Quantitative chemistry and compositional variability of...

Per. Mineral. (2009), 78, 1, 65-74 doi:10.2451/2009PM0004 http://go.to/permin

PERIODICO di MINERALOGIAestablished in 1930

An International Journal ofMINERALOGY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY,ORE DEPOSITS, PETROLOGY, VOLCANOLOGYandappliedtopicsonEnvironment,ArchaeometryandCultural Heritage

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AbstrAct. — Compositional variability of thenew fluorine fibrous amphiboles (fluoro-edenite)fromthevolcanicareaofBiancavilla(Sicily,Italy)isreportedhereforthefirsttime.Quantitativechemicalanalysisofasuiteof foursampleswasperformedbyastandardizedSEM-EDSmicroanalysismethod,previously developed and tested on differenttypologies of fibrous amphiboles. The resultshighlighted compositional differences, especiallyconcerningSi,Ca,Fe,andNacontents,bothwithinthesameandamongthedifferentsamples.Comparedto the previously investigated fluoro-edeniteprismaticvariety, the fluorine fibrous amphibolesshowedaveragevaluesofSiandFecontentsalwayshigher,whereasCawassignificantlylower,whichweconsideradistinctivecharacterforthefluorinefibrousvariety.TheFe3+/Fetotratios,evaluatedbyMössbauerspectroscopy,reflecteddifferentironoxidationstates:Fe3+ was always more prevalent than Fe2+, whichwasverylowfortwoofthefoursamplesanalyzed.EmployingtheLeakeclassification,alltheanalyzedfluorineamphibolefibersshowedanedenite-winchitetrend, with a non negligible content of tremolitecomponent.Boththefluorineamphibolefibersandtheprismaticfluoro-edenitefromBiancavillamay

becorrelatedwiththesamegeneticprocess,butthecompositional variability reflect different growthconditions.ThelargevariationobservedforFe3+/Fetotratiosintheamphibolefibersisprobablyduetolocalvariationsofoxygenfugacityduringcrystallization.Aworkablehypothesisisthatahotmetasomatizingfluid, enriched in fluorineandother incompatibleelements, altered the volcanic rocks and causedthe crystallization of either the fibrous fluorineamphiboles,byaveryfastcooling,ortheprismaticfluoro-edenite,byslowcooling.

riAssunto. — Viene riportata la variabilitàcomposizionaledialcunicampionidianfibolifibrosi(fluoro-edenite) di Biancavilla (Sicilia, Italia),analizzatiper laprimavolta inmodoquantitativotramitemicroanalisiSEM-EDSstandardizzata,unmetodo sviluppato e testato in precedenza daglistessiautorisudiversetipologiedianfibolifibrosi.Irisultatihannoevidenziatodifferenzecomposizionalirelative,inparticolare,aicontenutidiSi,Ca,FeeNa,siaall’internodellostessocampionechetraidiversicampioni analizzati. Un carattere composizionaledistintivotraquestianfibolifibrosielafluoro-edeniteprismaticaprecedentementestudiataèilcontenutosemprepiùbassodiCaesemprepiùaltodiSieFenellavarietàfibrosa.InoltreirapportiFe3+/FetotottenutisuicampionidifibretramitespettroscopiaMössbauerhannoevidenziatodifferentistatidiossidazionedel

Quantitative chemistry and compositional variability offluorine fibrous amphiboles from Biancavilla (Sicily, Italy)

simonA mAzziotti-tAgliAni 1, giovAnni b. Andreozzi 1, 2, biAgio m. bruni 3, Antonio giAnfAgnA 1 *, AlessAndro PAcellA 1 and luigi PAoletti 3

1DipartimentodiScienzedellaTerra,UniversitàdegliStudidiRomaLaSapienza,P.leA.Moro,5,00185Roma,Italy2IstitutodiGeoscienzeeGeorisorse,CNR,ViaG.Moruzzi,1,56124Pisa,Italy

3DipartimentodiTecnologieeSalute,IstitutoSuperiorediSanità,V.leReginaElena,299,00162Roma,Italy

Submitted, December 2008 - Accepted, March 2009

* Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]

66 s. mAzziotti-tAgliAni, g.b. Andreozzi, b.m. bruni, A. giAnfAgnA, A. PAcellAandl. PAoletti

ferro,conilFe3+sempreprevalentesulFe2+.Secondola classificazione di Leake, le fibre di anfiboloanalizzatemostranounandamentocomposizionaleedenite-winchite, con un contenuto di tremolitenon trascurabile. La variabilità composizionaleriscontrata indica pertanto condizioni di crescitadifferenti,sebbeneilprocessogeneticochehaportatoallaformazionedellefibrepotrebbeesserelostessoprocessochehapermessolacristallizzazionedellafluoro-edenite prismatica. L’ampia variazione delrapportoFe3+/Fetotriscontratanellefibredianfibolosembrerebbe associata a variazioni locali dellafugacitàdiossigenodurantelalorocristallizzazione.Sullabasedelleindicazioniacquisiteèipotizzabileche un fluido caldo, ricco in F ed altri elementiincompatibili, abbia metasomatizzato le roccevulcanichepreesistentiefacilitatolacristallizzazionedianfibolifibrosi(raffreddamentoveloce)edifluoro-edeniteprismatica(raffreddamentolento).

Key words: f luorine f ibrous amphiboles, compositional variability, fluoro-edenite, Biancavilla.

introduction

After the studies of Gianfagna et al. (2003)and Gianfagna et al. (2007), the present workrepresentsafurtherstepinthecharacterizationofthenewfluorine-bearingfibrousamphibolesfoundinthevolcanicareaofBiancavilla(Sicily,Italy).Thequantitativecharacterizationof themineralfibers,andinparticularofthefibrousamphiboles,isarealandactualissuefortheirenvironmentalandhealthinterest.TheBiancavillasamplesgiveanovelopportunity toclarify theclassificationofthemineralfibersasasbestos,andtoenhanceunderstandingoftheroleofchemicalcompositioninthefiber-lungreactivitymechanisms.Residentsof this volcanic area experienced unexpectedcasesofpleuralmesothelioma,adistinctivelungspecificpathology,whichwasfoundtoberelatedto the widespread occurrence of amphibolefibers(Paolettiet al.,2000;Combaet al.,2003;Burragatoetal,2005).Recentinvitrostudiesoftheseamphibolefibersshowedthattheirtoxicityisstronglyrelatedtochemicalcomposition,withparticular relevance of the Fe content and itsoxidationstate(Soffrittiet al.,2004;Cardileet al.,2004;Pugnaloniet al.,2007).Themineralogical

approachisessentialinaccuratelycharacterizingmineralfibers:theirstudyisdifficultbecauseoftheirextremelysmallsize,andinfactonlyfewworks report quantitative chemistry of fibrousminerals.However,Meekeret al.(2003),Gunteratal.(2003),Gunteret al.(2007),andGianfagnaet al.(2007),havestudiedwinchite,tremolite,andfluoro-edenitefibers,suggestingspecificanalyticalprocedures.

Mineralogical, genetic and environmentalaspects of the fluorine-rich amphiboles fromBiancavillawererecentlydescribedbyMazziotti-Tagliani(2007)andbyMazziotti-Taglianiet al.(2007). Previous qualitative chemical studiesby Bruni et al. (2006) showed compositionaldifferencesinfibrousamphibolesascomparedtotheprismaticfluoro-edenite,whileGianfagnaet al. (2007)utilizedasemi-quantitativechemicalcharacterizationemployinganinnovativeSEM-EDS“overlapping”analyticalmethod.Themethodwas able to distinguish between prismatic andfibrousfluoro-edenitecompositions.

Inthisworkweperformaquantitativechemicalcharacterizationofasuiteoffluorine-richfibrousamphiboles coming from the locality of “IlCalvario”, utilizing the quantitative analyticalmethod described in detail by Paoletti et al.(2008).This method is a SEM-EDS techniquestandardized with powdered prismatic crystalssimilarincompositiontothefibers.

mAteriAls And AnAlyticAl methods

Materials

NexttotheeasternpartofBiancavillathereisaquarryareacalled“IlCalvario”,whichwasminedextensivelyforasandyvolcanicmaterialforlocalbuildings.After Romano (1982), this area wasgeologicallyreinterpretedasaseriesofdomesanddikesassociatedwith“autoclasticbreccia”,afinegrainedmaterial(Burragatoet al.,2005).Previousmineralogicalinvestigationsidentifiedintheareathe new amphibole end-member fluoro-edenite(Gianfagna & Oberti, 2001), which displaysprismatic,acicular,andfibrousmorphologies.

The discovery of the fibrous amphibole,recognized as the cause of the pathology inthis area (Paoletti et al., 2000; Comba et al.,2003), made necessary further mineralogical

Quantitative chemistry and compositional variability of fluorine fibrous amphiboles from Biancavilla.... 67

and environmental studies.The volcanologicaland mineralogical investigations identified thepresenceoffibrousamphibolesinsideandoutsidethequarry(Burragatoet al.,2005).Thefibrousmorphology was found in the metasomatizedbenmoreticlava(sodianlatite)bothinthefracturesandcavitiesinassociationwithprismaticfluoro-edenite,andintheautoclasticbreccia(Fig.1).TheheaerialphotographoftheBiancavillaareashowingthe location of the sampling points of the foursamplesisreportedinFig. 2..2.

Thestartingmaterialutilizedforthisworkwasthe autoclastic grained material, made of lavapiecesscatteredinafinematrix,whichcontainedthemineralassemblagewithmicrometricalandsub-micrometrical dimensions (Fig. 1b). Theextremely small dimensions of the fibers andtheirassociatedmineralsmadethemineralogicalstudiesdifficult.Toavoidoratleastreduceanyinfluenceofothermineralsontheexperimentaldata,samplesenrichedinamphibolefiberswereprepared, according to the procedure reportedinGianfagnaet al. (2007).Briefly, thismethodallows a fiber enrichment of >90% through asimple sedimentation inwater, and awithdrawofthesurnatantsolutionafter30to35hours.InntheSEMphotographsofFig. 3Fig.3 twoexamplesofthe fibrous amphiboles analyzed in thepresentworkaredisplayed.These fluorine-rich fibrousamphibolesgenerallyshowathicknesslowerthan1µm(200to600nm)andavariablelength,untilto100-150µm.Inparticular,sample1,2,and3,arecharacterizedbyanacicular-fibrousmorphologyandshorterfibers(mediumlength≅50µm),whilesample4showsamorefilamentous-asbestiformmorphologywithlengthupto150µm.

Quantitative SEM-EDS chemical characterization

Becauseoftheextremelyreduceddimensionsof the fibers, chemical analysis by ElectronMicroprobe (EMP) was not possible, thereforequantitative chemical analyses were obtainedby utilizing the standardization procedure onSEM-EDSinstrument,asreportedinPaolettiet al. (2008).Toaddress theproblemof thesmalldimensionsofthefibers,fragmentsoftheprismaticfluoro-edenite,previouslyanalysedbyEMP,wereutilizedasacompositionalreference.Theoperatingconditionsoftheinstrumentalequipmentwere:15

keVbeamenergy,10mmworkingdistance,0°tiltangle.Avariablenumberoffibers(from40toabout60,withdiameterbetween0.2and0.9µm)foreachofthefoursampleswereanalyzed(Table 1).Sample2comesfromPoggioMotteselocality,northofthe“IlCalvario”quarryarea,andisthesamesamplepreviouslystudiedinGianfagnaet al.

Fig.1–a)Extractivefrontofthe“IlCalvario”quarry,wheretheverticalfracturespresentsuperficialmineralizationofprismaticyellowfluoro-edeniteamphibole;b)finegrainedvolcanicmaterialofthe“autoclasticbreccia”(fracturedandcrumbledbenmoreitelava)containingthefluorinefibrousamphiboles.


(2007).Thissamplewasreanalyzedheretoverifytheanalyticalconsistenceofthemethodandthedifferencesbetweentheoriginalsemi-quantitativeandthepresentquantitativeSEM-EDSmethod.

57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy

The enriched amphibole fiber samples weregroundgentlyinanagatemortarwithacetoneandmixedwithapowderedacrylicresintoavoid(orreduce)preferredorientation.DuetodifferentFecontentsand,aboveall,thescarcityofthesamples,anamountvariablebetween10and70mgwasselected.This corresponds to a maximum of 2mgFe/cm2andiswellbelowanabsorberdensitywherethicknesseffectsaffectMössbauerresults,as reported by Long et al. (1983).The spectrawerecollectedatroomtemperature(RT)byusingaconventionalspectrometersystemoperated inconstantaccelerationmodewitha57Cosourceofnominalstrengthof50mCiinarhodiummatrix.Thespectraldatawererecordedinamultichannel

analyserbyusing512channelsinthevelocityrange-4to4mm/s.Toobtaingoodcountingstatistics,up to 9×106 counts per channel were collectedandexcellentsignal-to-noiseratioswereobtained.Aftervelocitycalibrationagainstaspectrumofhigh-purity α-Fe foil (25 µm thick) taken at RT, the rawdatawerefoldedto256channels.ThespectrawerefittedassumingLorentzianpeakshapeandusingthecommercialfittingprogramRecoil1.04describedbyLagarecandRancourt(1988).Thereduced χ2wasused to evaluate statisticalbestfit, anduncertaintieswere calculatedusing thecovariancematrix.Fullspectraldetailsandfittingstrategiesarediscussedelsewhere(Andreozziet al.,submitted).

results And discussion

TheaveragechemicalcompositionsofthefoursamplesanalysedinthepresentworkarereportedinTable 1.Foreachsample,oxidecontents(wt

Fig.2–AerialphotographofBiancavillaarea,showingthe“IlCalvario”quarry(centralzone)andtherelatedsamplingpointsofthefoursamplesoffibrousamphiboles.Theredcirclerepresentsprismaticfluoro-edenitelocation.(ModifiedafterBurragatoetal.,2005).


%),compositionalrange(min-max),andnumberof atoms per formula unit (apfu) are showed.Moreover,anaveragedcrystal-chemicalformulahasbeencalculatedandreported.Oxidessumisalways100%duetotheSEM-EDSmicro-analysisnormalization.BecausethedifficultyinanalyzingFandClat lowconcentrationswithSEM-EDSinstrument, their contents were fixed to 4.40and 0.06 wt%, respectively, because these twovalues represent theaveragecontentsgenerallyencountered in the fluoro-edenite amphibolesfromBiancavillaanalyzedbyEMPA(Gianfagna&Oberti,2001;Gianfagnaetal.,2003).Fe2+andFe3+quantificationwasobtainedbyMössbauerSpectroscopy and utilized for the formulacalculationonthebasisof24(O+F+Cl).

Thelargenumberofanalysesandtheanalyticalmethod here employed contributed to a highlyreliable chemical characterization of all theanalyzedsamples.Thisisparticularlyevidentforsample2,reanalyzedhere,whichshowsvaluesofironoxides(Fe2O34.45,FeO1.97,wt%)whicharedifferentfromthose(Fe2O33.17,FeO1.39wt%)previouslyreportedinGianfagnaet al.(2007).However,eventhoughtheoxidecontentsofFe2+and Fe3+ are different, the Fe3+/Fetot ratio is thesame.

AsshownbychemicalresultsreportedinTable 1, and clearly evident from plotting on theA(Na+K)/BNa graphs (Leake et al., 1977) in

Fig.4,thefoursamplesshowreasonablysimilar,but slightlydifferentcompositional trends.Thepointanalysesofthefoursamplesfallnexttotheline1:1edenite-winchite.However,a tremolitecompositionisalwayspresentinallsamples.Wewouldliketohighlightthesimilarityofsample1andsample4compositionaltrends,characterizedby higher winchite component with respect tothesamples2and3,whichhavemoresignificanttremolitecontents.Inparticular,sample2showsthehighestCaandminorNacontents in theAstructural site (see formulae inTable1subset).Fibersofsample3aremainlyedenites(nominallyfluoro-edenite)withasmalltremolitecomponent.Notably,samples2and3haveacompositionalrangemorerestrictedthansamples1and4.Sample3 is theclosest incomposition to theprismaticfluoro-edenite studied by Gianfagna & Oberti(2001).Moreover,sample2showsaparalleltrendwithrespecttothepreviousstudy,(Gianfagnaet al.,2007)withhigher tremolitecomponentduetohigherFecontentand lowerSi,Mg,andNacontents.TheobservedcompositionaldifferencesarerelatedtothedifferentanalyticalSEM-EDSmethodhereadopted,whichtakesintoaccountasignificanterrorfactorcorrection(Paolettiet al.,2008)notpreviouslyconsidered.

The Fe content and oxidation state are noteasily related to compositional trends, sincesamples2and3, the twosampleswithminor

Fig.3–SEMphotographsoftwoexamplesoffibrousamphibolesfromBiancavilla:sample3(left),andsample4(right).Theotherassociatedmineralsprevalentlyarealkali-feldspars,clinopyroxenes,fluorapatiteandFe-Tioxides.


content of winchite component in the Leakegraphs, show the highest and the lowestcontent of total iron, respectively.The sameappliesforFe2+contents(0.296and0.034apfu,respectively)(Table2).

Summarizing the compositional charactersoftheseamphibolefibers,wecansaythattheyareallfluorinedominant,inwhichCaandFe3+/Fetotvaluesresultvariable.Withrespecttothepreviouslyinvestigatedfluoro-edeniteprismaticvariety,thefluorinefibrousamphibolesshowed

average values of Si and Fe contents alwayshigher, whereas Ca was significantly lower,whichweconsideradistinctivecharacter forthefluorinefibrousvariety.

On the basis of this upgraded chemicalevidence,wedistinguishtheseveralfluorine-rich fibrous amphiboles from Biancavilla inthreedifferentvarietiesrepresentedby:

1) samples 1 and 4, characterized by highwinchitecomponentandsimilartotalFecontents(butdifferentoxidationstate);

tAble 1Chemical composition of the four samples of fibrous amphiboles from Biancavilla

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4

#Analyses 52 40 42 58

Oxides(wt%) Average Range Average Range Average Range Average Range

SiO2 54.12 52.39-56.70 52.66 50.61-55.19 53.49 51.47-55.56 53.86 51.68-55.92

TiO2 0.03 0.00-0.06 0.03 0.01-0.05 0.02 0.00-0.06 0.03 0.00-0.06

Al2O3 1.95 1.38-3.28 2.91 1.96-3.81 2.51 1.56-3.27 2.31 1.52-3.32

MgO 21.34 19.28-23.11 20.50 19.07-21.36 22.63 21.21-24.19 21.94 20.56-23.39

CaO 8.48 7.03-9.88 10.20 9.01-11.32 9.19 7.62-10.84 8.59 7.22-10.58

MnO 0.56 0.00-1.06 0.45 0.18-0.79 0.49 0.23-0.78 0.44 0.00-1.00

FeOtot 5.43 3.74-6.68 5.98 4.36-7.28 3.59 1.88-5.18 5.03 3.41-6.74

Na2O 3.10 2.30-3.82 2.29 1.49-3.10 3.08 2.02-3.80 2.78 2.09-3.76

K2O 0.53 0.18-1.30 0.52 0.00-0.79 0.55 0.11-1.02 0.54 0.16-1.04aF 4.40 4.40 4.40 4.40aCl 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

bTotal 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

cFe2O3 3.26 4.45 3.67 5.25cFeO 2.50 1.97 0.29 0.30

afixedvaluesforallsamples(seetext); bnormalizedanalyses;cObtainedthroughMössbaurinvestigation


2) sample 2, characterized by high tremolitecomponentandthehighestFecontent;

3) sample 3, characterized by high edenite(fluoro-edenite) component, and the lowest Fecontent.

Thecompositionalvariabilityobservedin theanalyzedsamplesmaybecorrelatedwithsmalldifferencesintheformationconditions,duringthecrystallizationofthefluorinefibrousamphiboles.Unfortunately, the observed compositionaldistributioncannotbedirectlyrelatedtothesampling

locationreportedinFig.2 becausethematerialinthequarryareaisextremelyreworked.However,on the basis of the in situ observations duringthe sampling and the additional compositionalconsiderationshereobtained,ahypotheticprocessfor the crystallization of prismatic and fibrousfluoro-edenite could be suggested, as alreadymentionedbyMazziotti-Tagliani(2007).

Hot fluids, enriched in fluorine and otherincompatibleelements,locallymetasomatizedthevolcanicdomesanddikecomplexpresentinthe

tAble 1continued...

Chemical formulae on the basis of 24 (O+ F+Cl)apfu 1 2 3 4Si 7.676 7.495 7.544 7.587Ti 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003Al 0.326 0.488 0.417 0.384

Fe3+ 0.348 0.477 0.389 0.557

Fe2+ 0.297 0.235 0.034 0.035Mn 0.067 0.054 0.059 0.053Mg 4.51 4.35 4.758 4.607Ca 1.289 1.556 1.389 1.297Na 0.852 0.632 0.842 0.762K 0.096 0.094 0.099 0.097F 1.974 1.981 1.963 1.96Cl 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014

1 T(Si7.676IVAl0.324)Σ8.000

C(VIAl0.002Fe3+0.348Fe2+

0.297Mg4.283Ti0.003Mn0.067) Σ5.000B(Mg0.227Ca1.289Na0.484) Σ2.000

A(Na0.368K0.096)Σ0.464 O3(F1.974Cl0.014)Σ1.988

2 T(Si7.495IVAl0.488) Σ7.984

C(Fe3+0.477Fe2+


A(Na0.307K0.094)Σ0.401 O3(F1.981Cl0.014)Σ1.995

3 T(Si7.544IVAl0.417) Σ7.961

C(Fe3+0.389Fe2+


A(Na0.473K0.099)Σ0.572 O3(F1.963Cl0.014)Σ1.977

4 T(Si7.587IVAl0.384) Σ7.971

C(Fe3+0.557Fe2+


A(Na0.312K0.097)Σ0.409 O3(F1.960Cl0.014)Σ1.974


area(Romano,1982;Burragatoet al.,2005).Thiscausedthecrystallizationofprismaticandacicularfluoro-edenite, and the coexisting fluorine-rich mineral assemblage, as fluorapatite andfluoroflogopite,inthelavafissures.Fluorapatite(without OH-) is actually under study for itsparticularhighAscontent,whilefluorophlogopitewasrecentlyapprovedby theIMAcommissionandpublishedasnewfluorine-dominatigmineral

(Gianfagnaetal,2007a).Inthefinegrainedmaterialof“autoclasticbreccia“abundantamphibolefiberswerefound,andtheirdimensionsaremicrometrictosubmicrometric(respirablefibers).Aworkablehypothesis is that the same hot fluid, enrichedofF,Cl,Fe,As,REE,etc., (Mazziotti-Tagliani,2007), contemporarely interacted with bothmassive and autobrecciated lavas, determiningthecrystallizationofprismatic(inmassivelavas)

Fig.4-AllresultsobtainedfromthefourfibrousamphibolesamplesfromBiancavilla,plottedinthegraphA(Na+K)/BNa(Leakeetal.,1997).


and fibrous (in finegrainedmaterials) fluorineamphiboles.Under this hypothesis, thehighestcoolingpathofthefluidsintheautoclasticbrecciawithrespecttothedikesisthedrivingforcefortheformationofamphibolefibers.Locallydifferentcooling ratios and/or oxygen fugacities shouldaccountforthevariableFe3+/Fetotratioobservedinthefouranalyzedsamples.Thesuggestionisthatthenucleationandcrystallizationprocessofthefibersheredescribedcouldberelatedtotheknownphenomenonofthewhiskerformation,inwhichthemineralscondensedirectly fromvapoursorsupercriticalfluids,asreportedforothermineralsby several studies (Wiedemann et al., 1974;MacleodandHall,1991;Bradleyet al.,1996).

Theanalyticalapproachhereadoptedprovedto be effective and reliable, and could be alsoextendedtopropercharacterizationoffibers(e.g.asbestos) with high environmental and publichealthinterest.

AcKnowledgements

AuthorsaregratefultoCatherineH.SkinnerandAnnG.Wylieforcarefulandconstructivereviewsofthemanuscript.MalcomRossalsoiskindlythankedforhissupervisionofthemanuscript.Thisworkwassupported by funds of PRIN2004 and Universityfunds2006-2007.

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