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Racial violence in Australia is evident through various past and more recent events. Hate

crimesand racial violence are not a new concept [1]

Initial instances include attacks against the indigenous population by settlers resulting in the

deaths of thousands of Aboriginals, and devastating the indigenous population ofTasmania.[2]Violence against the Chinese community also occurred early in Australias history, with mobs

attacking Chinese miners.[3]

Initially, in Australia's history, the White Australia policy resulted in aracially

homogenous Australia. Post 1950s multiculturalAustralia has seen an increase in racial

violence, as differentminoritiesendeavour to live together in the same communities. In some

cases, this has led to violence instigated by newerethnicgroups, and in some cases, racial

violence between nonanglo Australian ethnic groups. Racial violence also exists on a street

level, with race based violence between different ethnic gangs. To a degree, racial violence has

been exacerbated by the media and Politicians.[4]

Commentators have discussed the concept of the risk society, particularly as it relates to

the Cronulla riots. There is a sense that in Australia and in other Westem countries, racism has

been based upon notions ofxenophobia.[5] Recently, technology has aided the organising of

larger scale racial violence via SMStexting[6]

Contents

[hide]

1 European Settlement and Indigenous Australians

2 Lambing Flat riots

3 Kalgoorlie Mines race riots

4 Broome race riots

5 Sydney gang rapes

6 Cronulla riots

7 Attacks against Indian students

8 Racial violence and media reporting

o 8.1 Individual race-based crimes in court

9 See also

10 References

11 Further reading

[edit]European Settlement and Indigenous Australians

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-jstor.org-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-jstor.org-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racially_homogenous&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racially_homogenous&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racially_homogenous&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronulla_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-Judy_Lattas_Cruising_2007.2C_p_326-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#European_Settlement_and_Indigenous_Australianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Lambing_Flat_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Kalgoorlie_Mines_race_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Broome_race_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Sydney_gang_rapeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Cronulla_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Attacks_against_Indian_studentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Racial_violence_and_media_reportinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Individual_race-based_crimes_in_courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-jstor.org-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racially_homogenous&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racially_homogenous&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronulla_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-Judy_Lattas_Cruising_2007.2C_p_326-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#European_Settlement_and_Indigenous_Australianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Lambing_Flat_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Kalgoorlie_Mines_race_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Broome_race_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Sydney_gang_rapeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Cronulla_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Attacks_against_Indian_studentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Racial_violence_and_media_reportinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Individual_race-based_crimes_in_courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1

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Main articles:Australian frontier wars andList of massacres of Indigenous Australians

The early European settlement of Australia in 1788, led to violent and deadly conflicts between

the original inhabitants, the Aboriginal populations, and the new settlers across the entire

continent between 1788 - 1930's. Relatively small numbers of White settlers and convicts

attacked and removed Aboriginal populations from the South Eastern parts of Australia.

[7]Tasmanian Aboriginals in particular suffered, most of them on the island being killed by settlers

or disease. The complete extermination of the Tasmanian Aboriginal population was achieved

after the organisation of an assault byLt. Governor George Arthurin 1830[2]

[edit]Lambing Flat riots

The Lambing Flat riots were a series of violent attacks against Chinesethat took place in

the Burrangong region, in New South Wales[citation needed]. The riots occurred on the goldfields

at Spring Creek,Stoney Creek, Back Creek, Wombat, Blackguard Gully,Tipperary Gully,

andLambing Flat(nowYoung, New South Wales), in 1860-1861.

The original cause was tension between whites and Chinese over work practices, habits of

sending their gold out of the country, and general xenophobia.

There was ten months of unrest at Burrangong involving disputes against Chinese miners, where

they were often driven off their 'digs'. The most infamous riot occurred on the night of 30 June

1861 when a group of perhaps 3,000 drove the Chinese off Lambing Flat, and then moved on to

the Back Creek diggings, destroying tents and looting possessions. About 1,000 Chinese

abandoned the field. Many of the victims were brutally beaten, but there were no deaths. The onlydeath related to this incident was of a white miner killed by police trying to break up the

disturbance. .[3]

[edit]Kalgoorlie Mines race riots

These race riots were between AngloAustralian miners and SouthernEuropeans living in the

area. There had been simmering tensions on KalgoorliebetweenItalianmigrantsand local Anglo

Australians. This had resulted in a race riot in 1919. The civil disturbance in 1934 was larger. It

initially started during theAustralia Day weekend of 1934. AninebriatedBritish miner, Edward

Jordan, instigated a fight with an Italian barman, Claudio Mattaboni. Edward Jordan was a

popular local, who was also a footballer, firefighter and rtibute miner. After instigating the fight

himself, Jordan cracked his skull on the pavement and died several hours later.

The following day, aided by Jordan's drinking friends, rumours spread that the popular local had

been murdered by Mattaboni. Mourners attended Jordans funeral in their hundreds, then after

drinking at several wakes, gathered in Hannan Street near several migrant-owned businesses. A

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youth instigated the riot by throwing a stone through a window of the Kalgoorlie Wine Saloonand

full-scale rioting ensued. Rioters burned the building to the ground, then moved on to attack other

migrant-run establishments. A large group of rioters stole a tram and rode to the nearby town of

Boulder, where the destruction continued.[8]

The rioting had stopped by the next day, but the disgruntled locals tried to organise to eject

Southern European migrant workers from the mines. After meetings about this were attended by

some hundreds of people, rioting once again ensued. Two people were killed, and 86 were

arrested.[9]

[edit]Broome race riots

Main article: Broome Race Riots of 1920

In 1920, Japanese residents ofBroome in Western Australia, attacked Timorese living there. The

racial violence continued for a week, and was the most violent in the last century. 60 people wereinjured and 7 killed.[10]

[edit]Sydney gang rapes

Main article: Sydney gang rapes

The Sydney gang rapes were a series of gang rape attacks committed by a group of up to

fourteen Lebanese Australian men led by Bilal Skafagainst white Australian teenage girls, as

young as 14, in Sydney Australia in 2000. The crimes were described as ethnically motivated

hate crimes by officials and commentators. [11][12][13]

[edit]Cronulla riots

Main article: 2005 Cronulla riots

The Cronulla riots of 2005 [14]were a series ofracially motivated mob confrontations which

originated in and aroundCronulla, a beachfront suburb ofSydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Soon after the riot, ethnically motivated violence occurred in several other Sydney suburbs.

On Sunday, 11 December 2005, approximately 5000 people gathered to protest against alleged

incidents of assaults and intimidatory behaviour by groups ofMiddle Easternlooking youths from

the suburbs ofSouth Western Sydney. The crowd initially assembled without incident, but

violence broke out after a segment of the mostlywhite[15]crowd chased a man ofMiddle

Easternappearance into a hotel and two other youths of Middle Eastern appearance were

assaulted on a train. Police and ambulance officers were also attacked. The racist aspect of the

incidents was reported widely overseas.

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The next day a number of revenge attacks occurred. Large numbers of Middle Eastern men

gathered in Punchbowl in Sydneys West, police being ordered not to confront them. Revenge

attacks by Middle Eastern men against white Australias occurred all over the city, including a

stabbing of a man at Woolooware,[16] a man being attacked by an Iron bar while in his car,[17] gun

shots being fired at parked cars at Christian church services and a Church Hall in Auburn in the

cities West was burned down.[18]

[edit]Attacks against Indian students

Main article: 2009 attacks on Indians in Australia

In Melbourne, on 30 May 2009, Indian students protested against racist attacks. Thousands of

students gathered outside the Royal Melbourne Hospital where one of the victims was admitted.

The protest, however, was called off early on the next day morning after the protesters accused

police of "ramrodding" them to break up their sit-in.[19]

In Sydney, around 150 200 Indian men gathered to protest against police inaction about attacks

on them by Lebanese AustralianYouths in Harris Park, in the cities west. Groups of Lebanese

youths from the area also attended the scene resulting in some clashes, though police presence

stopped further affray. The protest went on for three days.[20][21]Australian High Commissioner to

IndiaJohn McCarthy said that there was an element of racism involved in the attacks on Indians.

[22]

[edit]Racial violence and media reporting

There are often discrepancies in how the media reports 'racial' violence and 'race' riots. The

Australian media has been accused of using stereotypes of indigenous peoples to that groups'

detriment.[23] In particular, popular radio commentators have been seen as possibly exacerbating

the problem. Sydney Radio commentatorAlan Jones was alleged to have encouragedvigilantism,

by reading out an SMS call relating to the Cronulla riots and not convincingly condemning it.[6]

[edit]Individual race-based crimes in court

Individual race-based crimes have attracted a variety of penalties in Australian legal jurisdictions.

The Sydney Morning Herald reported in early 2010 that an Anglo-Australia man, was ordered to

pay over A$ 130 000 to an Asian-Australian man that he brutally bashed outside the victim's

house. The drunken attacker shouted racial slurs at the victim, suggesting this was a race-based

crime. The accused assaulted the victim so badly with a piece of wood that the victim sustained a

fractured leg and a partial facial nerve palsy.[24]

[edit]See also

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-smh7-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-smh7-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_attacks_on_Indians_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(Australian_ambassador)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(Australian_ambassador)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_(radio_broadcaster)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_(radio_broadcaster)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilantismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilantismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-Judy_Lattas_Cruising_2007.2C_p_326-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-smh7-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_attacks_on_Indians_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(Australian_ambassador)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_(radio_broadcaster)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilantismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-Judy_Lattas_Cruising_2007.2C_p_326-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10

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Racism in Australia

Race riot

[edit]References

1. ^Donald P. Green , Laurence H. McFalls , Jennifer K. Smith Hate Crime: An Emergent

Research Agenda Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 27: 479-504

2. ^ ab(2) The Fatal Confrontation: Early Native-White Relations on the Frontiers of

Australia, New Guinea, and America: A Comparative Study Author(s): Wilbur R. Jacobs Source:

The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Aug. 1971), pp. 283-309 Published by: University of

California Press Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3638359 (1) 299

3. ^ abhttp://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/lambingflatsba

nner/

4. ^Simmons, K Modern racism in the media: constructions of 'the possibility of change' in

accounts of two Australian 'riots' DISCOURSE & SOCIETY 19 (5): 667-687 SEP 2008

5. ^Judy Lattas Cruising: 'Moral Panic' and the Cronulla Riot THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL

OF ANTHROPOLOGY, 2007,18:3,320-335 p 320

6. ^ abJudy Lattas Cruising: 'Moral Panic' and the Cronulla Riot THE AUSTRALIAN

JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGY, 2007,18:3,320-335 p 326

7. ^(1) The Fatal Confrontation: Early Native-White Relations on the Frontiers of Australia,

New Guinea, and America: A Comparative Study Author(s): Wilbur R. Jacobs Source: The Pacific

Historical Review, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Aug. 1971), pp. 283-309 Published by: University of California

Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3638359 (1) 297

8. ^Gregson, Sarah. 'It all started on the mines'?: The 1934 Kalgoorlie race riots revisited.

[online]. Labour History, no.80, May 2001: p23.

9. ^Gregson, Sarah. 'It all started on the mines'?: The 1934 Kalgoorlie race riots revisited.

Labour History, no.80, May 2001: p24.

10. ^Schaper, Michael. The Broome race riots of 1920 [online]. Studies in Western Australian

History, no.16, 1995: (112)-132. Availability: ISSN: 0314-7525. [cited 22 Jul 09].

11. ^Bowden, Tracy (15 July 2002). "Ethnicity linked to brutal gang rapes".

ABC. http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2002/s607757.htm. Retrieved on 2006-07-30.

12. ^5 ^ a b Devine, Miranda (13 July 2002). "Racist rapes: Finally the truth comes out".

Sydney Morning Herald.http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/13/1026185124700.html.

Retrieved on 2006-07-30.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_riothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-jstor.org_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-jstor.org_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-jstor.org_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-jstor.org_1-1http://www.jstor.org/stable/3638359http://www.jstor.org/stable/3638359http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au_2-1http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/lambingflatsbanner/http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/lambingflatsbanner/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-Judy_Lattas_Cruising_2007.2C_p_326_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-Judy_Lattas_Cruising_2007.2C_p_326_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-Judy_Lattas_Cruising_2007.2C_p_326_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-Judy_Lattas_Cruising_2007.2C_p_326_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-6http://www.jstor.org/stable/3638359http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-10http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2002/s607757.htmhttp://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2002/s607757.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-11http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/13/1026185124700.htmlhttp://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/13/1026185124700.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_riothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-jstor.org_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-jstor.org_1-1http://www.jstor.org/stable/3638359http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au_2-1http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/lambingflatsbanner/http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/lambingflatsbanner/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-Judy_Lattas_Cruising_2007.2C_p_326_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-Judy_Lattas_Cruising_2007.2C_p_326_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-6http://www.jstor.org/stable/3638359http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-10http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2002/s607757.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-11http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/13/1026185124700.html

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13. ^Goodenough, Patrick (16 July 2002). "Gang Rape Convictions Trigger Ethnicity Debate".

CNSnews.com. http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=%5CForeignBureaus

%5Carchive%5C200207%5CFOR20020716b.html. Retrieved on 2006-07-30.

14. ^Racist violence inCronulla beach, Sydney, Australia

15. ^The term white in this context typically refers to Australian people of West European

ancestry whose first language is English, seeWhite people.

16. ^Braithwaite, David (26 May 2006). "'I felt knife snapped off in my back'".The Sydney

Morning Herald. Retrieved 2006-08-31.

17. ^"Actions more than stupid: magistrate",Sydney Morning Herald, 24 January 2006

18. ^http://insights.uca.org.au/2006/april/auburn-uc.htm

19. ^expressindia.com

20. ^Jensen, Erik (10 June 2009)."Indians rally as suburb seethes". The Sydney Morning

Herald.

21. ^Kent, Paul (10 June 2009)."Harris Park - tensions in a racial melting pot". The Daily

Telegraph.

22. ^Australian envoy admits attacks on Indians racist: IBN Live

23. ^Katie Simmons and Amanda Lecouteur Modern racism in the media: constructions of

`the possibility of change' in accounts of two Australian `riots'. P 668

24. ^Kontominas, Bellinda (1 February 2010). "Defendant must give victim $130,000".The

Sydney Morning Herald.

[edit]Further reading

Rubinstein, W. D.Anti/ Semitism in Australia. -Edited version of submission to the Human

Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission hearing on racial violence in Australia, 1989-

Australian Jewish News, 13 Oct 1989: 16

Lynching to Belong: Claiming Whiteness through Racial Violence. BUCKELEW,

RICHARD A. 1 Journal of Southern History May2009, Vol. 75 Issue 2, p473-474 2009

The class issues behind Australia's race riots: [The racist violence that exploded in the

Sydney suburb of Cronulla on 11 December 2005] Author: Socialist Equality Party

(Australia)World Socialist Web Site Review, no.17, Feb-May 2006: 40-43

Year: 2006

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-12http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200207%5CFOR20020716b.htmlhttp://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200207%5CFOR20020716b.htmlhttp://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200207%5CFOR20020716b.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-13http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/4520286.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cronulla_beach&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cronulla_beach&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-smh7_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-smh7_15-0http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/i-felt-knife-snapped-off-in-my-back/2006/05/26/1148524865657.htmlhttp://www.smh.com.au/news/national/i-felt-knife-snapped-off-in-my-back/2006/05/26/1148524865657.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Heraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Heraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Heraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-16http://www.smh.com.au/news/NATIONAL/Actions-more-than-stupid-magistrate/2006/01/24/1137864895486.htmlhttp://www.smh.com.au/news/NATIONAL/Actions-more-than-stupid-magistrate/2006/01/24/1137864895486.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Heraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Heraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Heraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-17http://insights.uca.org.au/2006/april/auburn-uc.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-18http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-youths-detained-for-breaching-peace-march-in-Aus/469124/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-19http://www.smh.com.au/national/indians-rally-as-suburb-seethes-20090610-c2ei.htmlhttp://www.smh.com.au/national/indians-rally-as-suburb-seethes-20090610-c2ei.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-20http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,25613346-5001021,00.htmlhttp://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,25613346-5001021,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-21http://ibnlive.in.com/news/australian-envoy-admits-attacks-on-indians-racist/94175-3.htmlhttp://ibnlive.in.com/news/australian-envoy-admits-attacks-on-indians-racist/94175-3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-23http://www.smh.com.au/national/defendant-must-give-victim-130000-20100131-n6ml.htmlhttp://www.smh.com.au/national/defendant-must-give-victim-130000-20100131-n6ml.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-12http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200207%5CFOR20020716b.htmlhttp://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200207%5CFOR20020716b.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-13http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/4520286.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cronulla_beach&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-smh7_15-0http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/i-felt-knife-snapped-off-in-my-back/2006/05/26/1148524865657.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Heraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Heraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-16http://www.smh.com.au/news/NATIONAL/Actions-more-than-stupid-magistrate/2006/01/24/1137864895486.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Heraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-17http://insights.uca.org.au/2006/april/auburn-uc.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-18http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-youths-detained-for-breaching-peace-march-in-Aus/469124/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-19http://www.smh.com.au/national/indians-rally-as-suburb-seethes-20090610-c2ei.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-20http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,25613346-5001021,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-21http://ibnlive.in.com/news/australian-envoy-admits-attacks-on-indians-racist/94175-3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia#cite_ref-23http://www.smh.com.au/national/defendant-must-give-victim-130000-20100131-n6ml.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racial_violence_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12

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Bowden, Tracy (15 July 2002). "Ethnicity linked to brutal gang rapes".

ABC. http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2002/s607757.htm. Retrieved on 2006-07-30.

Devine, Miranda (13 July 2002). "Racist rapes: Finally the truth comes out". Sydney

Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/07/13/1026185124700.html. Retrieved

on 2006-07-30.

Goodenough, Patrick (16 July 2002). "Gang Rape Convictions Trigger Ethnicity Debate".

CNSnews.com. http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=

%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200207%5CFOR20020716b.html. Retrieved on 2006-

07-30.

Poynting, Scott. What caused the Cronulla riot? Race & Class Jul-Sep2006, Vol. 48 Issue

1, p85-92 Race & Class Jul-Sep2006, Vol. 48 Issue 1, p85-92

Chaper, Michael. The Broome race riots of 1920 [online]. Studies in Western Australian

History, no.16, 1995: (112)-132

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