QUALITY OF NATIVE LANT FORAGE SPECIES IMPORTANT TO …

QUALITY OF NATIVE PLANT

FORAGE SPECIES IMPORTANT TO

WHITE-TAILED DEER AND GOATS

IN SOUTH CENTRAL OKLAHOMA

THE NOBLE FOUNDATION • ARDMORE, OKLAHOMA

NF-WF-04-02

Quality of Native Plant Forage

Species Important to White-

tailed Deer and Goats in

South Central Oklahoma

Russell Stevens – Wildlife & Range Specialist

Brady DeVille – Senior Research Assistant

Frank Motal – Senior Research Assistant

Kent Shankles – Senior Farm Technician

The Samuel Roberts Noble FoundationP.O. Box 21802510 Sam Noble ParkwayArdmore, OK 73402(580) 223-5810Pub. no. NF-WF-04-02

INTRODUCTION

Many landowners managing a wildlife production enterprise focus on white-taileddeer, and producing quality or trophy bucks are common objectives. Age, nutrition andgenetics are the building blocks for quality or trophy buck management.

In our world of increased commercialization, producers are often led to believe thatsupplementation in the form of feed or plantings is the most important aspect of habitatmanagement. This is in spite of the fact that many native or natural habitats have substantialforb and woody components, and, if properly managed, can provide excellent nutrition forwhite-tailed deer. Since native habitat cannot be sold, its importance is minimized and cer-tainly not advertised. Unfortunately, this has led many landowners to manage deer habitat“intensively” through food plots and feeding programs rather than “extensively” throughmanipulation of native plant communities with tools such as burning, grazing, cutting, etc.

Stocking goats is a common choice for producers wanting to diversify their livestockenterprise. In many areas, forb and woody plant communities can provide good forage forgoats. As with other livestock enterprises, providing proper nutrition is important for pro-duction and profitability.

Studies have demonstrated that white-tailed deer and goats consume a variety ofplants depending on quality, season, availability, preference, familiarity and a range of physi-ological conditions. Habitats supporting an abundance of forb and browse species best meetthe nutrient requirements of white-tailed deer. White-tailed deer diets in south centralOklahoma are predominantly forbs and browse (Table 1).

Table 1. Percent of Overall use of Forage Classes (Gee et. al. 1994)––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Forage class Percent useForbs 44%Browse (acorns) 41% (8%)Grasses & Grasslikes 13%Others 1%

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Plant diversity is a goal of habitat management for many species of wildlife, includingwhite-tailed deer. Feeders and food plots may have a place in some management scenarios,but they do not constitute complete habitat management nor can they easily replace theoverall nutrition provided by native plants.

Goats utilize many woody plants and forbs. They are also able to utilize manyspecies of grasses and can subsist on properly managed grass monocultures. Nevertheless,for most goat production systems, diverse high-quality woody and herbaceous plant commu-nities are necessary to meet nutritional needs.

1

OBJECTIVES

This project was undertaken to provide a better understanding of the potential nutri-ent quality of native plants available to white-tailed deer and goat during the growing seasonin south central Oklahoma.

STUDY SITE

The study was conducted five miles west of Marietta, Okla., on the NobleFoundation’s Coffey Ranch. The ranch is located in the Cross Timbers and Prairies ecologi-cal region with dominant woody plants consisting of oak (Quercus spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.),hackberry (Celtis spp.), juniper (Juniperus spp.) greenbrier (Smilax spp.) and sumac (Rhusspp.). Most open herbaceous plant communities are best characterized as “go-back” nativerangeland, with the exception of the herbaceous plant communities on rocky limestone out-crops where soils were not plowed. Average annual precipitation is 35 inches; however,drought occurred during the three years (1998, 1999 and 2000) of the study (Figure 1).Consequently, May, July, August and September experienced lower rainfall and higher tem-peratures during the three-year sampling period as compared to the 30-year average.

Figure 1. Average Rainfall and Average Temperatures for the 1998-2000 GrowingSeasons Compared with the 30-Year Average, Love County, Oklahoma

Source of 1998-2000 data: Oklahoma Mesonet station in Burneyville, Oklahoma, located approximately 3 miles southwest of the study site.

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METHODS

Thirteen woody and 12 forb species (Table 2) known to be deer foods and commonin the Cross Timbers were sampled. The woody species were sampled during 1998, 1999and 2000, and the forb species were sampled during 1999 and 2000. Plants analyzed in thisreport are not all-inclusive of what white-tailed deer or goats may use in south centralOklahoma or other areas.

Hand-grab samples of woody species were taken every two weeks while forbs weresampled every month. Collection began at the initiation of plant growth (early April) andended in late October or early November when leaves were dropped due to decreasing pho-toperiod or frost. Samples were randomly collected on Loamy Prairie and Blackclay Prairierange sites with 1 to 8 percent slopes. In an attempt to mimic browsing by deer and goats,only the most succulent parts of the plant were sampled.

Samples were oven dried and prepared for analysis. Analyses were performed byWard Laboratories in Kearney, Nebraska, and included crude protein (CP), total digestiblenutrients (TDN), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg).

Of the woody or woody plant complexes sampled, Gee, et. al., (1994) indicated deeruse of at least 1% frequency in diet in one or more seasons of all but chittamwood, hack-

Table 2.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––WOODY FORBSmooth sumac – Rhus glabra Western ragweed – Ambrosia psilostachya

Poison ivy – Toxicodendron radicans Giant ragweed – Ambrosia trifida

Coralberry – Symphoricarpos orbiculatas Mare’s tail – Conyza canadensis

Roughleaf dogwood – Cornus drummondii Three-seeded mercury – Acalypha virginica

Black oak – Quercus velutina Tropic croton – Croton glandulosus

Post oak – Quercus stellata Illinois bundleflower - Desmanthus illinoensis

Greenbrier - Smilax bona-nox Partridge pea – Chamaecrista fasciculata

Osage orange - Maclura pomifera Tick clover – Desmodium canescens,

Chickasaw plum – Prunus angustifolia D. sessilifolium & D. marilandicum

Chittamwood – Sideroxylon lanuginosum Lespedeza – Lespedeza repens, L. virginica &

Winged elm – Ulmus alata L. stipulacea

Hackberry – Celtis laevigata Trailing wild bean – Strophostyles helvola

Texas prickly ash – Zanthoxylum hirsutum Carolina snailseed – Cocculus carolinus

Yellow wood sorrel – Oxalis dillenii

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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berry and Texas prickly ash (not present on their study site) (Table 3). Chittamwood andhackberry were listed as desirable deer food plants by Bidwell, et. al. (1999) while Texasprickly ash was included based upon personal observation of deer use. Note that the sumac-poison ivy complex, oaks and Osage orange were listed as important deer foods in sout cen-tral Oklahoma during all seasons by Gee, et. al. (1994).

Table 3.––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Spring Summer Fall WinterSumac-poison ivy complex X X X XCoralberry X X XDogwoods X XOaks X X X XGreenbrier X XOsage orange X X X XPlums XChittamwoodWinged elm XHackberryTexas prickly ash––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Of the forb or forb complexes sampled, Gee, et. al. (1994) indicated deer use of atleast 1% frequency in diet in one or more seasons of all but Illinois bundleflower (Table 4)and that forbs comprised the major component of deer diets in the spring and summer.Three-seeded mercuries were listed as important during the summer, fall and winter andwere preferred during the summer and fall. Interestingly, Illinois bundleflower did notappear in deer diets during the study by Gee, et. al. (1994), however, Bidwell, et. al. (1999)listed it as a desirable food plant for deer. It is important to keep in mind that availabilityand preference are major factors that influence animal diets.

Table 4. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Spring Summer Fall WinterWestern ragweed X XGiant ragweed X XMare’s tail XThree-seeded mercury X X XTropic croton XIllinois bundleflowerPartridge pea XTick clovers XLespedezas XTrailing wild bean X XCarolina snailseed X XYellow wood sorrel X––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Some forbs were not available in sufficient amounts for sampling during some timeperiods due to drought conditions, frost or decreasing photoperiods (Appendix Table 2).The following figures depict the CP and TDN monthly three-year average for woody plantsand the monthly two-year average for forbs, accompanied by a photograph of a leaf for eachplant.

Average CP and TDN for woody and forb plants are depicted for April and May,June, July and August, and September, October and November during 1998–2000 (Figures2, 3 and 4, respectively). Average plant CP and TDN, and CP and TDN requirements fordeer antler growth, lactation, pre-rut and rut and goat lactation and yearling growth areillustrated for comparison (Klein, 1999). CP values for hackberry, roughleaf dogwood,greenbrier and coralberry in this study were similar to those found by Bogle et. al. (1989).

Appendix Tables 1 and 2 represent monthly CP, TDN, P, Ca, K and Mg for eachplant sampled. Drought conditions during the growing season eliminated some forbs or lim-ited our ability to sample them during some months.

Smooth sumac, 3-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25

April May June July August September October November

Per

cen

t C

P

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

CP AND TDN MONTHLY THREE-YEAR AVERAGE FOR WOODY PLANTS

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Poison ivy, 3-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25


Per

cen

t C

P

70

75

80

85

90

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

Coralberry, 3-Year Average

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per

cen

t C

P

68

70

72

74

76

78

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

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Roughleaf dogwood, 3-Year Average

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per

cen

t C

P

50

60

70

80

90

100

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

Black oak, 3-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25


Per

cen

t C

P

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

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Greenbrier, 3-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Per

cen

t C

P

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

Post oak, 3-Year Average

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per

cen

t C

P

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

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Osage orange, 3-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Per

cen

t C

P

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP

TDN

Chickasaw plum, 3-Year Average

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20


Per

cen

t C

P

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

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Chittamwood, 3-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25


Per

cen

t C

P

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP

TDN

Winged elm, 3-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25


Per

cen

t C

P

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

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Hackberry, 3-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Per

cen

t C

P

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

Texas prickly ash, 3-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Per

cen

t C

P

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Per

cen

t T

DN

CPTDN

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Giant ragweed, 2-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Per

cen

t C

P

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

Western ragweed, 2-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Per

cen

t C

P

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

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CP AND TDN MONTHLY TWO-YEAR AVERAGE FOR FORBS

Mare's tail, 2-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25


Per

cen

t C

P

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

Three-seeded mercury, 2-Year Average

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Per

cen

t C

P

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

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Illinois bundleflower, 2-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Per

cen

t C

P

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

Tropic croton, 2-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25


Per

cen

t C

P

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

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Partridge pea, 2-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25


Per

cen

t C

P

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Per

cen

t C

P

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

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Tick clover (Desmodium complex), 2-Year Average

Trailing wild bean, 2-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20


Per

cen

t C

P

50

55

60

65

70

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

0

5

10

15

20

25


Per

cen

t C

P

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

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Lespedeza (Lespedeza complex), 2-Year Average

Yellow wood sorrel, 2-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20


Per

cen

t C

P

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

Carolina snailseed, 2-Year Average

0

5

10

15

20

25


Per

cen

t C

P

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Per

cen

t T

DN

CP TDN

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100– 90–

80–

70–

60–

50–

40–

30–

20–

10– 0–

Woo

dy P

lant

sF

orbs

Fig

ure

2. A

vera

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CP

& T

DN

Du

rin

g A

pri

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199

8-20

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Du

rin

g 1

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2000

CP

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N

Dee

r -

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% C

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% T

DN

Goa

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tion

12%

CP

65%

TD

NO

vera

ll A

vera

ge p

lant

CP

Ove

rall

Ave

rage

pla

nt T

DN

Smooth sumac

Poison ivy

Coralberry

Roughleaf dogwood

Black oak

Post oak

Greenbrier

Osage orange

Chickasaw plum

Chittamwood

Winged elm

Hackberry

Texas prickly ash

Western ragweed

Giant ragweed

Mare’s tail

Three-seeded mercury

Tropic croton

Illinois bundleflower

Partridge pea

Tick clover spp.

Lespedeza spp.

Trailing wild bean

Carolina snailseed

Yellow wood sorrel

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100– 90–

80–

70–

60–

50–

40–

30–

20–

10– 0–

Woo

dy P

lant

sF

orbs

Fig

ure

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Smooth sumac

Poison ivy

Coralberry

Roughleaf dogwood

Black oak

Post oak

Greenbrier

Osage orange

Chickasaw plum

Chittamwood

Winged elm

Hackberry

Texas prickly ash

Western ragweed

Giant ragweed

Mare’s tail


Tropic croton


Partridge pea

Tick clover spp.

Lespedeza spp.

Trailing wild bean

Carolina snailseed

Yellow wood sorrel

Dee

r -

Ant

ler

grow

th16

% C

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r -

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% C

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N

100– 90–

80–

70–

60–

50–

40–

30–

20–

10–

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Woo

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Fig

ure

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N

Smooth sumac

Poison ivy

Coralberry

Roughleaf dogwood

Black oak

Post oak

Greenbrier

Osage orange

Chickasaw plum

Chittamwood

Winged elm

Hackberry

Texas prickly ash

Western ragweed

Giant ragweed

Mare’s tail


Tropic croton


Partridge pea

Tick clover spp.

Lespedeza spp.

Trailing wild bean

Carolina snailseed

Yellow wood sorrel

Dee

r -

Fem

ale

pre

rut

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CP

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Table 5. Estimated Nutrient Requirements of White-tailed Deer (dry matter basis), assum-ing peak fawning June 1-7 and peak rut Nov. 10-17 (Klein, 1999)Class/Age Protein TDN Calcium Phosphorus

% % % %Juveniles4-6 months (Sept-Nov) 18-20 68 0.60 0.307-11 months (Dec-Apr) 12-16 60-62 0.58 0.3012-18 months (May-Nov) 12-14 63-65 0.50 0.30FemalesGestation (Jan-Apr 15) 12-14 57 0.50 0.40Late Gestation (Apr 15-May) 14-16 59 0.50 0.40Lactation (June-July 15) 14-16 64 0.70 0.40Lactation (July 15-Aug) 12-14 61 0.60 0.40Pre Rut (Sept-Oct) 10-12 61 0.50 0.40Maintenance (Nov-Dec) 7-10 51 0.35 0.25MalesMaintenance (Jan-Mar) 7-10 51 0.35 0.25Antler Growth (Apr-Aug) 16 55 1.40 0.70Pre Rut & Rut (Sept-Dec) 12-14 60 0.50 0.40

These results represent hand-grab samples and do not encompass the same diet pref-erence and selective capability of white-tailed deer or goat. Deer or goats probably selecthigher quality plant parts than we were able to select. Also, we did not estimate season orvolume of use by deer or goats of the plants sampled in this study. However, forbs comprisethe majority of deer diets in the spring and summer, and Osage orange, sumacs-poison ivycomplex and oaks are important browse species throughout the year in south centralOklahoma (Gee, et. al., 1994).

Average rainfall was below and average temperature was above the 30-year averageduring the growing season in all three years of the study (Figure 1). These dry, hot condi-tions may have influenced the quality of samples collected, especially during the latter partof each growing season when plants may have matured more rapidly than normal, potential-ly reducing quality and production. Monthly rainfall and temperature during the growingseason in 1998, 1999 and 2000 are depicted in Appendix Figures 5, 6 and 7 respectively.

Considering our sampling method and weather conditions, it is probable that thenative plants sampled were capable of providing adequate nutrition for deer and goats dur-ing the study period (Figures 2, 3 and 4, and Tables 5 and 6). Bryant, et. al. (1980) foundthat annual diets averaging 11.3% and 11.1% CP for deer and goat, respectively, wereacceptable for maintenance and production.

Average CP and TDN of the woody plants sampled exceeded requirements for deerand goat during April and May. Woody plant average TDN exceeded requirements for deerand goat from June through November but CP was not sufficient. Average CP and TDN ofthe forbs sampled exceeded requirements for deer and goat in all months sampled. This mayexplain why deer eat predominantly forbs during the spring and summer and supports thefinding by Gee, et. al., of forbs being the dominant plant type in deer diets during the springand summer in south central Oklahoma.

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Table 6. Nutrient Requirements for Meat and Fiber Producing Goats (Reynolds, 2002)

Class/Age Daily feed, lb Protein TDN Calcium Phosphorus (forage+grain) % % % %

*Young GoatsWeanling (30 lbs) 2.0 14 68 0.6 0.3Yearling (60 lbs) 3.0 12 65 0.4 0.2Does (80 lbs)Dry pregnant 4.5 10 60 0.4 0.2LactatingAverage milk 4.5 11 60 0.4 0.2High milk 5.0 14 65 0.6 0.3Buck (80-120 lbs) 5.0 11 60 0.4 0.2–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––*Expected weight gain >.44/day

Due to the difficulty of working with wild deer, information on mineral requirementsis sketchy. Major minerals deer need are calcium and phosphorus, which they use for boneand antler development, milk production, blood clotting, muscle contraction and generalmetabolism (Brown, 1996). Studies designed to determine mineral requirements for deerantler growth have yielded conflicting results ranging from a low of .09% Ca and .27% P toa high of .64% Ca and .56% P (Brown, 1996). Klein (1999) states P requirements of .70%for deer antler growth (Table 5). Grasman (1993) concluded that seasonal P requirementsfor adult deer varied between .12% and .16%.

Goats require salt, Ca, P and Mg for basic body functions and optimum perform-ance. The ratio of Ca to P in the diet is important and should be kept about 2:1 except forbucks where urinary calculi can be a problem (Reynolds, 2002). Meat and fiber producinggoats require a range of .40% to .60% Ca and .20% to .30% P (Reynolds, 2002).

Plants sampled in this study met or exceeded Ca requirements for deer and goats inall three years (Appendix tables 1 and 2). Interestingly, average P content for all woodyplants in this study exceeded deer and goat requirements during all sample periods in 1998,but only just met requirements during the April sampling period in 1999 and 2000. Theonly sampling period where the average P content for all forbs met deer and goat require-ments was June of 1999. However, average P content over all sampling periods in 1999 and2000 for mare’s tail, Carolina snailseed and yellow wood sorrel met P requirements for deerand goats.

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SUMMARY

These data indicate that native landscapes with diverse forb and woody plant com-munities should provide deer and goat with adequate nutrition during the growing seasonwhen animal numbers are balanced with the habitat capacity to support them.

Intensive management strategies such as food plots, feeders and planting monocul-tures for deer or goats have their place. However, based on these data, native plant commu-nities can meet nutrient requirements for deer and goat with no additional inputs if man-aged properly. Extensive management of native plant communities should be the primaryemphasis of habitat management before intensive management practices are implemented.

LITERATURE CITED

Bidwell, T.G., R.E. Masters, and R.J. Tyrl. 1999. A Checklist of Prairie, Shrubland, and Forest UnderstoryPlants of Oklahoma: Characteristics and Value to Deer, Quail, Turkey, and Cattle. Oklahoma StateUniversity Fact Sheet number F-2872.

Bogle, L.A., D.M. Engle, and F.T. McCollum. 1989. Nutritive Value of Range Plants in the Cross Timbers.Oklahoma State University Agricultural Experiment Station Report S-1822.

Brown, R.D. 1996. Nutrition Requirements of White-Tailed Deer. Symposium Proceedings; SupplementalFeeding for Deer: Beyond Dogma. Texas Agricultural Extension Service.

Bryant, F.C., M.M. Kothmann, and L.B. Merrill. 1980. Nutritive Content of Sheep, Goat, and White-tailedDeer Diets on Excellent Condition Rangeland in Texas. Journal of Rangeland Management, 33 (6):410-414.

Gee, K.L., M.D. Porter, S. Demarais, F.C. Bryant, and G. Van Vreede 1994. White-tailed Deer: Their Foodsand Management in the Cross Timbers. The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Publication NF-WF-94-01,Ardmore, OK.

Grasman, B.T., and E.C. Hellgren. 1993. Phosphorus Nutrition in White-Tailed Deer: Nutrient Balance,Physiological Responses, and Antler Growth. Ecology. 74(8):2297-2296.

Klein, L. 1999. Pasture and Forage for White-tailed Deer. Grazing and Pasture Technology Program,Saskatchewan, Canada.

Reynolds, B. 2002. Nutrient Requirements for Goats, Nutrition of Meat Goats – MP427. University ofArkansas Cooperative Extension Service. www.uaex.edu.

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Rainfall and Mean Temperatures for the 1998 Growing Season Compared withthe 30-Year Average, Love County, Oklahoma

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APPENDIX FIGURE 7

1998April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

Crude ProteinSmooth sumac 23.0 21.4 14.9 10.4 10.5 8.9 8.1 7.3 7.6 7.9 7.8 7.2 7.3 9.7 6.4 5.9Poison ivy 29.3 18.0 15.7 11.9 14.8 11.3 12.0 9.5 10.0 10.7 9.7 9.0 12.7 15.5 7.6 12.3Coralberry 17.7 13.2 12.6 12.4 11.4 10.5 7.5 8.6 8.4 7.7 7.8 7.6 8.7 8.6 7.9 6.5Roughleaf dogwood 22.3 14.1 10.1 12.4 10.4 9.7 9.6 8.5 7.5 7.4 7.1 7.1 7.8 7.5 7.7 6.2Black oak 23.2 16.9 12.9 11.8 10.1 8.7 10.8 10.5 12.5 10.9 11.9 11.6 11.8 9.2 11.6 9.9Post oak 20.6 14.4 12.8 11.9 13.7 12.0 10.9 9.7 11.7 11.1 9.9 10.8 12.3 11.7 9.9 10.5Greenbrier 37.9 27.3 23.9 13.7 11.8 10.1 9.7 10.2 9.0 9.5 10.2 9.6 9.0 7.8 11.2 11.0Osage orange 28.5 22.3 22.6 14.5 20.2 21.8 13.3 11.7 11.6 8.8 14.7 13.6 11.8 14.2 8.9 9.5Chickasaw plum 18.4 18.1 10.2 10.5 15.3 9.4 11.0 9.4 7.7 6.7 8.9 6.9 7.6 8.9 20.5 7.7Chittamwood 22.5 19.4 16.7 14.2 15.9 13.6 11.6 11.8 11.7 8.9 13.0 10.8 9.9 12.6 8.4 10.0Winged elm 24.9 15.8 14.3 13.0 11.1 12.7 9.5 10.2 8.7 15.3 10.2 7.3 10.3 9.5 8.4 8.4Hackberry 22.5 23.2 19.8 14.3 13.2 12.0 10.5 10.7 8.7 7.3 10.5 11.5 9.3 12.7 9.1 9.1Texas prickly ash 35.3 25.3 21.2 17.3 13.2 12.9 12.6 10.8 11.8 9.6 10.7 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.0 10.6

TDNSmooth sumac 89.7 87.7 87.1 90.3 87.3 87.8 90.2 88.4 89.8 90.2 90.4 89.3 90.1 90.7 88.0 86.0Poison ivy 89.7 77.9 79.4 73.9 79.6 73.1 71.0 74.8 85.7 77.8 86.3 72.6 78.1 73.1 75.3 83.8Coralberry 76.4 77.7 67.9 65.8 63.2 72.1 68.2 67.3 74.2 74.6 75.7 75.2 70.6 66.6 72.9 68.6Roughleaf dogwood 87.7 84.1 87.2 84.1 86.5 85.3 78.3 80.6 88.2 82.9 86.3 87.0 82.3 80.7 81.9 81.6Black oak 88.6 85.9 68.1 74.5 68.5 79.9 72.6 72.7 69.4 71.0 72.6 73.2 71.5 68.0 69.6 66.4Post oak 81.9 79.9 61.3 66.0 68.5 67.3 61.8 63.0 66.6 65.8 65.6 53.5 64.5 68.3 69.9 67.0Greenbrier 71.4 68.0 62.1 66.3 60.5 60.1 58.6 58.9 60.8 61.6 66.6 68.9 60.2 59.8 64.3 58.4Osage orange 66.7 72.2 69.6 71.6 70.9 72.1 71.8 75.7 76.3 77.1 83.8 82.8 75.9 78.8 79.2 82.4Chickasaw plum 90.9 91.3 87.9 89.3 87.8 86.4 86.9 87.1 85.6 84.7 87.1 81.9 82.4 82.2 88.1 77.1Chittamwood 71.3 74.8 67.5 66.9 68.1 68.8 63.2 66.2 68.6 63.6 69.9 61.6 59.8 64.5 63.1 59.6Winged elm 82.2 72.8 63.9 68.0 66.5 69.3 59.5 65.4 73.8 83.0 74.7 60.3 70.4 65.0 62.7 64.9Hackberry 79.8 84.1 79.8 75.0 71.9 74.9 70.3 76.9 75.2 70.7 77.9 74.5 71.2 71.6 75.1 72.9Texas prickly ash 89.0 87.8 87.8 88.0 86.0 89.3 85.5 84.8 89.6 88.5 88.4 88.6 89.1 88.4 87.9 83.3

CalciumSmooth sumac 0.67 0.51 0.47 0.33 0.63 0.71 0.61 0.48 0.63 0.52 0.89 0.97 1.27 1.27 1.61 1.93Poison ivy 0.60 1.44 1.55 1.20 2.06 2.28 2.66 1.82 1.78 3.45 4.15 3.73 3.38 1.85 2.94 2.20Coralberry 0.46 0.33 0.71 0.77 0.97 1.20 1.43 1.34 1.36 1.24 1.31 1.33 1.80 1.39 1.29 1.76Roughleaf dogwood 2.45 2.64 2.25 2.32 2.99 3.24 3.46 3.07 2.79 3.43 3.31 3.19 3.71 3.32 3.68 3.95Black oak 0.49 0.73 0.78 1.27 0.79 0.65 1.48 1.40 1.04 0.89 0.97 1.77 0.95 1.04 1.21 1.24Post oak 0.57 0.38 0.70 1.20 1.16 0.90 1.00 0.83 1.47 1.71 1.59 1.63 1.06 1.23 1.05 1.52Greenbrier 0.53 0.64 0.58 1.06 1.34 1.49 1.72 1.78 1.70 1.60 1.64 1.44 2.01 1.48 1.96 1.66Osage orange 1.67 1.92 1.74 2.45 3.96 4.13 4.52 3.86 3.72 5.29 5.04 4.63 5.79 5.37 5.11 5.86Chickasaw plum 0.97 0.84 1.21 0.98 0.75 1.31 1.40 1.84 1.31 1.60 1.56 1.82 2.30 1.57 0.69 2.24Chittamwood 1.66 1.11 0.85 1.78 1.73 2.54 2.54 2.42 1.93 2.15 2.52 2.72 2.52 3.07 3.49 2.59Winged elm 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.68 1.71 1.85 1.79 1.74 1.75 1.99 1.69 1.85 1.93 1.89 2.06 3.29Hackberry 2.90 2.99 3.50 4.63 4.69 4.22 4.62 5.81 5.44 4.51 5.83 6.80 5.81 5.98 7.47 6.02Texas prickly ash 0.79 0.96 1.32 1.70 1.77 1.82 2.98 2.13 2.78 2.69 2.63 3.50 3.18 3.32 3.48 3.47

PhosphorusSmooth sumac 1.89 1.28 1.31 1.20 0.61 0.56 0.62 0.52 0.58 0.86 0.69 0.84 0.84 0.40 0.50 0.38Poison ivy 0.74 1.34 1.44 0.87 1.09 1.34 1.09 1.16 1.09 1.17 0.69 0.95 1.09 1.44 0.72 1.32Coralberry 0.32 1.69 2.13 1.80 1.78 1.90 1.48 1.60 1.44 0.95 1.23 1.58 1.23 0.82 1.23 1.09Roughleaf dogwood 0.51 1.15 1.04 0.95 0.87 0.70 0.91 0.85 0.41 0.93 0.50 0.38 0.46 0.51 0.37 0.34Black oak 0.46 1.19 0.79 0.56 0.55 1.10 0.62 0.51 0.70 0.93 0.77 0.96 0.76 0.44 0.84 0.68Post oak 1.44 1.03 0.98 0.87 0.73 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.70 0.66 0.95 0.93 0.64 1.05 0.48Greenbrier 0.85 3.07 2.54 1.83 1.42 1.30 0.96 1.68 1.26 1.37 0.93 1.37 1.31 1.44 1.45 1.27Osage orange 3.21 2.36 2.33 2.08 1.09 2.06 2.04 1.88 1.90 1.96 0.68 0.78 0.89 0.75 0.90 0.67Chickasaw plum 0.29 0.82 1.29 1.03 1.80 0.97 1.11 0.09 1.52 1.10 1.16 1.04 0.83 0.87 1.34 0.61Chittamwood 1.56 1.27 1.19 0.79 0.84 0.54 0.80 0.62 0.56 0.42 0.73 0.42 0.43 0.50 0.44 0.74Winged elm 0.44 1.43 1.43 0.92 0.95 1.04 0.67 0.76 0.80 1.10 0.87 0.67 0.88 0.91 0.49 0.88Hackberry 1.88 1.70 1.47 1.30 1.19 1.00 1.00 1.10 0.53 1.24 0.73 1.18 0.52 1.02 0.94 0.71Texas prickly ash 2.40 2.03 2.16 2.02 1.75 1.61 1.71 1.60 1.19 1.12 1.65 1.31 1.26 1.39 0.97 1.26

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Appendix Table 1. Monthly CP, TDN, P, Ca, K and Mg for Woody Plants in 1998–2000

MagnesiumSmooth sumac 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.10 0.14 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.26 0.17 0.32Poison ivy 0.21 0.27 0.31 0.22 0.39 0.32 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.44 0.66 0.41 0.49 0.30Coralberry 0.22 0.16 0.28 0.33 0.36 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.30 0.27 0.48 0.25 0.33 0.38Roughleaf dogwood 0.41 0.41 0.35 0.72 0.52 0.36 0.48 0.45 0.36 0.48 0.28 0.33 0.48 0.55 0.43 0.35Black oak 0.22 0.27 0.25 0.36 0.41 0.16 0.37 0.35 0.32 0.24 0.31 0.14 0.27 0.47 0.29 0.30Post oak 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.28 0.19 0.24 0.22 0.31 0.32 0.15 0.30 0.14 0.18 0.17 0.19Greenbrier 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.22 0.20 0.30 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.26 0.31 0.27 0.24Osage orange 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.33 0.45 0.39 0.42 0.22 0.24 0.33 0.45 0.44 0.35 0.38 0.27 0.44Chickasaw plum 0.26 0.21 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.37 0.48 0.44 0.55 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.21 0.45Chittamwood 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.36 0.33 0.20 0.28 0.32 0.24 0.26 0.31 0.19Winged elm 0.30 0.22 0.18 0.28 0.22 0.42 0.21 0.23 0.19 0.42 0.17 0.19 0.16 0.30 0.29 0.52Hackberry 0.52 0.43 0.48 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.49 0.50 0.41 0.21 0.45 0.43 0.26 0.33 0.31 0.48Texas prickly ash 0.29 0.23 0.27 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.41 0.41 0.58 0.45 0.50 0.59 0.49 0.55 0.24

PotassiumSmooth sumac 0.46 0.34 0.25 0.13 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.17 0.21Poison ivy 2.23 0.36 0.36 0.11 0.16 0.15 0.25 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.23 0.41 0.20 0.28Coralberry 1.67 0.22 0.32 0.17 0.13 0.14 0.10 0.17 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.09 0.13 0.08Roughleaf dogwood 1.21 0.39 0.23 0.28 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.11 0.20 0.11 0.08 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.09Black oak 1.24 0.20 0.16 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.16 0.10Post oak 0.36 0.22 0.21 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.10 0.11Greenbrier 3.09 0.50 0.43 0.19 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.11Osage orange 0.62 0.30 0.43 0.22 0.15 0.59 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.20 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.16 0.12 0.14Chickasaw plum 1.31 0.19 0.17 0.11 0.15 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.11 0.28 0.09Chittamwood 0.31 0.21 0.24 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.09 0.10Winged elm 1.70 0.23 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.21 0.11 0.12 0.09 0.25 0.19 0.10Hackberry 0.39 0.33 0.36 0.15 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.13 0.14 0.07Texas prickly ash 0.71 0.44 0.45 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.23 0.11 0.16 0.39 0.13 0.11


Crude ProteinSmooth sumac 21.4 16 12.3 12.1 11.9 9.9 11.4 9.9 8.7 8.7 7.7 10.4 10.6 10 5.3Poison ivy 24.5 14.6 15.2 16.0 11.8 12.2 10.4 10.9 8.3 8.9 7.9 11.8 13.1 10.4 6.9Coralberry 15.2 15.3 12.1 10.4 11.2 8.8 8.6 9.6 7.6 8.3 7.2 7.6 8.8 8.4 9.7Roughleaf dogwood 15 13.3 11.4 10.6 10.8 9.9 10.3 9.3 8.4 8.3 7 8.3 8.4 9.9 6.6Black oak 16.9 14.2 13.7 13.1 13.2 11.8 12.7 11.7 10.2 14.2 9.8 9.9 13.2 11.7 11Post oak 13.5 14.8 12.1 12.5 11.6 11.9 10.3 10.4 9.5 9.3 9.5 10.2 9.5 10.5 8.3Greenbrier 25.1 20.4 12.1 11.6 13.4 10.5 9.9 10 8.2 8.3 8.6 7.5 10.3 9.5 12Osage orange 30.5 31.7 22.1 22.4 20.3 19.1 18.9 13 - - 12.7 15.7 11.9 12.8 11.5 9Chickasaw plum 19.9 16.2 15.7 15.2 11.8 11.6 9.8 10.3 9.2 9 8.3 10.7 6.5 8.3 12.4Chittamwood 25.0 16.8 16.1 15.0 14.1 11.6 14.3 11.3 11.9 12.5 12.2 11.5 14.5 11.5 11.3Winged elm 18.4 15.9 14.5 15.6 13.6 13.5 12.2 11.8 11.6 10.2 13.1 10 12.5 11.6 9.7Hackberry 39.0 21.7 15.5 14.2 14.1 11.0 11.9 9.2 9.5 10.9 9 8.3 8.9 6.4 6.8Texas prickly ash 33.1 23.2 20.6 18.5 15.6 18.6 18.3 16.5 11.7 14.8 10.7 9.9 10.6 8.9 11.6

TDNSmooth sumac 90 88 88.1 87.2 85.1 89.3 88.3 89.1 89.4 88.3 88.5 89 90.3 89.2 82.6Poison ivy 87.5 84.4 75.7 74.8 78.8 80.3 80.4 80.6 81.5 77.2 79.2 79.1 80.6 76.2 75.8Coralberry 86.0 81.4 78.8 79.1 79.3 79.6 77.5 76.8 75.5 75.7 75.6 75.7 75.6 74.8 74.8Roughleaf dogwood 86.8 84.3 88.5 87.5 85.2 89.2 87.9 87.1 84.8 83.4 83.1 81.5 83.4 83.7 81.3Black oak 87.3 66.2 69.7 73.7 71.2 74.4 72.3 73 72.4 73.4 77.8 68.5 72.3 70.3 71.6Post oak 74.7 66.5 66.7 67.7 65.5 67.2 66 66.8 69 65.7 65.9 64.3 63.7 68.9 61.9Greenbrier 75.0 72.4 59.1 62.1 63.0 57.5 59.9 64.7 59.7 69.4 64.5 65.7 68.8 69.2 62.7Osage orange 88.8 87.3 78.4 86.9 87.1 83.2 86.8 85.8 - - 84.4 89.1 88.0 83.8 84 81.9Chickasaw plum 89.1 88.6 88.9 87.6 87.7 89.9 88.8 87.4 87.7 83.2 82.8 84.4 86.5 85.6 85.1Chittamwood 77.3 66.6 69.7 67.5 69.2 68.4 68 72.1 68.7 64.9 86.2 67.1 65.2 64.7 61.9Winged elm 78.6 72.5 72.1 69.5 70.1 69.5 67.5 64.5 68.9 71.4 69.1 70 70.7 69.4 63.8Hackberry 87.1 81.9 78.3 76.1 75.4 78.1 73.3 74 80.1 77.4 77 70.3 78.5 70.7 73.9Texas prickly ash 88.1 87.5 87.3 84.8 85.6 89.3 87.9 87.7 87.9 88.9 78.4 87 87.1 85.1 88.6

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1998 ContinuedApril May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

CalciumSmooth sumac 0.49 0.64 0.59 0.67 0.83 0.8 0.88 0.98 1.28 1.35 1.64 1.74 2.22 2.09 1.66Poison ivy 1.39 1.36 1.63 1.33 1.66 2.18 1.95 2.72 2.93 3.14 2.91 2.84 2.34 2.44 3.51Coralberry 0.75 0.69 0.90 0.88 1.03 1.03 1.17 1.26 1.42 1.49 1.41 1.68 1.52 1.57 1.87Roughleaf dogwood 3.54 2.79 2.57 2.94 2.47 2.00 2.24 2.77 3.01 2.72 3.53 3.04 3.17 3.74 3.47Black oak 0.56 0.95 0.90 1.37 1.36 0.65 1.4 1.36 1.43 1.35 0.93 1.66 1.3 1.26 1.46Post oak 0.44 0.71 1.20 0.92 1.06 1.93 1.96 1.75 0.94 0.94 1.97 1.06 0.98 1.51 1.17Greenbrier 0.63 0.98 1.31 1.50 1.75 1.60 1.62 1.68 1.57 1.52 1.58 1.36 1.79 1.57 1.6Osage orange 2.10 1.74 2.10 3.05 1.33 2.34 2.12 3.56 - - 3.63 3.38 4.01 5.75 5.36 6.23Chickasaw plum 0.99 1.56 1.15 1.38 1.77 1.69 1.93 1.84 1.8 1.28 1.08 1 1.21 1.17 1Chittamwood 0.96 2.00 2.12 2.24 1.76 2.53 2.95 2.99 3 2.19 2.25 3.07 2.29 2.71 2.87Winged elm 2.18 1.68 1.55 1.45 1.54 1.68 1.82 2.23 2.14 1.41 1.79 1.81 1.81 1.71 2.61Hackberry 2.07 3.30 4.53 4.80 5.03 5.05 3.54 5.68 6.26 4.69 7.06 4.7 8.25 5.34 6.9Texas prickly ash 1.38 1.67 1.87 1.99 1.91 1.59 1.91 2.47 2.77 2.56 2.71 2.54 2.46 2.25 3.57

PhosphorusSmooth sumac 0.35 0.24 0.2 0.16 0.12 0.1 0.13 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.2 0.11 0.06Poison ivy 0.55 0.34 0.27 0.33 0.13 0.14 0.1 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.11Coralberry 0.28 0.27 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.07 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.1 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.1Roughleaf dogwood 0.42 0.34 0.18 0.24 0.19 0.13 0.11 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.2 0.17 0.11Black oak 0.23 0.13 0.12 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.07 0.1 0.15 0.15 0.16Post oak 0.21 0.18 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.1 0.07 0.11 0.11Greenbrier 0.44 0.33 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.1 0.1 0.11Osage orange 0.50 0.55 0.33 0.22 0.31 0.24 0.17 0.12 - - 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.15 0.14 0.12Chickasaw plum 0.26 0.19 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.15 0.09 0.08 0.17Chittamwood 0.30 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.17 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.17 0.08 0.08Winged elm 0.22 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.14Hackberry 0.67 0.30 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.08 0.12 0.1 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.1Texas prickly ash 0.62 0.32 0.23 0.25 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.15 0.11 0.16 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.16

MagnesiumSmooth sumac 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.13Poison ivy 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.30 0.27 0.4 0.33 0.41 0.31 0.29 0.26 0.28 0.39Coralberry 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.27 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.28 0.32 0.35 0.27 0.26 0.28Roughleaf dogwood 0.50 0.47 0.37 0.50 0.50 0.24 0.29 0.43 0.47 0.39 0.53 0.39 0.47 0.24 0.41Black oak 0.27 0.26 0.38 0.34 0.26 0.26 0.4 0.39 0.41 0.31 0.27 0.18 0.27 0.25 0.4Post oak 0.17 0.21 0.30 0.21 0.35 0.20 0.27 0.17 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.14 0.24 0.14 0.09Greenbrier 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.23 0.19 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.2 0.32 0.28 0.36 0.28 0.25Osage orange 0.36 0.37 0.34 0.42 0.32 0.39 0.35 0.31 - - 0.37 0.31 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.29Chickasaw plum 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.29 0.32 0.38 0.39 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.29 0.32Chittamwood 0.21 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.22 0.33 0.37 0.43 0.33 0.24 0.25 0.34 0.23 0.2 0.22Winged elm 0.41 0.31 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.32 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.17 0.36 0.3 0.27Hackberry 0.42 0.48 0.43 0.40 0.52 0.63 0.58 0.21 0.47 0.43 0.5 0.45 0.35 0.28 0.5Texas prickly ash 0.34 0.28 0.34 0.41 0.42 0.39 0.29 0.4 0.5 0.46 0.5 0.32 0.31 0.26 0.36

PotassiumSmooth sumac 1.91 1.7 1.6 1.28 1.39 1.07 0.91 0.85 0.67 0.74 0.74 0.83 1.09 0.72 1.04Poison ivy 1.67 1.22 1.30 1.27 1.13 1.13 1.08 1.02 0.63 1.19 0.71 0.9 1.01 0.94 0.68Coralberry 2.31 2.31 1.72 1.43 1.15 1.69 1.71 1.75 1.41 1.59 1.46 1.41 1.48 1.15 1.39Roughleaf dogwood 1.48 1.16 0.83 0.70 1.01 0.91 0.77 0.87 0.65 0.84 0.51 1.15 0.61 0.48 0.45Black oak 1.20 0.70 0.68 0.54 0.88 0.85 0.54 0.59 0.63 0.75 0.86 0.85 0.89 0.74 0.61Post oak 1.53 1.04 0.75 0.72 0.55 0.63 0.63 0.51 0.58 0.41 0.61 0.63 0.37 0.82 0.49Greenbrier 3.15 2.30 1.43 1.20 1.31 1.52 1.52 1.45 1.21 1.08 1.56 1.56 1.47 1.35 1.66Osage orange 2.74 2.52 2.57 1.31 2.13 2.19 2.20 1.61 - - 2.01 1.07 0.66 1.39 1.2 0.55Chickasaw plum 1.50 1.23 1.27 0.71 1.22 1.06 1.05 1.25 1.21 1.27 1.68 1.51 1.12 1.35 1.35Chittamwood 1.61 1.27 0.95 0.78 0.82 0.65 0.65 0.5 0.61 0.75 0.72 0.56 0.75 0.35 0.36Winged elm 1.50 0.96 1.03 1.04 0.96 0.86 0.67 0.81 0.77 1.07 0.85 0.68 0.88 0.84 0.92Hackberry 2.64 1.47 1.18 1.30 1.02 1.49 0.97 0.75 1.08 1.18 1.24 0.85 0.68 0.65 0.99Texas prickly ash 2.75 2.71 2.39 1.96 2.25 1.65 1.89 1.87 1.31 1.16 1.35 1.45 1.44 1.3 1.55

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Crude ProteinSmooth sumac 24.7 20.3 13.2 14.1 13.9 10.4 9.3 8.8 9.7 7.8 9.3 7.2 7.3 8.5 10.7Poison ivy 22.6 18.5 12.3 10.6 12.0 10.4 10.1 9.9 8.1 8.0 7.3 8.0 8.0 8.4 - -Coralberry 17.3 14.9 12.8 11.2 9.5 10.1 8.7 7.4 7.2 7.1 7.7 7.7 9.4 9.7 - -Roughleaf dogwood 15.6 13.3 11.5 9.6 10.1 11.1 10.1 8.5 8.5 7.6 7.1 7.1 5.8 8.6 8.7Black oak 25.7 18.1 15.9 12.3 13.1 12.1 12.8 9.3 11.4 10.1 9.7 9.8 10.3 7.2 - -Post oak 16.5 16.2 12.7 9.1 11.7 13.6 11.9 8.2 10.1 10.0 10.5 8.6 8.0 9.8 8.9Greenbrier 27.1 18.9 14.1 12.1 12.2 9.6 10.7 10.6 9.5 9.1 9.3 8.2 7.6 11.6 9.5Osage orange 31.7 26.8 18.8 9.1 14.1 15.7 16.5 15.5 11.2 14.1 12.4 11.6 11.5 12.7 - -Chickasaw plum 16.0 15.2 12.8 9.7 10.1 10.7 10.1 9.6 9.7 8.4 7.3 4.8 6.6 7.3 6.8Chittamwood 22.4 20.4 14.6 13.5 14.1 13.9 13.4 13.6 12.1 10.5 9.7 9.9 11.3 12.3 10.9Winged elm 22.1 15.1 13.9 13.1 12.4 14.0 11.7 11.5 9.5 10.5 9.2 10.3 8.7 10.6 - -Hackberry 27.5 20.9 15.7 15.0 12.5 12.9 18.0 11.1 11.8 11.7 8.7 7.2 7.6 8.3 7.7Texas prickly ash 28.9 25.8 13.5 15.3 18.2 24.1 13.9 14.3 12.1 9.5 9.5 9.0 7.7 11.8 11.2

TDNSmooth sumac 89.6 88.2 90.0 87.3 86.2 88.6 90.5 91.2 89.6 90.0 88.1 89.7 90.1 87.9 85.3Poison ivy 84.1 77.6 73.9 70.5 78.7 77.5 77.6 80.2 78.2 76.3 73.5 74.9 76.0 74.6 - -Coralberry 63.8 80.2 77.7 77.7 77.6 76.0 77.3 74.2 73.5 76.3 74.9 73.5 72.0 67.5 - -Roughleaf dogwood 85.2 84.2 85.3 82.6 81.4 85.2 81.9 84.1 80.6 83.8 81.4 81.7 82.1 79.9 75.8Black oak 86.3 76.7 70.3 70.7 65.2 69.8 67.4 71.4 73.9 74.4 71.8 69.6 69.5 69.0 - -Post oak 82.7 69.9 64.1 60.9 63.1 61.3 66.8 64.1 63.7 65.1 68.7 64.6 63.6 64.3 65.5Greenbrier 76.6 63.0 61.1 52.1 62.8 62.9 65.2 64.2 63.3 64.6 68.7 63.7 63.5 64.1 68.5Osage orange 88.0 86.2 82.4 60.9 82.1 82.4 86.1 87.6 82.7 87.2 85.8 83.3 84.7 84.5 - -Chickasaw plum 91.6 88.7 85.3 83.6 83.3 86.7 85.2 85.7 83.0 82.2 81.8 82.3 81.6 82.8 81.2Chittamwood 72.9 71.7 64.2 68.8 63.6 67.0 66.0 66.1 66.6 62.1 63.7 61.6 64.3 65.3 61.9Winged elm 82.5 69.9 72.7 68.2 65.0 70.8 70.1 71.4 66.0 72.7 70.3 68.4 63.2 66.7 - -Hackberry 85.3 81.4 75.9 73.4 74.9 78.4 76.4 79.6 74.5 76.4 74.6 75.6 72.5 74.5 70.0Texas prickly ash 88.9 87.4 84.0 84.1 85.3 87.6 86.7 86.0 85.7 88.3 86.2 85.6 85.3 86.2 84.8

CalciumSmooth sumac 0.46 0.63 0.51 0.71 1.11 0.64 0.77 1.50 2.51 1.82 2.08 1.34 2.08 1.61 1.75Poison ivy 1.34 1.31 1.94 2.06 1.84 2.03 2.49 3.14 3.47 2.29 2.94 2.40 3.13 2.54 - -Coralberry 0.65 0.76 0.84 0.89 0.82 1.09 1.32 1.00 1.11 1.03 0.96 1.26 1.26 0.82 - -Roughleaf dogwood 2.23 2.81 2.21 2.58 2.26 2.50 2.90 2.91 2.76 2.88 2.57 2.35 2.90 3.36 3.04Black oak 0.50 0.68 0.69 0.84 0.89 0.95 1.02 0.81 1.14 1.24 1.03 1.06 1.19 0.81 - -Post oak 0.62 0.60 0.99 1.04 1.04 1.09 1.39 1.08 1.18 1.88 0.66 1.89 1.44 1.69 1.53Greenbrier 0.62 0.83 1.04 1.17 1.04 1.36 1.31 1.40 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.50 2.17 1.40 1.47Osage orange 1.48 2.05 2.34 1.04 4.55 4.50 3.44 4.06 3.58 3.47 3.79 5.23 6.08 3.55 - -Chickasaw plum 1.06 1.15 1.22 1.55 1.68 1.85 1.40 1.42 1.38 1.21 1.13 0.78 1.08 1.01 1.02Chittamwood 1.22 0.92 1.20 2.33 1.57 2.47 2.39 2.40 3.13 3.14 1.70 1.92 1.74 2.03 2.72Winged elm 0.99 1.12 1.13 1.75 1.39 1.30 1.53 2.16 1.70 2.13 2.03 1.82 1.83 2.19 - -Hackberry 2.84 4.12 2.38 3.12 4.43 5.37 6.25 6.35 4.48 4.58 4.77 5.07 5.60 6.15 6.40Texas prickly ash 1.20 1.40 1.24 1.43 1.47 1.22 2.19 2.77 2.14 2.95 2.43 2.41 2.96 3.09 2.34

PhosphorusSmooth sumac 0.46 0.28 0.21 0.15 0.17 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.22 0.10 0.18 0.07 0.12 0.09 0.14Poison ivy 0.49 0.37 0.28 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.09 0.13 - -Coralberry 0.31 0.25 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.14 - -Roughleaf dogwood 0.41 0.37 0.22 0.28 0.25 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.18Black oak 0.43 0.24 0.17 0.10 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.12 - -Post oak 0.29 0.21 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.12Greenbrier 0.47 0.29 0.17 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.13Osage orange 0.54 0.47 0.24 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.11 0.11 0.19 0.13 0.13 - -Chickasaw plum 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11Chittamwood 0.34 0.10 0.16 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.08 0.11Winged elm 0.38 0.21 0.16 0.14 0.18 0.13 0.12 0.20 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.13 - -Hackberry 0.41 0.29 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.14 0.19 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.13Texas prickly ash 0.50 0.37 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.32 0.13 0.14 0.20 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.09 0.12 0.14

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Crude ProteinWestern ragweed - - - - 17.3 13.5 11.1 10.4 15.4 14.7Giant ragweed - - - - 37.8 34.8 19.1 23.1 21.7 19.7Mare's tail - - - - 14.4 14.7 13.7 14.6 14.5 8.6Three-seeded mercury - - - - 12.7 10.2 9.7 11.2 16.7 12.2Tropic croton - - - - 19.7 19.6 17.1 16.4 17.2 14.7Illinois bundleflower - - - - 23.4 25.8 14.3 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 22.4 20.7 18.9 15.8 14.4 - -Tick clover spp. - - - - 20.2 16.5 13.2 13.8 - - - -Lespedeza spp. - - - - 13.4 12.4 10.3 12.8 13.3 - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 19.3 16.3 15.7 14.4 - - - -Carolina snailseed - - - - 10.2 12.2 7.9 6.3 12.0 12.4Yellow wood sorrel - - - - 18.5 14.7 14.9 - - - - - -

TDNWestern ragweed - - - - 81.4 80.8 75.5 77.7 79.6 76.3Giant ragweed - - - - 88.8 82.3 78.5 85.4 76.6 70.9Mare's tail - - - - 73.9 63.3 70.6 78.2 67.9 57.9Three-seeded mercury - - - - 77.6 82.2 86.1 83.8 80.9 68.9Tropic croton - - - - 66.1 77.5 77.3 80.9 66.7 61.2Illinois bundleflower - - - - 89.7 83.0 86.4 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 75.6 73.5 79.4 90.1 74.9 - -Tick clover spp. - - - - 59.9 67.0 62.7 69.9 - - - -Lespedeza spp. - - - - 63.1 63.6 63.8 66.7 65.8 - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 68.1 60.9 66.2 76.6 - - - -Carolina snailseed - - - - 70.2 70.7 72.6 68.4 73.8 62.8Yellow wood sorrel - - - - 72.3 75.3 63.2 - - - - - -

MagnesiumSmooth sumac 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.11 0.10 0.16 0.22 0.17 0.21 0.14 0.17 0.14 0.15Poison ivy 0.23 0.30 0.35 0.37 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.33 0.41 0.29 0.36 0.34 0.35 0.31 - -Coralberry 0.26 0.26 0.31 0.32 0.29 0.25 0.31 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.25 0.33 0.33 0.24 - -Roughleaf dogwood 0.36 0.52 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.50 0.47 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.22 0.22 0.38 0.41 0.34Black oak 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.37 0.44 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.01 0.41 0.40 - -Post oak 0.25 0.23 0.29 0.26 0.21 0.26 0.29 0.29 0.23 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.30 0.19 0.16Greenbrier 0.14 0.16 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.29 0.31 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.30 0.19 0.24 0.34Osage orange 0.27 0.37 0.33 0.26 0.43 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.33 0.29 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.21 - -Chickasaw plum 0.22 0.24 0.31 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.44 0.45 0.48 0.36 0.39 0.35 0.42 0.42 0.41Chittamwood 0.21 0.23 0.40 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.32 0.25 0.33 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.19Winged elm 0.29 0.26 0.22 0.27 0.22 0.20 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 - -Hackberry 0.43 0.52 0.40 0.45 0.38 0.42 0.62 0.44 0.50 0.50 0.39 0.45 0.37 0.44 0.33Texas prickly ash 0.25 0.28 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.34 0.61 0.52 0.76 0.40 0.74 0.78 0.70 0.55 0.35

PotassiumSmooth sumac 2.18 1.82 1.52 1.01 1.12 1.66 1.15 1.21 1.40 0.90 0.98 0.89 1.13 1.09 1.21Poison ivy 1.57 1.68 1.20 1.34 1.18 0.97 0.93 0.95 0.62 0.79 0.89 1.15 0.67 0.57 - -Coralberry 1.71 1.23 1.70 2.53 1.39 1.98 0.86 1.42 1.25 0.77 1.02 1.07 1.25 1.14 - -Roughleaf dogwood 1.14 1.06 0.98 1.31 0.96 0.80 0.82 0.68 0.87 0.71 0.55 0.84 0.44 0.64 0.42Black oak 1.50 1.15 0.80 0.79 0.81 0.80 0.77 0.62 0.58 0.52 0.60 0.63 0.62 0.76 - -Post oak 1.32 1.27 0.80 0.84 0.49 0.53 0.66 0.66 0.78 0.49 0.45 0.44 1.34 0.64 0.62Greenbrier 2.61 1.50 2.13 1.85 1.03 1.30 1.74 2.02 1.02 1.63 1.21 1.27 0.52 1.64 1.27Osage orange 2.33 1.34 2.06 0.84 1.43 1.31 1.38 1.15 2.56 0.90 0.94 1.23 0.62 1.09 - -Chickasaw plum 1.06 2.32 1.33 1.14 1.07 1.22 1.01 1.21 1.11 1.45 1.17 1.27 1.13 1.30 0.98Chittamwood 1.60 1.50 1.54 0.97 0.67 0.73 0.60 0.73 0.88 0.39 0.47 0.49 0.67 0.72 0.50Winged elm 1.33 1.95 1.21 0.98 0.84 1.10 0.76 0.94 0.97 0.58 0.65 1.03 1.00 0.38 - -Hackberry 1.48 2.99 1.27 1.93 1.34 1.00 0.99 1.07 0.88 1.14 0.89 0.56 0.87 0.54 0.30Texas prickly ash 1.78 1.22 3.14 2.19 1.82 2.32 1.58 1.71 1.45 1.78 1.10 1.30 0.88 1.46 1.56

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Appendix Table 2. Monthly CP, TDN, P, Ca, K and Mg for Forbs in 1999 and 2000


CalciumWestern ragweed - - - - 3.55 3.90 3.45 4.25 4.19 4.08Giant ragweed - - - - 1.96 2.53 5.42 6.75 4.73 4.82Mare's tail - - - - 1.30 1.30 1.57 1.58 1.10 1.37Three-seeded mercury - - - - 2.46 1.64 1.43 1.72 1.69 1.43Tropic croton - - - - 2.11 2.01 1.90 2.61 1.54 2.38Illinois bundleflower - - - - 1.07 1.10 2.02 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 0.74 0.75 0.85 1.04 1.42 - -Tick clover spp. - - - - 2.39 2.16 2.21 2.07 - - - -Lespedeza spp. - - - - 1.23 1.22 1.34 1.42 1.48 - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 1.22 1.16 1.46 1.88 - - - -Carolina snailseed - - - - 1.39 2.13 2.08 1.51 2.09 1.89Yellow wood sorrel - - - - 1.14 1.53 1.69 - - - - - -

PhosphorusWestern ragweed - - - - 0.21 0.23 0.12 0.26 0.17 0.16Giant ragweed - - - - 0.48 0.47 0.40 0.40 0.43 0.44Mare's tail - - - - 0.36 0.33 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.09Three-seeded mercury - - - - 0.36 0.18 0.12 0.15 0.22 0.17Tropic croton - - - - 0.40 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.22 0.18Illinois bundleflower - - - - 0.27 0.23 0.08 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 0.21 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.14 - -Tick clover spp. - - - - 0.17 0.11 0.08 0.10 - - - -Lespedeza spp. - - - - 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.13 0.11 - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 0.21 0.17 0.14 0.11 - - - -Carolina snailseed - - - - 0.32 0.15 0.25 0.23 0.37 0.12Yellow wood sorrel - - - - 0.63 0.17 0.16 - - - - - -

MagnesiumWestern ragweed - - - - 0.73 0.67 0.88 0.50 0.64 0.48Giant ragweed - - - - 1.02 1.20 2.16 1.85 1.02 1.37Mare's tail - - - - 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.26 0.29Three-seeded mercury - - - - 0.30 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.28 0.27Tropic croton - - - - 0.46 0.38 0.31 0.49 0.32 0.49Illinois bundleflower - - - - 0.40 0.65 0.17 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 0.22 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.18 - -Tick clover spp. - - - - 0.32 0.21 0.19 0.23 - - - -Lespedeza spp. - - - - 0.27 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.30 - - - -Carolina snailseed - - - - 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.21Yellow wood sorrel - - - - 0.34 0.42 0.53 - - - - - -

PotassiumWestern ragweed - - - - 2.66 2.45 2.00 2.19 2.36 1.98Giant ragweed - - - - 3.06 2.85 1.58 1.90 2.28 1.60Mare's tail - - - - 5.00 4.47 3.50 3.36 2.23 1.30Three-seeded mercury - - - - 1.64 1.08 0.80 0.96 0.95 0.92Tropic croton - - - - 2.69 2.32 1.78 1.32 1.96 1.76Illinois bundleflower - - - - 1.31 1.18 0.43 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 1.16 0.83 0.79 0.69 0.65 - -Tick clover spp. - - - - 1.03 0.59 0.68 0.94 - - - -Lespedeza spp. - - - - 0.55 0.58 0.50 0.82 2.27 - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 1.30 1.27 0.91 0.87 - - - -Carolina snailseed - - - - 2.35 1.76 1.77 1.99 1.64 1.95Yellow wood sorrel - - - - 3.51 2.99 2.06 - - - - - -

2000Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

Crude ProteinWestern ragweed 28.2 20.5 20.1 12.4 12.1 15.9 10.4 18.0Giant ragweed 26.5 33.3 24.0 24.2 22.5 14.2 17.9 - -Mare's tail 19.3 18.7 15.8 12.7 - - - - - - - -

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Three-seeded mercury 13.2 14.0 14.9 - - - - - - - - - -Tropic croton - - 17.4 23.6 14.9 18.3 - - - - - -Illinois bundleflower 35.1 26.2 22.4 18.9 12.8 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 19.4 20.1 17.1 15.0 14.9 - -Tick clover spp. 25.2 20.7 17.9 15.3 14.4 12.1 - - - -Lespedeza spp. 19.4 16.0 16.0 13.2 12.5 9.9 - - - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 17.9 15.8 11.2 - - - - - -Carolina snailseed 21.1 17.3 12.8 10.8 9.6 10.3 8.9 - -Yellow wood sorrel 19.0 15.4 17.8 - - - - - - - - - -

TDNWestern ragweed 78.9 77.2 81.2 81.2 76.8 81.5 79.9 78.7Giant ragweed 83.2 84.5 82.2 79.7 81.7 77.3 71.6 - -Mare's tail 53.7 78.4 60.1 71.0 - - - - - - - -Three-seeded mercury 67.8 78.6 75.4 - - - - - - - - - -Tropic croton - - 73.6 69.7 72.3 73.0 - - - - - -Illinois bundleflower 89.6 81.4 85.6 82.3 77.4 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 77.2 80.7 76.6 79.8 80.5 - -Tick clover spp. 90.4 70.3 61.7 64.8 65.8 62.1 - - - -Lespedeza spp. 71.6 68.9 65.2 67.2 65.5 66.0 - - - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 64.5 61.1 57.2 - - - - - -Carolina snailseed 83.3 74.7 69.9 70.8 71.1 74.4 76.7 - -Yellow wood sorrel 67.2 63.7 54.0 - - - - - - - - - -

CalciumWestern ragweed 2.47 2.87 3.74 3.63 3.14 4.64 3.43 3.54Giant ragweed 2.13 1.74 4.96 4.60 6.15 4.63 4.02 - -Mare's tail 1.58 1.00 1.02 1.57 - - - - - - - -Three-seeded mercury 0.99 1.66 - - - - - - - - - -Tropic croton - - 1.88 1.64 1.62 1.48 - - - - - -Illinois bundleflower 0.79 0.80 1.15 1.20 1.63 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 0.76 0.93 0.96 1.06 1.20 - -Tick clover spp. 1.00 1.48 1.79 1.87 1.78 1.96 - - - -Lespedeza spp. 0.73 1.23 1.39 1.17 1.51 1.43 - - - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 1.05 1.18 1.01 - - - - - -Carolina snailseed 0.90 1.07 1.42 1.80 1.49 1.74 1.50 - -Yellow wood sorrel 1.20 1.06 1.15 - - - - - - - - - -

PhosphorusWestern ragweed 0.39 0.26 0.24 0.20 0.14 0.19 0.17 0.19Giant ragweed 0.52 0.34 0.40 0.41 0.33 0.34 0.40 - -Mare's tail 0.60 0.30 0.21 0.17 - - - - - - - -Three-seeded mercury 0.25 0.20 - - - - - - - - - -Tropic croton - - 0.17 0.23 0.26 0.25 - - - - - -Illinois bundleflower 0.41 0.25 0.21 0.15 0.11 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.09 0.11 - -Tick clover spp. 0.34 0.22 0.15 0.13 0.17 0.11 - - - -Lespedeza spp. 0.25 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.13 0.10 - - - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 0.20 0.16 0.10 - - - - - -Carolina snailseed 0.46 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.44 0.31 0.28 - -Yellow wood sorrel 0.17 0.27 0.24 - - - - - - - - - -

MagnesiumWestern ragweed 0.56 0.80 0.77 0.72 0.57 0.76 0.57 0.62Giant ragweed 0.52 0.68 1.56 1.28 1.95 2.35 1.40 - -Mare's tail 0.30 0.34 0.30 0.43 - - - - - - - -Three-seeded mercury 0.25 0.28 - - - - - - - - - -Tropic croton - - 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.37 - - - - - -Illinois bundleflower 0.39 0.18 0.44 0.67 0.74 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 0.17 0.18 0.11 0.14 0.15 - -Tick clover spp. 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.26 0.22 0.23 - - - -Lespedeza spp. 0.25 0.25 0.32 0.21 0.40 0.19 - - - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 0.34 0.27 0.10 - - - - - -

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Carolina snailseed 0.14 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.21 - -Yellow wood sorrel 0.45 0.43 0.45 - - - - - - - - - -

PotassiumWestern ragweed 3.83 3.62 2.36 2.73 2.69 1.22 2.15 2.10Giant ragweed 4.07 3.35 2.27 2.82 1.52 2.12 1.44 - -Mare's tail 4.31 4.55 2.95 2.01 - - - - - - - -Three-seeded mercury 1.39 1.09 - - - - - - - - - -Tropic croton - - 2.53 2.53 2.29 2.07 - - - - - -Illinois bundleflower 1.51 1.21 1.02 1.13 0.81 - - - - - -Partridge pea - - - - 1.00 0.80 0.72 0.51 0.68 - -Tick clover spp. 1.52 1.25 0.99 0.79 0.98 0.91 - - - -Lespedeza spp. 1.40 0.77 0.54 0.97 0.70 0.67 - - - -Trailing wild bean - - - - 1.73 1.34 0.90 - - - - - -Carolina snailseed 1.66 2.34 2.07 1.62 2.13 1.53 1.78 - -Yellow wood sorrel 1.67 3.11 2.15 - - - - - - - - - -

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special thanks are extended to Brady DeVille, Frank Motal, Cameron Streetman,Jeremiah Hegwood, Suzanne Terry and Kent Shankles for their assistance with collectingplant samples, Judy Woods and Tabby Campbell for preparing samples for analysis, JulieBarrick, Jim Johnson, Brian Unruh and Evan Whitley for their assistance with analyzingdata, Grant Huggins, Mike Porter, Evan Whitley, Ken Gee and Caroline Lara, for their edi-torial assistance and Cook Ly for assistance with layout and design of this publication.


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APPENDIX PHOTOGRAPHS FOR THE WOODY PLANTS SAMPLED

SSMMOOOOTTHH SSUUMMAACC PPOOIISSOONN IVIVYY

PPOOSSTT OOAAKK

CCOORRAALLBBEERRRRYY

RROOUUGHLEGHLEAAFF DDOOGWGWOOOODD BBLLAACC KK OOAAKK

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GGRREENBEENBRRIEIERR

OOSSAAGGEE OORRAANNGGEE CCHHIICC KKAASSAAWW PPLLUUMM

CCHHIITTTTAAMWMWOOOODD WWIINNGGEDED ELMELM HHAACC KBKBEERRRRYY

APPENDIX PHOTOGRAPHS FOR THE FORBS SAMPLED

WWEESSTTEERNRN RRAAGWGWEEDEED GGIAIANN TT RRAAGWGWEEDEED

MMAARREE’’SS TTAAIILL

TTEXEXAASS PPRRIICC KLKLYY AASSHH

TTHRHREEEE --SSEEDEEDEDED MMEERRCCUURRYY TTRROOPPIICC CRCROOTTOONN

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PPAARRTRTRIIDDGGEE PPEEAA HHOOAARRYY TTIICC KK CCLLOOVVEERR

SSEESSSISILELE TTIICC KK CCLLOOVVEERR

IILLLILINNOOIISS BBUUNNDLEFLDLEFLOOWWEERR

MMAARRYLYLAANNDD TTIICC KK CCLLOOVVEERR

SSLENLENDDEERR LLEESSPPEDEDEZAEZA

KKOORREEAANN LLEESSPPEDEDEZAEZA TTRRAAIILILINNGG WIWILLDD BBEEAANN

CCAARROOLILINANA SNASNAIILSLSEEDEED

YYELELLLOOWW WWOOOODD SSOORRRRELEL

CCRREEEEPPIINNGG LLEESSPPEDEDEZAEZA

QUALITY OF NATIVE LANT FORAGE SPECIES IMPORTANT TO …

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