General Introduction about Questionnaire design

Stages of questionnaire development to prune and refine the questionnaire

Relationship between Objective, Hypothesis,Data Analysis with examples

Example of a research questionnaire Group exercise

A QUESTIONNAIRE IS A LIST OF QUESTIONS SENT TO A NUMBER OF PERSONS FOR THEM TO ANSWER.

A QUESTIONNAIRE WHETHER IT IS CALLED A SCHEDULE, INTERVIEW FORM OR MEASURING INSTRUMENTS IS A FORMALIZED SET OF QUESTIONS FOR OBTAINING INFORMATION FROM RESPONDENTS.

Much of the data in clinical research is gathered using questionnaires or interviews.

The reliability and validity of the results depends on the quality of these instruments.

◦Good questionnaires are difficult to construct; bad questionnaires are difficult to analyze.

4

SUPERFICIAL- difficult to capture the richness

of meaning

INFORMATION IS SELF REPORT-does not necessarily reflect true behavior

POOLING OF IGNORANCE

STRUCTURED

UN STRUCTURED

PICTORIAL

Questiontype

Open ended

Closed ended

Simple dichotomy

Multiple choice

Determinant choice

Check-list

TYPES OF QUESTIONS

1. Open-ended – Questions in which the respondent answers in his own words

2. Closed-ended (or Fixed Alternative) – Question in which respondent selects one or more options from pre-determined set of responses◦ Simple dichotomy Closed ended question with

only two response alternatives◦ Multiple Choice Closed ended question with more

than two response alternatives Determinant choice – Multiple choice question in which

respondent must select only one of the response alternatives

Checklist question - Multiple choice question in which respondent can select more than one of the response alternatives

Response categories provided for each close-ended question should be mutually exclusive and exhaustive

1. Mutually Exclusive Response categories must be such that the same respondent cannot be classified into more than one category; e.g. the categories Rs.1,000-5,000 and Rs.5,000-10,000 are not mutually exclusive.

2. Mutually Exhaustive – Response categories should include all possible response options. Sometimes this is achieved by including a response option like “Other (Please specify)….”

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

QUESTIONNAIRE/QUESTIONS FORMAT STRUCTURED

UNSTRUCTURED

LANGUAGE

TYPE OF QUESTIONS

ADMINISTRATION

WORDING OF QUESTIONS GENERAL TO SPECIFIC ( INVERTED FUNNEL APPROACH) SEQUENCE OF QUESTIONS EASY QUESTION FORMATS PERSONAL QUESTIONS AT THE END DOUBLE BARREL QUESTION SHOULD BE AVOIDED QUESTIONS SHOULD BE HELPFUL IN TABULATIONS &

ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS

• Keep questionnaire short if possible, but not too short that you sacrifice needed information

• Do not over crowd questionnaire

• Provide decent margin space

• Use multiple- grid layout for questions with similar responses

• Use good quality print paper.

• Use booklet form if possible

Sometimes, several questions are needed to obtain the required information in an unambiguous manner. Consider the question:

“Do you think Coca-Cola is a tasty and refreshing soft drink?”

(Incorrect)

Such a question is called a double-barreled question, because two or more questions are combined into one. To obtain the required information, two distinct questions should be asked:  

“Do you think Coca-Cola is a tasty soft drink?” and “Do you think Coca-Cola is a refreshing soft drink?”

(Correct)

How many gallons of soft drinks did youconsume during the last four weeks? (Incorrect)

How often do you consume soft drinks in a typical week? (Correct)1.                  ___ Less than once a week2.                  ___ 1 to 3 times per week3.                  ___ 4 to 6 times per week4.                  ___ 7 or more times per week

In a typical month, how often do you shop in department stores?_____ Never_____ Occasionally_____ Sometimes_____ Often_____ Regularly

(Incorrect)

In a typical month, how often do you shop in department stores?_____ Less than once_____ 1 or 2 times_____ 3 or 4 times_____ More than 4 times (Correct)

Do you think that Anna Hazare support to Baba Ramdev

Against corruption would irritate Congress party ?_____ Yes_____ No_____ Don't know

(Incorrect)

Do you think that Anna Hazare should support baba Ramdev in his fight against corruption ?

_____ Yes_____ No_____ Don't know

(Correct)

EXPLORATORY INTERVIEWS

EXPLORATORY INTERVIEWS

PILOT STUDY AND PRE-TESTING OF THE INSTRUMENT PILOT STUDY AND PRE-TESTING OF THE INSTRUMENT

MODIFICATION OF THE INSTRUMENT MODIFICATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

PRETESTING OF INSTRUMENT BY PROFFESSIONALS (CONTENT VALIDITY)

PRETESTING OF INSTRUMENT BY PROFFESSIONALS (CONTENT VALIDITY)

REVIEW OF LITERATUREREVIEW OF LITERATURE

IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL POINTS

IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL POINTS

DESIGN OF SURVEY INSTRUMENT BY CAREFUL SELECTION OF ITEMSDESIGN OF SURVEY INSTRUMENT BY CAREFUL SELECTION OF ITEMS

DATA COLLECTION FROM RESPONDENTSDATA COLLECTION FROM RESPONDENTS

DATA ANALYSIS

SCALE RELIABILITY USING CRONBACH ALPHA KMO TEST

VALIDITY ASSESMENT

FACE VALIDITY CONSTRUCT VALIDITY CONTENT VALIDITY

DATA ANALYSIS

SCALE RELIABILITY USING CRONBACH ALPHA KMO TEST

VALIDITY ASSESMENT

FACE VALIDITY CONSTRUCT VALIDITY CONTENT VALIDITY

MODIFICATION,REFINEMENT AND FINAL ISATION OF INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

MODIFICATION,REFINEMENT AND FINAL ISATION OF INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

Objective: To Study the Proximity and Distance among various Promotional Tools

   Q. The following are the pairs of different promotional Methods. Select

ONE Method out of each pair which is more effective than the other in your opinion.

 Two Methods Which ONE is More Effective

Advertising or Sales Promotion

Advertising or Public Relation

Advertising or Direct Marketing

Advertising or Personal Selling

Sales Promotion or Public Relation

Sales Promotion or Direct Marketing

Sales Promotion or Personal Selling

Public Relation or Direct Marketing

Public Relation or Personal Selling

Direct Marketing or Personal Selling

Dimension 1210-1

Dim

en

sio

n 2

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

PS

DM

PR

SP

ADV

Derived Stimulus Configuration

Euclidean distance model

Objective: To Select the Best Promotional Method for a Particular Promotional Objective (Promotional Performance Attribute)

Q. On the basis of given attributes in the very left column, which method of promotion is most preferred (indicated in right columns)

(Note: Please select () the one best method for each attribute)

Methods Advertising PersonalSelling

Sales Promotion

Direct Marketing

Public Relation Attributes

Which Method has Mass AppealWhich method is Least Expensive Which Method Attracts Maximum CustomersWhich Method is Best for Introducing New SchemesWhich is best to remind customers Which Method is most informative Which Method is Most Convincing

Promotional Methods

No. of Respondents Preferred

Ranking

Advertising 86

1

Personal Selling 06

5

Sales Promotion15

4

Direct Marketing23

3

Public Relations

30

2

Total 160

Executives’ Preference of Promotional Methods for “Mass Appeal”

Executives’ Preference of Promotional Methods for “Least Expensive”

Promotional Methods

No. of Respondents Preferred

Ranking

Advertising 31 3

Personal Selling 21 4

Sales Promotion 13 5

Direct Marketing 48 1

Public Relations 47 2

Total 160

Null Hypothesis Ho Selection of Promotional Methods is

Independent to Promotional Performance Attribute.

Alternative Hypothesis

H1 Selection of Promotional Methods is dependent on Promotional Performance Attribute

Promotional Methods O E O-E (O-E)² (O-E)²/EAdvertising 86 32 54 2916 91.125Personal Selling 6 32 -26 676 21.125Sales Promotion 15 32 -17 289 9.03125Direct Marketing 23 32 -9 81 2.53125Publicity/Public Relations 30 32 -2 4 0.125

∑  (O-E)²/E = 123.938

One Sample Chi Square Test of Responses for “Mass Appeal”

Since the calculated chi square value is far greater than the critical chi-square value, there is strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis of Independence and accept the alternative hypothesis of dependence for first promotional performance attribute i.e. ‘Mass Appeal’

S.No Factors 1 2 3 4 5A Location of the property (heart of city, outskirts)

B Product Offerings like 2 rooms or 3 rooms etc,

Surface area covered parking space, security etc.C Location Convenience (according to individual)

D Infrastructure Facilities (electricity, school, hospitals)

E Connectivity

F Government policy

G Competitors pricing strategy

H Prices fixed by developers

I Demand and supply in the market

J Promotion by developers

K Contribution of metro rail in hike of property

L Ease of home loans by banks

M Presence of private bank

N Presence of private builders

O Arrival of Common Wealth Games in 2010

P Value-addition activities (quality fixtures, mass customization, Wi-Fi connectivity etc.)

Q Legality of property

R Economic conditions

P Value-addition activities (quality fixtures, mass customization Wi-Fi connectivity etc.)

Q Legality of property

R Economic conditions

LOCATION CONTRIBUTION OF BUILDERS INFRASTRUCTURE COMPETITION ECONOMIC REGULATORY PROMOTION

NULL HYPOTHESIS

THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE OPINION OF BUYERS AND DEVELOPERS ON PRICE

ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS

THERE IS SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE OPINION

OF BUYERS AND DEVELOPERS IN THE PRICE.