Quaternary Environments Climate and Climatic Variation.
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Transcript of Quaternary Environments Climate and Climatic Variation.
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Quaternary EnvironmentsQuaternary EnvironmentsClimate and Climatic VariationClimate and Climatic Variation
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Geologic Time ScaleGeologic Time Scale
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Glacial Time Glacial Time Scales in the Scales in the Northern Northern HemisphereHemisphere
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Blytt-Sernander Scheme of European Blytt-Sernander Scheme of European Peat StratigraphyPeat Stratigraphy
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Scale of VariationScale of Variation
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The Climate SystemThe Climate System
End-product ofEnd-product of AtmosphereAtmosphere OceansOceans BiosphereBiosphere Land surfaceLand surface CryosphereCryosphere
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Major Components of the Climate Major Components of the Climate SystemSystem
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AtmosphereAtmosphere
CloudsClouds Atmospheric circulationAtmospheric circulation Greenhouse gasses (Water, Carbon Greenhouse gasses (Water, Carbon
Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxides)Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxides) TemperatureTemperature Incoming solar radiation (INSOLATION)Incoming solar radiation (INSOLATION)
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Insolation (W/mInsolation (W/m22))
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OceansOceans
Thermohaline CirculationThermohaline Circulation Thermal InertiaThermal Inertia Source of MoistureSource of Moisture Sea Level RiseSea Level Rise
Melting of ice sheetsMelting of ice sheets Thermal expansionThermal expansion
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Thermohaline CirculationThermohaline Circulation
(Schmitz 1995)
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Cross Section of Thermohaline Cross Section of Thermohaline CirculationCirculation
(Brown et al. 1989)
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BiosphereBiosphere
Vegetation Effects on ClimateVegetation Effects on Climate AlbedoAlbedo RoughnessRoughness EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration Atmospheric compositionAtmospheric composition
Vegetation Response to ClimateVegetation Response to Climate Faunal Response to ClimateFaunal Response to Climate
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COCO22 Sequestration Sequestration
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Land SurfaceLand Surface
Effects of Land Surface on the Climate Effects of Land Surface on the Climate SystemSystem AspectAspect ElevationElevation AlbedoAlbedo
Response to the Climate SystemResponse to the Climate System River systemsRiver systems Sea level changeSea level change Glacial evidenceGlacial evidence
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CryosphereCryosphere
Ice ExtentIce Extent AlbedoAlbedo
Feedback EffectsFeedback Effects Temperature ControlTemperature Control
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Energy Balance in the AtmosphereEnergy Balance in the Atmosphere
Sensitive heat flux (H)Sensitive heat flux (H) Latent heat flux (LE)Latent heat flux (LE) Bowen Ratio (H/LE)Bowen Ratio (H/LE)
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Energy BalanceEnergy Balance
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Time Scales of Climatic VariationTime Scales of Climatic Variation
Climate Varies on All Time ScalesClimate Varies on All Time Scales Driving ProcessesDriving Processes
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Climate Variation Over Multiple Climate Variation Over Multiple ScalesScales
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Variations of the Earth’s Orbital Variations of the Earth’s Orbital ParametersParameters
James Croll; Scottish natural historian James Croll; Scottish natural historian 18671867
Milankovitch; Elaborated on Croll’s original Milankovitch; Elaborated on Croll’s original hypothesis in 1941hypothesis in 1941
Berger; Advances Milankovitch’s work in Berger; Advances Milankovitch’s work in the late 1970sthe late 1970s
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Milankovitch CyclesMilankovitch Cycles
EccentricityEccentricity – 95,800 year period. Changes in – 95,800 year period. Changes in the orbital path of the Earth around the Sun. the orbital path of the Earth around the Sun. Affects the relative intensities of the seasons.Affects the relative intensities of the seasons.
ObliquityObliquity – 41,000 year period. Changes in – 41,000 year period. Changes in axial tilt of the Earth.axial tilt of the Earth.
PrecessionPrecession – 21,700 year period. Wobble of – 21,700 year period. Wobble of the axis causing a precession of the equinoxes. the axis causing a precession of the equinoxes. Perihelion during Northern Hemisphere summer Perihelion during Northern Hemisphere summer occurred 11,000 years ago.occurred 11,000 years ago.
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Orbital FactorsOrbital Factors
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Wobble on the Earth’s AxisWobble on the Earth’s Axis
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PrecessionPrecession
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Insolation and Insolation and 1818OO
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Long Term Solar RadiationLong Term Solar Radiation
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http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/Intro.html; Illustration by Steele Hill
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