Quantification of HD In-Use Vehicles using the Portable Emissions AcQuisition System (PEAQS)

JEREMY D. SMITH, WALTER HAM, MARK BURNITZKI , SHANNON DOWNEY, CODY HOWARD, DAVID QUIROS, SHAOHUA HU, DON CHERNICH, TAO HUAI

28TH CRC REAL WORLD EMISSIONS WORKSHOP

MARCH 18TH-21ST, 2018

“High Emitter” Problem

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Small fraction of fleet emits disproportionately greater amounts of pollutants such as Black Carbon (BC) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) relative to remainder of fleet.

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Ban-Weiss, George et al. Measurement of Black Carbon and Particle Number Emission Factors from Individual Heavy-Duty Trucks. ES&T 2009.

Preble, Chelsea et al. Effects of Particle Filters and Selective Catalytic Reduction on Heavy-Duty Diesel Drayage Truck Emissions at the Port of Oakland. ES&T. 2015.

PEAQS Project GoalsDevelop CARB road-side plume capture system :

◦ Targeted heavy-duty vehicle screening and inspection tool

◦ Aid in community air quality monitoring

Design criteria:

◦ Real-time measurements built-in QA/QC

◦ Portable

◦ Characterize vehicle speed and acceleration

◦ Plug and play operation

◦ Explore low-cost technology

◦ Ability to scale up

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Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEAQS)

Emissions Plume Capture Measurement System

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ALPR

Instrument

Trailer

Updraft

exhaust intake

Downdraft

exhaust intake

PEAQS Components

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Additional Inspection

Species Instrument

CO2 Licor-840

BCMagee AE-33

AethLabs AE-51

NOX

CAI CLD-64

EcoPhysics CLD-60

OtherGeovision Camera

Doppler Radar, Lidar

PEAQS Software

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CO

2N

Ox

BC

Captured Truck

Exhaust PlumesNo Measurable BC or NOX

Vehicle ImageMost Recent Valid EFBCEF gP kgFuel

−1 =𝑖

𝑗Pj − P𝑖 𝑑𝑡

𝑖

𝑗CO2𝑗 − CO2𝑖 𝑑𝑡

× 𝑤c

PEAQS Field Deployments

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•PEAQS deployed at 6 locations across California

• >10,000 valid vehicular plumes measured

• California Department of Food and Agriculture, Truckee

• Port of Oakland

• Stockton, CA Intermodal Railyards

• Port of Los Angeles

• Cottonwood- California Highway Patrol Weigh Station

• Caldecott Tunnel – Oakland, CA

PEAQS Field Deployments

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Cottonwood Highway Patrol Weigh Station

Port of Los Angeles

April 10-14th 2017April 3-7th 2017

1989 1999 2003 2007 2011 20150.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Cottonwood CHP Station April 2017

Chassis MY

BC

EF

(gB

C/k

g f

uel)

PEAQS: Black Carbon

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2001 2008 2010 2012 2014

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Port of Los Angeles April 2017

Chassis MY

BC

EF

(gB

C/k

g f

uel)

• Majority of vehicles measured had BC < detection limit

• Port of Los Angeles BC emissions different than Cottonwood Weigh Station

• Higher emitting vehicles found at both sites

n = 142n = 90

PEAQS: Nitrogen Oxides

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1985 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

020

40

60

80

100

120

Cottonwood CHP Station April 2017

Chassis MY

NO

x E

F (

gN

Ox/k

g f

uel)

• Broader model year distribution at Cottonwood

• NOX emissions similar between two sites

• NOX emission averages driven by higher emitting vehicles

2001 2006 2009 2011 2013 2015

020

40

60

80

100

120

Port of Los Angeles April 2017

Chassis MY

NO

x E

F (

gN

Ox/k

g f

uel)

n = 368 n = 321

Care should be taken when comparing NOX emission factors as vehicle speed, acceleration, and load vary on

vehicle by vehicle basis

PEAQS Applications: Targeted Vehicle Enforcement

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• Partnership with CARB Enforcement Division

• Emission ‘Threshold Values’ to aid roadside enforcement

◦ Goal: Identify top few percent of BC emissions

◦ Vehicles ‘Screened’ for further inspection

CARB Field

Staff

Vehicle Traffic

Direction

Stockton Intermodal Railyards

Pilot deployments at

CDFA Truckee and

Stockton Intermodal

railyards

PEAQS Applications: Community Monitoring

• Community air quality can be linked to vehicular emissions

• PEAQS units can be used in source-oriented community air quality monitoring

• Small, low-cost PEAQS units in development

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California Department of Food and

Agriculture, Truckee

Summary and Next Steps•PEAQS successfully identifies higher emitting vehicles through roadside plume capture

oEmissions driven by high-emitting vehicles

•PEAQS as an important air quality tool

oTargeted enforcement action

o Inform vehicle emission inventory methodologies

oEnd-check of Inspection and Maintenance Programs

•Development and expansion of PEAQS for source-oriented community air quality monitoring

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Demonstration of PEAQS at the UC Riverside PEMS Workshop March 22nd 2018

AcknowledgementsARB Enforcement Division – Todd Sax, Shannon Downey, James Goldstene, Heather Quiros, Warren Hawkins, Cindy Stover, Nancy O’Connor, Eric Walton, Katie English, George Poppic, Bill O’Brien, Valente Armenta, Shailendra Pratab, Paul Jacobs, Kristen McKinley, Hang Liu, Brad Peznick, Daphne Greene

ARB Monitoring and Laboratory Division – Catherine Dunwoody, Robert Ianni, Wayne Sobieralski, ArlmonVanzant, Mac McDougall, Ken Stroud, Sherwine Abellana, Keshav Sahay, Kwangsam Na, David Nicholas

ARB Air Quality Policy and Science Division – Michael Benjamin, Chandan Misra, Sherrie Sala-Moore, Sam Pournazeri

ARB Research Division- John Collins, Chris Ruehl, Seungju Yoon, Hector Maldonado

ARB Mobile Sources Control Division – Kim Heroy-Rogalski, Bill Robertson, Krista Fregoso, Jason Hill-Falkenthal, Renee Littaua, Hung-Li Chang

ARB Legal Office – Shannon Dilley

California Department of Food and Agriculture – Adriaan Gilis, Michelle Pham, Leslee Gamlin, Roger Cline

Trapac, Inc. – Scott Axelson, Mike Porte, Dave O’Neill

California State University, Sacramento – Anhely Estrada, Shawn Alisea, Jeffery Foran

University of Denver – Gary Bishop, Donald Stedman, Molly Haugen

University of California, Berkeley – Thomas Kirchstetter, Robert Harley, Chelsea Preble

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Questions?

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jeremy.smith@arb.ca.gov

PEAQS Information Video:

Youtube.com “PEAQS”

Extra Slides

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Mid-grade System

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Model Year Distribution

• Includes Class 6,7, and 8 vehicles at each location

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Data Validation

Data must meet multiple criteria:◦ Valid pollutant peaks co-aligned with CO2 peak

◦ LIDAR tripped

◦ Vehicle image captured

◦ Valid vehicle speed

Adaptive background subtraction and peak detection

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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450

CO

2 C

on

cen

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

Elapsed Time (s)

CO2 Raw Data (ppm)

Baseline Threshold