QUIZ - in 10

NOTES Ch 7 2/23

ArticulationsArticulations

ARTICULATIONS – where two bones meet (joint)

PURPOSE:PURPOSE:

1. Allow movement1. Allow movement

2. Holds skeleton together2. Holds skeleton together

LIGAMENTS – bands of fibrous tissue that LIGAMENTS – bands of fibrous tissue that hold bones together at the jointshold bones together at the joints

3 TYPES OF JOINTS

1.1. SYNARTHROSISSYNARTHROSIS

* immovable joints* immovable joints

EX: sutures of the skullEX: sutures of the skull

2.2. AMPHIARTHROSESAMPHIARTHROSES

* slightly moveable * slightly moveable jointsjoints

EX: pubic symphysis, ribs EX: pubic symphysis, ribs and sternum/ vertebraeand sternum/ vertebrae

3.3. DIARTHOSESDIARTHOSES

* freely movable joints* freely movable joints

* AKA synovial joints* AKA synovial joints

* most common* most common

EX: arms, legs, fingers….EX: arms, legs, fingers….

DIARTHROSES JOINTS

1.1. Articular cartilage – cushion Articular cartilage – cushion 2.2. Synovial cavity – space at the joint filled Synovial cavity – space at the joint filled

with fluidwith fluid3.3. Synovial fluid – liquid that nourishes the Synovial fluid – liquid that nourishes the

cartilage and lubricates the jointcartilage and lubricates the joint4.4. Bursae – fluid filled sacs at the joints that Bursae – fluid filled sacs at the joints that

cushion cushion (bursitis – inflammation of the bursa)(bursitis – inflammation of the bursa)

TYPES OF DIARTHROSES JOINTS1.1. HINGE – only moves HINGE – only moves

forward and backward forward and backward like a doorlike a door

Ex: at the elbowEx: at the elbow

2.2. PIVOT – one bone PIVOT – one bone moves on another bone moves on another bone that is relatively flatthat is relatively flat

Ex: wristEx: wrist

3.3. GLIDING – two flat GLIDING – two flat surfacessurfaces

Ex: shoulder bladeEx: shoulder blade

4.4. BALL AND SOCKET – BALL AND SOCKET – one bone with rounded end one bone with rounded end fits into a cup shapefits into a cup shape

Ex: at the shoulderEx: at the shoulder

JOINT PROBLEMS

ARTHROLOGY – the study of jointsARTHROLOGY – the study of joints

ARTHRITIS

• Inflammation of a jointInflammation of a joint

S: Pain, stiffness, swellingS: Pain, stiffness, swelling

CAUSE:Breakdown of cartilage can be due to CAUSE:Breakdown of cartilage can be due to age ("wear and tear"), obesity, joint injuries, age ("wear and tear"), obesity, joint injuries, heredity, defects in joints and cartilage and heredity, defects in joints and cartilage and repetitive movements while working.repetitive movements while working.

Many types:

RHEUMATOIDRHEUMATOID

- body attacks tissue at - body attacks tissue at jointsjoints

* S: Joints can fuse, * S: Joints can fuse, deformity; paindeformity; pain

OSTEOARTHRITISOSTEOARTHRITIS

- articular cartilage - articular cartilage degeneratesdegenerates

• S: pain, swelling, S: pain, swelling, enlargeenlarge

• 80% americans over 80% americans over 50 have50 have

the cartilage becomes flaky and rough and small pieces break off to form loose bodies in the synovial fluid. This causes irritation and inflammation of the synovial membrane.

How is it treated? Treatment of OA focuses on reducing pain and improving the movement in joints, and may include:Exercises to keep joints flexible and muscles strong Medications to control pain Heat/cold therapies for short term pain relief Surgery to relieve pain and replace damaged joints Injections of thick liquids into the knee joints Weight control to prevent stress on weight-bearing joints

GOUTYGOUTY

- uric acid deposited at - uric acid deposited at joint cavitiesjoint cavities

* S: large joint, pain* S: large joint, pain

DISLOCATION

Bone displaced Bone displaced from joint from from joint from tearing or tearing or stretching of stretching of ligamentligament

S: pain, bones in S: pain, bones in wrong placewrong place

SPRAIN

Injury to joint, Injury to joint, ligament torn but ligament torn but bones not bones not dislocateddislocated

S: Rapids swelling, S: Rapids swelling, painpain

What is really happening when you "crack" your knuckles is that you are actually pushing the joint either back into or out of its normal position. Joints in the fingers are composed of two bones covered by cartilage and held together by a strong, fibrous capsule and ligaments. A lubricant found in the space between the bones is called synovial fluid, which contains gas (mostly carbon dioxide and some nitrogen). When you crack your joints, the bones on either side of the joint space separate, reducing pressure on the synovial fluid. This allows the gas to form bubbles that quickly expand and pop, causing the characteristic "popping" sound you hear. It takes about 5 to 10 minutes for the gas to be reabsorbed into the fluid. This explains why you cannot immediately crack your knuckles again.