Planktonic foraminiferal response to the Last Glacial Termination and their application to Holocene
Quaternary modelling case studies 1)Last Glacial Inception : ~115kyrBP 2)Last Glacial Maximum :...
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Quaternary modelling case studies
1) Last Glacial Inception : ~115kyrBP
2) Last Glacial Maximum : ~21kyrBP
3) The mid-Holocene : ~6kyrBP
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Focus on 3 important periods in the last 150,000 years.
Mid-Holocene, 6kyrBP
Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Glacial Inception, 115kyrBP
Petit et al, Nature, 399, 429-436, 1999.
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End of the last interglacial. Initiation of large ice-sheets.
Glacial Inception, 115kyrBP
1) Last Glacial Inception
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Northern and Southern hemisphere ice-sheet volume similar to present.
CO2 similar to pre-industrial modern.
Difference: ORBIT!
Higher eccentricity and lower obliquity than present, but perihelion unchanged => cooler NH summers! Vettoretti and Peltier, 2004
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Caused by build-up of snow which survives the summer.
Geological evidence points to inception on Queen Elizabeth Islands and Baffin Islands.
Elevation [metres]
See Clark et al, Quaternary Science Reviews, 12, 79-114, 1993.
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First modelling studies in 80’s fail to simulate inception.
Mid-90’s, first successful inception experiment.
Ocean temperature changes, accuracy of model’s present-day climate both important. Dong and Valdes, Journal of Climate, 8, 2471-2496, 1995.
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Ocean circulation changes also important.
Khodri et al, 2001
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Vettoretti and Peltier, 2004
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Vegetation changes also important.
Boreal forest/tundra – snow - albedo feedback.
See also de Noblet et al, Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 3191-3194, 1996, Dorman & Sellers 1989
Snowy Forest: low albedo Snowy Tundra: high albedo
Evergreen trees:summer to winter = 10 to 12% - LOW
Evergreen trees:summer to winter = 10 to 12% - LOW
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More recent work includes fully dynamic ice sheet models….but relatively simple EMICs…..
Transient simulations
Kubatzki et al, Climate Dynamics (2006) 27: 333–344Kubatzki et al, 2006
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See also Loutre, 2002, ‘An Exceptionally Long Interglacial Ahead?’Also papers by Mysak.
Archer and Ganopolski, ‘A movable trigger: Fossil fuel CO2 and the onset of the next glaciation’
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Largest mass of land-ice in the last 130,000 years.
Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Incoming solar radiation distribution very similar to present.
CO2 at approx 185ppmv ( pre-industrial 280ppmv, present approx 380ppmv (and rising!)).
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Observations: global ice-sheet area reconstruction, derived from position of glacial morraines.
Modern [fraction] LGM
Peltier, Science, 265, 195-201, 1994.
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Observations: global topographic reconstruction, derived from observed rebound of lithosphere.
Modern [metres] LGM
Peltier, Science, 265, 195-201, 1994.
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Kageyama et al, 2006
ICE-4G ICE-5G
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Observations: global sea-surface temperature: CLIMAP. Derived from bugs, e.g. foraminifera, in ocean sediments.
December
SST, oC
LGM-present
CLIMAP project members, Map and chart ser. MC-36, 1981. For updated version see also Hostetler and Mix, Nature, 399, 673-676, 1999. Also, newer MARGO data.
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Kucera et al, 2005
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de Vernal et al, 2006
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Observations: global sea-ice extent: CLIMAP, again from ocean sediments.
Modern [fraction] LGM
December
CLIMAP project members, Map and chart ser. MC-36, 1981.
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Observations: terrestrial pollen data.
Kageyama et al, Climate Dynamics, 17, 23-43, 2001
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
History of LGM modelling
GCMs with constrained (CLIMAP) SSTs and sea-ice extent, constrained (Peltier ICE4G icesheets), constrained CO2. (PMIP).
GCMs with simple ocean (thermodynamic, not dynamic) and seaice, constrained (Peltier ICE4G icesheets), constrained CO2.
GCMs with fully-dynamic ocean and seaice and vegetation, constrained (Peltier ICE5G icesheets), constrained CO2. (PMIP2).
PMIP2 website: http://www-lsce.cea.fr/pmip2/
PMIP1 website: http://www-lsce.cea.fr/pmip/
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Annual mean, surface temp change, LGM-present day.
July, surface wind strength, LGM.
Hadley centre model results, fixed SSTs, seaice extent.
Jost et al, Climate Dynamics, 2005.
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Hadley-centre model (and others) too warm over Europe! Models are not sensitive enough to the imposed boundary conditions.
Fixed SSTs, seaice.
Hadley-Centre model, 96x72.
Jost et al, Climate Dynamics, 2005.
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
PMIP1 models.
All models are too warm relative to present in western Europe at the LGM.
Why?
Inherent model flaws?
Resolution?
Boundary conditions?
Data is wrong?! Kageyama et al, Climate Dynamics, 17, 23-43, 2001
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Fixed SSTs, seaice.
Hadley-Centre REGIONAL model. Very high resolution over Europe. Regional model much better
representation of temperature.
Jost et al, Climate Dynamics, 2005.
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Effect of including vegetation changes in the GCM
Ramstein et al, Clim. Past, 3, 331–339, 2007
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Effect of including CO2 effects on vegetation…
Clim. Past, 3, 331–339, 2007
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Last Glacial Maximum, 21kyrBP
Dynamic ocean and seaice
Was part of the North Atlantic warmer than present?!
Hewitt et al, Climate Dynamics, 20,203-218, 2003
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IPCC AR4, Paleoclimate Chapter
Ensemble does not support warm Atlantic
Relative importance of forcings
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Bracconnot et al, 2007, Clim Past
Difference between fully coupled (AO), slab, or fixed SSTs…
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IPCC AR4, Paleoclimate Chapter
Comparison with data
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Downscaling…
Vrac et al, 2007
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Period of relative warmth.
Mid-Holocene, 6kyrBP
The mid-Holocene, 6kyrBP
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IPCC AR4, Paleoclimate Chapter
Why study 6k?
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The mid-Holocene, 6kyrBP
Relatively large northern-hemisphere summer insolation (larger obliquity and eccentricity and change in perihelion)
CO2 at approxpre-industrial - 280ppmv.
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Bracconnot et al, 2007, Clim Past
Difference between fully coupled (AO) or fixed SSTs…
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The mid-Holocene, 6kyrBP
Tropical forest
Warm-temperate forest
Savanna and dry woodland
Grassland and dry shrubland
Desert
Temperate forest
Boreal forest
Tundra
Dry tundra
Pollen data, cave paintings: A vegetated Sahara!
BIOME 6000:Prentice et al. (2000) Harrison et al. (2001) Bigelow et al. (2003)
http://www.bridge.bris.ac.uk/resources/BIOMES_data/BIOME_v4.2.htm
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The mid-Holocene, 6kyrBP
Intensification of the Asian and African Monsoons
See also, Texier et al, Journal of Climate, 13, 164-181, 2000.
However, coupled climate-vegetation models currently unable to generate a green Sahara – not sensitive enough.
JJA precipitation change, mm/day,6kyrBP-preindustrial
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Bracconnot et al, 2007, Clim Past
The ‘Green Sahara’ problem….. still a problem
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Quaternary modelling case studies
Modelling improving due to inclusion of additional processes, but current state of the art models as yet untested….(see PMIP3!)
Many problems still remain, e.g. Green Sahara at 6k, cold Western European temps at 21k, not to mention carbon cycle!
Hierarchy of models can be used to address different problems…but ultimate test must be with GCMs