Quantifying the benefit of VIPVsolarindustryforum.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/... · 9/16/2020...

QUANTIFYING THE BENEFIT OF VIPV

SOLAR MOBILITY FORUM | A.J. CARR, A.R. BURGERS, E. VAN DEN

TILLAART, T. KOHLER, B.K. NEWMAN

Image courtesy of

216 September 2020 | Quantifying the benefit of VIPV

~3500 EMPLOYEES

HELMOND

GELEEN

BERGEN OP ZOOM

GRONINGEN

PETTEN

AMSTERDAM

LEIDEN

DEN HAAG

RIJSWIJKDELFT

EINDHOVEN

UTRECHT

ZEIST

SOESTERBERG

TNO – NETHERLANDS ORGANISATION FOR APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

BRUSSEL

Belgium

ORANJESTAD

Aruba

DOHA

Qatar

SINGAPORE

Singapore


EV GROWTH – NETHERLANDS AND WORLDWIDE

IEA, Global electric car stock, 2010-2019, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-electric-car-stock-2010-2019

Statistics Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands (up to and

including July 2020) – RVO

https://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/duurzaam-

ondernemen/energie-en-milieu-innovaties/elektrisch-

rijden/stand-van-zaken/cijfers


WHY VIPV?

Convenience

Autonomy from the grid

Range extension

Environment

CO2 emission reduction

Financial

Cost savings


VEHICLE IRRADIANCE TEST SETUP –EXAMPLE DATA


DYNAMIC SHADING - OVERPASS

Dynamic shading - overpass

Car travelling under overpass 120km/h

Showing two dips in irradiance


WEEKLY KM DRIVEN – BY DAY OF THE WEEKDRIVING PROFILE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 1 2

WEE

KLY

KIL

OM

ETER

S TR

AV

ELLE

D B

Y D

AY

[KM

]

WEEK NUMBER 2019 - 2020

Measured driving profile from VITS GPS data Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

TNO ENERGY FLOW MODEL FOR VIPV

- Number of Charging Moments (CMs)

- CO2eq Savings

- Economic Savings

- PV % utilised

- PV % contributionBattery & Charging

Car Energy Demand Solar Yield

Location and Irradiance


Based on measured data


INPUTS AND ASSUMPTIONS FOR SIMULATIONS

Driving profiles:

13,000km/year

28,000km/year

PV specifications:

800Wp

Horizontal

No Shade

Cars and specifications: (battery size and efficiency)

Tesla 3, Dual motor

Nissan e-leaf

Locations: (Weather, Carbon Intensity & Electricity prices)

Amsterdam

Melbourne

Oslo

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

WEE

KLY

KIL

OM

ETER

S TR

AV

ELLE

D B

Y D

AY

[KM

]

WEEK NUMBER

Driving Profile 50km (one way) commute - 28,000km/yearMonday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

WEE

KLY

KIL

OM

ETER

S TR

AV

ELLE

D B

Y D

AY

[KM

]

WEEK NUMBER

Driving Profile (15km one way) commute - 13,000km/year Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Based on Dutch Average



Driving profiles:

13,000km/year

28,000km/year

PV specifications:

800Wp

Horizontal

No Shade


Tesla 3, Dual motor

Nissan e-leaf


Amsterdam

Melbourne

Oslo

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

WEE

KLY

KIL

OM

ETER

S TR

AV

ELLE

D B

Y D

AY

[KM

]

WEEK NUMBER

Driving Profile 50km (one way) commute - 28,000km/yearMonday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Based on measured data



Driving profiles:

13,000km/year

28,000km/year

PV specifications:

800Wp

Horizontal

No Shade

Charging strategies:

Conservative look ahead

Optimized for PV

Plugged In


Tesla 3, Dual motor

Nissan e-leaf


Amsterdam

Melbourne

Oslo


EV SPECIFICATIONS – EV-DATABASE.ORG

https://ev-database.org/car/1144/Nissan-Leaf-eplus

Accessed June 4th 2020

https://ev-database.org/car/1138/Tesla-Model-3-Long-Range-Dual-Motor

https://ev-database.org/car/1144/Nissan-Leaf-eplushttps://ev-database.org/car/1138/Tesla-Model-3-Long-Range-Dual-Motor


158

170

129

145

72.5

56

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Long Range Dual Motor Leaf e+

Tesla 3 Nissan

Bat

tery

cap

acit

y [k

Wh

]

EV e

ne

rgy

con

sum

pti

on

[W

h/k

m]

EV Specifications - EVDatabase.org

EVDB Vehicle cons. WLTP Vehicle Con Battery Capacity (Useable) [kWh]

EV SPECIFICATIONS – EV-DATABASE.ORG

https://ev-database.org/car/1144/Nissan-Leaf-eplus

Accessed June 4th 2020

https://ev-database.org/car/1138/Tesla-Model-3-Long-Range-Dual-Motor

https://ev-database.org/car/1144/Nissan-Leaf-eplushttps://ev-database.org/car/1138/Tesla-Model-3-Long-Range-Dual-Motor


IMPACT OF PV – MELBOURNE, TESLA, 13,000KM/YEAR

No PV

PV

-30

-10

10

30

50

70

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

jan feb mrt apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec

Bat

tery

ch

arge

(kW

h)

(dis

)ch

arge

(kW

h)

Month

Melb, CS 3CR3.7kW Tesla 15com. No PV

PV gen

Drive

Grid Charge

Battery

53 Charging Moments

-30

-10

10

30

50

70

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2


Bat

tery

ch

arge

(kW

h)

(dis

)ch

arge

(kW

h)

Month

Melbourne CS3, CR3.7kW Tesla 15com. With PV

PV gen

Drive

Grid Charge

Battery

31 Charging Moments


IMPACT OF PV – AMSTERDAM, TESLA, 13,000KM/YEAR

No PV

PV

-30

-10

10

30

50

70

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2


Bat

tery

ch

arge

(kW

h)

(dis

)ch

arge

(kW

h)

Month

Amsterdam CS3, CR3.7kW Tesla 15com. No PV

PV gen

Drive

Grid Charge

Battery

53 Charging Moments

-30

-10

10

30

50

70

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2


Bat

tery

ch

arge

(kW

h)

(dis

)ch

arge

(kW

h)

Month

Amsterdam CS3, CR3.7kW Tesla 15com. With PV

PV gen

Drive

Grid Charge

Battery

39 Charging Moments

Without PV – charging moments

Plugged in – 447

Conservative look ahead – 53

With PV

Plugged In: reduces benefit of PV

Less PV can be utilised


YOU DON’T HAVE TO PLUG IN ALL THE TIMEIMPACT OF CHARGING STRATEGY

Conservative look ahead Plugged In

Total Charging moments - without PV 53 447

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Tota

l n

um

be

r o

f ch

argi

ng

mo

me

nts

Total Charging moments - without PV

Conservative look ahead PV optimised Plugged In

PV utilised [%] 95% 100% 19%

PV contribution to total energy [%] 26% 27% 5%

Total Charging moments - with PV 39 54 447

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Nu

mb

er

of

plu

g in

ch

argi

ng

mo

me

nts

PV

uti

lise

d &

PV

co

ntr

ibu

tio

n [

%]

PV utilised [%] PV contribution to total energy [%] Total Charging moments - with PV

18

PV CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL ENERGY REQUIREMENT


PV provides

proportionally more to

shorter driving profile

41% contribution to

total energy

requirements in

Melbourne for short

profile

Larger battery in Tesla

absorbs more PV

Optimised PV strategy

enables best PV

contribution

100% utilised PV with

Optimised for PV strategy

Larger battery absorbs more

PV


% OF PV UTILISED


COST AND CO2 SAVINGS

IEA. 2019. Statistics - CO2 Emissions from fuel combustion. Statistics, Statistics, Paris: IEA

Global Petrol Prices.com electricity prices. www.globalpetrolprices.com/electricity_prices/

Australia Netherlands Norway

Carbon Intensity [gCO2/kWh] 743 437 8

Local electricity price [€/kWh] 0.203 0.217 0.11

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Ho

use

ho

ld e

lectricy p

rice [€

/kWh

] De

cem

be

r 201

9

Car

bo

n in

ten

sity

[gC

O2/

kWh

] 20

17

valu

es

Carbon intensity [gCO2/kWh] 2017 and Electricity prices [euro/kWh]

Carbon Intensity [gCO2/kWh] Local electricity price [€/kWh]

The most PV km per year

Melbourne, Tesla,

28,000km/year, PV

optimised strategy

21

PV KMS PER YEAR



SENSITIVITY TO PV

800W PV no shade 30% shade factor50% more PV

(1200W) and 30%shade

kWh/year 1141 798 1198

km/year 5617 3970 5880

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

PV

kilo

me

ters

pe

r ye

ar

PV

kW

h g

en

era

ted

pe

r ye

ar

PV sensitivity - Melbourne

PV contribution to EV depends on:

PV – size/efficiency

Car efficiency

Car battery size

Location

Driving profile

Charging strategy

The Energy Flow Model can be used to test different

scenarios and quantify the PV Contribution to electric

driving


CONCLUSION

This work has been funded through RVO,

the Netherland Enterprise Agency and the

TKI Urban Energy project, TEUE518019, PV

in Mobility


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

YOUR TIMETHANK YOU FOR

Quantifying the benefit of VIPVsolarindustryforum.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/... · 9/16/2020...

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