QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION Diverse Societies in Africa 1 SECTION The...

QUIT

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

Visual SummaryVisual Summary

SECTION Diverse Societies in Africa 1

SECTION The Kingdom of Aksum and East African Trade 2

SECTION Patterns of Change: Migration 3

8CHAPTER

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African Civilizations 1500 B.C.–A.D. 500

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Chapter Overview

Africans create diverse cultures as they adapt to the varied environments of the continent. Cities with advanced cultures and technologies become great trading centers in West and East Africa while the migrations of Bantu-speaking peoples into southern and eastern Africa create new and unique cultures.

8CHAPTER African Civilizations

1500 B.C.–A.D. 500

500 B.C. Nok people make iron tools.

250 B.C. Djenné-Djeno established in West Africa.

A.D. 100s Bantu migrations underway.

African Civilizations 1500 B.C.–A.D. 5008

CHAPTER

Time Line

1500 B.C. A.D. 500

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1500s B.C. Africans who dwell south of the Sahara live in scattered farming communities or are nomadic herders or hunter-gathers.

A.D. 303 King Ezana rules Aksum. In time, he converts to Christianity.

Africa is a land of contrasting geography. Early Africans adapt to these varied environments, developing diverse cultures in West and East Africa unique to the particular area.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

Diverse Societies in Africa

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

African peoples developed diverse societies as they adapted to varied environments.

Differences among modern societies are also based on people’s interactions with their environments.

Overview


1

AssessmentAssessment

• Sahara

• savanna

• Sahel

• desertification

• extended family

• clan

• animism

• griot

• Djenné-Djeno

• Nok

TERMS & NAMES

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Development of Agriculture

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the main events that followed the development of agriculture on the African savannas.


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Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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people build permanent shelters

settlements expand

new activities/jobs are created

governing bodies form

2. How does adapting to different environments lead to the development of diverse cultures? THINK ABOUT

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1

1 Assessment

• natural resources • Nok accomplishments • migrations of different groups of people

ANSWERANSWER

Adapting to each environment requires different survival skills and leads people to develop unique ways of life. These different ways of life determine what people believe, how they expend their energy, and how they behave—in short, their culture.

Possible Response:

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End of Section 1

The Kingdom of Aksum in East Africa takes control of Red Sea trade routes and becomes an international trading center. Aksum adopts Christianity and creates a cosmopolitan culture but declines as a trading power when Islamic invaders seize control of Africa’s east coast.


Key Idea

The Kingdom of Aksum and East African Trade

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MAPGRAPH


2

The kingdom of Aksum became an international trading power and adopted Christianity.

Ancient Aksum, which is now Ethiopia, is still a center of Eastern Christianity.

Overview


• Aksum

• Adulis

• Ezana MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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MAPGRAPH


2

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the achievements of Aksum.


continued . . .

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Controlled international trade

Spread Christianity

Built stelae

Developed terrace farming

Aksum’s achievements

MAPGRAPH


2

2. Why did the kingdom of Aksum decline? THINK ABOUT


• the rise and spread of Islam

• Aksum’s relocation

• changes in the environment

ANSWERANSWER

Aksum could not hold off the onslaught of Islam and became isolated religiously and geographically. Depletion of natural resources hastened its decline.

continued . . .

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MAPGRAPH

Possible Responses:

3. Do you think that the kingdom of Aksum would have reached the same heights if Ezana had not become king? Explain your answer.

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2

2 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

• No—Ezana’s conversion to Christianity enabled him to unite the kingdom and form close ties with Christian empires.

• Yes—Aksum’s location gave it a unique chance to become a major trade center. Any competent leader could have developed its potential.

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 2

MAPGRAPH

Mass movements of people are an important influence on world history. From 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500, migrations of Bantu-speaking peoples into the southern half of Africa create new cultures as they adapt their skills to the lands they occupy and intermix with other people.


Key Idea

Migration 3HOME

CASE STUDY: Bantu-Speaking Peoples PATTERNS

OF CHANGE

Migration3HOME


OF CHANGE

Throughout history, people have been driven to uproot themselves and explore their world.

Migration continues to shape the modern world.

Overview


• Bantu-speaking peoples

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five reasons why people migrate. Give an example of a migration that occurred for each reason.

continued . . .

Migration3HOME


OF CHANGE

Reasons for migration Example

environmental change prehistoric people

population pressure prehistoric people

economic pressure European settlers

empire building Ottomans

religious freedom European settlers


ANSWERANSWER

• They might have been curious about each other, willing to share ideas.

• Bantu speakers might have been viewed as aggressors to defend against.

Possible Responses:

2. How might the migrating Bantu speakers and the peoples they encountered have reacted to each other? THINK ABOUT

• Bantu culture • territorial wars

Migration3HOME


OF CHANGE

• cultural adaptation

End of Section 3


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