Questions & Answersmedia.wattswater.com/F-36QA.pdf · already familiar with some biofi lms: the...

36Water Safety and Tempering

Legionella

Scalding

Codes and Standards

www.watts.com

Questions& Answers

F-36Q&A.indd 1F-36Q&A.indd 1 9/6/07 3:03:32 PM9/6/07 3:03:32 PM

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What is Legionnaire’s Disease?

Legionnaires’ disease is a lung infection (pneumonia) caused by a bacterium named Legionella pneumophila. The name Legionella pneumophila was derived from the original outbreak at the 1976 American Legion Convention in Philadelphia. A total of 221 people contracted the disease and 34 died.

What is the incidence of Legionnaires Disease?

According to the Center for Disease Control, between 8,000 and 18,000 people are hospitalized with Legionnaires’ disease in the U.S. However, many infections are not diagnosed or reported, so this number may be higher. More illness is usually found in the sum-mer and early fall, but it can happen any time of year. OSHA states, because it is diffi cult to distinguish from other forms of pneumonia, many cases go unreported. They estimate over 25,000 cases of the illness occur each year and cause more than 4,000 deaths.

What is the relationship between water temperature and Legionella survival?

Legionella can survive in a wide range of conditions, including temperatures of 0° to 63°C (32° to 145°F) , and pH of 5.0 to 8.5. Tempera-ture is a critical determinant for Legionella proliferation. Colonization of hot water tanks is more likely if tank temperatures are between 40 and 50°C (104 to 122°F). Legionella and other microor-ganisms become attached to surfaces in an aquatic envi-ronment forming a biofi lm. Legionella has been shown to attach to and colonize various materi-als found in water systems including plastics, rubber, and wood. Or-ganic sediments, scale, and inorganic precipitates provide Legionella with a surface for attachment and a protective barrier.

What are the symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease?

The incubation period of Legionnaires’ disease is from two to ten days; this is the time it takes before symptoms of the illness appear after being exposed to the bacteria. For several days, the patient may feel tired and weak. Most patients who are admitted to the hos-pital develop high fever often greater than 39.5°C (103°F). Cough can be the fi rst sign of a lung infection. Many patients have nausea, vom-iting, and stomach discomfort. Other common symptoms include headaches, muscle aches, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

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Is Legionnaires’ disease contagious?

According to the CDC, Legionnaires’ disease is not contagious. No special precautions are necessary. The disease is transmitted via drinking water, not by infected persons. (So it differs from SARS and infl uenza where masks must be worn). Likewise, women who are pregnant have nothing to fear from patients with Legionnaires’ disease.

How do people contract Legionella?

The most popular theory is that the organism is aerosolized in water and people inhale the droplets containing Legionella. However, new evidence suggests that another way of contracting Legionella is more common. “Aspiration” is the most common way that bacteria enter into the lungs to cause pneumonia. Aspiration means choking such that secretions in the mouth get past the choking refl exes and instead of going into the esophagus and stomach, mistakenly, enter the lung. The protective mechanisms to prevent aspiration are defec-tive in patients who smoke or have lung disease. Aspiration now appears to be the most common mode of transmission.

What are the water sources for Legionnaires’ dis-ease?

Legionellae occur naturally in lakes and streams. They may be transported through potable water distribution lines and then may be aerosolized into the atmosphere. Outbreaks of individual cases of legionellosis have been traced to cooling towers and evapora-tive condensers, potable water services, and components, such as water heaters, showers, faucets, whirlpool baths respiratory therapy equipment, and decorative fountains. More recent data suggests cooling towers, long been thought to be a major source for Legionella, may be an overemphasized mode of transmission. Air conditioners are not a source for Legionnaires’ disease. They were suspected to be the source in the original American Legion outbreak in a Philadelphia hotel, but new data now suggests that the water in the hotel was the actual culprit.

What groups are at highest risk for contracting Le-gionnaires disease?

According to OSHA’s Technical Manual, Legionnaires’ disease is frequently characterized as an “opportunistic” disease that most frequently attacks individuals who have an underlying illness or weakened immune system. The most susceptible include persons who are elderly, smokers, and immune-suppressed. Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), organ-transplant patients, and persons taking corticosteroid therapy are also at elevated risk. The attack rate for the average population is approxi-mately 5% or less. The fatality rate is similar to that of other forms of pneumonia, approximately 15%.

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What is Biofi lm?

Biofi lms are a collection of microorganisms surrounded by the slime they secrete, attached to either an inert or living surface. You are already familiar with some biofi lms: the plaque on your teeth, the slippery slime on river stones, and the gel-like fi lm on the inside of a vase, which held fl owers for a week. Biofi lm exists wherever surfaces contact water. A thin layer of biofi lm usually coats the interior of pip-ing and other water handling equipment. This material provides both habitat and food supply for a range of bacteria including Legionella.

Who is ASSE (American Society of Sanitary Engineer-ing) and what do they do?

From the ASSE website: “The American Society of Sanitary Engi-neering is a nonprofi t organization that is comprised of individual and sustaining members who represent all disciplines of the Plumbing Industry. Its mission is to, in the spirit of its motto “Prevention rather Than Cure,” continually improve the performance, reliability and safe-ty of plumbing systems by: Developing and maintaining consensus product performance and professional qualifi cation standards whose sole purpose is to protect the health of the public. Developing and maintaining active product seal control, and professional qualifi cation credentialing, programs and promoting public awareness about the importance of safe and correct plumbing installations.”

ASSE 1016 is ANSI’s performance standard for bath and shower valves. What are the three types of valves defi ned in this standard?

ASSE defi nes three types of valves. They are pressure balancing or type “P”, thermostatic or type “T” and combination or type T/P. Each valve, by defi nition, has a different set of performance requirements that relates to pressure and temperature changes within a plumbing system. Type P valves must respond to pressure changes up to 50% and hold the set point temperature within ± 3.6°F. There is no require-ment for temperature changes. Thermostatic valves must compen-sate for a minimum of 20% fl uctuations and also 25°F increase in the hot water supply temperature while holding the set point temperature within ± 3.6°F after fi ve seconds. Combination valves must do the work of both type P and type T valves and account for 50% changes in supply pressure and protect against 25°F incoming hot water increases while holding ± 3.6°F.

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In a recent nationwide survey of guest room water temperature in hotels, what percentage of rooms did the hot water temperature exceed 125°F and 140°F?

In an ongoing survey conducted by Watts Water Technologies that includes over 350 hotel stays, at 52 hotel chains and independents in 41 states, 53.1% of hotels delivered hot water in excess of 125°F at the shower and 61.9% at the lavatory. 12.2% of stays recorded water in excess of 140°F at the shower and 9.7% at the lavatory. At 140°F, it takes only three seconds to sustain a fi rst degree burn and fi ve seconds to sustain a third degree burn.

According to the same survey, the average maximum water temperature recorded in the shower and lava-tory for 350 rooms was:

124.8°F and 127.0°F respectively. Maximum temperature was mea-sured by turning shower valves and lavatory faucets to their full hot position, and then maximum outlet temperatures were recorded.

What is “thermal shock” and what are its’ conse-quences?

The Plumbing Manufactures Institute (PMI) defi nes thermal shock as the “physical reaction of a person to a rapid and uncomfort-able change in shower water temperature. It can be towards hot-ter or colder water”. Temperature change can result from a sudden change in water pressure (toilet fl ushing) or dramatic change in water temperature (upstream valve failure). An individual’s ability to react quickly and safely is key. The danger of sudden movements to avoid dramatic temperature change is slipping and falling. Ideally, if the supply of cold or hot water is lost, the water fl ow should be shut down immediately. Termination of fl ow would eliminate the instinctive but dangerous reaction to move quickly away from a too hot or too cold-water stream.

How many of the following ASSE standards (1016, 1017, 1062, 1069, 1070, 1071) are written around ther-mostatic or temperature sensing valves. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) All

The answer is D) All. Each of these standards (new, existing or revised) specify thermostatic or temperature sensing technology to protect the user. Only ASSE 1016 for bath and showers identifi es pressure-balancing valves as one of three options for bather protec-tion, the other two being thermostatic.

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Scald Stats %No. of Showers with Unsafe (115°F+)

88.3% Max. Water Temperature

No. of Showers with Unsafe (125°F+)

53.1%Max. Water Temperature

No. of Showers with Unsafe (140°F+)


No. of Faucets with Unsafe (115°F+)







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ASSE 1070 entitled Performance Requirements for Water Temperature Limiting Devices was developed for what tempering valve applications?

From the ASSE website: Water Temperature Limiting Devices shall control and limit the water temperature to fi ttings for fi xtures such as sinks, lavatories or bathtubs and are intended to reduce the risk of scalding. These devices are intended to supply tempered water to plumbing fi xture fi ttings, or be integral with plumbing fi xture fi ttings supplying tempered water.

Can a pressure balancing valve (ASSE 1016, Type P) sense incoming water temperature changes?

No, pressure-balancing valves can only sense pressure changes within a plumbing system, like a toilet fl ushing. ASSE 1016 tests these valves for their ability to sense incoming pressure and com-pensate for it to maintain set point. Type P valves rely on the manual readjustment of the high-temperature limit stop to restrict handle rotation to the hot side of the valve when incoming water tempera-tures rise.

Should an ASSE 1017 (Performance Requirements for Temperature Actuated Mixing Valves for Hot Water Distribution Systems) device be used for temperature protection at the point-of-use, i.e. lavatory or shower?

No they should not. As defi ned by ASSE, Tempera-ture Actuated Mixing Valves for Hot Water Distribution Systems are used for controlling in-line water tem-peratures in domestic potable hot water systems and shall be installed at the hot water source. They are not intended for end use application.

What age groups are at the greatest risk for scalding?

According to the America Burn Association (ABA), young children under four years of age, older adults ages sixty-fi ve plus, and people with disabilities are most vulnerable to this type of injury. Most burn injuries happen in the home with tap water scalds occurring in the bathroom or other bathing areas. Males are about twice as likely to be scalded as females in all age groups.

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Why are children at such great risk for scalding?

According to the National Safe Kids Campaign, young children are at especially high risk for burns. Because they have thinner skin than older children and adults, their skin burns at lower temperatures and more deeply. Young children also may not perceive danger as readily, may have less control over their environment, may lack the ability to escape a life-threatening burn situation and may not be able to tolerate the physical stress of a burn injury. In 2003 an estimated 83,300 children ages 14 and under were treated in hospital emergency rooms for burn-re-lated injuries. Of these injuries, approximately 52,200 were thermal burns, 21,000 were scald burns, 6,100 were chemical burns and 1,400 were electrical burns.

Why are the elderly at great risk as well?

According to Paul Taheri, M.D., MBA, Medical Director of the Univer-sity of Michigan Trauma Burn Center, “The exposure time for each temperature can be cut in half for the elderly because their skin is thinner and more sensitive. Also, they are unable to react as quickly due to their age or physical limitations. They recommend that anti-scald devices such as thermostatic mixing valves be installed near the water heater [ASSE 1017] to mix the hot and the cold water to deliver it at the safer temperature of 120°F. This is especially impor-tant when one system supplies hot water to numerous apartments or units. In addition, anti-scald safety devices that limit the water fl ow to a trickle [ASSE 1062] if it exceeds 120°F should be installed on showerheads and faucets. These products are inexpensive, easy to install and ideal for older homes and buildings built before code requirements for safe showers and bathtub temperature limits were in place.

According to the US Census Bureau, the population for those between the ages of 65 - 84 will ______ by the year 2050? A) Double B) Triple C) Quadruple D) Quintuple

Answer: A) Double. According to the 2000 U.S. Census Bureau statistics, the projected population for those between the ages of 65 and 84 will double to over 60 million and represent nearly 16% of the population, a 5% increase over today’s number. According to the same survey, the 85+ population will quadruple, increasing to over 20 million and represent 5% of the total population compared to today’s 1.5%.

How long does it take for a bather to sustain a fi rst-degree burn at 120°F, 130°F and 140°F?

At 120°F it takes 8 minutes to sustain a fi rst-degree burn. At 130°F it takes only 30 seconds and at 140°F it takes a mere 3 seconds to obtain a fi rst-degree burn.

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According to ASHRAE’s Legionellosis Position Docu-ment, what are some methods for minimizing the colonization or amplifi cation of the bacteria?

1. Avoid piping that is capped and has no fl ow (dead legs). 2. Control domestic water temperature to avoid temperature ranges where Le-gionellae grow and keep domestic cold water below 25°C (77°F) and hot water above 55°C (131°F). Measures to prevent scalding are es-sential. 3. Apply biocides in accordance with label dosages to control growth of other bacteria, algae, and protozoa that may contribute to nutritional needs of Legionellae. 4. Removing or preventing sediment accumulation in cooling basins, decorative fountains, or hot water tanks. Engineering management of potable systems should include: 1. Temperature control (see above). 2. Plumbing enhancements that may include self-draining shower lines, anti-scald valves, pipe insula-tion, or other devices that control water temperature.

What is The Center for Disease Control’s (CDC) rec-ommendations for minimizing the risks of Legionella and scalding in relation to domestic water tempera-ture settings?

The Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Healthcare Facilities, Recommendations of the CDC and HICPAC, published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services states, “cold water in healthcare facilities should be stored and distributed at tem-peratures below 68°F, hot water should be stored above 140°F and circulated with a minimum return temperature of 124°F, or the highest temperature specifi ed in state regulations and building codes. If the return temperature setting of 124°F is permitted, then installation of preset thermostatic mixing valve near the point-of-use can help prevent scalding”.

What OSHA’s (Occupational and Safety Health Admin-istration) recommendations for minimizing the risks of Legionella and scalding for hot water distribution?

According to the OSHA Technical Manual on Legionnaires disease (Section 3:Chapter 7), “To minimize the growth of Legionella in the system, domestic hot water should be stored at a minimum of 60°C (140°F) and delivered at a minimum of 50°C (122°F) to all outlets. The hot-water tank should be drained periodically to remove scale and sediment and cleaned with chlorine solution if possible. The tank must be thoroughly rinsed to remove excess chlorine before reuse. Eliminate dead legs when possible, or install heat tracing to maintain 50°C (122°F) in the lines. Rubber or silicone gaskets provide nutrients for the bacteria, and removing them will help control growth of the or-ganism. Frequent fl ushing of these lines should also reduce growth. Domestic hot-water recirculation pumps should run continuously. They should be excluded from energy conservation measures.”

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Which of the following devices provide thermostatic protection for the bather or user for faucets and showers. A) Handle Rotation or Limit Stop B) Hot Wa-ter Heater Thermostat C) A Mechanical Mixer D) All of the Above E) None of the above

Answer E) None of the Above. A high-temperature stop simply limits the travel of the handle to the hot side of the valve. If the incoming hot water supply temperature changes, the limit stop must be manu-ally readjusted to maintain set point. It is a mechanical device with no means of sensing and automatically adjusting for temperature changes. Hot water heater manufacturers themselves warn thermo-stats are not thermostatic devices. Thermostats are susceptible to failure and will pass on hotter water if they fail or due to conditions like “stacking”. A single control faucet is a proportional mechanical mixer. It has no internal tempering mechanism and therefore cannot sense and adjust to water temperature.

The 2006 International Plumbing Code (IPC) recently adopted what ASSE listed product for tempering wa-ter to whirlpool tubs, public lavatories and bidets. A) ASSE 1069 B) ASSE 1070 C) ASSE 1071

Answer B) ASSE 1070. Section 424.5 entitled Bathtub and Whirl-pool Bathtub Valves states, “the hot water supplied to bathtubs and whirlpool shall be limited to a maximum temperature of 120°F by a water temperature limiting device that conforms to ASSE 1070, ex-cept where such protection is otherwise provided by a combination tub/shower valve in accordance with section 424.3 [ASSE 1016]. Section 416.5 entitled Tempered Water for Public Handwashing Fa-cilities states,“Tempered water shall be delivered from public hand-washing facilities, through an approved water temperature limiting device that conforms to the ASSE 1070. Section 408.3 covers bidet water temperature.

What is ASSE 1069, entitled Performance Require-ments for Automatic Temperature Control Mixing Valves, and what does it cover?

These devices shall be designed to supply only tempered water (single pipe) to the end user in applications such as gang showers, and automatically compensate for pressure and/or temperature variations in water distribution systems. A typical application may be a bank of push button metering showers in a school locker room. These valves must be equipped with an adjustable means to limit the setting of the device towards the hot position and are designed to be the fi nal temperature control (with no other tempering valves downstream).

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What does the term “stacking” mean in reference to a hot water heater; and why is it important to under-stand?

Stacking occurs when short draws of hot water (3 gallons or less) are taken from the water heater tank. This causes increased cycling of the burner and can result in increased and dangerous water temperatures at the hot water outlet. This situation can occur in gas water heaters where heat is absorbed into the water above the level of the thermostat.

What are the most common reasons for supply temperature change at the point-of-use in residential and commercial plumbing systems?

Cold and hot water temperatures change for a variety of reasons. Cold water supply experiences seasonal changes throughout the year. Cold water temperature can change as much as 30°F from winter to summer in some regions of the country. Hot water supply temperature changes include: authorized or unauthorized adjust-ment of master tempering valves due to resident/guest complaints, master tempering valve failure, system pressure fl uctuations, boiler malfunction/failure and improperly sized master tempering valves at the point-of-source.

What type of device does ASSE 1062 cover and how does it protect bathers from scalding water?

Performance Requirements for Temperature Actuated, Flow Reduc-tion (TAFR) Valves for Individual Fixture Fittings applies to individual supply fi ttings, such as showers, tubs and lavatories. These valves are designed as safety “add-ons” or low cost insurance policies that provide a fi nal line of defense against excessive hot water tem-peratures. They are easily retrofi tted to existing fi ttings and are ideal for adding temperature protection to pressure balancing or simple mechanical mixers or faucets. If water temperature exceeds the set or trigger point (no higher than 120°F), the valve will dramatically re-duce fl ow to 0.25 gpm. They reset once water temperature returns to a safe level.

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The 2006 Uniform Plumbing Code clearly states their position on hot water temperature limitation for pub-lic lavatories and whirlpool bathtubs. What is it?

Sections 413.1 and section 414.5 read, “The water heater thermo-stat shall not be considered a control for meeting this provision”.

Water heater manufacturers place warning labels on every tank with three specifi c warnings related to water temperature. What are they?

1) “Water temperatures over 125°F can cause death from scalding” 2) “Children, disabled, elderly at highest risk” 3) “Temperature limit-ing devices are available”.

What are the different degrees of burns as defi ned by The American Burn Association?

First degree burns are superfi cial and our typically caused by the sun or minor scalds. They generally heal within 3 – 5 days with no scarring. They are painful and leave the skin a pink to red color. Second degree burns damage but do not destroy the top two lay-ers of skin. They result in blisters and swelling and leave the skin a bright pink to cherry read color. They are very painful and generally heal within 10-21 days. A third degree burn is a full thickness burn and destroys all layers of skin. It may involve fat, muscle and bone and will require grafting for healing. Skin may be bright red or dry and leathery/charred. Veins may be visible. The person is unable to feel touch in areas of full thickness injury.

At what hot temperature does the average person begin to feel pain? A) 101°F B) 106°F C) 112°F D) 120°F

Answer: B) 106°F

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Effects of Water Temperature

Water temperature over 125°F can cause severe burns instantly or death from scalds.

Children, disabled and elderly are at highest risk of being scalded.

See instruction manual before setting temperature at water heater.

Feel water before bathing or showering.

Temperature limiting valves are available, see manual.


F-36Q&A 0736 © Watts Regulator Company, 2007

HEADQUARTERS: Watts Regulator Company 815 Chestnut St., North Andover, MA 01845-6098 U.S.A. 978 688-1811 978 794-1848

Edwards, Platt & Deely, Inc. 277 Royal Ave., Hawthorne, NJ 07506 973 427-2898 973 427-4246Edwards, Platt & Deely, Inc. 368 Wyandanch Ave., North Babylon, NY 11703 631 253-0600 631 253-0303W. P. Haney Co., Inc. 51 Norfolk Ave., South Easton, MA 02375 508 238-2030 508 238-8353

J. B. O’Connor Company, Inc. P.O. Box 12927, Pittsburgh, PA 15241 724 745-5300 724 745-7420RMI Glenfield Bus. Ctr., 2535 Mechanicsville Tpk., Richmond, VA 23223 804 643-7355 804 643-7380The Joyce Agency, Inc. 8442 Alban Rd., Springfield, VA 22150 703 866-3111 703 866-2332Vernon Bitzer Associates, Inc. 980 Thomas Drive, Warminster, PA 18974 215 443-7500 215 443-7573WMS Sales, Inc. (Main office) 9580 County Rd., Clarence Center, NY 14032 716 741-9575 716 741-4810

Billingsley & Associates, Inc. 2728 Crestview Ave., Kenner, LA 70062-4829 504 602-8100 504 602-8106Billingsley & Associates, Inc. 478 Cheyenne Lane, Madison, MS 39110 601 856-7565 601 856-8390Francisco J. Ortiz & Co., Inc. Charlyn Industrial Pk., Road 190 KM1.9 - Lot #8, Carolina, Puerto Rico 00983 787 769-0085 787 750-5120Mid-America Marketing, Inc. 203 Industrial Drive, Birmingham, AL 35211 205 879-3469 205 870-5027Mid-America Marketing, Inc. 1364 Foster Avenue, Nashville, TN 37210 615 259-9944 615 259-5111Mid-America Marketing, Inc. 5466 Old Hwy. 78, Memphis, TN 38118 800 365 6154 901 795-0394Smith & Stevenson Co., Inc. 4935 Chastain Ave., Charlotte, NC 28217 704 525-3388 704 525-6749Harry Warren, Inc. 1400 North Orange Blossom Trail, Orlando, FL 32804 407 841-9237 407 841-9246Watts Georgia 2861-B Bankers Industrial Drive, Atlanta, GA 30360 770 209-3310 770 447-4583

Aspinall Associates, Inc. 6840 Hillsdale Court, Indianapolis, IN 46250 317 849-5757 317 845-7967Dave Watson Associates 1325 West Beecher, Adrian, MI 49221 517 263-8988 517 263-2328Disney McLane & Associates 428 McGregor Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45206 800 542-1682 877 476-1682BWA Company 17610 S. Waterloo Rd., Cleveland, OH 44119 216 486-1010 216 486-2860Mid-Continent Marketing Services Ltd. 1724 Armitage Ct., Addison, IL 60101 630 953-1211 630 953-1067Soderholm & Associates, Inc. 7150 143rd Ave. N.W., Anoka, MN 55303 763 427-9635 763 427-5665Stickler & Associates 333 North 121 St., Milwaukee, WI 53226 414 771-0400 414 771-3607

Hugh M. Cunningham, Inc. 13755 Benchmark, Dallas, TX 75234 972 888-3808 972 888-3838HMC Sandia Group 13755 Benchmark, Dallas, TX 75234 505 222-3134 972 888-3838Mack McClain & Associates 4407 Meramec Bottom, Suite G, St. Louis, MO 63129 314 894-8188 314 894-8388Mack McClain & Associates, Inc. 1450 NE 69th Place, Ste. 56 Ankeny, IA 50021 515 288-0184 515 288-5049Mack McClain & Associates, Inc. 15090 West 116th St., Olathe, KS 66062 913 339-6677 913 339-9518OK! Sales, Inc. 214-A NE 12th., Moore, OK 73160 405 794-5200 405 794-5250

Delco Sales, Inc. 1930 Raymer Ave., Fullerton, CA 92833 714 888-2444 714 888-2448Delco Sales, Inc. 111 Sand Island Access Rd., Unit I-10, Honolulu, HI 96819 808 842-7900 808 842-9625Fanning & Associates, Inc. 6765 Franklin St., Denver, CO 80229-7111 303 289-4191 303 286-9069Hollabaugh Brothers & Associates 6915 South 194th St., Kent, WA 98032 253 867-5040 253 867-5055Hollabaugh Brothers & Associates 3028 S.E. 17th Ave., Portland, OR 97202 503 238-0313 503 235-2824P I R Sales, Inc. 3050 North San Marcos Place, Chandler, AZ 85225 480 892-6000 480 892-6096Preferred Sales 31177 Wiegman Road, Hayward, CA 94544 510 487-9755 510 476-1595R. E. Fitzpatrick Sales, Inc. 4109 West Nike Dr. (8250 South), West Jordan, UT 84088 801 282-0700 801 282-0600

Watts Industries (Canada) Inc. (Watts Regulator Co. Division) 5435 North Service Road, Burlington, Ontario L7L 5H7 905 332-4090 905 332-7068Con-Cur West Marketing, Inc. 71B Clipper Street, Coquitlam, British Columbia V3K 6X2 604 540-5088 604 540-5084D.C. Sales Ltd. #10-6130 4th St. S.E., Calgary, Alberta T2H 2B6 403 253-6808 403 259-8331D.C. Sales Ltd. 16726 111 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta T5M 2S6 780 496-9495 780 496-9621GTA Sales Team. Greater Toronto Area 888 208-8927 888 479-2887Hydro-Mechanical Sales, Ltd. 3700 Joseph Howe Drive, Suite 1, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3L 4H7 902 443-2274 902 443-2275Hydro-Mechanical Sales, Ltd. P.O. Box 1445 (Mailing), 297 Collishaw St., Suite 7 (shipping) Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 9R2 506 859-1107 506 859-2424J.D.S. Sales Ltd. 4 Lancaster Street, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1A 5P7 709 579-5771 709 579-1558Les Ent. Roland Lajoie 6221 Marivaux, St-Leonard, QC H1P 3H6 514 328-6645 514 328-6131Les Ent. Roland Lajoie 23 du Buisson, Pont Rouge, QC G3H 1X9 418 873-2500 418 873-2505Mar-Win Agencies, Ltd. 1333 Clifton St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 2V1 204 775-8194 204 786-8016Northern Mechanical Sales P.O. Box 280 (mailing) 163 Pine St. (shipping), Garson, Ontario P3L 1S6 705 693-2715 705 693-4394Palser Enterprises, Ltd. P.O. Box 28136 (mailing), 1885 Blue Heron Dr., #4, London, Ontario N6H 5L9 519 471-9382 519 471-1049RAM Mechanical Marketing Inc. 1401 St. John Street, Regina, Saskatchewan S4R 1S5 306 525-1986 306 525-0809RAM Mechanical Marketing Inc. 510 Ave M South, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7M 2K9 306 244-6622 306 244-0807Walmar Mechanical Sales 24 Gurdwara Rd., Nepean, Ontario K2E 8B5 613 225-9774 613 225-0673

EXPORT Hdqtrs.: Watts Regulator Co. 815 Chestnut St., North Andover, MA 01845-6098 U.S.A. 978 688-1811 978 794-1848

Fax #For Technical Assistance Call Your Authorized Watts Agent.

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USA: 815 Chestnut St., No. Andover, MA 01845-6098; www.watts.comCanada: 5435 North Service Rd., Burlington, ONT. L7L 5H7; www.wattscanada.ca

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