Quantum Dots: Technologies and Global Markets · The global market for quantum dots (QDs) in 2010...

The global market for quantum dots (QDs) in 2010 was worth an estimated $67 million in revenues.This market is projected to grow over the next 5 years at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of59.3%, reaching almost $670 million by 2015, representing a tenfold increase. ? ?

Optoelectronics represents one of the greatest market sectors. This area was launched in 2010 andis expected to increase at a 128.4% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach a value of $310million in 2015.

The established in the biomedical sector was valued at $48 million in 2010. This sector is expectedto increase at a 30% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach a value of $179 million in2015.?

INTRODUCTION?

MOTIVATION

Among the many subsets of nanomaterials, quantum dots (QDs) are like no other.?At dimensionstypically below 10 nanometers (nm), nanocrystalline (nc) semiconductors (SC), metals, andmagnetic materials can all exhibit extraordinary quantum confinement phenomenon.?? Basically, atthese dimensions, their physical size encroaches upon the fundamental quantum confinementdimensions of orbiting electrons that are uniquely prescribed by their atomic nucleus.?Within theregime of these critical dimensions, QDs exhibit distinctly different behavior from their bulk form,which manifests itself, for example, in distinctly different optical, electronic, and magneticproperties.?

Today, scientists can precisely synthesize nanocrystalline materials at these critical dimensions andthereby systematically tune their quantum confining behavior.?? As a result, there is currentlyenormous interest in exploiting and capitalizing on the unique properties exhibited by QDmaterials.?? As a harbinger for future business developments, colloidal QD-bioconjugates areamong the first wave of commercial product applications stimulating market interest.?? Primarily,these have quickly established a niche market in the life sciences and biomedical communities,

Quantum Dots: Technologies and Global Markets

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where they provide unrivalled cellular imaging and therapeutic detection capabilities.?? Otherpromising prototype developments of SC QDs now on the commercial-horizon include: a newgeneration of flash memory devices; nanomaterial enhancements for improving the performance offlexible organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs), as well as solid-state white-LED lighting; and a coretechnology used in flexible solar panel coatings.

With these impending commercial developments and their enormous business potential, this reportprovides a timely assessment of quantum dot materials'where they currently are, and where theymight be in the foreseeable future.

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this report is threefold: (1) to assess the current state-of-the-art insynthesizing QDs; (2) to identify the current market players seeking to exploit QD behavior; and (3)to evaluate actual or potential markets in terms of application, type, and projected market revenues.

SCOPE OF REPORT

Since their simultaneous discovery in Russia and the U.S. almost 30 years ago, SC QDs, until quiterecently, have resided exclusively in the domain of solid state physics, where they have beenfabricated using expensive and sophisticated molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or chemical vapordeposition (CVD) equipment.?? However, in a relatively short time frame this situation has changeddramatically with the recent commercial availability of colloidal QDs synthesized by less expensivewet-chemical processes.?Practically, the availability of QDs in a colloidally dispersed form will helpdemystify these somewhat esoteric materials.?? Most importantly, colloidal-QDs now provideaccess to a much broader audience, which promises to further widen their potential marketexploitation.

Current and future applications of QDs impact a broad range of industrial markets.?? These include,for example, biology and biomedicine; computing and memory; electronics and displays;optoelectronic devices such as LEDs, lighting, and lasers; optical components used in


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telecommunications; and security applications such as covert identification tagging or biowarfaredetection sensors.

This report probes in considerable depth the early pioneers and champions in this field both inindustry, government, and academic laboratories.?? The most active organizations, promisingtechnical applications, and developments realizable within the next 5 years, will all be highlighted.?

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This report represents a major update of the BCC Research report (NAN027B) Quantum Dots:Technologies and Commercial Prospects, published in September 2008.?The most significantrevisions in the new edition include:

An extensive updated patent analysis (2008 to 2010)An in-depth assessment of the unfolding commercial marketsProgress in the synthesis and commercial scaleup by QD producersUpdated company profiles of the producers and end users dictating market developmentUpdated 5-year market projection analysis of the emerging QD market

This is the third exclusive report to focus on QD nanomaterials from the perspective of theirtechnology, applications, and future business prospects.?Thus, this up-to-date technicalassessment and business analysis should prove an especially valuable resource to individuals andorganizations seeking more insight into the current status of QDs, their stand-alone capabilitieswithin the spectrum of nanomaterials, and time-to-market commercial development.?The report'scomprehensive technical and business assessment on the current status of the QD-based industryshould prove informative to nanomaterials manufacturers, investors seeking near-termcommercialization opportunities, technologists confronted with nanomaterial device integrationissues, and companies specifically interested in exploiting QDs in biological, biomedical, electronics,energy, optics, optoelectronics, and security applications.

METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION


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Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this report.?This reportis primarily derived from the enormous amount of patent and technical literature relating to QDsdisclosed in the public domain.?? In addition, complementary information has also been drawn fromthe business community, such as company investment news, company profiles, press releases, andpersonal telephone interviews with selected companies.?

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

John Oliver, the author of this report, is the founder of Innov8 Solutions, which provides advancedmaterials consultation services to various clients.?He has more than 30 years of industrial researchand development (R&D) experience in surface and colloid science, spanning a wide range ofmaterials technology.??Primarily while working as a senior scientist at Xerox Research Centre ofCanada, he developed an invaluable understanding in advanced materials used in digital printingtechnologies such as xerography and ink-jet printing.?? In the past 10 years, following hisinvolvements with the Alberta Research Council and several local universities, his interests haveevolved into the realm of nanomaterials and microsystems device integration.?? He has a Ph.D. inPhysical Chemistry from McGill University, a BSc degree in Chemistry from Surrey University,U.K.?His publications include more than 40 peer-reviewed technical articles, 20 patents, and onetechnical book.

Between 2005 and 2009, he was the editor of BCC's bimonthly Nanoparticle News and hasauthored four previous BCC technical reports: Quantum Dots: Technical Status and MarketProspects (NAN027A, NANO27B); Carbon Nanotubes: Technologies and Commercial Prospects(NAN024C); and Carbon Nanotubes: Technologies and Global Markets (NANO24D).

Table of Contents

Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION


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MOTIVATION 1STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 1SCOPE OF REPORT 2INTENDED AUDIENCE 2METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION 3ANALYST CREDENTIALS 3RELATED BCC REPORTS 3BCC ONLINE SERVICES 4DISCLAIMER 4 Chapter-2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET REVENUE FOR QUANTUM DOTS IN PROMISINGMARKET SECTORS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 6SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET REVENUE FOR QUANTUM DOTS IN PROMISINGMARKET SECTORS, 2009'2015 ($ MILLIONS) 7 Chapter-3: TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW WHAT IS A QUANTUM DOT' 8HISTORY OF QUANTUM DOTS 9TABLE 1 CHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF QDS: FROM RESEARCH CURIOSITY THROUGHCOMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT, 1960S-2010 9PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM DOTS 10FIGURE 1 LUMINESCENCE SIZE REGIMES FOR DIFFERENT SEMICONDUCTOR AND METALQUANTUM DOTS 10TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF EMISSION WAVELENGTH OF SC AND METAL NC QUANTUMDOTS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR SIZE 11TABLE 3 OTHER PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL QUANTUM DOTS 12QUANTUM DOT INDUSTRY 12


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APPLICATIONS AND STRUCTURAL TYPES OF QUANTUM DOTS 13BASIC STRUCTURES 14TABLE 4 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF QDS: BASIC STRUCTURES 14COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 15TABLE 5 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF QDS: COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 15COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 15TABLE 6 QD MATERIAL TYPES AND THEIR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 16TABLE 7 KEY QUANTUM DOT TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 17PATENT ANALYSIS 18QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION (SYNTHESIS) AND DEVICE ASSEMBLY 19SYNTHESIS OF METAL CHALCOGENIDE QUANTUM DOTS 19VAPOR PHASE 19TABLE 8 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: VAPOR PHASE 20Aerosol Drop Method 20Melt Atomization 21Chemical Vapor Deposition 21Physical Vapor Deposition 21Molecular Beam Epitaxy 22LIQUID PHASE ('WET' COLLOID CHEMISTRY) 22TABLE 9 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: LIQUID PHASE 23Colloid 24Batch Process 24Continuous Flow 25Precipitation 26SOLID PHASE 27TABLE 10 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: SOLID PHASE 27SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE SILICON QDS 27LIQUID PHASE SYNTHESIS 28TABLE 11 VARIOUS METHODS USED FOR SI-NC SYNTHESIS 28TABLE 11 (CONTINUED) 29SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS 30


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VAPOR-PHASE SYNTHESIS 31SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE METALS AND QDS 31SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE ' (CONTINUED) 32TABLE 12 VARIOUS SYNTHETIC METHODS AND PHOTOPHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OFMETAL-NCS 33SYNTHESIS OF CARBON QUANTUM DOTS 34ASSEMBLY OF QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURES 35TABLE 13 QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY METHODS 36LITHOGRAPHY 37Conventional Top-Down Methods 37Nanolithography 37FILM FORMATION 38Cast Film 39Langmuir-Blodgett 39Layer-by-Layer 39Metamaterials 40Biomolecular Self-Assembly 41Photopatternable Arrays 42OTHER TECHNIQUES 42Digital Printing 42Nanoporous Templates 43Nanoporous Templates (Continued) 44 Chapter-4: PATENT ANALYSIS RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY 45RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY (CONTINUED) 46U.S. PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE (USPTO) SEARCH 47CHRONOLOGICAL GROWTH TRENDS IN USPTO ACTIVITY 47FIGURE 2 U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED, 1986'JUNE 29, 2010 (CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 3,124) 47FIGURE 3 COMPARISON OF U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED AND PENDING, 2001'2010*


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CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 2,881 (ISSUED); 7,225 (PENDING) 48USPTO ACTIVITY CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTOR 49FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN (%) FOR THE MAIN INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTORS EMERGINGFROM QD-PATENTS ISSUED (2008'JUNE 29, 2010) (%) 49FIGURE 4 (CONTINUED) 50TABLE 14 INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND EXEMPLARY APPLICATIONS EMERGING FROMISSUED U.S. QD-PATENTS, 2008'2010 50FIGURE 5 RELATIVE TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTORS FOR ISSUED U.S.QD-PATENTS FOR THE PERIOD, 1998'2010 (%) 51FIGURE 6 U.S. VERSUS FOREIGN QD PATENTS ISSUED (2008'JUNE 29, 2010): CLASSIFIEDBY APPLICATION SECTOR TOTALS: 905 (U.S.), 292 (FOREIGN) 52FIGURE 6 (CONTINUED) 53USPTO ACTIVITY: ASIAN, EUROPEAN, AND OTHER COUNTRIES 53FIGURE 7 U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED ASSIGNED TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, FOR THEPERIOD 2008'JUNE 29, 2010 TOTALS: ASIA (173), EUROPE (92), ROW (24) 54FIGURE 8 U.S. QD FILED PATENTS ASSSIGNED TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 2008'JULY 1,2010 55USPTO ACTIVITY: SMALL U.S. COMPANIES 55TABLE 15 LEADING U.S. SMALL BUSINESSES GRANTED MUTIPLE PATENTS FORQD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008'JULY 1, 2010 56TABLE 16 OTHER U.S. SMALL BUSINESSES GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS FORQD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008'JULY 1, 2010 57USPTO ACTIVITY: LARGE U.S. COMPANIES 58TABLE 17 LEADING U.S. LARGE BUSINESSES GRANTED MUTIPLE PATENTS INQD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008'JULY 1, 2010 58TABLE 17 (CONTINUED) 59USPTO ACTIVITY: U.S. ACADEMIC, GOVERNMENT, OTHER INSTITUTIONS 59TABLE 18 U.S. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATEDTECHNOLOGY, 2008'JULY 1, 2010 60TABLE 19 U.S. GOVERNMENT AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS INQD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008'JULY 1, 2010 61


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USPTO ACTIVITY: ACCORDING TO FOREIGN OWNERSHIP 61Asia 61TABLE 20 LEADING JAPANESE ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS INQD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008'JULY 1, 2010 62TABLE 21 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES GRANTED PATENTS INQD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005'2007 63Europe 63TABLE 22 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE AND OTHER COUNTRIES GRANTEDPATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008'JULY 1, 2010 64TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) 65Rest of the World 65TABLE 23 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN REST OF THE WORLD COUNTRIES GRANTEDPATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2008'JULY 1, 2010 66IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT FUNDED RESEARCH ON PATENT ACTIVITY 66TABLE 24 MAJOR U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES FUNDING QD-BASED RESEARCH 67NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY (NIST) 67NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (NSF) 67 Chapter-5: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS QUANTUM DOT PRODUCERS 68WET CHEMICAL-BASED SYNTHESIS 68TABLE 25 CURRENT PRODUCERS OF COLLOIDAL QUANTUM DOTS (CQDS) 69American Dye Source, Inc. 70American Elements 71Bayer Technology Services GmbH 72Evident Technologies 73Evident Technologies (Continued) 74TABLE 26 EVIDENT TECHNOLOGIES QUANTUM DOT GRADES 75TABLE 27 RECENT BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS AT EVIDENT TECHNOLOGIES 76TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 77


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Hanwha Nanotech Corporation 78Innovalight, Inc. 78Life Technologies Corporation 79Life Technologies ' (Continued) 80Life Technologies ' (Continued) 80Life Technologies ' (Continued) 81Life Technologies ' (Continued) 82Melben 83Nanoco Technologies, Ltd. 83Nanoco Technologies, Ltd. (Continued) 84Nanosquare Company Ltd. 85NN-Labs, LLC 86NN-Labs, LLC (Continued) 87NN-Labs, LLC (Continued) 88Ocean NanoTech LLC 89PlasmaChem GmbH 90QD Solution 90Reade Advanced Materials 91Selah Technologies, LLC 91Vive Nano, Inc. 92Vive Nano, Inc. (Continued) 93Voxtel Inc. 94SOLID STATE-BASED SYNTHESIS 95TABLE 28 U.S. LARGE CORPORATIONS INTERESTED IN SOLID-STATE SYNTHESIS OF QDSBASED ON PATENT ANALYSIS, 2008'2010* 96COMMERCIAL QD-BASED APPLICATION PLATFORMS 96TABLE 29 PROPONENTS OF COMMERCIAL QD-BASED PRODUCT APPLICATIONPLATFORMS 97TABLE 29 (CONTINUED) 98NANOSYS INC. 98Nanosys Inc. (Continued) 99


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Nanosys Inc. (Continued) 100TABLE 30 NANOSYS' LATEST QD-FOCUSED BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS 101TABLE 31 NANOSYS' EARLIER NANOMATERIALS-BASED BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS,2005-2008 102FOREIGN COMPETITION IN QUANTUM DOTS 102WET CHEMICAL-BASED SYNTHESIS 103SOLID-STATE'BASED SYNTHESIS 103TABLE 32 LEADING ASIAN COMPANIES CURRENTLY DEVELOPING SOLID-STATE'BASED,QD-BASED DEVICES 103TABLE 33 EUROPEAN AND OTHER FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS CURRENTLY INVOLVED INCOMMERCIALLY DEVELOPING SOLID-STATE QD'BASED DEVICES 104DRIVING FORCES IMPACTING QD INDUSTRY 104SPECIALTY AND POTENTIAL FOR COMMODITY QD APPLICATIONS 104SOLAR ENERGY 105IMPORTANT FACTORS NURTURING GROWTH 106DEVICE FABRICATION 106TOP-DOWN IN SITU LITHOGRAPHIC FABRICATION 106BOTTOM-UP ASSEMBLY 107Solid State Synthesis 107Wet Colloid Synthesis 108BUILDING OF QUANTUM DOT DEVICES 108TABLE 34 PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DEVICE FABRICATION PARADIGMS FORCOLLOIDAL-QDS 109TABLE 35 RECENT DEVICE FABRICATION DEVELOPMENTS FOR COLLOIDAL-QDS 110CHALLENGES AND ISSUES FACING THE QD INDUSTRY 110TABLE 36 MAJOR ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACING THE COLLOID QD INDUSTRY 111NANOTOXICITY 111TABLE 37 RECENT R&D STUDIES IN THE NANOTOXICOLOGY OF QD SYSTEMS 112RoHS Directive 113Non-toxic QD systems 113TABLE 38 RECENT R&D IN NON-TOXIC QD SYSTEMS 114


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PRODUCTION SCALE-UP OF QDS 114Production Scale-up of QDs (Continued) 115SURFACE CHEMICAL PASSIVATION 116TRADE PRACTICES/REGULATORY ISSUES AND INFORMATION 116REGULATORY ISSUES 116TABLE 39 RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN NANOMATERIALS SAFETY AND IMPENDINGREGULATION 117Toxicity Studies 118Environmental Studies 118GREEN CHEMISTRY 119EVOLUTIONARY STAGE OF INDUSTRY 119COLLOIDAL QDS 119Colloidal QDs versus Epitaxial QDs 120 Chapter-6: MARKETS BY APPLICATION TABLE 40 COMMERCIALLY PROMISING SECTORS WITH FIRST-GENERATION ORPROTOTYPE QD-BASED PRODUCTS 121BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 122BIOTECHNOLOGY 123BIOLABEL SYNTHESIS 123TABLE 41 ADVANTAGES OF QUANTUM DOTS AS BIOLOGICAL LABELS 123BIOLABEL SYNTHESIS (Continued) 124TABLE 42 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED AND FILED ON QD BIOLABEL SYNTHESIS, 2001'2003 125QD-TAGGED MICROBEADS 126LIVE CELL IMAGING 126Live Cell Imaging (Continued) 127MOLECULAR SPECIES DIAGNOSIS/DETECTION 128TABLE 43 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED AND FILED ON QD BIOTECHNOLOGY, MOLECULARSPECIES DIAGNOSIS/DETECTION, 2001'2003 128TABLE 43 (CONTINUED) 129


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ANALYTICAL/INSTRUMENTS METHODS 129TABLE 44 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED ON QD BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ONANALYTICAL/INSTRUMENT METHODS, 2001'2003 129TABLE 44 (CONTINUED) 130SENSOR AND MICROARRAY APPLICATIONS 130TABLE 45 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED ON QD-BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON SENSORAND MICRO-ARRAY APPLICATIONS, 2001'2003 131MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 131Commercial Organizations 131TABLE 46 COMPANIES LEADING QD-BIOTECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL APPLICATIONS BASED ONU.S. PATENT ACTIVITY, 2005'2008 132TABLE 46 (CONTINUED) 133TABLE 47 COMPANIES LEADING QD-BIOTECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL APPLICATIONS BASED ONU.S. PATENT ACTIVITY, 2008'OCTOBER 28, 2010 133TABLE 47 (CONTINUED) 134Academic Organizations 134TABLE 48 THE MOST ACTIVE UNIVERSITIES INVOLVED IN QD-BIOTECHNOLOGYAPPLICATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S. PATENTS ISSUED, 2005'2007 135TABLE 49 LEADING UNIVERSITIES AND HOSPITALS INVOLVED IN QD-BIO/MEDICALAPPLICATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S. PATENTS, 2008'OCTOBER 28, 2010 136TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 137COMPANY PROFILES'BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 137Affymetrix, Inc. 137Amnis Corporation 138Applera Corporation 138Biocrystal Ltd. 139Clinical Micro Sensors, Inc./Osmetech Molecular Diagnostics 140Clontech Laboratories, Inc. 141Genoptix, Inc. 141Helicos BioSciences Corporation 142Illumina, Inc. 142


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Intel Corporation 143Integrated Raman Bioanalyzer System 144MEMS-Based Hydrodynamic Focusing 145LI-COR Incorporated 145Luminex Corporation 146Nanosphere, Inc. 146Pharmaceutical Product Development, Inc. 147U.S. Genomics, Inc. 147BIOMEDICINE 148DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 148TABLE 50 QD MEDICAL APPLICATIONS DERIVED FROM U.S. PATENTS: 2000'2004 149TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 150MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 150TABLE 51 QD MEDICAL APPLICATIONS DERIVED FROM U.S. PATENTS, 2005'2007 151BIOPHARMACEUTICS 152CANCER THERAPY AND DIAGNOSTICS 152Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics (Continued) 153DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS 154Alverix, Inc. 154Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. 155DISEASE SCREENING 155IMPLANTABLE DEVICES 156Motorola Inc. 156IntrinsiQ Materials, Ltd 157SURGICAL AIDS 158Medical Instrumentation 158Spectros Corporation 158Photodynamic Therapy 159Light Sciences Oncology, Inc. 159Teledyne Lighting & Display Products 160ELECTRONICS 160


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TABLE 52 NOVEL QD-BASED DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONICS 160TABLE 52 (CONTINUED) 161LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL ELECTRONIC DEVICE FABRICATION 161Top-Down QD Electronic Device Assembly 162TABLE 53 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION USINGCONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 1999'2004 162TABLE 53 (CONTINUED) 163TABLE 54 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION USINGCONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 2005'2007 164Bottom-Up QD Electronic Device Assembly'Molecular Electronics 164TABLE 55 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION INTOUNCONVENTIONAL NANOELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 1999'2003 165TABLE 56 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION USINGUNCONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 2005'2007 166TABLE 57 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN UNCONVENTIONAL QD-BASEDMICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 2008'2010 167QUANTUM COMPUTERS AND CRYPTOGRAPHY 167Quantum Computing and Information Processing 167Quantum Cryptography 168Patent Activity in Quantum Computers and Quantum Cryptography 168TABLE 58 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTUM COMPUTERS, 1999'2004168TABLE 58 (CONTINUED) 169TABLE 59 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTUM COMPUTERS ANDQUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY, 2005'2007 170TABLE 60 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTUM COMPUTERS ANDQUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY, 2008'2010 170D-Wave Systems Inc. 171LTX-Credence Corporation 172MagiQ Technologies, Inc. 172Qucor Pty. Ltd. 173


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Toshiba Research Europe Ltd. 173STORAGE/MEMORY DEVICES 174TABLE 61 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMORY DEVICES, 1999'2004 174TABLE 61 (CONTINUED) 175TABLE 62 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMORY DEVICES, 2005'2007 175TABLE 62 (CONTINUED) 176TABLE 63 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMORY DEVICES, 2008'2010 176OPTOELECTRONICS 177DISPLAYS 178TABLE 64 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES, 2005'2007178TABLE 64 (CONTINUED) 179TABLE 65 LATEST U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIESM,2008'2010 1793DIcon Corporation 180Boeing Company 180E Ink Corporation 181Eastman Kodak Company 182Goldeneye, Inc. 183Imaging Systems Technology 183Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) 184Microvision, Inc. 185Prysm, Inc. 186QD Vision, Inc. 186TABLE 66 BENEFITS OF QD-LEDS OVER OTHER DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES 187TABLE 67 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN QD VISION'S SOLID STATE LIGHTING AND DISPLAYTECHNOLOGIES 188Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology 189Solexant Corporation 189Superimaging, Inc. 190FLEXIBLE DISPLAY INDUSTRY 191


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TABLE 68 PROFILE OF SOME EMERGING FLEXIBLE DISPLAY MARKET PLAYERS 191TABLE 68 (CONTINUED) 192Complementary Fabrication Technology 192Ink-jet Printing 192Mist Deposition 192LASERS 193TABLE 69 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS 2005'2007 IN LASERS AND LASERDIODES AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG U.S. ORGANIZATIONS 194TABLE 70 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LASER DIODES AND RELATEDDEVICES AMONG FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS, 2005'2007 194TABLE 70 (CONTINUED) 195TABLE 71 ORGANIZATIONS LEADING U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LASERDIODES AND RELATED DEVICES, 2008'2010 196Finisar Corporation 196Innolume GmbH 197TABLE 72 ADVANTAGES OF QD DIODE LASERS 198Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH 199QD Laser, Inc. 199LEDS AND LIGHTING 200TABLE 73 ROADMAP RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SSL-LED TECHNOLOGY/ LAMP TARGETS201TABLE 74 IMPORTANT PLAYERS IN GROWING WLED SSL INDUSTRY 202TABLE 75 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LEDS AND RELATED DEVICESAMONG U.S. ORGANIZATIONS, 2005'2007 203TABLE 75 (CONTINUED) 204TABLE 76 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LEDS AND RELATED DEVICESAMONG FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS, 2005'2007 204TABLE 76 (CONTINUED) 205TABLE 77 ORGANIZATIONS LEADING U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LEDSAND LIGHTING APPLICATIONS, 2008'2010 205Avago Technologies Limited 206


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Evident Technologies, Inc. 206Global OLED Technology, LLC 207Group IV Semiconductor Inc. 208Kopin Corporation 209Los Alamos National Laboratory 2093M Company 2103M Company (Continued) 211Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH 212Philips Lumileds Lighting Company 213Sandia National Laboratories 214TABLE 78 PROPERTY COMPARISON OF COLLOIDAL QDS AND CONVENTIONAL LEDPHOSPHORS 215Sandia National Laboratories (Continued) 216Challenges Facing Solid-State LED Development 217TABLE 79 COLLOIDAL QD-BASED SOLID STATE WHITE LIGHTING: ENABLING FEATURESAND FUTURE TECHNICAL CHALLENGES 217TABLE 79 (CONTINUED) 218YLX Corporation 218OPTICAL COMPONENTS 218BACKGROUND 218PATENT ACTIVITY 219TABLE 80 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL COMPONENTS ANDRELATED DEVICES, 1999'2004 220MORE RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY 220TABLE 81 RECENT U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL COMPONENTS,2005'2008 221TRACKDALE LTD. (U.K.) 222DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING 222VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND LAMBDA INSTRUMENTS, INC. 223LATEST PATENT ACTIVITY 223TABLE 82 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS WITH U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN


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OPTICAL COMPONENTS, 2008'2010 224SECURITY 224RATIONALE FOR QDS AS AN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY 224QDs versus Organic Fluorescent Dyes 225Market Drivers 225Counterfeiting 226ORGANIZATIONS EXPLOITING QD-BASED SECURITY TECHNOLOGY 226TABLE 83 KEY ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN SECURITY APPLICATIONS OF QDS ORCOMPETITIVE MARKING MATERIALS 227MORE RECENT SECURITY APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENTS 227TABLE 84 QD SECURITY APPLICATIONS PATENTS, 2005'2008 228TABLE 85 QD SECURITY APPLICATIONS PATENTS, 2008'2010 229BioCrystal Ltd. 229Center for Forensic Studies 230Digimarc Corporation 230Evident Technologies 231Honeywell International Inc. 232Massachusetts Institute of Technology 233Nanosolutions GmbH 233National Research Council of Canada 234NCR Corporation 235New Light Industries, Ltd. 235Oxonica Inc/Nanoplex Technologies, Inc. 236Oxonica Inc/Nanoplex ' (Continued) 237Life Technologies Corporation 238Spectra Systems Corporation 239Veritec, Inc. 240BUSINESS PROGNOSIS OF THE SECURITY MARKET 240TABLE 86 RECENT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES FOCUSING ON NEW SECURITYDEVELOPMENTS 241Market Size 241


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Digital Security Printing 241DVDs 242Counterfeit Drugs 242SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 243CHEMICAL REACTION ENERGY CONVERSION 243SOLAR ENERGY 244Organic Dye-Based Solar Cells 245TABLE 87 ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE POLYMER-BASED DESIGNS OVER CONVENTIONALRIGID SOLAR CELL DESIGNS 245Organic Dye-Based ' (Continued) 246Organic QD-Based Solar Cells 247TABLE 88 SOME ADVANTAGES OF COLLOIDAL QDS OVER ORGANIC DYES USED INPHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS 247Development of QD-Based Solar Cells 248TABLE 89 EARLY PLAYERS INVOLVED IN PATENTING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OFQD-ENHANCED SOLAR CELLS 248TABLE 89 (CONTINUED) 249Agfa-Gevaert 249Harvard University 249Los Alamos National Laboratory 250Lund University 250Nanosys Inc. 251National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 252University of California 253University of Idaho 254University of Rochester 254More Recent Developments 254TABLE 90 MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS BY MAJOR PLAYERS INVOLVED IN QD SOLARCELLS AND COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES, 2005'2008 255TABLE 90 (CONTINUED) 256Current Developments 256


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TABLE 91 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS BY ACADEMIC AND GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS INQD SOLAR CELLS, 2008'2010 256TABLE 91 (CONTINUED) 257TABLE 92 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY OF MAJOR COMMERCIAL PLAYERS INVOLVED INQD-BASED SOLAR CELL APPLICATION, 2008'2010 257TABLE 92 (CONTINUED) 258THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERSION 258TABLE 93 DEVELOPMENTS IN QD ENHANCEMENTS USED IN THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY(TE) CONVERSION, 2005'2008 259TABLE 94 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN QD ENHANCEMENTS USED IN THERMOELECTRICENERGY (TE) CONVERSION, 2008'2010 260 Chapter-7: MARKET ANALYSIS QD COMMERCIAL PRODUCERS 261LEADING COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS 261U.S. Producers 261TABLE 95 LEADING U.S. COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS, CURRENT PRODUCT PORTFOLIOS,AND COMMERCIAL MARKET APPLICATIONS 262U.S. Producers (Continued) 263Foreign Producers 264TABLE 96 FOREIGN COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS: CURRENT PRODUCT PORTFOLIO ANDCOMMERCIAL MARKET APPLICATIONS 264COMPARISON WITH SOLID STATE SYNTHESIZED QDS 265TABLE 97 LEADING PROPONENTS OF COMMERCIAL SOLID STATE QD-BASED PRODUCTAPPLICATION PLATFORMS 266MAJOR PRODUCTION CHALLENGES 266TABLE 98 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING COMMERCIAL QD PRODUCERS 267TABLE 99 ANTICIPATED COMMERCIAL MARKET SECTORS FOR QUANTUM DOTS ANDPRODUCT OFFERINGS,2010'2015 268MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 269


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POTENTIAL MARKET SIZE 269EVOLUTION OF NC MATERIALS IN BIOLOGICAL DETECTION 269MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 270COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR QDS IN BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 271Crystalplex Nanotech 272Cytodiagnostics, Inc. 272Cytoptics Corporation 273Fio Corporation 274Lab21 Ltd/Selah Technologies, LLC 275Life Technologies Corporation 275Life Technologies ' (Continued) 276EMERGING MARKETS FOR SMALL NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 277Standalone Bioconjugate-QD Materials Market 277TABLE 100 PREDICTED REVENUE GROWTH FOR BIOCONJUGATE QDS, 2010'2015 ($MILLIONS) 278MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN MEMORY APPLICATIONS 278TABLE 101 QD AND OTHER FUTURE NANOMATERIALS-BASED MEMORY ARCHITECTURES279FLASH, THE MEMORY OF CHOICE 280Freescale Semiconductor Inc. 280Freescale Semiconductor Inc. (Continued) 281OTHER NEAR-TERM COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES 282Other Near-Term ' (Continued) 283PROJECTED GROWTH IN QD-BASED MEMORY MARKET 284FIGURE 9 TOTAL WORLWIDE FLASH MEMORY REVENUE GROWTH PROJECTION 284TABLE 102 PROJECTED MARKET REVENUES GENERATED BY FREESCALE'S QD-BASEDMEMORY PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 284HEWLETT-PACKARD 285IBM 286MICRON TECHNOLOGY INC. 287NANOSYS INC. 287


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Nanosys Inc. (Continued) 288TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN (GERMANY) 289UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES 289UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE 290Other Foreign Competition 290MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN RIGID AND FLEXIBLE LED WHITE LIGHTING ANDDISPLAYS 290RIGID LED WHITE LIGHTING 291TABLE 103 MAJOR ISSUES CONFRONTING THE IMPENDING USE OF QDS IN SSL WLEDTECHNOLOGY 292North American Interests 293Foreign Interests 294FLEXIBLE LED LIGHTING 295Market Prediction in LED lighting 296Rigid LED lighting 296Flexible LED Lighting 297TABLE 104 PROJECTED RIGID AND FLEXIBLE QD-LED LIGHTING REVENUES, THROUGH2015 ($ MILLIONS) 297RIGID AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS 297TABLE 105 MAJOR PERFORMANCE ISSUES CONFRONTING OLED DISPLAY TECHNOLOGYAND POTENTIAL ENHANCEMENTS PROVIDED BY QDS 298Rigid and Flexible Displays (Continued) 299Rigid and Flexible Displays (Continued) 300Rigid and Flexible Displays (Continued) 301Market Prediction 302Rigid Displays 302LED Backlighting for Rigid Displays 302LED Backlighting for Small Flexible Displays 302TABLE 106 PROJECTED RIGID AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAY REVENUES GENERATED BYQD-BASED PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 303MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION 304


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DOPED FIBER OPTICS 304LASERS 305Finisar Corporation 305Innolume GmbH 306Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH 306QD Laser, Inc. 306OPTICAL COMPONENTS 307Evident Technologies, Inc. 307InVisage Technologies, Inc. 308Siemens AG 309Trackdale Ltd. 309QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY 310PROJECTED GROWTH FOR QDS IN OPTICAL PRODUCTS 310Optical Telecommunications 311Quantum Cryptography 311Portable Laser Projectors 312Cell Phone/Digital Camera Sensors 312TABLE 107 PROJECTED REVENUES FOR QD-BASED OPTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION ANDPORTABLE COMMUNICATION DEVICES, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 313MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN SECURITY APPLICATIONS 313TABLE 108 CLASSIFICATION OF COVERT QD SECURITY APPLICATIONS BY MARKETSECTOR 313TABLE 108 (CONTINUED) 314INITIAL COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS 315Life Technologies Corporation 315Voxtel Inc. 315Xerox Corporation 316PROJECTED GROWTH IN THE QD-BASED SECURITY MARKET 317MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY 317INITIAL COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS 318RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: ADDRESSING MAJOR ISSUES 319


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TABLE 109 MAJOR ISSUES CONFRONTING THE IMPENDING USE OF COLLOIDAL QDS INSOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY 320IMPENDING COMMERCIAL QD-BASED SOLAR PRODUCTS 320Cyrium Technologies, Inc. 320Cyrium Technologies, Inc. (Continued) 321Innovalight, Inc. 322Innovalight, Inc. (Continued) 323Natcore Technology, Inc. 324QD Soleil, Inc. 325QuantaSol Ltd. 326Quantum PV 327Shrink Nanotechnologies, Inc. 327Spire Corporation 328Solexant Corporation 329Solterra Renewable Technologies 330COMPLEMENTARY DEVELOPMENTS IMPACTING QD-SOLAR CELLS 331TABLE 110 COMPLEMENTARY ACTIVITIES SHAPING COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS INSOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS 332First-Generation: Bulk Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 333Second-Generation: Inorganic Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 333Third-Generation: Organic Thin Film Solar Cells 334Third-Generation: ' (Continued) 335PROJECTED GROWTH IN THE QD-BASED SOLAR MARKET 336Second-Generation: Inorganic Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 336Third-Generation: Organic Thin Film Solar Cells 337TABLE 111 PROJECTED MARKET REVENUES GENERATED BY QD-BASED SECOND- ANDTHIRD-GENERATION SOLAR CELL PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 338MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OTHER ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 339HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 339THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERSION 339Thermoelectric Energy Conversion (Continued) 340


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MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OTHER PROMISING SECTORS 341FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS 341Flexible Electronics (Continued) 342 Chapter-8: APPENDIX: ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNITS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 343UNITS 344

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Transcript of Quantum Dots: Technologies and Global Markets · The global market for quantum dots (QDs) in 2010...