · 7, 8, 28, 47

standards · 10, 13, 19

storage · 27, 33, 35, 39, 47, 48, 111

survey instrumentation · 19

Syringe shields · 38

T

termination · 24, 25

therapeutic · 39, 40, 41, 42, 75

total effective dose equivalent · 54, 78

training · 15, 18, 23, 26, 34, 49, 50, 64, 112

U

unsealed radioactive material · 110

V

vacuum line · 32

visiting research scientists · 34

visitors · 16, 34

volatile · 30, 44, 46

vomitus · 39

W

written directive · 39, 40, 42, 43

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