Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan: A Voluntary or Forced Decision B12670 SATO AI.
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Transcript of Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan: A Voluntary or Forced Decision B12670 SATO AI.
Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan:A Voluntary or Forced Decision
B12670 SATO AI
さて、ようやく、私の成長戦略の中核である「女性の活躍」について、お話させていただきます
( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )
「社会のあらゆる分野で 2020 年までに指導的地位に女性が占める割合を30 %以上とする」という大きな目標があります。
( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )
いまだに、多くの女性が、育児をとるか仕事をとるかという二者択一を迫られている現実があります。
( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )
仕事で活躍している女性も、家庭に専念している女性も、すべての女性が、その生き方に自信と誇りを持ち、輝けるような日本をつくっていきたいと思います
( Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2013 )
Global Gender Gap Report 2013
in 136
(WEF 2013)
105th
Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan:
A Voluntary or Forced Decision?
日本における出産後の退職は自発的行為か、それとも強制された決断か ?
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
1.Defining Terms
Voluntary:Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will
-OXFORD
1.Defining Terms
Forced:Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power
-OXFORDthe use of threats or orders to make someone do something they do not want to do
coercion
Paraphrase the title:
-Do women really have a choice?
-Are they effectively forced out of the workforce?
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.1 A monetary merit
• Exemption for spouse:配偶者控除 No income or an income of
just over a million yen a year
Wives do not need to pay tax
Husbands are cut off tax amount
2.1 A monetary merit
( Cabinet office 2012 )
Figure1 「妻の今後の就労意向」(子育て中の妻)
Voluntary:Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will
Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan
is
a voluntary
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
■ 賛成、どちらかといえば賛成◆反対、どちらかといえば反対 ▲どちらでもない ( Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013)
Figure2 「夫は外で働き,妻は家庭を守るべきである」という考えをどう思うか?
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
■ 賛成、どちらかといえば賛成◆反対、どちらかといえば反対 ▲どちらでもない ( Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013)
Figure3 「夫は外で働き,妻は家庭を守るべきである」という考えをどう思うか?
( Yomiuri shimbun 2009 )
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
Voluntary:Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will
( Asahi shimbun Digital 2012 )
Figure4 「夫は外で働き、妻は家庭を守るべきか?」
Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan
is
a voluntary
2.Evidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles2.3 Japanese women have choices
2.3 Japanese women have choices
in136
(WEF 2013)
4th
2.3 Japanese women have choices
Gender Gap Subindexes 2013 (0.00=INEQUALITY, 1.00=EQUALITY)
Sweden Japan Labour force participation .................................... 0.93 0.74( 就労率 )
(WEF 2013)
2.3 Japanese women have choices
日本では、「専業主婦」というと社会的に立派な役割を果たしていることがある程度認められています。・・・ところがスウェーデンでは、 Hemmafru( 家にいる婦人)を評価してきませんでした。 ( Nihonkeizaishimbun 2013 )
Voluntary:Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will
Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan
is
a voluntary
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
3.Evidence for a Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.Evidence for a Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
平成 24 年 10 月 1 日【待機児童状況のポイント】○ 保育所入所待機児童数は 46,127 人で平成 23 年 10月と比較し 493 人減少した。
○ 平成 24 年 4 月の待機児増数 24,825 人から、 21,302 人増加( 1.8 倍)した。
( Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012 )
Forced:Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power
Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan
is
A Forced decision
3.Evidence for Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.2 Maternity Harassment
(NHK 2013)
3.2 Maternity Harassment
ある女性は退職願の書類を手に持っていた。この書類は、彼女が育児休暇から戻ったあと、雇用主に契約を延長することは出来ないと言って渡されたものであった。記入を求められた退職願の理由欄には「労働契約期間満了」と下書きがあった。
(Yomiuri shimbun 2013 )
3.2 Maternity Harassment
% of pregnant workers experienced Maternity Harassment
(NHK 2013)
25.6 Forced:
Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power
Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan
is
A Forced decision
3.Evidence for Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
• In 2012,the rate of men who took childcare leaves in Japan was…
Men %1.89
(Asahi shimbun Digital 2013)
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
Housework Men Women
Cleaning house
Cooking
Washing dishes
5.2%
2.1%
4.5%
75.6%
85.2%
74.7%(Kanbara2009.95)
Forced:Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power
Figure5 「家庭における家事分担」
Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan
is
A Forced decision
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
4.AnalysisEvidence for a Voluntary2.1 A monetary merit
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional”gender roles
2.3 Japanese women have choices
4.AnalysisFigure1 「妻の今後の就労意向」
( Cabinet office 2011 )
4.Analysis2.1 A monetary merit
Exemption for spouse:配偶者控除 No income or an income of just
over a million yen a year
103万の壁
4.Analysis2.1 A monetary merit
103 万円=給与所得控除( 65 万円)と基礎控除( 38 万円)
( NPO Seimê Hoken Centre 2013)
Figure6 「 103万の壁?」
Voluntary:Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will
4.Analysis2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
4.Analysis2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles
( Mainabi 2012)
Figure7 「専業主婦になりたいですか?」( 20~29歳の働く未婚女性を対象)
4.Analysis
Voluntary:Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will
Figure8 「ライフイベントによる女性の就業形態の変化」
( Cabinet office Danjo Kyôdô Sankaku Kyoku 2013)
2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” idea
4.Analysis日本では、「専業主婦」というと社会的に立派な役割を果たしていることがある程度認められています。・・・ところがスウェーデンでは、 Hemmafru( 家にいる婦人)を評価してきませんでした。 ( Nihon Keizai
Shimbun2013 )
2.3 Japanese women have choices
4.Analysis2.3 Japanese women have choices
Figure9 「女性の年齢層別労働力率の国際比較」
( Nikkei BP Net 2012 )
4.Analysis
Sweden Japan
Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ....................... 0.93 0.57(およその勤労取得)Legislators, senior officials and managers ............ 0.48 0.10(国会議員、上級職員、経営者)Professional and technical workers ........................ 1.06 0.85(専門家や技術者)
2.3 Japanese women have choices
Voluntary:Done, given, or acting of one’s own free will
(WEF 2013)
4.AnalysisEvidence for a Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
3.2 Maternity Harassment
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
4.Analysis
平成 24 年 10 月 1 日【待機児童状況のポイント】○ 保育所入所待機児童数は 46,127 人で平成 23 年 10月と比較し 493 人減少した。
○ 平成 24 年 4 月の待機児増数 24,825 人から、 21,302 人増加( 1.8 倍)した。
( Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012 )
3.1 Lack of Nursery School
4.Analysis3.1 Lack of Nursery School
Forced:Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power
( Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry 2012 )
Figure10 「都道府県別 待機児童数」
4.Analysis3.2 Maternity Harassment
Figure11 「妊娠・出産前後に退職した理由」
Forced:Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power
( Cabinet office 2012 )
4. Analysis
Housework Men Women
Cleaning house
Cooking
Washing dishes
5.2%
2.1%
4.5%
75.6%
85.2%
74.7%(Kanbara2009.95)
3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
Figure5「家庭における家事分担」
4.Analysis3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan
Forced:Obtained or imposed by coercion or physical power
Figure 12 「 6歳未満児をもつ夫の家事・育児時間( 1日当たり)」
( Cabinet office 2012)
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
4.AnalysisEvidence for a Voluntary
2.1 A monetary merit→×2.2 A lot of people favor Japanese “Traditional” gender roles→×2.3 Japanese women have choices→△
Evidence for a Forced Decision
3.1 Lack of Nursery School→△3.2 Maternity Harassment→△3.3 Cooperation at home in Japan→○
5. Conclusion
Quitting Work After Giving Birth in Japan:a Voluntary or Forced Decision
A Forced Decision
1. Defining Terms
2. Evidence for a Voluntary
3. Evidence for a Forced Decision
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion
Thank you for listening!