Quantum Quantum RealityReality

Mind/Body HealthMind/Body Health

RRCC Holistic HealthRRCC Holistic Health

Fall 2013Fall 2013

Western Body,Western Body,Western MindWestern Mind

Some mysteriesSome mysteries Consciousness-Consciousness- the “hard problem” the “hard problem” The nature of The nature of thoughtthought Cellular organizationCellular organization Speed of Speed of molecular processingmolecular processing Limb developmentLimb development Wound healingWound healing/regeneration/regeneration The nature of The nature of knowingknowing Brain development, perception, memoryBrain development, perception, memory Learning, decision-makingLearning, decision-making Spontaneous remissionSpontaneous remission Psychosomatic illnessPsychosomatic illness Placebo effect Placebo effect (20-40% of positive responses)(20-40% of positive responses)

Material realism- Material realism- universe made of material objects separate from and independent of universe made of material objects separate from and independent of the observerthe observer Objectivity-Objectivity- separation between subject and object separation between subject and object SeparationSeparation between human and world, between human and world, mind and bodymind and body Replicability- Replicability- observer doesn’t affect experimentobserver doesn’t affect experiment Reductionism-Reductionism- understand whole by understanding parts understand whole by understanding parts Determinism-Determinism- all motion can be predicted exactly all motion can be predicted exactly Atomism- Atomism- everything made up of small particleseverything made up of small particles Mechanism-Mechanism- particles interact like billiard balls or gears particles interact like billiard balls or gears Body as machine- Body as machine- like clocks, powered by chemicals and geneslike clocks, powered by chemicals and genes

Holistic BodymindHolistic BodymindUniverse made of energyUniverse made of energy

Universal energy fieldUniversal energy field ConsciousnessConsciousness

InterconnectionInterconnection the basic the basic realityreality Separations are surface Separations are surface

appearancesappearancesThe essence of existence is The essence of existence is

unityunityMind and body are forms of Mind and body are forms of

energyenergyBodymind- Bodymind- nonphysical nonphysical

thoughts and emotions thoughts and emotions affect, and are affected by, affect, and are affected by, the physical bodythe physical body One interconnected wholeOne interconnected whole

Wisdom of body and natureWisdom of body and nature Primary perception- Primary perception-

slime moldsslime molds

Prana- Prana- HinduHindu Ki- Ki- JapaneseJapanese Qi- Qi- ChineseChinese

Lung- Lung- TibetanTibetanMana- Mana- PolynesianPolynesian

PneumaPneuma- Greek- GreekRuach- Ruach- HebrewHebrew

Ra- Ra- EgyptianEgyptianOki, orenda, ton- Oki, orenda, ton-

Native AmericanNative AmericanSubtle energy, Subtle energy,

bioenergy- bioenergy- WesternWestern

Mystical RealityMystical RealityMystical consciousness appears in all historical ages, Mystical consciousness appears in all historical ages,

all parts of the world, and all religious systems, all parts of the world, and all religious systems,

and it manifests in similar or identical forms wherever presentand it manifests in similar or identical forms wherever present

Catherine Adorno- Catherine Adorno- Christian- Christian- ““My being is God, not by simple participation, but by a true transformation of my being.My being is God, not by simple participation, but by a true transformation of my being.””

Hui Neng-Hui Neng- Zen- Zen- ““Our very self-nature is Buddha, and apart from this nature there is no other Buddha.Our very self-nature is Buddha, and apart from this nature there is no other Buddha.””

Ibn al-Arabi-Ibn al-Arabi- Sufi- Sufi- ““Thou art neither ceasing to be nor still existing. Thou art He, without one of these limitations. Then if thou Thou art neither ceasing to be nor still existing. Thou art He, without one of these limitations. Then if thou know thine own existence thus, then thou knowest God, and if not, then not.know thine own existence thus, then thou knowest God, and if not, then not.””

Moses de Leon-Moses de Leon- Kabbalah- Kabbalah- ““God… when he has just decided to launch upon his work of creation is called God… when he has just decided to launch upon his work of creation is called He.He. God in the God in the complete unfolding of his Being, Bliss, and Love, in which he becomes capable of being perceived by the reasons of the heart… is complete unfolding of his Being, Bliss, and Love, in which he becomes capable of being perceived by the reasons of the heart… is called called You.You. But God, in his supreme manifestation, where the fullness of His Being finds its final expression in the last and all- But God, in his supreme manifestation, where the fullness of His Being finds its final expression in the last and all-

embracing of his attributes, is called embracing of his attributes, is called I.I.””

Yeshe Tsogyel,Yeshe Tsogyel, consort of consort of Padmasambhava-Padmasambhava- Tantric Buddhism- Tantric Buddhism- ““But when you finally discover me, the one naked Truth But when you finally discover me, the one naked Truth arisen from within, Absolute Awareness permeates the Universe.arisen from within, Absolute Awareness permeates the Universe.””

Meister Eckhart-Meister Eckhart- Dominican- Dominican- ““In this breaking-through I receive that God and I are one. Then I am what I was, and then I In this breaking-through I receive that God and I are one. Then I am what I was, and then I neither diminish nor increase, for I am then an immovable cause that moves all things.neither diminish nor increase, for I am then an immovable cause that moves all things.””

Monsoor al-Halaj-Monsoor al-Halaj- Sufi- Sufi- ““I am the truth!I am the truth!””

Shankara-Shankara- Hindu- Hindu- ““I am reality without beginning, without equal. I have no part in the illusion of I am reality without beginning, without equal. I have no part in the illusion of ‘‘II’’ and and ‘‘you,you,’’ ‘‘thisthis’’ and and ‘‘that.that.’’ I I am Brahman, one without a second, bliss without end, the eternal, unchanging truth. … I dwell within all beings as the soul, the am Brahman, one without a second, bliss without end, the eternal, unchanging truth. … I dwell within all beings as the soul, the pure consciousness, the ground of all phenomena, internal and external. I am both the enjoyer and that which is enjoyed. In the pure consciousness, the ground of all phenomena, internal and external. I am both the enjoyer and that which is enjoyed. In the

days of my ignorance, I used to think of these as being separate from myself. Now I know that I am All.days of my ignorance, I used to think of these as being separate from myself. Now I know that I am All.””

Jesus-Jesus- Christian- Christian- ““My father and I are one.My father and I are one.”” (John 10:30) (John 10:30)

Aldous Huxley- PP concerned with Aldous Huxley- PP concerned with ““the one, divine Reality substantial to the manifold the one, divine Reality substantial to the manifold world of things and lives and minds.world of things and lives and minds. But the nature of this one Reality is such that it cannot be But the nature of this one Reality is such that it cannot be directly or immediately apprehended except by those who have chosen to fulfill certain conditions, directly or immediately apprehended except by those who have chosen to fulfill certain conditions,

making themselves loving, pure in heart, and poor in spirit."making themselves loving, pure in heart, and poor in spirit."

Four assertions:Four assertions:1. The 1. The phenomenal worldphenomenal world of matter and individual consciousness is of matter and individual consciousness is partial,partial, a manifestation of a Divine Ground within which all partial realities a manifestation of a Divine Ground within which all partial realities have their being and without which they would not exist.have their being and without which they would not exist.2. Humans can know about Divine Ground through not just inference, but 2. Humans can know about Divine Ground through not just inference, but direct intuition, direct intuition, which is superior to discursive reason and which in some which is superior to discursive reason and which in some way unites the knower with the known.way unites the knower with the known.3. Humans have a double nature- a 3. Humans have a double nature- a phenomenal egophenomenal ego and an and an eternal Self.eternal Self. It is possible, if one so desires and makes the necessary efforts, to identify It is possible, if one so desires and makes the necessary efforts, to identify with the true Self and thus the Divine Ground.with the true Self and thus the Divine Ground.4. It is the 4. It is the central purpose of earthly existence to discover and central purpose of earthly existence to discover and identify with the true Self. identify with the true Self. This allows intuitive knowledge of the Divine This allows intuitive knowledge of the Divine Ground and the true nature of reality. This is called eternal life, salvation, Ground and the true nature of reality. This is called eternal life, salvation, nirvana, samadhi, enlightenment, etc.nirvana, samadhi, enlightenment, etc.

Aldous Huxley- PP concerned with Aldous Huxley- PP concerned with ““the one, divine Reality substantial to the manifold the one, divine Reality substantial to the manifold world of things and lives and minds.world of things and lives and minds. But the nature of this one Reality is such that it cannot be But the nature of this one Reality is such that it cannot be directly or immediately apprehended except by those who have chosen to fulfill certain conditions, directly or immediately apprehended except by those who have chosen to fulfill certain conditions,

making themselves loving, pure in heart, and poor in spirit."making themselves loving, pure in heart, and poor in spirit."

Four assertions:Four assertions:1. The 1. The phenomenal worldphenomenal world of matter and individual consciousness is of matter and individual consciousness is partial,partial, a manifestation of a Divine Ground within which all partial realities a manifestation of a Divine Ground within which all partial realities have their being and without which they would not exist.have their being and without which they would not exist.2. Humans can know about Divine Ground through not just inference, but 2. Humans can know about Divine Ground through not just inference, but direct intuition, direct intuition, which is superior to discursive reason and which in some which is superior to discursive reason and which in some way unites the knower with the known.way unites the knower with the known.3. Humans have a double nature- a 3. Humans have a double nature- a phenomenal egophenomenal ego and an and an eternal Self.eternal Self. It is possible, if one so desires and makes the necessary efforts, to identify It is possible, if one so desires and makes the necessary efforts, to identify with the true Self and thus the Divine Ground.with the true Self and thus the Divine Ground.4. It is the 4. It is the central purpose of earthly existence to discover and central purpose of earthly existence to discover and identify with the true Self. identify with the true Self. This allows intuitive knowledge of the Divine This allows intuitive knowledge of the Divine Ground and the true nature of reality. This is called eternal life, salvation, Ground and the true nature of reality. This is called eternal life, salvation, nirvana, samadhi, enlightenment, etc.nirvana, samadhi, enlightenment, etc.

The Perennial PhilosophyThe Perennial PhilosophyThe Perennial PhilosophyThe Perennial Philosophy

A History of A History of PhysicsPhysics

•PhysisPhysis-- the essential nature of all thingsthe essential nature of all things•Greece, 6Greece, 6thth century BCE - debate about century BCE - debate about ““oneone”” or or ““manymany””• Iron AgeIron Age•MonotheismMonotheism•Milesian school- Milesian school- ““hylozoists,hylozoists,”” or those who think matter is or those who think matter is alive- alive- no distinction between spirit and matterno distinction between spirit and matter

•Heraclitus-Heraclitus- continuous flow and change- dynamic and cyclic continuous flow and change- dynamic and cyclic interplay of opposites- interplay of opposites- pairs of opposites as unitypairs of opposites as unity

•Atomism-Atomism- 5 5thth century BCE- Democritus and Leucippus century BCE- Democritus and Leucippus•Atom as smallest indivisible unit of matterAtom as smallest indivisible unit of matter- indestructible - indestructible building blocks (a-tomos)building blocks (a-tomos)

•Dead particles moving in the void- motion explained by Dead particles moving in the void- motion explained by ““external forces which were assumed to be of spiritual origin and external forces which were assumed to be of spiritual origin and fundamentally different from matterfundamentally different from matter””

•All other things exist because theyAll other things exist because they’’re made of atomsre made of atoms•Democritus:Democritus: ““By convention sour, by convention sweet, by By convention sour, by convention sweet, by convention colored; convention colored; in reality, nothing but Atoms and the in reality, nothing but Atoms and the Void.Void.””

•Atoms indestructible because made of Being; Void exists to Atoms indestructible because made of Being; Void exists to allow for properties of the atom like position and motionallow for properties of the atom like position and motion

• Split between spirit and matter, physical and Split between spirit and matter, physical and nonphysicalnonphysical

•This split persisted- Church and science dividing turf during This split persisted- Church and science dividing turf during RenaissanceRenaissance

•Plato-Plato- Form gives rise to properties of matter- Form gives rise to properties of matter- the Idea is the Idea is more fundamental than the object-more fundamental than the object- disagreed with atomism disagreed with atomism

Scientific Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Scientific Scientific RevolutionRevolution

•Copernicus- Copernicus- 1543- heliocentric model1543- heliocentric model•DescartesDescartes (1596-1650)- extreme formulation of (1596-1650)- extreme formulation of spirit/matter spirit/matter dualismdualism

•Material world as huge machineMaterial world as huge machine•World can be described World can be described objectivelyobjectively without mentioning observer without mentioning observer•Laplace, Laplace, French mathematician: French mathematician: ““An intellect which at a given instant An intellect which at a given instant knew all the forces acting in nature, and the position of all knew all the forces acting in nature, and the position of all things of which the world consists- things of which the world consists- supposing the said intellect supposing the said intellect were vast enough to subject these data to analysis- would embrace in were vast enough to subject these data to analysis- would embrace in the same formula the motions of the greatest bodies in the universe the same formula the motions of the greatest bodies in the universe and those of the slightest atoms; and those of the slightest atoms; nothing would be uncertain for it, nothing would be uncertain for it, and the future, like the past, would be present to its eyes.and the future, like the past, would be present to its eyes. ””

•Newton Newton (1643-1727)- (1643-1727)- Philosophiae Naturalis Principia MathematicaPhilosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica•Gravity-Gravity- force between force between solid material objects moving through absolute solid material objects moving through absolute space and timespace and time- connected with material bodies and acting instantaneously over - connected with material bodies and acting instantaneously over a distancea distance

•Laws of motion-Laws of motion- particles created by God and therefore not subject to further particles created by God and therefore not subject to further analysis- analysis- universe made of particles set in motion, governed by force of universe made of particles set in motion, governed by force of gravity, and running like a machine since creationgravity, and running like a machine since creation- - giant cosmic machine, giant cosmic machine, causal and determinatecausal and determinate

•Annus mirabilis-Annus mirabilis- 1665- 1665- gravitation, laws of motion, calculus, prismgravitation, laws of motion, calculus, prism• ““Absolute space,Absolute space, in its own nature, without regard to anything external, remains in its own nature, without regard to anything external, remains

always similar and immovable.always similar and immovable.””• ““Absolute, true, and mathematical time, Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself and by its own nature, flows of itself and by its own nature, flows

uniformly, without regard to anything external.uniformly, without regard to anything external. ””•Also fluid mechanics, planetary motion, nature of light, phenomenon of tidesAlso fluid mechanics, planetary motion, nature of light, phenomenon of tides•This worked to explain: This worked to explain: the motion of solid and falling bodies, the the motion of solid and falling bodies, the motion of celestial bodies, the features of the solar system, the motion of celestial bodies, the features of the solar system, the motion of fluids, the vibrations of elastic bodies, and motion of fluids, the vibrations of elastic bodies, and thermodynamics.thermodynamics.

•Copernicus, Bruno, Galileo and others repressed by ChurchCopernicus, Bruno, Galileo and others repressed by Church•Methods of Inquisition in turn applied to natural worldMethods of Inquisition in turn applied to natural world•Bacon- Bacon- ““Torture nature for her secretsTorture nature for her secrets””

•Copernicus- Copernicus- 1543- heliocentric model1543- heliocentric model•DescartesDescartes (1596-1650)- extreme formulation of (1596-1650)- extreme formulation of spirit/matter spirit/matter dualismdualism

•Material world as huge machineMaterial world as huge machine•World can be described World can be described objectivelyobjectively without mentioning observer without mentioning observer•Laplace, Laplace, French mathematician: French mathematician: ““An intellect which at a given instant An intellect which at a given instant knew all the forces acting in nature, and the position of all knew all the forces acting in nature, and the position of all things of which the world consists- things of which the world consists- supposing the said intellect supposing the said intellect were vast enough to subject these data to analysis- would embrace in were vast enough to subject these data to analysis- would embrace in the same formula the motions of the greatest bodies in the universe the same formula the motions of the greatest bodies in the universe and those of the slightest atoms; and those of the slightest atoms; nothing would be uncertain for it, nothing would be uncertain for it, and the future, like the past, would be present to its eyes.and the future, like the past, would be present to its eyes. ””

•Newton Newton (1643-1727)- (1643-1727)- Philosophiae Naturalis Principia MathematicaPhilosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica•Gravity-Gravity- force between force between solid material objects moving through absolute solid material objects moving through absolute space and timespace and time- connected with material bodies and acting instantaneously over - connected with material bodies and acting instantaneously over a distancea distance

•Laws of motion-Laws of motion- particles created by God and therefore not subject to further particles created by God and therefore not subject to further analysis- analysis- universe made of particles set in motion, governed by force of universe made of particles set in motion, governed by force of gravity, and running like a machine since creationgravity, and running like a machine since creation- - giant cosmic machine, giant cosmic machine, causal and determinatecausal and determinate

•Annus mirabilis-Annus mirabilis- 1665- 1665- gravitation, laws of motion, calculus, prismgravitation, laws of motion, calculus, prism• ““Absolute space,Absolute space, in its own nature, without regard to anything external, remains in its own nature, without regard to anything external, remains

always similar and immovable.always similar and immovable.””• ““Absolute, true, and mathematical time, Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself and by its own nature, flows of itself and by its own nature, flows

uniformly, without regard to anything external.uniformly, without regard to anything external. ””•Also fluid mechanics, planetary motion, nature of light, phenomenon of tidesAlso fluid mechanics, planetary motion, nature of light, phenomenon of tides•This worked to explain: This worked to explain: the motion of solid and falling bodies, the the motion of solid and falling bodies, the motion of celestial bodies, the features of the solar system, the motion of celestial bodies, the features of the solar system, the motion of fluids, the vibrations of elastic bodies, and motion of fluids, the vibrations of elastic bodies, and thermodynamics.thermodynamics.

•Copernicus, Bruno, Galileo and others repressed by ChurchCopernicus, Bruno, Galileo and others repressed by Church•Methods of Inquisition in turn applied to natural worldMethods of Inquisition in turn applied to natural world•Bacon- Bacon- ““Torture nature for her secretsTorture nature for her secrets””

““cogito ergo sucogito ergo summ ””““cogito ergo sucogito ergo summ ””

“It seems probable to me that God in the beginning formed matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles, of such sizes and figures, and with such other properties, and in such proportion to space, as most conduced to the end to which he formed them; and that these primitive particles being solids, are incomparably harder than any porous bodies compounded of them; even so very hard as never to wear or break in pieces; no ordinary power being able to divide what God himself made in the first creation.“

“It seems probable to me that God in the beginning formed matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles, of such sizes and figures, and with such other properties, and in such proportion to space, as most conduced to the end to which he formed them; and that these primitive particles being solids, are incomparably harder than any porous bodies compounded of them; even so very hard as never to wear or break in pieces; no ordinary power being able to divide what God himself made in the first creation.“

ElectromagnetismElectromagnetismElectromagnetismElectromagnetism•Maxwell and Faraday-Maxwell and Faraday- 1860 1860’’s- s- EM field laws- EM field laws- condition in condition in space with the potential of space with the potential of producing a forceproducing a force

•Electromagnetic waves travel at Electromagnetic waves travel at speed of lightspeed of light

•Light as EM waveLight as EM wave•Existence of other EM waves Existence of other EM waves

higher and lowerhigher and lower•Hertz- radio waves- low frequencyHertz- radio waves- low frequency•Roentgen- X-rays- high frequencyRoentgen- X-rays- high frequency

•These are all manifestations of a These are all manifestations of a single physical fieldsingle physical field

•Field- Field- medium or matrix which medium or matrix which connects two or more points in connects two or more points in space through a force, like gravity or space through a force, like gravity or EMEM

•Classical physics- Classical physics- real matter, real matter, real fieldsreal fields

•Newton- Newton- mattermatter’’s laws of motion s laws of motion •Field law of gravityField law of gravity

•Universe made of Universe made of matter and fieldsmatter and fields

•Maxwell and Faraday-Maxwell and Faraday- 1860 1860’’s- s- EM field laws- EM field laws- condition in condition in space with the potential of space with the potential of producing a forceproducing a force

•Electromagnetic waves travel at Electromagnetic waves travel at speed of lightspeed of light

•Light as EM waveLight as EM wave•Existence of other EM waves Existence of other EM waves

higher and lowerhigher and lower•Hertz- radio waves- low frequencyHertz- radio waves- low frequency•Roentgen- X-rays- high frequencyRoentgen- X-rays- high frequency

•These are all manifestations of a These are all manifestations of a single physical fieldsingle physical field

•Field- Field- medium or matrix which medium or matrix which connects two or more points in connects two or more points in space through a force, like gravity or space through a force, like gravity or EMEM

•Classical physics- Classical physics- real matter, real matter, real fieldsreal fields

•Newton- Newton- mattermatter’’s laws of motion s laws of motion •Field law of gravityField law of gravity

•Universe made of Universe made of matter and fieldsmatter and fields

•This all undermined church authority and This all undermined church authority and elevated authority of scienceelevated authority of science

•Nature now as Nature now as ““Great MachineGreat Machine””

•Eventually science challenged religious teaching- Eventually science challenged religious teaching- everything, including mind everything, including mind and consciousness, made of matter and consciousness, made of matter (including physical energy and fields)(including physical energy and fields)

Ken Wilber: Ken Wilber: ““Most branches of science remain today thoroughly and solidly Most branches of science remain today thoroughly and solidly dualistic, hotly pursuing as they are the dualistic, hotly pursuing as they are the ““objective facts,objective facts,”” but some of the but some of the ““purerpurer”” forms of science, such as physics and mathematics, and some of forms of science, such as physics and mathematics, and some of the emergent sciences, such as systems theory and ecology, have dealt the emergent sciences, such as systems theory and ecology, have dealt lethal blows to several long-cherished dualisms.lethal blows to several long-cherished dualisms. ... Nevertheless, all ... Nevertheless, all of these forms of science are relatively recent inventions, being hardly of these forms of science are relatively recent inventions, being hardly 300 years old, and thus it is only in recent history that we have started to 300 years old, and thus it is only in recent history that we have started to see the elimination of the dualisms that have plagued Western thought for see the elimination of the dualisms that have plagued Western thought for 25 centuries. There is no doubt that all sciences began as pure dualisms - 25 centuries. There is no doubt that all sciences began as pure dualisms - some, however... pursued their dualisms to the some, however... pursued their dualisms to the ““annihilating edge,annihilating edge,”” and and for those scientists involved, for those scientists involved, there awaited the shock of their lives.there awaited the shock of their lives.””

A CircleA CircleClosingClosing

??

20th Century Physics20th Century Physics•1900- Max Planck- black-body radiation1900- Max Planck- black-body radiation

•Physicists- should glow blue at all temperatures and be rich in UV radiationPhysicists- should glow blue at all temperatures and be rich in UV radiation

•PlanckPlanck’’s constant s constant hh in in E=hfE=hf•Particles can have only Particles can have only certain quanta of energy,certain quanta of energy, multiples of their frequency, multiples of their frequency, not all valuesnot all values

•Structure of nature discontinuousStructure of nature discontinuous

•1905- Einstein1905- Einstein’’s s Annus MirabilisAnnus Mirabilis•Photoelectric effect-Photoelectric effect- light can knock electrons out of metal light can knock electrons out of metal

•Frequency mattered, not intensityFrequency mattered, not intensity

•Light is a particle (photon), using PlanckLight is a particle (photon), using Planck’’s s hh

•Energy itself is quantizedEnergy itself is quantized

•Brownian motion-Brownian motion- micron-sized particles suspended in liquid quiver micron-sized particles suspended in liquid quiver perpetuallyperpetually

•Biological phenomenon? Temp gradients, surface tension, EM effects?Biological phenomenon? Temp gradients, surface tension, EM effects?

•Einstein- atoms in motion colliding with the particleEinstein- atoms in motion colliding with the particle

•Evidence for atomsEvidence for atoms•Perrin- 1913- counted atoms in a drop of waterPerrin- 1913- counted atoms in a drop of water

•Special theory of relativity-Special theory of relativity- length and time depend on observer length and time depend on observer ’’s velocity, s velocity, not absolutenot absolute

•Speed of light universal speed limitSpeed of light universal speed limit

•Space-time continuum- four-dimensionalSpace-time continuum- four-dimensional•Classical (electrical/mechanical) equations written for 3D plus time work for Classical (electrical/mechanical) equations written for 3D plus time work for stationary but not moving observersstationary but not moving observers

•Space curves around large bodiesSpace curves around large bodies

•Time relative to observer positionTime relative to observer position

•E = mcE = mc22 - Energy-matter equivalence - Energy-matter equivalence

•Classical physics complete- Classical physics complete- real matter and real fieldsreal matter and real fields•Relativity kept MaxwellRelativity kept Maxwell ’’s laws, updated Newtons laws, updated Newton ’’s for large masses and high s for large masses and high velocitiesvelocities

•These completely and consistently describe all classical motionThese completely and consistently describe all classical motion

QuantuQuantum Leapsm LeapsQuantuQuantum Leapsm Leaps

•Rutherford- 1911- atom as tiny solar system- heavy Rutherford- 1911- atom as tiny solar system- heavy (+) nucleus, (-) electrons(+) nucleus, (-) electrons

•But orbits unstable, should decay into nucleusBut orbits unstable, should decay into nucleus

•Niels Bohr-Niels Bohr- 1913- 1913- quantum leaps inside atomsquantum leaps inside atoms•Light emitted as a quantum as electrons jump from Light emitted as a quantum as electrons jump from higher to lower orbitalhigher to lower orbital

•Ground state- the lowest level- stableGround state- the lowest level- stable

•Electron Electron does not cross intervening spacedoes not cross intervening space

•No way to predict when or where it will leap-No way to predict when or where it will leap- no external no external or internal causeor internal cause

•Heated objects glow because electrons excited, release Heated objects glow because electrons excited, release photons going back to ground statephotons going back to ground state

•Each element has spectral patternEach element has spectral pattern

•Atoms made up of Atoms made up of vast empty spaces-vast empty spaces- in a in a hydrogen atom the size of St. Peterhydrogen atom the size of St. Peter’’s Cathedral s Cathedral (largest dome in the world), the nucleus would be a (largest dome in the world), the nucleus would be a grain of salt!grain of salt!

•All elementary particles-All elementary particles- electrons, quarks, leptons, electrons, quarks, leptons, gluons- likely gluons- likely point particlespoint particles

•Compton scattering-Compton scattering- 1923- X-rays bouncing off 1923- X-rays bouncing off electrons- EM radiation acting like particleelectrons- EM radiation acting like particle

•Louis de Broglie- Louis de Broglie- 1924- each particle of matter 1924- each particle of matter associated with a waveassociated with a wave

•Matter has wave propertiesMatter has wave properties

•Matter and fields both made of same Matter and fields both made of same ““substancesubstance””

•Erwin Schrödinger- Erwin Schrödinger- 1926- 1926- wave equation for wave equation for matter-matter- dual nature of matterdual nature of matter

•Identity of atoms- wave patterns in confinementIdentity of atoms- wave patterns in confinement

• Wave diffraction through two slits creates an Wave diffraction through two slits creates an interference patterninterference pattern• Young 1803- DS with Young 1803- DS with light-light- light is a wave light is a wave• Einstein- Einstein- photoelectric effect- photoelectric effect- light is a particlelight is a particle

• Quantum DS- Quantum DS- ElectronsElectrons and other physical and other physical particles create interference patternparticles create interference pattern

• Even when fired one at a timeEven when fired one at a time• Quantum superposition-Quantum superposition- the electron exists the electron exists

as a as a probability wave, probability wave, going through one going through one slit, the other, both, and neither, all at once, slit, the other, both, and neither, all at once, until ituntil it’’s observed/measured s observed/measured

• Collapse of the wave function-Collapse of the wave function- electrons as electrons as particles when observed- no interferenceparticles when observed- no interference

• Many (coherent) possibilities collapse into one observed Many (coherent) possibilities collapse into one observed reality- reality- decoherencedecoherence• SchrödingerSchrödinger’’s Cat-s Cat- observer effectobserver effect

• Observer part of system- experimenter not Observer part of system- experimenter not separate from experimentseparate from experiment

• How do the electrons know when weHow do the electrons know when we ’’re watching?re watching?

Double-Double-SlitSlit

““It was taught by the Buddha, oh Monks, that… the past, the future, physical space,… and It was taught by the Buddha, oh Monks, that… the past, the future, physical space,… and individuals are nothing but names, forms of thought, words of common usage, merely individuals are nothing but names, forms of thought, words of common usage, merely

superficial realities.superficial realities.””-Madhyamika Karika Vrtti-Madhyamika Karika Vrtti

““Be it clearly understood that space is nothing but a mode of particularization and that it has no Be it clearly understood that space is nothing but a mode of particularization and that it has no real existence of its own. real existence of its own. ……Space exists only in relation to our particularizing Space exists only in relation to our particularizing

consciousnessconsciousness..““-Ashvaghosha-Ashvaghosha

““In this spiritual world there are In this spiritual world there are no time divisions such as the past, present, and future;no time divisions such as the past, present, and future; for they have contracted themselves into a single moment of the present where life quivers in its for they have contracted themselves into a single moment of the present where life quivers in its

true sense. …The past and the future are both rolled up in this present moment of illumination, true sense. …The past and the future are both rolled up in this present moment of illumination, and this present moment is not something standing still with all its contents, for it ceaselessly and this present moment is not something standing still with all its contents, for it ceaselessly

moves on.moves on.”” -D.T. Suzuki -D.T. Suzuki““Let us forget the lapse of time; let us forget the conflict of opinions. Let us forget the lapse of time; let us forget the conflict of opinions. Let us make our appeal Let us make our appeal

to the infinite, and take up our positions there.to the infinite, and take up our positions there.““ -Chuang Tzu -Chuang Tzu

Delayed Delayed ChoiceChoice•Double-slit, but chosen Double-slit, but chosen en routeen route

HeisenbergHeisenberg’’s Uncertainty s Uncertainty PrinciplePrinciple

Werner Heisenberg-Werner Heisenberg- 1927- 1927- Uncertainty Principle ∆p ∆x ≥ ħ/2Uncertainty Principle ∆p ∆x ≥ ħ/2

•Indeterminacy-Indeterminacy- possible to measure possible to measure paired dynamic attributes paired dynamic attributes of a quantum of a quantum particle only so preciselyparticle only so precisely

• ““The more precisely the position is determined, the less precisely the momentum is known in that The more precisely the position is determined, the less precisely the momentum is known in that instant, and vice versa.instant, and vice versa.””

• Future of particle not possible to determine completelyFuture of particle not possible to determine completely

• At first, explained as disturbance of electron (or other quantum particle) by photon used to make At first, explained as disturbance of electron (or other quantum particle) by photon used to make measurementmeasurement

• Later- Later- inherent in the nature of the particle,inherent in the nature of the particle, not about disturbance of system by not about disturbance of system by measurement, not technological issue, not observer effect measurement, not technological issue, not observer effect

•Zitterbewegung-Zitterbewegung- ““jitter motionjitter motion””- random fluctuations of point particles- random fluctuations of point particles

• Quantum fluctuationsQuantum fluctuations in position and momentum existing whether measured or not, can in position and momentum existing whether measured or not, can ’’t be t be suppressed below a certain limit simultaneouslysuppressed below a certain limit simultaneously

• Typical atomic vibration rate 10Typical atomic vibration rate 101313 Hz Hz

•HUP prevents electrons from approaching the nucleus too closelyHUP prevents electrons from approaching the nucleus too closely• Too close, and location precisely knownToo close, and location precisely known

• Velocity then uncertainVelocity then uncertain

• Electron acquires enormous speed, keeping it out of the nucleusElectron acquires enormous speed, keeping it out of the nucleus

•Also Also energyenergy and and timetime• Elementary (point) particles interact with each other by exchanging energy through Elementary (point) particles interact with each other by exchanging energy through ““virtual virtual

particlesparticles””

• These appear out of nowhere and disappear quicklyThese appear out of nowhere and disappear quickly• Usually pairs, like electron and positronUsually pairs, like electron and positron

• A subatomic event happening in a very small time has a very uncertain energyA subatomic event happening in a very small time has a very uncertain energy• Which can be large enough to very briefly create virtual particles- Which can be large enough to very briefly create virtual particles- electron fuzzelectron fuzz

•Mathematical representation of Mathematical representation of ““quons,quons,”” the the basic substancebasic substance of the physical universe of the physical universe•A quantity standing for the substanceA quantity standing for the substance

•A law describing how the quantity changes with different conditionsA law describing how the quantity changes with different conditions

•A rule of correspondence saying how to translate the symbols into activities in the worldA rule of correspondence saying how to translate the symbols into activities in the world

•Wave function psi (ψ)Wave function psi (ψ) - like other waves- amplitude, phase, superposition, interference - like other waves- amplitude, phase, superposition, interference•Probability wave-Probability wave- carries no energy, not directly detectable- carries no energy, not directly detectable- ““presence densitypresence density””

•Quantum attributes represented by waveformsQuantum attributes represented by waveforms

•Many forms- Many forms- all satisfy the dataall satisfy the data•Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac, Born- 1920Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac, Born- 1920 ‘‘s; Feynman- late 1940s; Feynman- late 1940 ’’ss

•Probability wavesProbability waves•At the subatomic level, matter has At the subatomic level, matter has ““tendencies to exist,tendencies to exist,”” atomic events atomic events ““tendencies to occurtendencies to occur””

•Niels Bohr: Niels Bohr: ““Isolated material particles are abstractions, their properties being definable Isolated material particles are abstractions, their properties being definable and observable only through their interaction with other systems.and observable only through their interaction with other systems.””

•Quantum theory correctly predicts all measurable quantum facts, and moreQuantum theory correctly predicts all measurable quantum facts, and more•Accurate every time so farAccurate every time so far

•Correctly describes all presently conceivable experimentsCorrectly describes all presently conceivable experiments

•At this point (late 1920At this point (late 1920’’s and onward)...s and onward)...

•Instrumentalism-Instrumentalism- most physicists- most physicists- ““Shut up and calculate!Shut up and calculate!””•Physics (and science) as a symbolic tool to manipulate the world and to understand and explain Physics (and science) as a symbolic tool to manipulate the world and to understand and explain phenomena,phenomena, not the nature of realitynot the nature of reality

•Focus on Focus on applications-applications- laser, transistor, microchip, electron microscope, MRI, electronics, atomic laser, transistor, microchip, electron microscope, MRI, electronics, atomic weaponsweapons

•Phenomenalism- Phenomenalism- knowledge advances from knowledge advances from new experimentsnew experiments uncovering novel phenomena and uncovering novel phenomena and new mathematicsnew mathematics explaining or predicting phenomena in original ways explaining or predicting phenomena in original ways

•A few physicists- exploring QP as a A few physicists- exploring QP as a window into realitywindow into reality•Quantum interpretationQuantum interpretation question- question- what does the wave function mean?what does the wave function mean?

•Quantum measurementQuantum measurement question- question- what happens during a measurement?what happens during a measurement?

QuantuQuantum m

TheoryTheory