Quantum criticality and the phase diagram of the …qpt.physics.harvard.edu/talks/paris09.pdfEun...
Transcript of Quantum criticality and the phase diagram of the …qpt.physics.harvard.edu/talks/paris09.pdfEun...
Quantum criticalityand the phase diagram of
the cuprates
HARVARD
Talk online: sachdev.physics.harvard.edu
Victor Galitski, MarylandRibhu Kaul, Harvard Kentucky
Max Metlitski, HarvardEun Gook Moon, Harvard
Cenke Xu, Harvard Santa Barbara
HARVARD
N. E. Hussey, J. Phys: Condens. Matter 20, 123201 (2008)
Crossovers in transport properties of hole-doped cuprates
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
(K)
Hole doping
2
+ 2
or
FL?
coh?
( )S-shaped
*
-wave SC
(1 < < 2)AFM
upturnsin ( )
Classicalspin
waves
Dilutetriplon
gas
Quantumcritical
Neel order Pressure in TlCuCl3Christian Ruegg et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 205701 (2008)
S. Sachdev and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2411 (1992).
Canonical quantum critical phase diagram of coupled-dimer antiferromagnet
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
T(K)
Hole doping x
d-wave SC
AFM
Strange metal
xm
Crossovers in transport properties of hole-doped cuprates
Strange metal: quantum criticality ofoptimal doping critical point at x = xm ?
S. Sachdev and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2411 (1992).
A. J. Millis, Phys. Rev. B 48, 7183 (1993).
C. M. Varma, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3538 (1999).
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
T(K)
Hole doping x
d-wave SC
AFM
xs
Strange metal
Only candidate quantum critical point observed at low T
Spin density wave order presentbelow a quantum critical point at x = xs
with xs ! 0.12 in the La series of cuprates
! !
FluctuatingFermi
pocketsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Spin density wave (SDW)
Theory of quantum criticality in the cuprates
Underlying SDW ordering quantum critical pointin metal at x = xm
“Large” Fermi surfaces in cuprates
!
Hole states
occupied
Electron states
occupied
!
H0 = !!
i<j
tijc†i!ci! "
!
k
!kc†k!ck!
The area of the occupied electron/hole states:
Ae ="
2"2(1! x) for hole-doping x2"2(1 + p) for electron-doping p
Ah = 4"2 !Ae
Spin density wave theory
The electron spin polarization obeys!
!S(r, ")"
= !#(r, ")eiK·r
where !# is the spin density wave (SDW) order parameter,and K is the ordering wavevector. For simplicity, we con-sider K = ($, $).
Spin density wave theory
Spin density wave Hamiltonian
Hsdw = !" ·!
k,!,"
c†k,!!#!"ck+K,"
Diagonalize H0 + Hsdw for !" = (0, 0, ")
Ek± =$k + $k+K
2±
"#$k ! $k+K
2
$+ "2
Increasing SDW order
!!!
S. Sachdev, A. V. Chubukov, and A. Sokol, Phys. Rev. B 51, 14874 (1995). A. V. Chubukov and D. K. Morr, Physics Reports 288, 355 (1997).
!
Hole pockets
Electron pockets
Spin density wave theory
Large Fermi surface breaks up intoelectron and hole pockets
Spin density wave theory in hole-doped cuprates
A. J. Millis and M. R. Norman, Physical Review B 76, 220503 (2007). N. Harrison, Physical Review Letters 102, 206405 (2009).
Incommensurate order in YBa2Cu3O6+x
!!
Evidence for connection between linear resistivity andstripe-ordering in a cuprate with a low Tc
Linear temperature dependence of resistivity and change in the Fermi surface at the pseudogap critical point of a high-Tc superconductorR. Daou, Nicolas Doiron-Leyraud, David LeBoeuf, S. Y. Li, Francis Laliberté, Olivier Cyr-Choinière, Y. J. Jo, L. Balicas, J.-Q. Yan, J.-S. Zhou, J. B. Goodenough & Louis Taillefer, Nature Physics 5, 31 - 34 (2009)
Magnetic field of upto 35 T
used to suppress superconductivity
FluctuatingFermi
pocketsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Spin density wave (SDW)
Theory of quantum criticality in the cuprates
Underlying SDW ordering quantum critical pointin metal at x = xm
Increasing SDW orderIncreasing SDW order
LargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Spin density wave (SDW)
d-wavesuperconductor
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuations
Theory of quantum criticality in the cuprates
Onset of d-wave superconductivityhides the critical point x = xm
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
LargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Spin density wave (SDW)
d-wavesuperconductor
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuations
Theory of quantum criticality in the cuprates
Competition between SDW order and superconductivitymoves the actual quantum critical point to x = xs < xm.
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
LargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Spin density wave (SDW)
d-wavesuperconductor
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuations
Theory of quantum criticality in the cuprates
Competition between SDW order and superconductivitymoves the actual quantum critical point to x = xs < xm.
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Magneticquantumcriticality
Spin density wave (SDW)
Spin gap
Thermallyfluctuating
SDW
d-wavesuperconductor
Theory of quantum criticality in the cuprates
Competition between SDW order and superconductivitymoves the actual quantum critical point to x = xs < xm.
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Magneticquantumcriticality
Spin density wave (SDW)
Spin gap
Thermallyfluctuating
SDW
d-wavesuperconductor
Theory of quantum criticality in the cuprates
Competition between SDW order and superconductivitymoves the actual quantum critical point to x = xs < xm.
Classicalspin
waves
Dilutetriplongas
Quantumcritical
Neel order
Criticality of the coupled dimer antiferromagnet at x=xs
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Magneticquantumcriticality
Spin density wave (SDW)
Spin gap
Thermallyfluctuating
SDW
d-wavesuperconductor
Theory of quantum criticality in the cuprates
Competition between SDW order and superconductivitymoves the actual quantum critical point to x = xs < xm.
Criticality of the topological change in Fermi surface at x=xm
Increasing SDW orderIncreasing SDW order
1. Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity and SDW order Survey of recent experiments
2. Overdoped vs. underdoped pairing Electronic theory of competing orders
3. Theory of SDW quantum critical pointDominance of planar graphs
Outline
1. Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity and SDW order Survey of recent experiments
2. Overdoped vs. underdoped pairing Electronic theory of competing orders
3. Theory of SDW quantum critical pointDominance of planar graphs
Outline
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
Write down a Landau-Ginzburg action for the quantum fluctua-tions of the SDW order (!") and superconductivity (#):
S =!
d2rd$
"12(%! !")2 +
c2
2(!x!")2 +
r
2!"2 +
u
4#!"2
$2
+ & !"2 |#|2%
+!
d2r
"|(!x " i(2e/!c)A)#|2 " |#|2 +
|#|4
2
%
where & > 0 is the repulsion between the two order parameters,and !#A = H is the applied magnetic field.
E. Demler, S. Sachdev and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067202 (2001).See also E. Demler, W. Hanke, and S.-C. Zhang, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 909 (2004);S. A. Kivelson, D.-H. Lee, E. Fradkin, and V. Oganesyan, Phys. Rev. B 66, 144516 (2002).
Write down a Landau-Ginzburg action for the quantum fluctua-tions of the SDW order (!") and superconductivity (#):
S =!
d2rd$
"12(%! !")2 +
c2
2(!x!")2 +
r
2!"2 +
u
4#!"2
$2
+ & !"2 |#|2%
+!
d2r
"|(!x " i(2e/!c)A)#|2 " |#|2 +
|#|4
2
%
where & > 0 is the repulsion between the two order parameters,and !#A = H is the applied magnetic field.
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
E. Demler, S. Sachdev and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067202 (2001).See also E. Demler, W. Hanke, and S.-C. Zhang, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 909 (2004);S. A. Kivelson, D.-H. Lee, E. Fradkin, and V. Oganesyan, Phys. Rev. B 66, 144516 (2002).
Write down a Landau-Ginzburg action for the quantum fluctua-tions of the SDW order (!") and superconductivity (#):
S =!
d2rd$
"12(%! !")2 +
c2
2(!x!")2 +
r
2!"2 +
u
4#!"2
$2
+ & !"2 |#|2%
+!
d2r
"|(!x " i(2e/!c)A)#|2 " |#|2 +
|#|4
2
%
where & > 0 is the repulsion between the two order parameters,and !#A = H is the applied magnetic field.
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
E. Demler, S. Sachdev and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067202 (2001).See also E. Demler, W. Hanke, and S.-C. Zhang, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 909 (2004);S. A. Kivelson, D.-H. Lee, E. Fradkin, and V. Oganesyan, Phys. Rev. B 66, 144516 (2002).
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
E. Demler, S. Sachdev and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067202 (2001).
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
E. Demler, S. Sachdev and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067202 (2001).
• SDW order is more stable in the metalthan in the superconductor: xm > xs.
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
E. Demler, S. Sachdev and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067202 (2001).
• SDW order is more stable in the metalthan in the superconductor: xm > xs.
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
E. Demler, S. Sachdev and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067202 (2001).
• For doping with xs < x < xm, SDW order appearsat a quantum phase transition at H = Hsdw > 0.
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
E. Demler, S. Sachdev and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067202 (2001).
Neutron scattering on La1.855Sr0.145CuO4
J. Chang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 177006 (2009).
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
J. Chang, N. B. Christensen, Ch. Niedermayer, K. Lefmann,
H. M. Roennow, D. F. McMorrow, A. Schneidewind, P. Link, A. Hiess,
M. Boehm, R. Mottl, S. Pailhes, N. Momono, M. Oda, M. Ido, and
J. Mesot, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 177006
(2009).
J. Chang, Ch. Niedermayer, R. Gilardi, N.B. Christensen, H.M. Ronnow,
D.F. McMorrow, M. Ay, J. Stahn, O. Sobolev, A. Hiess, S. Pailhes, C. Baines, N. Momono,
M. Oda, M. Ido, and J. Mesot, Physical Review B 78, 104525 (2008).
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
E. Demler, S. Sachdev and Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067202 (2001).
Neutron scattering on YBa2Cu3O6.45
D. Haug et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 017001 (2009).
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
500
1000
1500
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0
500
1000
1500
0.4 0.5 0.6
1500
1600
1700
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
-500
0
500
0.4 0.5 0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
QH (r.l.u.)
I(14.9T,2K) ! I(0T,2K)
(d)
(c)
H = 14.9T
(b)
(a)
ba
I (14.9T, 2K) ! I (0T, 2K)
H = 0T
Inte
nsity (
counts
/ ~
10 m
in)
QH (r.l.u.)
H = 14.9T
2K
50K
QH (r.l.u.)
QK (r.l.u.)
Inte
nsity (
counts
/ ~
1 m
in)
Inte
nsity (
counts
/ ~
10 m
in)
Inte
nsity (
counts
/ ~
10 m
in)
QK
QH
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
20
40
60
80
100
(b)
(b)(a)
Inte
nsity (
a.u
.)
H = 0T
H = 13.5T
Inte
nsity (
counts
/ ~
12 m
in)
QH (r.l.u.)
H = 0T
H = 14.9T
0 1 2 3 4
100
1000
T = 2K
T = 2K
Energy E (meV)
D. Haug, V. Hinkov, A. Suchaneck, D. S. Inosov, N. B. Christensen, Ch. Niedermayer, P. Bourges, Y. Sidis, J. T. Park, A. Ivanov, C. T. Lin, J. Mesot, and B. Keimer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 017001 (2009)
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
N. Doiron-Leyraud, C. Proust, D. LeBoeuf, J. Levallois, J.-B. Bonnemaison, R. Liang, D. A. Bonn, W. N. Hardy, and L. Taillefer, Nature 447, 565 (2007).S. E. Sebastian, N. Harrison, C. H. Mielke, Ruixing Liang, D. A. Bonn, W.~N.~Hardy, and G. G. Lonzarich, arXiv:0907.2958
Quantum oscillations without Zeeman splitting
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
Increasing SDW order
Nature 450, 533 (2007)
Quantum oscillations
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
Change in frequency of quantum oscillations in electron-doped materials identifies xm = 0.165
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
Increasing SDW order Increasing SDW order
Nd2!xCexCuO4
T. Helm, M. V. Kartsovni, M. Bartkowiak, N. Bittner,
M. Lambacher, A. Erb, J. Wosnitza, R. Gross, arXiv:0906.1431
Increasing SDW orderIncreasing SDW order
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
Neutron scattering at H=0 in same material identifies xs = 0.14 < xm
Increasing SDW order Increasing SDW order
0 100 200 300 4005
10
20
50
100
200
500
Temperature (K)
Spin
cor
rela
tion
leng
th !
/a
x=0.154x=0.150x=0.145x=0.134x=0.129x=0.106x=0.075x=0.038
E. M. Motoyama, G. Yu, I. M. Vishik, O. P. Vajk, P. K. Mang, and M. Greven,Nature 445, 186 (2007).
Nd2!xCexCuO4
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity (SC) and spin-density wave (SDW) order
Experiments on Nd2!xCexCuO4 show that at lowfields xs = 0.14, while at high fields xm = 0.165.
Increasing SDW order Increasing SDW order
H
SC
M
SC+SDW
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
"Normal"(Large Fermi
surface)
Hc2
Hsdw
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Magneticquantumcriticality
Spin gapThermallyfluctuating
SDW
d-waveSC
T
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
1. Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity and SDW order Survey of recent experiments
2. Overdoped vs. underdoped pairing Electronic theory of competing orders
3. Theory of SDW quantum critical pointDominance of planar graphs
Outline
1. Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity and SDW order Survey of recent experiments
2. Overdoped vs. underdoped pairing Electronic theory of competing orders
3. Theory of SDW quantum critical pointDominance of planar graphs
Outline
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Magneticquantumcriticality
Spin gapThermallyfluctuating
SDW
d-waveSC
T
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Magneticquantumcriticality
Spin gapThermallyfluctuating
SDW
d-waveSC
T
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
Theory of theonset of d-wave
superconductivityfrom a
large Fermi surface
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
Increasing SDW order
!!! !
Spin-fluctuation exchange theory of d-wave superconductivity in the cuprates
!"
D. J. Scalapino, E. Loh, and J. E. Hirsch, Phys. Rev. B 34, 8190 (1986) K. Miyake, S. Schmitt-Rink, and C. M. Varma, Phys. Rev. B 34, 6554 (1986)
Fermions at the large Fermi surface exchangefluctuations of the SDW order parameter !".
Increasing SDW order
++_
_
!
d-wave pairing of the large Fermi surface
!ck!c"k#" # !k = !0(cos(kx)$ cos(ky))
!"
K
D. J. Scalapino, E. Loh, and J. E. Hirsch, Phys. Rev. B 34, 8190 (1986) K. Miyake, S. Schmitt-Rink, and C. M. Varma, Phys. Rev. B 34, 6554 (1986)
Ar. Abanov, A. V. Chubukov and J. Schmalian, Advances in Physics 52, 119 (2003).
Approaching the onset of antiferromagnetism in the spin-fluctuation theory
Ar. Abanov, A. V. Chubukov and J. Schmalian, Advances in Physics 52, 119 (2003).
Approaching the onset of antiferromagnetism in the spin-fluctuation theory
:
• Tc increases upon approaching the SDW transition.SDW and SC orders do not compete, but attract each other.
• No simple mechanism for nodal-anti-nodal dichotomy.
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Magneticquantumcriticality
Spin gapThermallyfluctuating
SDW
d-waveSC
T
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Magneticquantumcriticality
Spin gapThermallyfluctuating
SDW
d-waveSC
T
Theory of theonset of d-wave
superconductivityfrom small
Fermi pockets
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Magneticquantumcriticality
Spin gapThermallyfluctuating
SDW
d-waveSC
T
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
Physics ofcompetition:
d-wave SC andSDW “eat up’same pieces ofthe large Fermi
surface.
Begin with SDW ordered state, and rotate to a framepolarized along the local orientation of the SDW order !̂"
!c!c"
"= R
!#+
##
"; R† !̂" · !$R = $z ; R†R = 1
Theory of underdoped cuprates
Increasing SDW order
!!! !
H. J. Schulz, Physical Review Letters 65, 2462 (1990)
With R =!
z! !z"#z# z"!
"
the theory is invariant under theU(1) gauge transformation
z! " ei"z! ; !+ " e$i"!+ ; !$ " ei"!$
and the SDW order is given by
"̂# = z"!"$!#z#
Theory of underdoped cuprates
Theory of underdoped cuprates
Starting from the “SDW-fermion” modelwith Lagrangian
L =!
k
c†k!
"!
!"! #k
#ck!
!Esdw
!
i
c†i! $̂%i · $&!"ci"eiK·ri
+12t
$!µ $̂%
%2
Theory of underdoped cuprateswe obtain a U(1) gauge theory of
• fermions !p with U(1) charge p = ±1 and pocket Fermisurfaces,
• relativistic complex scalars z! with charge 1, represent-ing the orientational fluctuations of the SDW order
• Shraiman-Siggia term
L! =!
k,p=±
"!†kp
#"
"#! ipA" + $k!pA
$!kp
! Esdw!†kpp!k+K,p
%
Theory of underdoped cuprateswe obtain a U(1) gauge theory of
• fermions !p with U(1) charge p = ±1 and pocket Fermisurfaces,
• relativistic complex scalars z! with charge 1, represent-ing the orientational fluctuations of the SDW order
• Shraiman-Siggia term
Lz =1t
!|(!! ! iA! )z"|2 + v2|"! iA)z"|2 + i"(|z"|2 ! 1)
"
• d-wave superconductivity.
• Nodal-anti-nodal dichotomy: strong pairing near (!, 0),(0, !), and weak pairing near zone diagonals.
• Tc decreases as spin correlation increases (competingorder e!ect).
• Shift in quantum critical point of SDW ordering:gauge fluctuations are stronger in the superconduc-tor.
• After onset of superconductivity, monopoles condenseand lead to confinement and nematic and/orvalence bond solid (VBS) order.
Features of superconductivity
V. Galitski and S. Sachdev, Physical Review B 79, 134512 (2009).
• d-wave superconductivity.
• Nodal-anti-nodal dichotomy: strong pairing near (!, 0),(0, !), and weak pairing near zone diagonals.
• Tc decreases as spin correlation increases (competingorder e!ect).
• Shift in quantum critical point of SDW ordering:gauge fluctuations are stronger in the superconduc-tor.
• After onset of superconductivity, monopoles condenseand lead to confinement and nematic and/orvalence bond solid (VBS) order.
Features of superconductivity
Eun Gook Moon and S. Sachdev, Physical Review B 80, 035117 (2009).
• d-wave superconductivity.
• Nodal-anti-nodal dichotomy: strong pairing near (!, 0),(0, !), and weak pairing near zone diagonals.
• Tc decreases as spin correlation increases (competingorder e!ect).
• Shift in quantum critical point of SDW ordering:gauge fluctuations are stronger in the superconduc-tor.
• After onset of superconductivity, monopoles condenseand lead to confinement and nematic and/orvalence bond solid (VBS) order.
Features of superconductivity
R. K. Kaul, M. Metlitksi, S. Sachdev, and Cenke Xu, Phys. Rev. B 78, 045110 (2008).
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Magneticquantumcriticality
Spin gapThermallyfluctuating
SDW
d-waveSC
T
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
Small Fermipockets with
pairing fluctuationsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
d-waveSC
T
Tsdw
R. K. Kaul, M. Metlitksi, S. Sachdev, and Cenke Xu, Physical Review B 78, 045110 (2008).
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
VBSand/ornematic
1. Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity and SDW order Survey of recent experiments
2. Overdoped vs. underdoped pairing Electronic theory of competing orders
3. Theory of SDW quantum critical pointDominance of planar graphs
Outline
1. Phenomenological quantum theory of competition between superconductivity and SDW order Survey of recent experiments
2. Overdoped vs. underdoped pairing Electronic theory of competing orders
3. Theory of SDW quantum critical pointDominance of planar graphs
Outline
FluctuatingFermi
pocketsLargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
Spin density wave (SDW)
Theory of quantum criticality in the cuprates
Underlying SDW ordering quantum critical pointin metal at x = xm
Increasing SDW orderIncreasing SDW order
Max Metlitski
M. Metlitski and S. Sachdev, to appear
Ar. Abanov, A.V. Chubukov, and J. Schmalian, Advances in Physics 52, 119 (2003)
Sung-Sik Lee, arXiv:0905.4532.
Start from the “spin-fermion” model
Z =!Dc!D!" exp (!S)
S =!
d#"
k
c†k!
#$
$#! %k
$ck!
!&
!d#
"
i
c†i!!"i · !'!"ci"eiK·ri
+!
d#d2r
%($r !")2 +
1c2
($# !")2&
! = 1
! = 2
! = 4
! = 3
Low energy fermions!!
1", !!2"
" = 1, . . . , 4
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
v!=11 = (vx, vy), v!=1
2 = (!vx, vy)
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
v1 v2
!2 fermionsoccupied
!1 fermionsoccupied
Order parameter: L! =12
(!r !")2 +s
2!"2 +
u
4!"4
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
Order parameter: L! =12
(!r !")2 +s
2!"2 +
u
4!"4
“Yukawa” coupling: Lc = !!" ·!#!†
1"!$"##!2# + #!†
2"!$"##!1#
"
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
Order parameter: L! =12
(!r !")2 +s
2!"2 +
u
4!"4
“Yukawa” coupling: Lc = !!" ·!#!†
1"!$"##!2# + #!†
2"!$"##!1#
"
Hertz-Millis theoryIntegrate out fermions and obtain non-local corrections to L!
L! =12
!"2!q2 + #|$|
"/2 ; # =
2%vxvy
Exponent z = 2 and mean-field criticality (upto logarithms)
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
Order parameter: L! =12
(!r !")2 +s
2!"2 +
u
4!"4
“Yukawa” coupling: Lc = !!" ·!#!†
1"!$"##!2# + #!†
2"!$"##!1#
"
Hertz-Millis theory
But, higher order terms contain an infinitenumber of marginal couplings . . . . . .
Ar. Abanov and A.V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 255702 (2004).
Integrate out fermions and obtain non-local corrections to L!
L! =12
!"2!q2 + #|$|
"/2 ; # =
2%vxvy
Exponent z = 2 and mean-field criticality (upto logarithms)
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
Order parameter: L! =12
(!r !")2 +s
2!"2 +
u
4!"4
“Yukawa” coupling: Lc = !!" ·!#!†
1"!$"##!2# + #!†
2"!$"##!1#
"
Perform RG on both fermions and !",using a local field theory.
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
Order parameter: L! =12
(!r !")2 +s
2!"2 +
u
4!"4
“Yukawa” coupling: Lc = !!" ·!#!†
1"!$"##!2# + #!†
2"!$"##!1#
"
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
With z = 2 scaling, ! is irrelevant.So we take ! ! 0
( watch for dangerous irrelevancy).
Order parameter: L! =12
(!r !")2 +s
2!"2 +
u
4!"4
“Yukawa” coupling: Lc = !!" ·!#!†
1"!$"##!2# + #!†
2"!$"##!1#
"
Set !" wavefunction renormalization bykeeping co-e!cient of (!r !")2 fixed (as usual).
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
Order parameter: L! =12
(!r !")2 +s
2!"2 +
u
4!"4
“Yukawa” coupling: Lc = !!" ·!#!†
1"!$"##!2# + #!†
2"!$"##!1#
"
Y. Huh and S. Sachdev, Phys. Rev. B 78, 064512 (2008).
Set fermion wavefunction renormalization bykeeping Yukawa coupling fixed.
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
Order parameter: L! =12
(!r !")2 +s
2!"2 +
u
4!"4
“Yukawa” coupling: Lc = !!" ·!#!†
1"!$"##!2# + #!†
2"!$"##!1#
"
Lf = !!†1"
!"## ! iv!
1 · !r
"!!
1" + !!†2"
!"## ! iv!
2 · !r
"!!
2"
We find consistent two-loop RG factors, as ! ! 0, for thevelocities vx, vy, and the wavefunction renormalizations.
Consistency check: the expression for the boson damp-
ing constant, " =2
#vxvy, is preserved under RG.
RG-improved Migdal-Eliashberg theory
RG flow can be computed a 1/N expansion (with Nfermion species) in terms of a single dimensionless
coupling ! = vy/vx whose flow obeys
d!
d"= ! 3
#N
!2
1 + !2
RG-improved Migdal-Eliashberg theory
RG flow can be computed a 1/N expansion (with Nfermion species) in terms of a single dimensionless
coupling ! = vy/vx whose flow obeys
d!
d"= ! 3
#N
!2
1 + !2
The velocities flow as
1vx
dvx
d!=
A(") + B(")2
;1vy
dvy
d!=!A(") + B(")
2
A(") " 3#N
"
1 + "2
B(") " 12#N
!1"! "
" !1 +
!1"! "
"tan!1 1
"
"
RG-improved Migdal-Eliashberg theory
RG flow can be computed a 1/N expansion (with Nfermion species) in terms of a single dimensionless
coupling ! = vy/vx whose flow obeys
d!
d"= ! 3
#N
!2
1 + !2
The anomalous dimensions of !" and # are
$! =1
2%N
!1&! & +
!1&2
+ &2
"tan!1 1
&
"
$" = ! 14%N
!1&! &
" !1 +
!1&! &
"tan!1 1
&
"
Dynamical Nesting
RG-improved Migdal-Eliashberg theory
v1 v2
Bare Fermi surface
! = vy/vx ! 0 logarithmically in the infrared.
Dynamical Nesting
RG-improved Migdal-Eliashberg theory! = vy/vx ! 0 logarithmically in the infrared.
Dressed Fermi surface
Dynamical Nesting
RG-improved Migdal-Eliashberg theory
Bare Fermi surface
! = vy/vx ! 0 logarithmically in the infrared.
Dynamical Nesting
RG-improved Migdal-Eliashberg theory
Dressed Fermi surface
! = vy/vx ! 0 logarithmically in the infrared.
RG-improved Migdal-Eliashberg theory
In !" SDW fluctuations, characteristic q and # scale as
q ! #1/2 exp
!" 3
64$2
"ln(1/#)
N
#3$
.
However, 1/N expansion cannot be trustedin the asymptotic regime.
! = vy/vx ! 0 logarithmically in the infrared.
!" propagator
fermion propagator
1N
1(q2 + !|"|)
1
v · q + i!" + i1
N!
#v
!"F
!v2q2
"
"
New infra-red singularities as ! ! 0 at higher loops(Breakdown of Migdal-Eliashberg)
!" propagator
fermion propagator
Dangerous
1N
1(q2 + !|"|)
1
v · q + i!" + i1
N!
#v
!"F
!v2q2
"
"
New infra-red singularities as ! ! 0 at higher loops(Breakdown of Migdal-Eliashberg)
Ignoring fermion self energy: ! 1N2
" 1!2" 1
"
New infra-red singularities as ! ! 0 at higher loops(Breakdown of Migdal-Eliashberg)
Actual order ! 1N0
Ignoring fermion self energy: ! 1N2
" 1!2" 1
"
New infra-red singularities as ! ! 0 at higher loops(Breakdown of Migdal-Eliashberg)
Double line representation• A way to compute the order of a diagram.
• Extra powers of N come from the Fermi-surface
• What are the conditions for all propagators to be on the Fermi surface?
• Concentrate on diagrams involving a single pair of hot-spots
• Any bosonic momentum may be (uniquely) written as
R. Shankar, Rev. Mod. Phys. 66, 129 (1994).S. W. Tsai, A. H. Castro Neto, R. Shankar, and D. K. Campbell, Phys. Rev. B 72, 054531 (2005).
=
New infra-red singularities as ! ! 0 at higher loops(Breakdown of Migdal-Eliashberg)
Actual order ! 1N0
Singularities as ! ! 0 appear when fermions in closed blueand red line loops are exactly on the Fermi surface
Graph is planar after turning fermion propagators also into double lines by drawing additional dotted single line loops for each fermion loop
Actual order ! 1N0
=
New infra-red singularities as ! ! 0 at higher loops(Breakdown of Migdal-Eliashberg)
Sung-Sik Lee, arXiv:0905.4532
A consistent analysis requires resummation of all planar graphs
Actual order ! 1N0
=
New infra-red singularities as ! ! 0 at higher loops(Breakdown of Migdal-Eliashberg)
H
SC
M"Normal"
(Large Fermisurface)
SDW(Small Fermi
pockets)
SC+SDW
LargeFermi
surface
StrangeMetal
d-waveSC
T
Tsdw
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
Fluctuating, paired Fermi
pockets
VBS and/or Ising nematic order
SDWInsulator
T*
Tc
Hc2
94
Identified quantum criticality in cuprate superconductors with a critical point at optimal
doping associated with onset of spin density wave order in a metal
Conclusions
Elusive optimal doping quantum critical point has been “hiding in plain sight”.
It is shifted to lower doping by the onset of superconductivity