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![Page 1: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact
Urban Soils
Volume Reduction WorkshopNick Olson
Project Engineer
![Page 2: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Funding provided by...
![Page 3: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Soil Compaction
Residential and commercial developments require large equipment to grade and stabilize the soil.
Reduced Pore Volume Hard Pan Layers Poor Infiltration Poor Plant Growth
Maple Lakes Park, City of Maple Grove
![Page 4: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Measuring Soil Compaction
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Soil Bulk Density
Soil Strength
Darcy's Law : f q Ksathz
Bulk Dry Mass of Solids
Volume of Soil
Penetration Resistance Force
Area cone
![Page 6: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
+ Pros Breaks surface seal Break hardpan layers Improves infiltration
Tilling is a common practice used in agriculture to break up the soil and improve infiltration and growing conditions for plants
- Cons Pore Continuity Disturbed Benefit degrades Equipment size
(Spoor, 2006)
Soil Amendment: Tillage
![Page 7: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
+ Pros Decreases bulk density Increase water holding
capacity May provide a longer term
solution than tillage alone
Compost addition involves adding organic matter to the soil to create more aeration and provide nutrients. Different lifts may be created.
- Cons Material availability Nutrient leaching Amount needed (image by denvergov.org)
Soil Amendment: Compost Addition
![Page 8: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Research Objectives
How much does tilling improve infiltration?
How much does compost addition improve infiltration?
When should remediation be applied?
How practical is remediation in an urban setting?
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Site info Site of old Hwy. 36 Formerly inhabited Lagoon fill
Problems Poor tree growth Poor turf
Soil Type 0-24” Loam, Clay Loam > 24” Organic Material
Clifton E. “French” Regional Park
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![Page 11: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Site info Next to constructed swim
pond Has been renovated before Highly used area
Problems Poor tree growth Poor turf
Soil Type 0-12” Loam > 12” Clay Loam
Lake Minnetonka Regional Park
![Page 12: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Site info New development (< 10 year old) Formerly sand/gravel pits Highly used area
Problems Assumed to be compact
Soil Type 0-36” Silty/Sandy Clay
Maple Lakes Park
![Page 14: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Right: The MPD device was designed at St. Anthony Falls Laboratory by Rebecca Nestingen. The MPD is easily transported and uses a minimal amount of water (Nestingen, 2007).
Summer 2008
Research Modus Operandi
Initial Assessment Visual Observations
Measured Ksat using Modified Philip-Dunne Infiltrometer (MPD)
Measured Soil Bulk Density with Drive Cylinder
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Can get several MPD measurements at once
~100-150 measurements per site
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Tilled plot Tilled plot with compost Control
} Treated Plots
Fall 2008
Research M.O.
![Page 18: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Soil RemediationSubsoiler
Deep Tillage: 22”-24”12” rip spacingRipped one direction
SpadingDepth: 16-18”Helps level surface after tilling (both treated plots)Mixed 3” of compost in soil(compost plot only)
![Page 19: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
MPD measurements Measured Soil Strength
with Penetrometer Bulk Density
Measurements
MPD measurements French Reg. Park &
Maple Lakes Park onlyHand held penetrometer.Photo by Eijkelkamp ©
Research M.O.
Summer 2009
Spring/Summer 2010
![Page 20: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
YR 1 Results
High Variability
3 orders of magnitude difference in Ksat values
Plots established in NE area
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Ratio of Avg. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Till/Control Compost/Control
0.6* 1.5*
*Means are not statistically different
YR 2 Results
![Page 22: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Results- French Regional Park (YR 3)
Ratio of Avg. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Till/Control Compost/Control
0.5 1.2*
*Means are not statistical different
Ratio of Avg. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Till/Control Compost/Control
n/a 2.7
Spring
Summer
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YR 1 Results
High Variability
3 orders of magnitude difference in Ksat values
Plots established in SW area
![Page 24: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ratio of Avg. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Till/Control Compost/Control
1.2* 3.0
*Means are not statistically different
YR 2 Results
![Page 25: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
YR 1 Results
Low Variability
2 orders of magnitude difference in Ksat values
Whole site was used
![Page 26: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Ratio of Avg. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Till/Control Compost/Control
2.3 5.7
YR 2 Results
YR 3 ResultsRatio of Avg. Saturated Hydraulic
ConductivityTill/Control Compost/Control
2.1 5.5
![Page 27: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Runoff Model
Percent of Precipitation that Results in Runoff
Control Plot Till Plot Compost Plot
Average: 61.6% 29.5% 9.1%
Used Green-Ampt Assumptions Short Duration, High Intensity Storms Maple Lakes Park Multiple Initial Conditions
![Page 28: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
How much does tilling a soil improve infiltration?-Tilling reduced the bulk density and strength of the soil
-Little to no effect on Ksat.
-Tilling may have destroyed connected pathways in the soil at Lake Minnetonka and French Regional Park.
-Tilling was beneficial at Maple Lakes Park, a newer development.
Discussion & Conclusions
![Page 29: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
How much does compost improve soil infiltration?-Compost improved the saturated hydraulic conductivity
by ~3 to 6 times.
-The longevity of compost addition is yet to be determined.
Discussion & Conclusions
![Page 30: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
When should remediation be applied?The most practical time to apply soil remediation
techniques is right after a site has been graded and/or compacted. This will reduce the amount of obstacles (i.e. trees, utility lines, etc).
Discussion & Conclusions
![Page 31: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Discussion & Conclusions
Size & Proximity of Remediation Sites Could get “bulk” rates Transportation costs
Availability Increased market would likely reduce costs
New developments No turf reestablishment Less obstacles = more amendable area
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Increase groundwater recharge
Reduce volume of water for lawn maintenance.
Reduce pollutant loading
Reduce runoff Less stormwater infrastructure
Benefits of Compost
![Page 33: Quantifying the Effectiveness of Soil Amendments in Compact Urban Soils Volume Reduction Workshop Nick Olson Project Engineer.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cb75503460f9497d404/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Undergraduate Research Assistants:
Lanre Adekola
Jimmy Crist
Monica He
John Farmer
Eric Johnson
Greta Schmalle
Three Rivers Park District:
John Barten
Randy Lehr
Marylee Murphy
Brian Vlach
Especially These Guy!
Thank you to…