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R-Data StructureThe simplest data structure R operates on is the vector

• VectorCan contain numerical data, string, or mix valuesCan increase the size of the vector by adding “concatenating additional columns”

Numerical content

Adding a string toA numerical vector changes the vector to a list (vector withmixed content type

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Operation on numerical vectorNormal operataion: -,+,* 1/x (reciprocal),mean, etc.For example:• v<-c(1,2,3,4)• inv <- 1/v #will assign to inv the

reciprocal of each value of vExample:y <- c(v, 0, v)z<-mean(y)

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Sequences (special vectors of numeric values)

1:n means 1,2,..nExample1V<-c(1:3) means v<-c(1,2,3) Example2: n<-1:30 Example3:

n<-2*1:15 “:” has higher priority

Example4: n<-seq(-5:5)

ExerciseTry seq(-5,5) and compare with seq(-5:5)

Use help(seq) to learn more about the seq instruction

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• Matrixmatrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow)The data is a list of the elements that will fill the matrixThe nrow and ncol arguments specify the dimension of the matrix.

Often only one dimension argument is needed. For example, if there are 20 elements in the data list and ncol is specified to be 4 then R will automatically determine that there should be 5 rows and 4 columns since 4*5=20.

byrow takes value in {TRUE,FALSE}The byrow argument specifies how the matrix is to be filled. The default value for byrow is FALSE which means that by default the matrix will be filled column by column.

R-Data Structure

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[,1] means“all the rows of column 1”

[1,] means“all the columns of row 1”

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• Data FrameA data frame is used for storing data tables. It is a list of vectors of equal length. For example, the following variable df is a data frame containing three vectors

v1, v2, v3. v1 = c(2, 3, 5) v2 = c("aa", "bb", "cc") v3 = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE) df = data.frame(v1, v2, v3)# df is a data framedf

R-Data Structure

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List: A list is a vector in which the various elements need not be of the same typeExampleV<-c(1,”2”,”hello”,TRUE)

Factor: A factor is a vector of categorical data.Storing data as factors insures that the modeling functions will treat such data correctly. Example:> data = c(1,2,2,3,1,2,3,3,1,2,3,3,1) > fdata = factor(data) > fdata [1] 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 Levels: 1 2 3

R-Data Structure

The output shows the content of fdata but also The distinct values of the categorical attribute

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Importing Data• read.table(path, more parameters…)

mydata <- read.table("c:/mydata.csv", header=TRUE, sep=",", row.names="id")

Path to the filenote the “/” instead of “\” on Ms windows systems

TRUE=Include the header row

DelimiterUsed in the file

OptionalRow names

Use help(read.table) for more infoAlso consider read.csv() instruction to import commas delimited For example:read.csv("http://www2.cs.uh.edu/~zechun_cao/TA_Resources/iris.data")

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Original file

Output

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Excel File read.xlsExercise:The best way to import data in Excel format is to save the data as .csv and then use read.table() to import it. However, the read.xls is often used. Since it is not part of the core R library, it has to be installed and loaded into the workspace.Use read.xls to read an excel file into R. (read.xls is part of the gdata package

Importing Data

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Answer

>install.packages(pkgs="gdata")>library(gdata)>data <- read.xls(path)

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1. Select columns (variables)

2. Drop columns (variables)

3. Select Observations (rows)

4. Random Sampling (exercise)

Operations on Dataset/sub-settingx1,x2,x3,class0,2,2,A0,3,2.5,B0,3,3,A1,3,3,B1,3.5,4,c1,3,2,A1,4,2,c1,4,3,A0,1,3,B0,1,4,A1,2,2,c1,2.5,1,A

dataset

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Sub-setting by selecting columnsExample1:# select variables x1, x3myvars <- c(“x1", “x3“)mysubSet<- dataset [myvars]mysubSet

Example2:# select jth variable and kth thru mth variablesnewdata <- dataset[c(j,k:m)]

Operations on Dataset/sub-setting

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Drop some columns# exclude 1st and 3rd variable mysubSet <- dataset[c(-1,-3)]

Also to delete a column assign NULL to the columnExample:# delete variables x1mydata$x1<- NULL

Operations on Dataset/sub-setting

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Select Observations# first n observationsmysubSet <- dataset[1:n,]

# based on variable valuesmysubSet <- dataset[ which(dataset$x3==2 & dataset$x2 > 2), ]

Or equivalently# based on variable valuesattach(dataset)mysubSet <- dataset[ which(x3==2 & x2 > 2), ]detach(dataset)

Operations on Dataset/sub-settingGet row 1 to n, for all columns

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Sampling dataset = read.csv("C:/Users/paul/Desktop/R_wd/Lab/example.csv")datasetdataset[sample(nrow(dataset), 3), ]

Using the dataset in the next box write a script that selects 4 rows randomly.

Step 1: import the file.Step2: use srsdf to sample

Operations on Dataset/sub-setting

x1,x2,x3,class0,2,2,A1,3,2.5,B1.5,3.8,3,A2,4,3,B2.1,3.5,4,c2.3,3.8,2,A2.8,4,2,c3,4,3,A3.2,4.5,3,B3.4,4.6,4,A3.6,4.8,2,c3.6,5,1,A

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Answerdataset = read.csv("C:/Users/paul/Desktop/R_wd/Lab/example.csv")datasetdataset[sample(nrow(dataset), 3), ]

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Operations on Dataset

Split data frame or matrix split() #divide into groups by vector/factorExample>dataset = read.csv("C:/Users/paul/Desktop/R_wd/input/Data_TPRTI/weka/EXAMPLE.csv")>classes<-split(dataset,dataset$class)>classes

Observe that split() has grouped the row of same class together because the group column was specified to be the class column

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• subset() #subset data with logical statementThe subset( ) function is the easiest way to select variables and observations. In the following example, we select all rows that have a value of x3==2 and x2>2. We keep the x1, x2, and class columns. mysubSet<- subset(dataset, x3==2 & x2 >2, select=c(x1, x2,class))

Operations on Dataset/sub-setting

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Use help() to learn about • Merge data framesmerge() #merges two data frames d1, and d2 into one data frame

• Combine a row or column to a data framecbind() :Add a new column to a data frame rbind() : a new row to a data frame

Operations on Dataset/sub-setting

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Practice exercise

Exercise1-Download the dataset Iris fromwww.cs.uh.edu/~zechun_cao/DM12F.html andimport the data Into your R session2-Find out how many classes are in the file. The output column is the last column

3-Multiply the 3rd column by 2 and combine this new column to the data frame.

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Complete the exercise

Thank you!