Oskar Painter, Jeff Kimble, Keith Schwab, Rana Adhikari, Yanbei Chen, Kerry Vahala, and Andrei Faraon

California Institute of Technology

3/27/2014

Quantum optics and optomechanics

optomechanical crystals

LIGO mirror

740nm

AMO: “Alligator” nanophotonic waveguide

quantum electro-mechanics

Precision measurement (quantum limits,

weak classical forces, gravity waves, etc.)

Laser and Atomic Physics

(optical forces, ultra-cold states of matter, etc.)

MEMS/NEMS (sensing, RF

comm., photonics, etc.)

K. Thorne

S. Chu

D. Wineland

T. Hansch A. Ashkin

W. Heisenberg

LIGO

LIGO mirror http://jilawww.colorado.edu/bec/

www.lehigh.edu/~influids/ Nichols and Hull

D. Rugar, single spin detector

AFM; Rohrer and Binnig

microtoroid

Optomechanics…some context

cavity-optomechanics: scale and geometry

Optical NEMS? •(sub)-picogram mass •GHz frequencies

diffraction limit

canonical “mirror on a spring” system

J. Chan, et. al, Nature, v478, pg. 89–92 (2011)

Cavity-optomechanical circuits

“printable” circuits for photons and phonons formed in the thin-film surface layer of a microchip Independent routing of acoustic and optical waves Strong localization of acoustic and optical energy leading to large radiation pressure effects

• Electromagnetically induced transparency/amplification (EIT/EIA) and slow light [1]

– Optical delay ~50 ns (advance ~1.4µs)

• Ground-state cooling [2] –

• Quantum zero-point motion [3]

– 40% asymmetry in Stokes/Anti-Stokes scattering sideband at 2.6 ± 0.2 phonon occupancy

• Coherent wavelength conversion [4] – 93(2)% internal (external) conversion efficiency

between 1400 nm and 1500 nm telecom wavelength bands

• Optical squeezing [5] – Modest squeezing of ~5% below shot-noise

demonstrated by reflecting coherent laser light off of a silicon micromechanical resonator

1D-OMC experiments…

[2] Chan et al., Laser cooling of a nanomechanical oscillator into its quantum ground state, Nature 2011

[1] Safavi-Naeini, Alegre et al., Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Slow Light with Optomechanics, Nature 2011 [3] Safavi-Naeini et al., Observation of quantum motion of a nanomechanical resonator, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012 [4] Hill et al., Coherent wavelength conversion via cavity-optomechanics, Nature Communications 2012 [5] Safavi-Naeini et al., Squeezed light from a Silicon micromechanical resonator, in press 2013

Optomechanical Metamaterials from 2D OMCs

Dirac-like polaritons Synthetic gauge field

The Quantum Internet H. Jeff Kimble, “The Quantum Internet,” Nature (2008)

• Distribution of quantum entanglement • Teleportation of quantum states between

distant nodes • Relies on an efficient “quantum interconnect”

Superconducting Microwave Quantum Circuits

SC I SC Josephson Junction

Cirquit-QED atomic cavity-QED

Les Houches Lecture Series, “Superconducting Qubits and the Physics of Josephson Junctions,” J. M. Martinis and K. Osborne; Phys. Scr., “Circuit QED and engineering charge-based superconducting qubits,” S M Girvin, M H Devoret and R J Schoelkopf

Why mechanics as an electro-optical interface? Because it works already for microwave photons…

And more recently for optical photons…

Si3N4 Through Chip Membrane Devices

Etch through Si wafer leaving 300 nm thick Si3N4 membrane

64 LC circuits & SiN nanobeams on 4 membranes

Drastic reduction of Cs: 12 fF (meander) 2.5 fF (coils) @ 12 GHz Si3N4: High resistivity, small loss tangent, high stress, high Qm and Qo, v-groove fiber-chip coupling

Transmission Line

Coil on a Membrane Circuit

< 50 nm capacitor slots 500 MHz breathing

mode

Ultimately we need to do this cold (and efficiently)

efficient

cold

Single-sided coupling

η~0.88

<50nm

Small slot-gaps

5 µm 1D-OMC cavity

free-space coupler

Coupling waveguide

Fiber coupling

Quantum Optics & Atomic Physics with 1-d Photonic Crystals

Strong coupling in cQED

Large atom-photon interaction

Enhanced atom-photon coupling near the photonic band edge

Wave-vector “engineering”

• Long-range atom-atom interactions mediated by photons • Quantum many-body physics for internal & external degrees of freedom • Precision vacuum-force measurements

Building Blocks for Scalable Quantum Information Processing*

*D. Chang, L. Jiang, A. Gorshkov & H.J. Kimble, New J. Phys. 14 063003 (2012)

High fidelity quantum bus for state transfer & entanglement distribution

Nano-photonic waveguide

Creation of arbitrary quantum state ψ for the atomic “spin” chain

Coherent mapping of atomic spin state ψ to and from propagating optical fields

Atom-Light Interactions in Photonic Crystals A. Goban, C.-L. Hung, S.-P. Yu, J. Hood, J. Muniz, J. H. Lee, M. Martin, A. McClung, K. Choi, D. Chang, O. Painter & J. Kimble – arXiv:1312.3446

An integrated nanophotonic “optical circuit” for atomic physics, quantum optics, and quantum information science

Atom-Light Interactions in Photonic Crystals A. Goban, C.-L. Hung, S.-P. Yu, J. Hood, J. Muniz, J. H. Lee, M. Martin, A. McClung, K. Choi, D. Chang, O. Painter & J. Kimble – arXiv:1312.3446

SEM of APCW – Alligator Photonic Crystal Waveguide

250nm

Band diagram calculated from SEM

Measured reflection spectrum for APCW -

Band structure in good agreement with our reflection measurements

Cold atom device loading into the Alligator PCW

Ni ~ 107 Cs atoms at ρ ~ 2x1011/cm3

T ~ 20μK

Aki Goban Chen-Lung Hung Jonathan Hood Su-Peng Yu

Nf ~ 106 Cs atoms at ρ ~ 2x1010/cm3

T ~ 20μK

1 mm

Optical fiber butt-coupled to SiN device

Jae Lee Juan Muniz Andrew McClung Mike Martin

SiN device – 1-d photonic

crystal waveguide

atom-light coupling

740nm

Model and Measurement for Reflection Spectra Alligator Photonic Crystal Waveguide – APCW

Atom-induced cavities and tunable long-range interactions between atoms trapped near photonic crystals

J. Douglass, H. Habibian, A. Gorshkov, J. Kimble & D. Chang, arXiv:1312.2435

Towards functional quantum memories for trapped atoms in photonic crystal waveguides (PCW)

Cavity QED without mirrors – “all-atom” cQED with dynamic tuning of cavity and atomic interactions Extend to lambda and butterfly atomic level schemes

Design diverse spin-spin interaction Hamiltonians Tailor functional form for interaction: HI ~ 1/rα (e.g., with α =1 “Coulomb” interaction)

Oskar Painter, Jeff Kimble, Keith Schwab, Rana Adhikari, Yanbei Chen, Kerry Vahala, and Andrei Faraon

California Institute of Technology

3/27/2014

Quantum optics and optomechanics

optomechanical crystals

LIGO mirror

740nm

AMO: “Alligator” nanophotonic waveguide

quantum electro-mechanics