Quantitive Research 1
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Transcript of Quantitive Research 1
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การวิ�จั�ยเชิ�งคุ ณภาพ
ศ.ดร.พ�นธุ์ �ทิ�พย� รามสู�ตPh.D. (Social Epidemiology)
สูถาบั�นพ�ฒนาสู ขภาพอาเซี"ยนมหาวิ�ทิยาลั�ยมห�ดลั
Qualitative Research
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Research : Linkage Between Thinking/Thought
System & InformationSystem
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• คุ�ดอย%างเป็'นระบับั - ต%อเน*+อง ไม%ผิ�วิเผิ�น ไตร%ตรอง
แสูวิงหาคุวิามร�/อ*+นๆ• มองป็รากฏการณ�ทิ กด/าน• ป็ระสูานก�บัหลั�กวิ�ชิาการ ,ทิฤษฎี"
ระบับัคุวิามคุ�ด
• รวิบัรวิม Facts
• เป็'นระบับัระเบั"ยบั แบับัแผิน Holistic
• ตรวิจัสูอบั
ระบับัข/อเทิ5จัจัร�ง
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• แนวิคุ�ดป็ฏ�ฐานน�ยม (Positivism)
• แนวิคุ�ดป็รากฏการณ�น�ยม (Phenomenology)
แนวิคุ�ดพ*7นฐานในการวิ�จั�ย
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• observe• discover• describe• compare• analyse
Qualitative R.
attributesthemesunderlying dimensionsprocess (D.M.)community, culture
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•measurements of magnitude,
size, extent of phenomenon
•counts,•analyse data
statistically
Quantitative R.
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Quanlitative vs Quantitative Qualitative
Inductive Generating idea Discovery, description Subjectivity Researcher as instrument Not generalizable Insider perspective Rich information Coding/categorizing
Quatitative Deductive Hypotheses testing Objectivity Reliability Technology as instrument Generalizable Population oriented Numerical data Statistical inference
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• Meaning• Complex• Dynamic• Interrelated
ลั�กษณะ Social Facts (ป็รากฏการณ�ทิางสู�งคุม)
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1) Holistic/Multifacets Approach2) Natural or Field Setting3) Intangible Variables4) Human Value5) In-Depth and Long Term study6) Descriptive & Inductive Analysis
Qualitative Research
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หลั�กเกณฑ์�การวิ�จั�ยคุ ณภาพI. Data Collection
1.1 สู�มผิ�สูข/อม�ลั• ทิฤษฎี"• Content, Substance• Intellectual Bias
-(Pre Assumption)• Facts• Truth
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1.2 แลักเป็ลั"+ยน (Exchange)• Equal Status• Trust - Understanding
1.3 Analysis• Timing• Step Single Cause• In Depth List of Cause
CumulativeCause• Inductive• Comparison Internal
External
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II. Technique2.1 Natural Setting
• Context, Meaning2.2 Descriptive
• Anecdotal
2.3 Process VS. Result
2.4 เคุร*+องม*อชิ%วิยเก5บัข/อม�ลั Tape, Cassete, Film, Diary, Filing System
Guideline Question
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The qualitative researcherCollaborativeAware of research processSensitivity/integrityConglomerate approach
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MethodologyPhysical mappingSocial mappingDemographic mappingCommunity investigation
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Informant selection issues
1.Criteria – feasibility, richness, appropriateness
2.Provide holistic picture (place relevancy
person opportunity
event
3.Non-probability4.Acknowledges different
perspectives5.Right question – right
people6.Key informants – articulate,
reflective, willing to share7.Purposive - Chains/snow
ball -
Convenience - Random
purposeful Progressive identification of
the qualitative samples
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Informant Selection
1.Extreme/deviant case selection
2.Maximum variation selection
3.Homogeneous group selection
4.Typical group/case selection
5.Critical case selection
6.Criterion selection
Key informants Vs Sample General informants.
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7.Snow-ball, chains technique selection
8.Opportunity, accidental selection
9.Stratified purposive selection
10.Convenience selective selection
11.Volunteer selection
12.Theoretical selection
13.Progressive identification selection
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1. Observation2. In-Depth interview3. Focus-Group Discussion4. Life History Study
Data collectionTechniques of study
Stop whenData
saturate
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การสู�งเกตการเฝ้;าด�สู�+งทิ"+เก�ดข<7นหร*อป็รากฎีข<7นอย%างเอาใจัใสู% แลัะก=าหนดไวิ/อย%างม"ระเบั"ยบัวิ�ธุ์" เพ*+อวิ�เคุราะห�/หาคุวิามคุวิามสู�มพ�นธุ์�ของสู�+งทิ"+เก�ดข<7นก�บัสู�+งอ*+น
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1) Acts (Event, Situation. Beh. ทิ"+ไม%ต%อเน*+อง)
2) Activities (Event, Situation. Beh. ทิ"+ต%อเน*+อง)
3) Meanings (Explanation)
4) Relationship
5) Participation
6) Setting
สู�+งทิ"+ต/องสู�งเกต
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Observation
• -NonParticipant
• Frequency. Count events.
Time
• PeopleCooperation
Structured (unobtrusive) observation
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Member• Participant -NonMember•
Systematic Notation of Events,
ContextualCircumstance• People Desire to Cooperate
Unstructured observation
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• UnexpectedEvents• One Event at
one Time• Small GroupContext• Validity,Reliability• PersonalBehavior• Errors (ObserverBias)
Drawbacks
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การบั�นทิ<ก
บั�นทิ<กย%อบั�นทิ<กสูนาม
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• จั=า• จัดข/อคุวิามสู=าคุ�ญ• Diary (บั�นทิ<กสูนาม)
การทิ=าบั�นทิ<ก
- สูภาพเหต การณ�- เหต การณ�ทิ"+ตกบั�นทิ<ก- ผิลัการวิ�เคุราะห�เบั*7องต/น- คุวิามร�/สู<กสู%วินต�วิ- ข/อม�ลัทิ"+ต/องการ
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• Face to face : Sensitive topic : Heterogeneous group• Guideline• Attitude/Behavior/Value/Motive
(UnderlyingFactors)• Limited Pop.number
In-depth Interview
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• Informal Conversational Inte
rview• General InterviewApproach• Standardized
- Open ended Interview
Approaches
• Individual• Group
Types
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• Structured interview
- questionnaire• Semi-structured interview
- interview schedule• Unstructured interview or
in-depth interview
Forms of Interview
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• InterviewGuideline
-Open Ended Direct
Conversation Not Dictate
• - Deep More Detailed (Probing)
• - - Context FreeFlowing
Indepth Interview
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• Two ways• Key Informant,Representative• Atmosphere Complete• Taking Notes
NotDisturb• Cross Check
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• Flexible• Clear Information• Save Time, Cost• Effective
Strengths
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• Statistical/Numerical• Small NumberPop./Representative• Suppleme ntaryTechnique
Weaknesses
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• Cross Check with Document/
Record/Quantit
ative Data• Local Language• InterviewGuideline
Precautions
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• เตร"ยมต�วิ , อ ป็กรณ�•แนะน=าต�วิ , หลั�กฐาน• เทิคุน�คุ
- กระต /น- ฟั@ง- น=7าเสู"ยง/ทิ%าทิาง- ภาษา
ข�7นตอน
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- ง%าย ไม%ถามน=า - ป็ระเด5น - ทิ กข/อ- ลั/วิง- พ�ก- สู�งเกตคุวิามสูอดคุลั/อง- ร�ป็แบับั- แบับัแผิน- สูร/างคุวิามม�+นใจั
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• ทิ�นทิ"•ฟัอร�ม , ชิ%อง , บัรรทิ�ด ,เคุร*+องหมาย•ป็ลัายเป็Aด - ลัอก - สูาระป็ระเด5น
ชิ�ดเจัน ภาษา• ข/อม�ลัเทิ5จัจัร�ง/คุวิามเห5น/อคุต�• เวิ/น , วิ%าง - , คุ=าอธุ์�บัาย
บั�นทิ<ก
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• ทิบัทิวิน ตรวิจัสูอบั แก/ไข•ขอบัคุ ณ•อ=าลัา
จับั
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• Rapport•Realistic•Respect• Openness/Open-minded• Well informed• Consistent• Listening skills• Communication skills
Good interviewers
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• Arrogant• Discrimination• Disinterested• Dishonest• Ill - informed• Poor skills
Bad interviewers
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• Interview Guidelines• Skills of Interviewer•Context
- - Homogeneous Related to Problem
- Anonymity• Moderator
- Guide Discussion- Personality, Ability to
communicate- Language
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD)
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• Place
- Neutral
- -Non Disruptive
• ExternalInterference
• Quick Accurate Note Taking
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• Data Collector, Evaluator, Analysis- Neutral- Constantly Present
• Analysis- Key Components- Narrative
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1 . PreparationModerator - Clear
Objective-Issue,
Knowledge-Guidelines,
Question-Human
Relation, Rapport
Process
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Members -Homogeneity
age, sex, M.S., occupation
-Clear understanding
-AppointmentManagement - Place
-Atmosphere-Facilities -
equipments
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2. Flexibility - Allow process to emerge
naturally- Promote
participation- Result in learning & sharing
3 . Personality & skill of facilitator
- Sensitive, pos.attitude
- Good listener- Encouraging,
Stimulating,facilitating
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1. การน=าสูนทินา- ต/อนร�บั- แนะน=า- วิ�ตถ ป็ระสูงคุ�- ร�ป็แบับั- อ %นเคุร*+อง
Guidelines
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2. สูถานการณ�-ทิ�+วิไป็-เศรษฐก�จั-สู�งคุม
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3. เข/าสู�%เร*+อง- ธุ์รรมเน"ยมป็ฏ�บั�ต�- คุวิามร�/ ทิ�ศนคุต�- แนวิคุวิามคุ�ดเห5น- ศ�กยภาพ
- ทิร�พยากร- คุวิามพร/อม- ป็ระสูบัการณ�
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• คุวิามร�/• คุวิามสู�มพ�นธุ์�• บัรรยากาศ• สูนทินา• ไม%บั�งคุ�บั• ชิ�ดเจัน เจัาะจัง• สู ภาพ เหมาะสูม• สู�งเกต• สูถานทิ"+
หลั�ก
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การศ<กษาป็ระวิ�ต�ชิ"วิ�ต• บั คุคุลัคุนเด"ยวิ , หลัายคุน , กลั %ม• Person Centered
•พ�ฒนาการใน Socio-Cultural Context
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• บั คุลั�กลั�กษณะ•ป็ระสูบัการณ�•ป็@จัจั�ย• Guidelines, Interview
• Sources อ*+นๆ
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ป็@ญหา• เร*+องสู%วินต�วิ ,เผิชิ�ญหน/า , ข�ดแย/ง•คุวิามจั=า•ลั=าเอ"ยง• อ�ทิธุ์�พลัจัากผิ�/สู�มภาษณ�
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• จั=านวิน•อาก�ป็กร�ยา , อารมณ�•สูถานการณ�• เวิลัา• คุวิามต%อเน*+อง
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Triangulation• DataTriangulation• Intestigato r Triangulation
• TheoryTriangulation• Methodology Triangulation