Racial Inequality, Social Policy and Prisons: 1980-2000 Glenn C. Loury, Merton P. Stoltz Professor...
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Transcript of Racial Inequality, Social Policy and Prisons: 1980-2000 Glenn C. Loury, Merton P. Stoltz Professor...
Racial Inequality, Social Policy and Prisons: 1980-2000
Glenn C. Loury, Merton P. Stoltz Professor of the Social Sciences
Brown University
A Radical Transformation of Policy
States’ Prison Spending Grows faster than Higher Ed
According to a 2002 report of the Justice Policy Institute (Washington, DC):
• “During the 1980s and 1990s, state spending on corrections grew at 6 times the rate of state spending on higher education, and by the close of the 1990’s, there were nearly a third more African American men in prison and jail than in universities or colleges.”
Coloring the Terms of Membership:
Reinventing the Divided Citizenry in an Era of Neoliberal Paternalism
Joe Soss
&
Sanford F. Schram
Public Policy and Racial/Ethnic Disparities
Distributive Disparities: who gets more or less, and why
Civic Disparities: how groups are positioned in relation to one another and vis-à-vis major societal institutions
The Social Question: How can solidarity (or inclusive and equal membership) be achieved in a society divided by ethnic identities as well as material inequalities?
How do public policies organize governance and define
terms of membership for different social groups?
Civic Incorporation as a Goal of Poverty Policy
Europe • Unemployment and welfare dependence as problems of
“social exclusion”• Labor activation as a strategy for incorporation into the
societal “mainstream”
United States (The New Paternalism)• Social dysfunction, behavioral pathology, and personal
disorganization as sources of societal marginality
• “Telling the Poor What to Do” (Help and Hassle) – Directive, supervisory, and punitive policies– Supports to enable preferred behavior
Race and Civic Disparities in the History of Public Aid
Mothers’ Pensions• White Republican Motherhood, Assimilation of
Immigrants, Exclusion of Blacks and Latinas
Social Security Act of 1935 (ADC)• White male breadwinner: full citizen incorporated into
national social insurance• State and local public aid: regulating labor markets,
gender roles, and racial caste
War on Poverty (1960s)• Meaningful legal citizenship for racial minorities• Racial conflict promoted and undermined poverty efforts
-.5
0.5
Pol
icy
Pop
ulat
ion
Rel
ativ
e to
199
0
1990 1995 2000y ear
Receiv ing Cash Assistance Incarcerated
The New Poverty Governance: Change in Numbers Incarcerated and Receiving Cash Aid:1990-2000
Result Is Disparate Positioning in the TANF Program: Exposure to Program Features by Race of Family, 2001
.5
.54
.41
.55
.37
.46
.5
.57
.51
.58
0.2
.4.6
Fam
ilies
Exp
ose
d to
TA
NF
Pro
gra
m E
lem
en
t
Work Requirement Family Cap Time Limit Full Sanction Devolution
White TANF Families Black TANF Families
Effects are Cumulative:Stringency of Policy Regime by Race of Family, 2001
55.384
35.8219
8.79405
24.8479
34.6916
40.4605
31.8889
50.4214
17.6898
02
04
06
0P
erc
ent o
f Fam
ilies
Und
er P
olic
y R
egi
me
0-1 Strong Reforms 2 Strong Reforms 3-5 Strong Reforms
White BlackHispanic
Not Just Rule Exposure, Also Local Implementation
.59
.52
.15
.67
.6
.17
.7
.64
.19
.74
.67
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0.2
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.8P
ropo
rtio
nal
Incr
eas
e in
Pro
babi
lity
of S
anc
tion
1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12
Black HispanicWhite
1. Racial Disparities in Sanctioning across Length of Spell2. Race-Specific Mediation by Local Political Environment
Mid-1960s: a policy long racialized in practice becomes racialized in media coverage and in the public mind
Correlation: r = .03 (1950-65) r = .68 (1966-96)
Race Matters: The Effect of Black Caseload Percentage on Welfare Policy Choices in an “Average State”
0.2
.4.6
.81
Pro
ba
bili
ty o
f S
tate
TA
NF
Po
licy C
ho
ice
0 20 40 60 80Black Percent of AFDC Recipients
Family Cap Time LimitFull-Family Sanction Second-Order Devolution
A Huge Racial Disparity of Policy Impact
Size/Racial Composition of Overall Correctional System
Growing Extent of Correctional Supervision
Racial Disparity in Incarceration: 1982-2001
Incarceration and HIV Transmission
What if no racial disparity in incarceration? (Men)
What if Black Incarc. fixed at 1980 Level? (Men)
What if no racial disparity in incarceration? (Women)
What if Black Incarc. fixed at 1980 Level? (Women)
Impact of W.O.D. on Imprisonment
Drug Arrests in Chicago
How Effective Has the W.O.D. Been?
Drug Prices, Emergency Treatment and Incarceration Rates: 1980-2000
The Social Integration GapFigure 1: Isolation of Blacks and New Immigrant Groups
Average weighted by group population for a constant set of cities.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
Year
Iso
lati
on
In
dex
Black
Italian
Russian
Austrian
Hungarian
Ward Data Tract Data