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RabiesRabiesRhabdovirusRhabdovirus
Dr.T.V.Rao MDDr.T.V.Rao MD
Early RabiesEarly Rabies
Rabies Rabies has been recognized in India has been recognized in India since the Vedic period (1500–500 BC) since the Vedic period (1500–500 BC) and is described in the ancient Indian and is described in the ancient Indian scripture scripture AtharvavedaAtharvaveda,,
Rabies is endemic in India, a vast Rabies is endemic in India, a vast country with a population exceeding country with a population exceeding 1.02 billion and a land area of 3.2 1.02 billion and a land area of 3.2 million km. million km.
Rabies widely spread in Asia Rabies widely spread in Asia and Africaand Africa
Rabies is widely distributed across Rabies is widely distributed across the globe. More than the globe. More than 55 000 people 55 000 people diedie of rabies each year. About 95% of rabies each year. About 95% of human deaths occur in Asia and of human deaths occur in Asia and Africa. Africa.
Most human deaths follow a bite Most human deaths follow a bite from an infected dog. Between 30% from an infected dog. Between 30% to 60% of the victims of dog bites are to 60% of the victims of dog bites are children under the age of 15. children under the age of 15.
What is RabiesWhat is Rabies
Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease that Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted to humans from animals) that is transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by a virus. Rabies infects is caused by a virus. Rabies infects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infected people through close contact with infected saliva (via bites or scratches). The disease saliva (via bites or scratches). The disease is present on nearly every continent of the is present on nearly every continent of the world but most human deaths occur in Asia world but most human deaths occur in Asia and Africa (more than 95%). and Africa (more than 95%). Once Once symptoms of the disease develop, symptoms of the disease develop, rabies is fatalrabies is fatal. .
Rabies - Common factsRabies - Common facts
Mad Dog biting Humans lead to Rabies.Mad Dog biting Humans lead to Rabies. Latin Rabhas means Frenzy.Latin Rabhas means Frenzy. Hydrophobia Fear of Water, Saliva of Hydrophobia Fear of Water, Saliva of
Rabid dogsRabid dogs Pasture’s success – VaccinationPasture’s success – Vaccination
Fixed virus from Rabbit injected into Fixed virus from Rabbit injected into Joseph Meister Joseph Meister
Injected 13 injection of the cord vaccine. Injected 13 injection of the cord vaccine.
7
Rabies- A Zoonotic Rabies- A Zoonotic DiseaseDisease
Rhabdovirus family; Rhabdovirus family; genus Lyssavirusgenus Lyssavirus
Enveloped, bullet-Enveloped, bullet-shaped virionsshaped virions
Slow, progressive Slow, progressive zoonotic diseasezoonotic disease
Primary reservoirs are Primary reservoirs are wild mammals; it can wild mammals; it can be spread by both wild be spread by both wild and domestic and domestic mammals by bites, mammals by bites, scratches, and scratches, and inhalation of droplets.inhalation of droplets.
Rabies – A fatal Zoonotic Rabies – A fatal Zoonotic DiseaseDisease
Rabies in USARabies in USA
Most of the recent Most of the recent human rabies cases human rabies cases in the United States in the United States have been caused by have been caused by rabies virus from rabies virus from bats.bats. Awareness of Awareness of the facts about bats the facts about bats and rabies can help and rabies can help people protect people protect themselves, their themselves, their families, and their families, and their pets. pets.
RhabdovirusesRhabdoviruses
A Bullet shaped virus/ A Bullet shaped virus/ EnvelopedEnveloped
Contains Contains ss RNAss RNA virus virus Rhabdoviridae – Rhabdoviridae –
infects mammals.infects mammals. Important virusImportant virus
Lyssa virus- Rabies Lyssa virus- Rabies virusvirus
Lyssa means Lyssa means Rage.Rage.
Rabies virusRabies virus
Bullet shaped virusBullet shaped virus Size is 180 x 75 nmSize is 180 x 75 nm Has Lipoprotein Has Lipoprotein
envelopenvelop Knob like spikes Knob like spikes
/Glycoprotein S/Glycoprotein S Genome un Genome un
segmentedsegmented Linear negative Linear negative
sense RNAsense RNA
What is a Fixed VirusWhat is a Fixed Virus One whose virulence One whose virulence
and incubation period and incubation period have been stabilized have been stabilized by serial passage and by serial passage and remained fixed during remained fixed during further transmission.further transmission.
Rabies virus that has Rabies virus that has undergone serial undergone serial passage through passage through rabbits, thus stabilizing rabbits, thus stabilizing its virulence and its virulence and incubation period and incubation period and called as called as fixed virusfixed virus
What is a Street VirusWhat is a Street Virus Virus from a naturally Virus from a naturally
infected animal, as infected animal, as opposed to a opposed to a laboratory-adapted laboratory-adapted strain of the virus. strain of the virus.
The virulent rabies The virulent rabies virus from a rabid virus from a rabid domestic animal that domestic animal that has contracted the has contracted the disease from a bite or disease from a bite or scratch of another scratch of another animal, and called as animal, and called as street virusstreet virus. .
Any mammal can get Any mammal can get rabiesrabies..
Raccoons, Raccoons, skunks, foxes skunks, foxes and batsand bats
Dogs, cats, Dogs, cats, cattle and cattle and ferretsferrets
Humans tooHumans too
What kind of animals What kind of animals get get Rabies?Rabies?
The rabies virus can infect The rabies virus can infect all all mammalsmammals..
MammalsMammals are warm- are warm-blooded animals that have blooded animals that have hair and mammary glands to hair and mammary glands to produce milk for their produce milk for their babies.babies.
Animals like frogs, birds, and Animals like frogs, birds, and snakes do not get rabiessnakes do not get rabies..
Man’s best friendMan’s best friendbut can spread Rabies if not but can spread Rabies if not
vaccinatedvaccinated
Rabies viruses are Rabies viruses are sensitive to common sensitive to common
ChemicalsChemicals The virus is sensitive toThe virus is sensitive to
EthanolEthanol
IodineIodine
Soap / DetergentsSoap / Detergents
Ether, Chloroform, AcetoneEther, Chloroform, Acetone
Destroyed at 50Destroyed at 5000 c in 1 hour c in 1 hour
at 60at 6000 c in 5 minutes. c in 5 minutes.
Antigenic propertiesAntigenic properties
Surface spikes Surface spikes composed of composed of Glycoprotein GGlycoprotein G
Produces Produces Pathogenicity by Pathogenicity by binding to Acetyl binding to Acetyl choline receptors in choline receptors in the neural tissuethe neural tissue
Stimulate T Stimulate T lymphocytes lymphocytes Cytotoxic effect.Cytotoxic effect.
TransmissionTransmission Abrasions or scratches on skin.Abrasions or scratches on skin. Mucous membrane exposed to saliva.Mucous membrane exposed to saliva. Most frequently via deep penetrating bite Most frequently via deep penetrating bite
wounds.wounds.
Other routesOther routes.. Inhalation in bat infected caves.Inhalation in bat infected caves. Ingestion of dead /infected animal Ingestion of dead /infected animal
meatmeat Corneal transplantationCorneal transplantation
Pathogenesis of RabiesPathogenesis of Rabies
Bite by Rabid dog or other animalsBite by Rabid dog or other animals Virus are carried in saliva virus Virus are carried in saliva virus
deposited on the wound site.deposited on the wound site. If untreated 50% will Develop rabies.If untreated 50% will Develop rabies. Rabies can be produced by licks and Rabies can be produced by licks and
corneal transplantation.corneal transplantation. Virus multiply in the muscle ,connective Virus multiply in the muscle ,connective
tissue, nerves after 48 – 72 hours.tissue, nerves after 48 – 72 hours. Penetrated nerve endings.Penetrated nerve endings.
PATHOGENESISPATHOGENESISLive virusLive virus Epidermis, Mucus membrane Epidermis, Mucus membrane
Peripheral nervePeripheral nerve
CNS ( gray matter )CNS ( gray matter )
Other tissue (salivary glands,…)Other tissue (salivary glands,…)
centripetally
centrifugally
Spread of VirusSpread of Virus
From Brain virus From Brain virus spread tospread to
Salivary glands,Salivary glands,
Conjunctival cell Conjunctival cell released into tearsreleased into tears
Kidney Kidney
Lactating glands Lactating glands and Milk after and Milk after pregnancypregnancy
PathogenesisPathogenesis
Virus travels through axoplasam toward Virus travels through axoplasam toward the spinal cord, at the rate of 3 the spinal cord, at the rate of 3 mm/hour,mm/hour,
Towards the brain Towards the brain Spread from brain centrifugally to Spread from brain centrifugally to
various parts of the body.various parts of the body. Multiplies in the salivary glands and Multiplies in the salivary glands and
shed in the saliva.shed in the saliva. Cornea, facial tissues skin.Cornea, facial tissues skin.
PathogenesisPathogenesis
Incubation 1 – 3 months.Incubation 1 – 3 months. May be average from 7 days to 3 May be average from 7 days to 3
years.years. Stages of the disease.Stages of the disease.
ProdromeProdrome
Acute encephalitis.Acute encephalitis.
Coma / Death.Coma / Death.
Broad category - Broad category - PresentationsPresentations
Furious RabiesFurious Rabies
Dumb ( Rage Dumb ( Rage tranquille )tranquille )
(Landry/Guillain-(Landry/Guillain-Barre SyndromeBarre Syndrome
CategoryCategory - - WHOWHO
Category I: touching or feeding Category I: touching or feeding suspect animals, but skin is intact suspect animals, but skin is intact
Category II: minor scratches without Category II: minor scratches without bleeding from contact, or licks on bleeding from contact, or licks on broken skin broken skin
Category III: one or more bites, Category III: one or more bites, scratches, licks on broken skin, or scratches, licks on broken skin, or other contact that breaks the skin; or other contact that breaks the skin; or exposure to bats exposure to bats
Clinical FindingsClinical Findings Bizarre behavior.Bizarre behavior. AgitationAgitation Seizures.Seizures. Difficulty in drinking.Difficulty in drinking. Patients will be able to eat solidsPatients will be able to eat solids Afraid of water - Hydrophobia.Afraid of water - Hydrophobia. Even sight or sound of water disturbs the Even sight or sound of water disturbs the
patientpatient.. But suffer with intense thirst.But suffer with intense thirst. Spasms of Pharynx produces chokingSpasms of Pharynx produces choking Death in 1 -6 days.Death in 1 -6 days. Respiratory arrest / Death / Respiratory arrest / Death / Some may surviveSome may survive..
Headache, fever, sore throatHeadache, fever, sore throat Nervousness, confusionNervousness, confusion Pain or tingling at the site of the bitePain or tingling at the site of the bite HallucinationsHallucinations
– Seeing things that are not really there Seeing things that are not really there HydrophobiaHydrophobia
– ““Fear of water" due to spasms in the throatFear of water" due to spasms in the throat Paralysis Paralysis
– Unable to move parts of the body Unable to move parts of the body Coma and deathComa and death
SymptomsSymptoms
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONSCLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
1 – Non specific prodromeNon specific prodrome
2 – Acute neurologic encephalitis2 – Acute neurologic encephalitis Acute encephalitisAcute encephalitis Profound dysfunction of brainstemProfound dysfunction of brainstem
3 – Coma3 – Coma
4 - Death ( Rare cases 4 - Death ( Rare cases recovery ) recovery )
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONSCLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Non specific prodromeNon specific prodrome 1 - 2 days 1 - 2 days 1 week 1 weekFever, headache, sore throatFever, headache, sore throatAnorexia, nausea, vomiting, Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, Agitation, depressionAgitation, depressionParenthesis or fasciculation's at Parenthesis or fasciculation's at or Around the site of inoculation of or Around the site of inoculation of virusvirus. .
Acute Neurologic Acute Neurologic EncephalitisEncephalitis
1 – 2 days to < 1 week1 – 2 days to < 1 week Excessive motor activity, Excitation, Excessive motor activity, Excitation,
AgitationAgitation Confusion, Hallucinations, Delirium, Confusion, Hallucinations, Delirium, Bizarre aberrations of thought, Bizarre aberrations of thought,
SeizuresSeizures,,
Muscle spasms, Meningismus, Muscle spasms, Meningismus, Opisthotonic posturing Opisthotonic posturing Mental aberration ( Lucid period Mental aberration ( Lucid period coma ) coma ) Hypersalivation, Aphasia, Pharyngeal spasmsHypersalivation, Aphasia, Pharyngeal spasms Incordination, HyperactivityIncordination, Hyperactivity
Acute Neurologic Acute Neurologic Encephalitis Phase - Encephalitis Phase -
PresentationsPresentations Fever T > 40.6 Fever T > 40.6 Dilated irregular pupilsDilated irregular pupils Lacrimation, Salivation & Lacrimation, Salivation &
PerspirationPerspiration Upper motor neuron paralysisUpper motor neuron paralysis Deep tendon reflexesDeep tendon reflexes Extensor plantar responses ( as a Extensor plantar responses ( as a
rule )rule ) Hydrophobia or Aerophobia (50 -70% )Hydrophobia or Aerophobia (50 -70% )
Rabies can present as Rabies can present as Grave conditionGrave condition
Majority will succumb to Majority will succumb to DiseaseDisease
Clinical presentationClinical presentation – – Leads the clues in Leads the clues in
DiagnosisDiagnosis In most cases, human rabies is In most cases, human rabies is
diagnosed primarily on the basis of diagnosed primarily on the basis of clinical symptoms and signs, and a clinical symptoms and signs, and a corroborative history of or evidence of corroborative history of or evidence of an animal bite, death of an animal, and an animal bite, death of an animal, and incomplete or no vaccination following incomplete or no vaccination following exposure. The facility for laboratory exposure. The facility for laboratory diagnosis and confirmation of rabies, be diagnosis and confirmation of rabies, be it in humans or in animals, is available it in humans or in animals, is available premortem in only a few institutions in premortem in only a few institutions in India. T India. T
Common confirmatory test - Common confirmatory test - RabiesRabies
1.1. The standard The standard premortem test is premortem test is aa fluorescent fluorescent antibodyantibody test to test to demonstrate the demonstrate the presence of viral presence of viral antigen. The standard antigen. The standard postmortem test is postmortem test is biopsy of the patient's biopsy of the patient's brain and examination brain and examination for Negri bodiesfor Negri bodies. . Autopsies are rarely performedAutopsies are rarely performed. .
DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS•Laboratory finding: ( CBC, CSF )Laboratory finding: ( CBC, CSF )•Exclusion of other etiologiesExclusion of other etiologies
•Pathology:Pathology: Formation of cytoplasmic inclusions: Formation of cytoplasmic inclusions: ( Negri bodies )( Negri bodies ) ( Ammon’s horn, Cerebral cortex,( Ammon’s horn, Cerebral cortex, Brainstem, Hypothalamus, Brainstem, Hypothalamus, The Purkinje cells of cerebellum, The Purkinje cells of cerebellum, Dorsal spinal ganglia )Dorsal spinal ganglia )
Laboratory DiagnosisLaboratory Diagnosis Survival possibleSurvival possible. . May need Laboratory May need Laboratory
DiagnosisDiagnosis Clinical differentiation other cases of Encephalitis.Clinical differentiation other cases of Encephalitis. Post mortem Diagnosis by Post mortem Diagnosis by By demonstration of Negri bodies.By demonstration of Negri bodies. Isolation of virus fro Mice brainIsolation of virus fro Mice brain inoculation.inoculation. tissue culture on culture linestissue culture on culture lines W 138, BHK,W 138, BHK, PCR emerging method.PCR emerging method. IF methods corneal impression method.IF methods corneal impression method.
Diagnostic methodsDiagnostic methods
Antigen detection by specific Antigen detection by specific Immuno fluorescence.Immuno fluorescence.
Ante-mortem - Conjunctival,skin Ante-mortem - Conjunctival,skin biopsy from nape of neck.biopsy from nape of neck.
Postmortem impression from surfaces Postmortem impression from surfaces of salivary glands Hippocampus,of salivary glands Hippocampus,
Histological examinationHistological examinationELISA specific antibody detection.ELISA specific antibody detection.PCRPCR
Negri bodies – A gold Negri bodies – A gold standard in Diagnosisstandard in Diagnosis
Inclusion bodies Inclusion bodies called called Negri Negri bodiesbodies are 100% are 100% diagnostic for diagnostic for rabies infection, rabies infection, but found only in but found only in 20% of cases20% of cases
Negri bodiesNegri bodiesin Brain Tissuein Brain Tissue
Negri bodiesNegri bodies round or round or oval inclusion bodies oval inclusion bodies seen in the cytoplasm seen in the cytoplasm and sometimes in the and sometimes in the processes of neurons of processes of neurons of rabid animals after rabid animals after death. death.
Negri bodies are Negri bodies are Eosinophilic, sharply Eosinophilic, sharply outlined, pathognomonic outlined, pathognomonic inclusion bodies (2-10 inclusion bodies (2-10 µm in diameter) found in µm in diameter) found in the cytoplasm of certain the cytoplasm of certain nerve .. nerve ..
Emerging Methods in Emerging Methods in DiagnosisDiagnosis
The reference method for diagnosing rabies The reference method for diagnosing rabies is by performing PCR or viral culture on brain is by performing PCR or viral culture on brain samples taken after death. The diagnosis samples taken after death. The diagnosis can also be reliably made from skin samples can also be reliably made from skin samples taken before death. It is also possible to taken before death. It is also possible to make the diagnosis from saliva, urine and make the diagnosis from saliva, urine and cerebrospinal fluid samples, but this is not as cerebrospinal fluid samples, but this is not as sensitive. sensitive. Inclusion bodies called Inclusion bodies called Negri Negri bodiesbodies are 100% diagnostic for rabies are 100% diagnostic for rabies infection, but found only in 20% of infection, but found only in 20% of casescases. .
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISOther viral encephalitisOther viral encephalitis
Hysteria reaction to animal bite
Landry/Guillan-barre syndrome
Poliomyelitis
Allergic encephalomyelitis ( rabies vaccine )
PREVENTIONPREVENTION
Preexposure ProphylaxisPreexposure Prophylaxis
Postexposure ProphylaxisPostexposure Prophylaxis
Ist Vaccine for RabiesIst Vaccine for Rabies Prepared by Pasteur Prepared by Pasteur
by drying various by drying various periods pieces of periods pieces of spinal cord of spinal cord of Rabbits infected Rabbits infected with fixed viruswith fixed virus
1885 1885 Joseph Joseph MeisterMeister 9 year boy 9 year boy vaccinated 13 vaccinated 13 injections were injections were given given
Patient savedPatient saved
Preexposure vaccinationPreexposure vaccination
Indicated in Indicated in
Laboratory Laboratory workers.workers.
Veterinarians Veterinarians and technical staff.and technical staff.
Bat handlers.Bat handlers.
Supporting care in Supporting care in Animal/Dog BitesAnimal/Dog Bites
Basic care in Animal Basic care in Animal bitesbites
Before exposure to infectionBefore exposure to infection In Veterinary surgeons animal handlers.In Veterinary surgeons animal handlers. Specific Prophylaxis Specific Prophylaxis After exposure to Dog bite.After exposure to Dog bite.Local treatmentLocal treatment Cauterization Cauterization Scrub with Soap and clean.Scrub with Soap and clean.Use cetavalon, tincture of IodineUse cetavalon, tincture of IodineAntirabic serum Antirabic serum don't suturedon't suture
Tell an health care Tell an health care worker worker immediatelyimmediately
Wash the wound Wash the wound out with soap and out with soap and waterwater
Inform the doctor Inform the doctor right awayright away
If you are bitten or If you are bitten or scratchedscratched
POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXISPOSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
1 – Wound cleaning & treatmentWound cleaning & treatment
Post exposure Post exposure vaccinationvaccination
Anti Rabis vaccines are given when Anti Rabis vaccines are given when person is person is
1 Bitten1 Bitten
2 Scratched2 Scratched
3 Licked 3 Licked
By Rabid animalBy Rabid animal
animal to be kept for 10 days ?animal to be kept for 10 days ?
VaccinesVaccines Semple vaccineSemple vaccine Contain 5 % suspension. Of infected Contain 5 % suspension. Of infected
Sheep brain, ( Infected with fixed virus ) Sheep brain, ( Infected with fixed virus ) Inactivated with Phenol at 37Inactivated with Phenol at 3700cc Vaccines available after inactivation with Vaccines available after inactivation with
Beta propiolactone Used in IndiaBeta propiolactone Used in India Vaccine contains Nucleic capsid antigen,Vaccine contains Nucleic capsid antigen, Small quantities of Glycoprotein GSmall quantities of Glycoprotein G Used in Developed countries Neural Used in Developed countries Neural
complications.complications.
Neural VaccinesNeural Vaccines**
Class I slight riskClass I slight risk Class II Moderate riskClass II Moderate risk Class III Great riskClass III Great risk Nerual vaccines may cause Nerual vaccines may cause
Neuroparlytic complications, Neuroparlytic complications, Laundry’s type ascending paralysisLaundry’s type ascending paralysis
• Dose is regulated according to grade/class of bitesDose is regulated according to grade/class of bites• Many countries do not use in view of neurological complicationsMany countries do not use in view of neurological complications
HUMAN RABIES Cell culture VaccinesHUMAN RABIES Cell culture Vaccines
Vaccine:Vaccine: Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) Developed by Koprowsky,Wiktor,and PlotkinDeveloped by Koprowsky,Wiktor,and Plotkin
Purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCEC)Purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCEC) Purified Vero cell vaccine (PVRV)Purified Vero cell vaccine (PVRV) Purified duck embryo vaccine (PDEV)Purified duck embryo vaccine (PDEV)
Post exposure Post exposure ProphylaxisProphylaxis
The vaccination is The vaccination is given ongiven on
0, 3, 7, 14, 30, 0, 3, 7, 14, 30, and 90and 90thth day day
Immunity lasts for Immunity lasts for 5 years5 years
Injected on deltoid Injected on deltoid region IM/SCregion IM/SC
Not to be given in Not to be given in the gluteal regionthe gluteal region
POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXISPOSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS 3 –3 – Active immunizationActive immunization
Cell culture Vaccines in – Cell culture Vaccines in – commonly prescribedcommonly prescribed
1 1 Human diploid Human diploid cell vaccinecell vaccine..
2 2 Purified chick Purified chick embryo cell embryo cell vaccinevaccine
3.Purified Vero cell 3.Purified Vero cell vaccinevaccine
Human Diploid CellHuman Diploid CellVaccineVaccine
Koprowsky, Viktor, Koprowsky, Viktor, Plokin discovered Plokin discovered
Inactivated in Inactivated in Betaproprionate.Betaproprionate.
No serious side No serious side effects.effects.
Human Diploid cell Human Diploid cell vaccines purified .vaccines purified .
Sub Unit vaccines in Sub Unit vaccines in progress/developed.progress/developed.
Human Diploid Cell Human Diploid Cell VaccinesVaccines
DosageDosage Preexposure prophylaxis Preexposure prophylaxis 0 – 7 – 21 – or 28 – 56 days0 – 7 – 21 – or 28 – 56 days A booster after 1 year,A booster after 1 year, Repeat once in 5 days,Repeat once in 5 days,Post exposure ProphylaxisPost exposure Prophylaxis Sex dosesSex doses 0 -3 -7-14 – 30 - 90 days0 -3 -7-14 – 30 - 90 days Given IM or SC in the Deltoid region Given IM or SC in the Deltoid region Don't inject inGluteal region.Don't inject inGluteal region.
Preexposure prophylasixis Preexposure prophylasixis dosesdoses
Given on the Given on the following daysfollowing days
0, 7, 21,or 28 0, 7, 21,or 28 and 56and 56thth day day
Generally given to Generally given to Vet nary Vet nary personalpersonal
Passive ImmunizationPassive Immunization
Human Rabies Human Rabies Immunoglobulin HRIGImmunoglobulin HRIG
High Risk bitten on High Risk bitten on face and neckface and neck
Given a dose of 20 IU Given a dose of 20 IU /Kg wt/Kg wt
Half at the site of bite Half at the site of bite and rest IM route.and rest IM route.
Active immunization Active immunization should be initiatedshould be initiated with with passive immunization.passive immunization.
Future of Rabies Future of Rabies VaccinesVaccines
A number of experimental vaccines are A number of experimental vaccines are under development that may provide under development that may provide alternative safe and potent but less alternative safe and potent but less expensive vaccine options. These expensive vaccine options. These include include DNA vaccinesDNA vaccines, recombinant , recombinant viral vaccines, and recombinant protein viral vaccines, and recombinant protein vaccines. Further testing is needed to vaccines. Further testing is needed to determine if and which one of these determine if and which one of these novel vaccines will make their way into novel vaccines will make their way into mass production and application in the mass production and application in the future. future.
Subunit or Genetically Subunit or Genetically Engineered vaccines for RabiesEngineered vaccines for Rabies A viral immunizing A viral immunizing
agent that has been agent that has been treated to remove treated to remove traces of viral nucleic traces of viral nucleic acid so that only acid so that only protein subunits protein subunits remain. The subunits remain. The subunits have less risk of have less risk of causing adverse causing adverse reactions.reactions.
Several trails in Several trails in progressprogress
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
No Danger of Nursing Rabies No Danger of Nursing Rabies patients but do take precautionspatients but do take precautions
Any animal bite can cause Rabies Any animal bite can cause Rabies except Miceexcept Mice
BATS in caves in spread he disease BATS in caves in spread he disease by respiratory disease.by respiratory disease.
India around 30,000 die with Rabies.India around 30,000 die with Rabies. Vaccination of the Dogs and Vaccination of the Dogs and
Licensing of the DogsLicensing of the Dogs
In spite of Health Education several die In spite of Health Education several die due to Rabies infection in Developing due to Rabies infection in Developing
worldworld
World's Rabies Day (on September World's Rabies Day (on September 28)28)
World Rabies Day World Rabies Day is a cooperative is a cooperative global event global event planned to reduce planned to reduce the suffering from the suffering from rabies. This day rabies. This day celebrates Dr. celebrates Dr. Louis Pasteur’s Louis Pasteur’s vision of a vision of a rabies rabies free worldfree world. .
Created by Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD Dr.T.V.Rao MD for ‘e’ for ‘e’ learning Programme in learning Programme in
developing worlddeveloping world
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