Quality infrastructure for the Colombian Movement Industry · In Colombia, the Quality System was...

Quality infrastructure

for the

Colombian Movement

Industry

Quality infrastructure

for the

Colombian

Movement

Industry

CONTENTS 01 Executive summary 5

02 Study context 11

a) UNIDO PRO-Motion 12

b) Description of the quality infrastructure in Colombia, SICAL

c) Industry description 18

d) Regulatory framework 20

e) Introduction to the infrastructure of other countries 21

03 Methodology 22

04 Evaluation of the quality infrastructure services 25 for the movement industry a) National Standardization Body 27 b) Technical regulations 31 c) National Accreditation Body 35 d) Conformity Assessment Bodies 38 e) Testing Laboratories 43 f) Scientific and industrial metrology 45 g) Metrological products 47 h) Calibration laboratories 48

i) Supervision and Control 49

05 Conclusions 53

Copyright© 2017 by United Nations Industrial Development

Organization (UNIDO).

The Cooperation Technical Unit of the Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación (ICONTEC) prepared this document for the Department of Commerce, Investment and Innovation of the Development and Technical Cooperation Division of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Designations used in this publication and how data are presented do not imply any judgment by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization about the legal condition of countries, territories, cities or zones, or their authorities, nor in relation to delimitation of their borders or limits. Opinions, figures and estimates herein are responsibility of the authors and they shall not be necessarily considered as reflecting the UNIDO opinions, nor having its support. Designations related to “developed” and “developing” economies have the purpose of statistical convenience and they do not express a judgment of value about the development stage of a given country or zone. Mention of companies or commercial products does not imply the support of UNIDO.

Supervision and Coordination Fabio Russo, Project Manager and Senior Officer of Industrial Development of the Department of Commerce, Investment and Innovation of UNIDO Development Division.

Juan Pablo Díaz-Castillo, Project Manager and Officer of Industrial Development of the Department of Commerce, Investment and Innovation of UNIDO Development Division.

Manuela Eyvazo, International Consultant

Allan Bachenheimer Ceballos, National Technical Coordinator.

Jaime Alberto Monguí Rojas, Quality National Expert

Wording and edition Holguer Rangel Gómez, Specialist Leader Consultant Andriunn Betancourt, Head of Cooperation ICONTEC Jaime Alberto Monguí Rojas, National Quality Expert of UNIDO

Design and layout Johan Camilo Cruz, Téxun Publicidad

@PRO-Motion United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) www.pro-motion.com.co

This document was elaborated under the project KOICA - UNIDO

- MinCIT "Program for Sustainable and Inclusive Industrial

Development of the Automotive Supply Chain through Quality

and Productivity Improvement - PRO-Motion" and its

monitoring committee.

KOICA Office in Colombia

Bongsoon Jang Director

Haeryung Choi Sub-Director David Fernando Mozzo Ardila Project Coordinator

MinCIT

María Leonisa Ortiz Regulations Director

Luis Antonio Alfonso Adviser of the Regulation Direction

PTP

Luis Felipe Torres General Manager Daniel Colmenares Movement Industries Coordinator Olga Lucia Pesca Quality Executive

Chamber of Commerce of Bogotá

Daniel Botello International Cooperation Professional

APC

Diana Pinzon Professional in Charge of UNIDO

Natalia Marino Professional in Charge of Korea

ACOLFA

Camilo Llinás President

Alberto Macias Vice-President

UNIDO Fabio Russo Project Manager and Senior Officer of Industrial Development of the Department of Commerce, Investment and Innovation of UNIDO Development Division

Juan Pablo Díaz-Castillo Project Manager and Officer of Industrial Development of the Department of Commerce, Investment and Innovation of UNIDO Development Division

Johannes Dobinger Office Representative for the Andean Region

http://www.pro-motion.com.co/

Acronyms ANH Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (National Hydrocarbons Agency) ANLA Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (National Authority of Environmental Licenses) ANM Agencia Nacional de Minería (National Mining Agency) AUNAP Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca (National Authority of Aquaculture and Fishing) BIPM International Bureau of Weights and Measures CEA Criterios Específicos de Acreditación (Specific Accreditation Criteria) CE/LA Criterios Específicos de Acreditación/Lineamientos de Acreditación (Specific Accreditation Criteria/ Accreditation Guidelines) CFEC Cursos de Formación Específica (Specific Training Courses) CIPM Comité Internacional de Pesos y Medidas (International Committee of Weights and Measures) COPANT Comisión Panamericana de Normas Técnica (Pan American Commission of Technical Standards) DaaKs National Accreditation Body for the Federal Republic of Germany ECCT Evaluación de Capacidad y Competencia Técnica (Capacity and Technical Competence Evaluation) ECM Evaluación de Capacidad Metrológica (Metrological Capacity Evaluation END Especificación Normativa Disponible (Normative Specification Available) FNE Fondo Nacional de Estupefacientes (National Narcotics Fund) GNV Gas Natural Vehicular (Vehicle Natural Gas) GTC Guía Técnica Colombiana (Colombian Technical Guide) IAAC Inter American Accreditation Cooperation IAF International Accreditation Forum IATF International Automotive Task Force ICA Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (Colombian Farming Institute) ICONTEC Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación IDEAM Instituto de Hidrología, Meterorología y Estudios Ambientales (Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies) ILAC Cooperación internacional de acreditación de laboratorios y de organismos de inspección (International Accreditation Cooperation of Laboratories and Inspection Bodies) INDUMIL Industria Militar de Colombia (Colombian Military Industry) INM Instituto Nacional de Metrología (National Metrology Institute) INVIMA Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos (National Institute of Medicaments and Food Surveillance) ISO International Organization for Standardization KOICA Korean International Cooperation Agency LA Lineamientos de Acreditación (Accreditation Guidelines) MinCIT Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo (Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism) NTC Norma Técnica Colombiana (Colombian Technical Standard) NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration – USA CAB Conformity Assessment Body OEM Original Equipment Manufacturers WTO World Trade Organization ONAC Organismo Nacional de Acreditación (National Accreditation Body) UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization TBT Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade PASC Congress of Pacific Basin Standards RAN Red Andina de Normalización (Andean Standardization Network) PTP Programa de Transformación Productiva (Program of Productive Transformation) SAM Servicio de Asesoría Metrológica (Service of Metrological Consultancy) SI International System SIC Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio (Superintendence of Industry and Commerce) SICAL Subsistema nacional de calidad (National Quality Sub-System) SICERCO Sistema de Información de Certificados de Conformidad (Conformity Certificates Information System) SUCOP Sistema Único de Consulta Pública (Single Public Consultation System) UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe VUCE Ventanilla Única de Comercio Exterior (Single Window for Foreign Trade)

01

6

Quality infrastructure for the 01 Colombian movement industry

Executive Summary

01

01

7

01 Executive Summary

Quality infrastructure in the countries constitutes a

fundamental element to easy and promote economic and

industrial integration, internationalization, industrialization and

economic development. Likewise, it allows generating

confidence among producers, traders and end consumers by

defining technical regulations, normative documents,

accreditation procedures for conformity assessment bodies and

testing and calibration laboratories, in order to ensure the

quality characteristics of management systems, products and

processes.

.

In Colombia, the Quality System was originated in 1993 with

the issuance of Decree 2269, recently the quality infrastructure

is formalized with the creation of SICAL (Subsistema nacional

de calidad - National Quality Sub-System) by the issuance of

Decree 1595 of 2015, which defines interaction of actors and

their functions to support and encourage quality, confidence,

innovation, productivity and competitiveness of the productive

and importing sectors, and to protect the consumers’ interests.

SICAL is organized with the following fundamental structure

elements to serve the movement industry.

Standardization

Technical regulations

Accreditation

Conformity assessment

Management System Certification

Product Certification – Testing Laboratories

Scientific and Industrial Metrology

Metrological Products

Calibration

Supervision and Control

Standardization

The Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación

(ICONTEC) is recognized by the Government as the National

Standardization Body. One of its main functions within SICAL

framework is the elaboration and approval of normative

documents that are based preferably on international

references.

According to its role as a standards body, ICONTEC supports

the movement industry through 13 technical committees, which

have developed 345 normative documents (334 NTC - Normas

Técnicas Colombianas (Colombian Technical Standards), 7

GTC - Guías Técnicas Colombianas (Colombian Technical

Guides) and 4 END – Especificaciones Normativas

Disponibles (Normative Specifications Available)). Out of

these, 42 % take account, total or partially, of international

standards. This percentage of international standards inclusion

limits de export potential for Colombian products and the

inclusion in the global chains, since the product designed and

produced under a merely local standard may have conflicts of

use and compatibility with other elements, forcing the

manufacturer to allocate an additional budget to develop

products for the same function in two different markets: one

adopting the national standard and the other adopting the

internationally accepted standard.

01

8


In the context of standardization as support of the

country’s competitiveness, it is suggested to review the

current standards, identify their technological update and

technical and scientific reference, and their relationship

with the global automotive industry chain to clean this list

and define a standardization plan fully in line with the

automotive sector needs and productive environment.

The potential creation of a Standardization Sectoral Unit

for the sector should be also reviewed, which serves as

catalyst for standardization and supports the sector

quality and competitiveness increase.

Technical regulations

For the automotive industry, regulations establish the

mandatory technical requirements for systems,

components and vehicles performance in search of

achieving the legitimate objectives (e.g. national security,

prevention of practices leading to errors, human health

and safety protection, life, animal or plant health

protection) to avoid in turn the technical barriers to trade.

In Colombia, The Regulations Direction of the Ministry of

Commerce, Industry and Tourism safeguards the

adoption of good regulation practices by all regulators

and watches over for each of them to have enough

capacity to exert them.

For regulations in the country, the regulation teams need

to be strengthened in the bodies responsible for the

Normative Impact Analysis, from rising awareness about

its significance and obligation, to the operational issues

of this methodology.

All the technical regulations identified for the sector

require the conformity to NTCs, considering the

equivalences with international normative schemes,

excepting for technical regulations of retreaded tires,

where it is not applicable. Technical regulations

associated with the sector are:

Safety glass for vehicle use

Bullet-resistant safety glass for vehicle use

New pneumatic tires and retreaded pneumatic tires

Braking systems

Equipment for GNC conversion

Retroreflective tapes for use in motor vehicles and

its trailers

Vehicles for passenger public service

Allowable contaminant emission levels that mobile

sources must fulfill

Biofuel quality for use in diesel engines

Quality environmental criteria of liquid and solid

fuels used in commercial and industrial furnaces

and boilers, and in motor vehicles internal

combustion engines.

Motorcycle helmets

It is important to note that only four of the technical

regulations above mentioned have come into force since

less than five years and none, even those with validity

longer than five years, has gone through any revision

since then. This goes against the better regulation

practices, where besides a constant monitoring, a deep

effectiveness assessment shall be done.

On the other hand, the industry regulators’ agenda does

not include the active participation in the standardization

processes within global regulation frameworks and

much less the signing of agreements adopting such

standards. It is therefore imperative to evaluate the

capacities, environment and benefits if the country is

part of such agreements.

01

9


Accreditation

This function is fulfilled by ONAC (Organismo Nacional de

Acreditación - National Accreditation body). This entity

accredits product certification bodies and management

systems certification bodies among other conformity

assessment bodies. These assessment entities provide

support to the industry to demonstrate that a third party

complies with the conditions defined in any standard.

Accreditation is done by IAF codes that correspond to a

classification by product and activity sectors defined by the

International Accreditation Forum (IAF). This classification

has been elaborated based on the statistical nomenclature

of the economic activities.

Regarding the movement industry, ONAC provides

accreditation services to organizations as metrological

verification bodies, inspection bodies, testing laboratories,

bodies certifying personnel, product certification bodies,

management system certification bodies, proficiency testing

providers, automotive diagnosis centers and drivers’

certification.

Nowadays, ONAC has multilateral recognition

arrangements with IAF, ILAC, European Accreditation and

IAAC. Its accreditations are accepted in Colombia and other

countries to accredit product and management system

certification bodies, and with IAAC the scope is extended to

accredit testing and calibration laboratories. These

recognition agreements are an advantage for the industry

as accreditations are recognized in more than eighty

economies worldwide.

The capacity to measure visible emissions by static test in

assembled, commercialized and in-circulation vehicles is

evaluated by IDEAM (Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología

y Estudios Ambientales - Institute of Hydrology,

Meteorology and Environmental Studies), such function

should be harmonized with the standards to accredit the

ability to assess conformity.

Conformity Assessment Bodies

Conformity assessment is aimed at proving the conformity

(compliance) to the requirements defined in a certification

standard, such as a technical standard or technical

regulations, related to a management system, product,

process, system, person or body.

Conformity assessment includes tests, trials, inspection and

certification. The Conformity Assessment Bodies are

impartial entities declaring, through a certificate, the

conformity of a management system, or product, process,

service or personnel, to the requirements set in a

certification standard.

The conformity evidence issued abroad is accepted within

the arrangement frameworks which ONAC is part of.

Nevertheless, currently this aspect included in the quality

infrastructure definition is found pending of complete

regulation regarding reciprocal acceptance by other

countries.

It is worth noting that in the country product certification

bodies are available in all IAF sectors of interest for the

movement industry.

One competitiveness factor of the movement industry is the

sufficient offer of conformity assessment bodies with focus

on the automotive industry. In the current state, where

industry is exposed to higher quality demands, in order to

achieve the global inclusion, the conformity assessment

bodies need to be prepared for this challenge.

01

10


Testing laboratories

In relation to the accredited laboratories in Colombia for

each technical regulation, it has been found that there is a

complete lack of them for regulations for equipment of GNV

conversion, safety belts and passenger public service

vehicles. The demonstration of conformity to the technical

regulations is restricted to the alternatives included in each

regulation. This situation invites to evaluate the causes of

such infrastructure absence and confirm, in parallel, that

this is not generating non-fulfillment of such regulations

objectives.

According to the IAF sectors analysis, the country is found

not having accredited laboratories for IAF sectors 4

(textiles), 12 (chemicals), 18 (machinery and equipment)

and 31 (transport, storage and communications), which

corresponds to another indicator of the sectors where the

industry functions.

Scientific and industrial metrology

INM (Instituto Nacional de Metrología – National Metrology

Institute) is the competent authority to administer the

scientific and industrial metrology. This institute provides

reference materials and calibrates measurement standards,

while the legal metrology is still under coordination of SIC

(Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio –

Superintendence of Industry and Commerce). INM

constitutes another of the three pillars of the country’s

quality system; it has an important offer regarding scientific

and industrial metrology, functions previously carried out by

SIC.

Regarding the main functions defined as per Decree 4175

of 2011 relating to measurement standards, INM shall:

Ensure international traceability of national

measurement standards and represent the country’s

interests in national and international forums about

scientific and industrial metrology.

Establish, guard and preserve the national

measurement standards corresponding to each

magnitude, except that its preservation or custody be

more convenient in another institution, case in which

INM will set the applicable requirements and based on

them it will designate the competent entity.

Provide measurement standards calibration services

to laboratories, investigations centers, industry and

other interested parties, when requested, according to

the rates defined by law to that end, as well as to

issue the corresponding calibration and reference

materials certificates.

Conduct standards calibration for legal metrology and

tests to approve the model or prototype of the

measurement instruments as per the current norm.

Conduct the technical studies needed to establish the

measurement standards and ask SIC for their

officialization.

Set and maintain the measurement standards

hierarchy according to international technical

recommendations.

With regard to the entity’s international recognition, INM has

achieved the CIPM membership and it is signatory of the

same entity, also it has a significant number of services with

DaaKs recognition.

01

11


Metrological products

As above mentioned, the capacities developed by INM

and its metrological products offer are very important for

the industry. Although these technical capacities are

valued and recognized at regional level, its image is

affected by the service provision, mainly due to logistical

circumstances generated by service scheduling

difficulties.

INM provides services of

Calibration and measurement

Training on metrology

Technical Assistance

Interlaboratory benchmarking

Production, certification and trade of

reference materials

The main contribution of INM to the movement industry

corresponds to the metrological services; therefore,

supporting this activity is a strategic matter for

competitiveness of the movement industrial chain.

Calibration: An important finding in characterizing the

demand for calibration services is that only 43 % of the

times the industry goes to an accredited laboratory, and

25 % of the times the industry does not calibrate the

measurement instruments. Awareness on the

importance of having calibrated instruments available

with recognized traceability is fundamental for the

development of the industrial sector.

Supervision and control

It is competence of the Investigation Direction for Control

and Verification of Technical Regulations and Legal

Metrology to supervise the instructions provided by SIC

relating to technical regulations and conduct the

investigations against conformity assessment bodies not

fulfilling their duties and obligations.

The surveillance process to technical regulations

fulfillment by SIC is unofficially done for producers and

importers of products framed within the conformity to

such technical regulations.

Requirements to prove conformity, as well as inspection,

surveillance and control functions in the automotive

industry may vary in relation to two main global

references: the European standards as per the

agreements of the UNECE WP29 working group, and

the American scheme monitored by NHTSA. For the first

one, the conformity assessment bodies certify the

conformity to the requirements and since they have legal

responsibility declared by the accreditation standards,

the surveillance authorities have less active participation

in the market. While in NHTSA scheme, the vehicle

producer declares his conformity to the requirements

and, thus, the surveillance authority has a more active

role in conformity verification that even requires better

testing and calibration infrastructure.

Based on the above, establishing strategies is important

to increase access of quality infrastructure actors to

information sources, references and agreements with

international bodies, as well as strengthen its abilities

regarding the movement industry.

Vehicle homologation corresponds to a verification to

enter into the market. This activity needs to be in

harmony with the quality infrastructure regime set in

Colombia. This also means, among other things,

processes update in accordance with the better

practices of both automotive homologation and

worldwide market surveillance.

Study Context 02

02 Study context

12

Global development fundamentally requires

economic and industrial integrations ruled by

homologated and validated practices and tools

generating confidence to producers, traders and

end consumers. In this way the quality

infrastructure becomes a strategic asset in

countries and sectors, aimed at defining technical

regulations, processes and procedures to

standardize, analyze and measure their system,

product or process characteristics. Activities as

regulation, standardization, metrology and

conformity assessment are the motor of

industrialization, internationalization and

development of the economies and regions.

Quality infrastructure is the tool that develops and

consolidates quality of traded products and

processes, ensuring the support needed to enhance

the economy and eliminate commercial technical

barriers for the industry.

In Colombia, MinCIT (Ministerio de Comercio,

Industria y Turismo - Ministry of Commerce,

Industry and Tourism) and particularly the PTP

(Programa de Transformación Productiva -

Program of Productive Transformation), since

their creation have conceived the auto parts

and vehicle industry as a fundamental sector in

the national economy generating high impact

initiatives in the industry. Currently it is defined.

as: movement industries covering other sectors

as automotive, shipyard and aeronautic

sectors.

In this way, with the support and cooperation of

KOICA (Korean International Cooperation

Agency), UNIDO has developed the "Program

for Sustainable and Inclusive Industrial

Development of the Automotive Supply Chain

through Quality and Productivity Improvement”

(PRO-Motion), whose general objective is to

promote the economic integration of Colombia

into the multilateral trade system by improving

its quality and productivity.

PRO-Motion Program for Sustainable and Inclusive Industrial Development of the Automotive Supply Chain

1

2

3

Figure 1. Development strategy PRO- Motion project

PRO-Motion searches for improving

competitiveness and quality of the Colombian

movement industry by providing support to local

auto parts and vehicle components

manufacturers, and promoting its integration into

new global supply chains through five strategies:

Proper public policies for industrial development

National quality

infrastructure at

international level

High quality

competitive

products

4 5

A.

Entrance into

new global

supply chains

Increase of products’

added value through

investigation and

development

Quality infrastructure for the Colombian movement industry 02

13

Accreditation Body

Certification

Testing services

Testing services

Value chain: Producers / Exporters/ Consumers

Metrology Institute Standardization Bodies

Calibration Trials /Tests Inspection

Metrology Accreditation Standardization

The second component will strengthen the national quality

infrastructure that supports the sector. This analysis and

characterization looks for identifying quantitatively and

qualitatively the capacities of this infrastructure throughout

the automotive sector industrialization stages.

In this way, this document is the result of a study describing

how the quality infrastructure is composed in Colombia, its

capacities and services, and compare it to the requirements

of the sector and its industrial chain, particularly regarding

manufacture of components and assembly of vehicles.

Description of the quality infrastructure in Colombia, SICAL

SICAL consists of the interaction of different actors who have as function to support and encourage

quality in the Colombian companies, as well as generate confidence of consumers.

Figure 2. Components of a country’s Quality system

B.

Inte

rnational

Fra

mew

ork

Legal

Fra

mew

ork

In

tern

atio

nal

G

over

nanc

e Serv

ices

Volu

me

Mass

Tem

pera

ture

Etc

.

Chem

ical

s Resi

dues

Mic

robio

logic

al

Etc

.

Insp

ect

ion

Com

pete

nt

Auth

ori

ties

Pro

duct

s

Pro

cess

es

Sys

tem

s

02 Study context

14

Figure 4. SICAL essential functions

Figura 3. Esquema general del Subsistema Nacional de la Calidad

Certifies the conformity to NTCs and TRs

Ministries Regulating commissions

General scheme of SICAL

INSPECTION

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

SURVEILLANCE

AND CONTROL

MARKET OPENING INNOVATION COMPETITIVENESS CONSUMER

PROTECTION

BODY

ICONTEC

NON-MANDATORY AGREEMENT

STANDARDIZATION

Performed by: SIC INVIMA ICA IDEAM

CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT

RESUL T

REGULATIONS

MANDATORY COMPLIANCE

TECHNICAL

SUPPORTED BY:

1 CERTIFICATION

2 ACCREDITATION

3 METROLOGY 3.1 BIPM

4 INTERNATIONALIZATION 3.2 SIM

3.3 DESIGNATED LABORATORIES

3.4 REFERENCE LABORATORIES

ISSUED BY:

Decentralized authorities descentralizadas

CONSUMER 3.5 TESTING AND CALIBRATION LABORATORIES

del Orden Nacional CONFIDENCE

3.6 LABORATORIES

Standardization

This process is carried out by technical committees that elaborate and

approve by consensus normative documents stating performance

requirements focused on ensuring management systems efficiency and

effectiveness, as well as product, process or service quality. Standards

set parameters ensuring confidence in trade relationships and are

essential in the movement industry supply chain. The body in charge of

this function is Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y

Certificación (ICONTEC).

EMP

RESA

S P

RO

DU

CTIV

AS R

EGU

LATO

RS

CO

MP

LIA

NC

E

SUP

POR

TS


15

Accreditation

Accreditation is the issuance of a third

party’s statement that a body is

competent to develop conformity

assessment activities in which it proves

the conformity to the requirements

specified in the standard, based, of

course, on the competence review done

by the Accreditation Body.

With the purpose of obtaining recognition

among different countries regarding

aspects related to conformity evidence,

each country’s accreditation bodies try to

adopt international accreditation

standards, and thereby to obtain mutual

recognition agreements where, through

third party evaluations, they would

demonstrate its competence to carry out

accreditation activities in the different

schemes. In Colombia this function is

performed by ONAC.

ISO/IEC 17024

ISO/IEC 17065

ISO/IEC 17021

ISO/IEC 17025

ISO/IEC 17020

Bodies operating certification

of persons

Bodies certifying products

Bodies providing certification

of management systems

Testing and calibration

laboratories Bodies performing

inspection

Figure 5. Standards for accreditation schemes.

Technical regulations The National Government, in defense of legal objectives as

national security, prevention of practices that may lead to

error, health protection and human safety, life, animal or

plant health or environmental protection, and through

regulating entities, is responsible for formulate and elaborate

documents setting product, process and service

requirements, administrative provisions, issues related to

conformity assessment, surveillance and control, among

others, named Technical Regulations. For the movement

industry, the ministries of environment, commerce, industry

and tourism, mines, transportation, and some regional

authorities as those for mobility and environment are

responsible for this function.

02 Study context

16

Conformity assessment The objective of conformity assessment is to verify the

compliance with the requirements stated in a

certification standard, such as a technical standard or

technical regulations, in relation to a management

system, product, process, system, person or body.

Conformity Assessment Bodies (CAB): Conformity

assessment bodies are impartial entities declaring, through

a conformity certificate, the compliance with the

requirements of either a management system, or product,

process, service, system or personnel, as per the

requirements stated in a certification standard. To

demonstrate their competence to declare conformity, the

conformity assessment bodies shall obtain the recognition

of an accreditation body.

Testing laboratories: They are responsible for conducting

tests and issue a results report. The product certification

body is in charge of making the decision on product

conformity against the certification standard. Based on the

concept of conformity assessment the need emerges for

testing and calibration laboratories to get the accreditation

of the particular test methods of the certification standard, to

prove their competence against the test to be performed

and, thus generate confidence of the other interested

parties. Testing laboratories shall demonstrate their

competence, impartiality and consistency of their operations

through the accreditation by the Accreditation Body to

ISO/IEC 17025 standard.

Scientific and industrial metrology:

Scientific and industrial metrology is mainly aimed at

ensuring that the national productive system

complies with accurate methods to ensure

maximum quality, which assure traceability of

measures compared with international patterns, to

contribute to develop high value products, improve

competitiveness and support the permanent

positioning of the country in international markets.

The National Metrology Institute (INM) is the

competent authority to coordinate the metrology

activities in the country; it was created in 2011 by

Decree 4175 of 2011.


17

Metrological products The Colombian Metrology Network is the synergetic union of testing

and calibration laboratories of public and private nature, comparison

programs suppliers, reference materials producers, natural persons

involved in metrology matters and users of metrological products, and

it is coordinated by the National Metrology Institute.

The metrological products are the offer of the quality infrastructure

focused on meeting the quality requirements and needs, on

measurement traceability and conformity to the standards required by

the different industry sectors; metrological products developed and

offered by INM, calibration laboratories and SIC include:

Calibration and measurement

Training on metrology

Technical assistant


Production, certification and trade of reference

materials

Legal time of the Republic of Colombia

Supervision and control These are activities needed to conduct metrological

surveillance and control based on the provisions set

in the technical regulations. In this way, the body

responsible for it can conduct administrative

investigations of manufacturers, importers, producers

and traders of goods and services subject to

conformity to technical regulations and impose the

corresponding measures and sanctions for

infringement of provisions related to legal metrology.

02 Study context

18

Description of the movement industry

Sector characterization

In 2017, under the leadership of PTP (Programa

Transformación Productiva - Program of Productive

Transformation) and particularly for the movement industrial

sector, an update identification was done of the chain

characterization with the same approach.

For its part, UNIDO in the same year provided the country

with one characterization of the automotive sector chain

named “Characterization of Colombian movement industry

value chains (2017) PRO- Motion". The exercise was done

in a way that actors were identified based on their direct

relationship with the chain and the interaction with the chain

main actors.

For the purposes of this report, the study conducted by

UNIDO will be used as the main study source, which

provides detailed information for the sector allowing the

description of the following more relevant elements:

The movement industry comprises the value chains

of vehicles, motorcycles, bus and truck chassis and

manufacture of bodies for passenger and cargo

vehicles. Likewise, there is an important component

of spare parts manufacture for different types of

vehicles. In the identification of the value chain in the

PRO-Motion project, 28 consolidators were defined,

also called OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturers)

companies. On the other hand, the manufacturers of

commercial vehicles bodies were identified as OEM.

Colombia is the fourth major producer of light and

heavy vehicles in Latin America and the second one

for motorcycles, after Brazil. The vehicle supply and

manufacture chain in Colombia includes:

Four (4) assembly plants of automobiles, vans,

light vehicles and chassis for heavy vehicles, and

Six (6) motorcycle assembly plants.

It is estimated that there shall be around 150 “tier1 ”

direct suppliers of assembly plants and more than

250 lower level suppliers and companies producing

parts for the replacement market at both national and

international scale.

Colombia has progressed in the efforts to define the movement industry chain, particularly the sectors composing it:

automotive, shipyard and aeronautic sectors. For the purposes of this exercise, this work will concentrate mainly on

understanding the automotive sector and its effects. These exercises carried out by DNP (Departamento Nacional

de Planeación – National Department of Planning) and professional associations have been focused on products

trading and are supported by figures of sale levels (exports and national sales), based on the identification of the

main actors by tariff heading and sub-headings.

C.


19

de D

(ONU

blicació

e co juríd

de sus

Quality infrastructure for the Colombian movement industry

TToottaall pprroodduuccttiioonn aanndd aappppaarreenntt ccoonnssuummppttiioonn

Figure 6. Total production of light and heavy vehicles in 2000-2016. Source: PRO Motion (UNIDO)

19

Source: PRO Motion (UNIDO)

Figure 9. Apparent consumption of motorcycles in 2000-2016 Source: PRO Motion (UNIDO)

Figure 7. Apparent consumption of light and heavy vehicles in 2000-2016 Source: PRO Motion (UNIDO)

Figure 8. Total production of motorcycles in 2000-2016 Source: PRO Motion (UNIDO)

02

20

02 Study Context

Geographical location of companies identified in the OEM value chains

Figure 10. Geographical location of companies identified in the OEM value chains

Legal framework of the sector

In this way the classification may be defined based on the

regulatory and non-regulatory scope without going against

mandatory and voluntary normative classification, but rather

understanding the technical and commercial sectoral

practices worldwide, in which voluntary standards become

a fundamental requirement for trading parts.

Regulated scope: This classification includes regulations,

standards and tests defined to comply with the technical

regulations related to parts manufacture and trade in the

automotive sector.

Non-regulated scope: It is defined as a set of standards not

framed within the conformity to the technical regulations, but

which are required in the sector for parts manufacture and

trade.

In developing this study, a regulatory framework of the sector is established including the identification of resolutions,

technical regulations, standards, and tests setting the technical criteria supporting the manufacture and trade of vehicles

and their composing parts, complying with provisions in Decree 1595 of 2015 that sets the standards of the National

Quality Sub-system and all matters related to regulation definition.

D.


21

Introduction to the quality

infrastructure of other countries

That allows consolidating the information in the more

relevant roles, i.e., current and sectoral technical standards

in accredited conformity assessment bodies and testing and

calibration laboratories accredited in the reference

countries.

In Table 1 and Table 2, countries selected are listed with

their annual vehicle production volume. Colombia for its part

during 2016 produced 125 406 units (Source: ANDI).

Table 1. Vehicle production by year in American

countries

Ecuador

Argentina

Brazil

Mexico

26 786

473 776

2 156 356

3 597 462

Source: AEADE, OICA, Correspondents Survey, YTD 2016

Table 2. Vehicle production by year in European

countries

Austria

Germany

247 500

6 062 562

Source: Invest in Austria, OICA, Correspondents Survey, YTD 2016

To compare the aspects associated with quality infrastructure supporting the automotive sector, information has been

identified regarding standards bodies, metrology institutes, accreditation bodies, accredited certification bodies and testing

and calibration laboratories accredited in the countries relevant to the sector, in terms of industrial and exporting capacity

and for being international technical references for the sector.

Country Units produced (2016)

Country Units produced (2016)

E.

22

02

Evaluation development

methodology

03


23

Decree 1595 of 2015 is the main

characterization source of SICAL as well as its

actors, with roles and responsibilities. The

analyses conducted are based, but not limited,

exclusively on the functions identified in such

Decree.

.

The methodology to develop the evaluation allows

constant reflexion, review and adjustment. In this way, it

leads to the clear identification of its phases, continual

development and progress level.

Documentation and spreading

Identify the evaluation

matter Identify groups

of interest, roles and information to

be collected

Evaluation

and characterization

Results validation

of the quality infrastructure

services market providing services to the automotive

sector

Information

collection

and data

systematization

Conclusions formulation

Information

analysis- variables crossing

Figure 11. Model of

evaluation –phases -

stages

Stage 1. Identify the investigation matter

Matter: Evaluation of the quality infrastructure that supports

the movement industry.

Stage 2. Identify groups of interest, roles and information to be collected

Social target groups:

SICAL organizations (standardization, accreditation,

metrology, regulation, conformity assessment,

supervision and control entities)

Related governmental institutions

Chambers and professional associations

Assembly plants

Suppliers chain

UNIDO

Stage 3. Information collection

In this phase techniques of information collection are used

as interviews and surveys with the various actors of the

movement industrial chain and SICAL, including the entities

responsible for regulations, inspection, surveillance and

control, accreditation, standardization, OEM, professional

associations and bodies implementing the public policy.

The conduction of interviews allows strengthening the

evaluation process and validating second-source

information found.

Surveys are done to companies in the supplier chain and

allow identifying information to determine their knowledge of

the sector regulations, the normative framework applicable

to management systems, processes and products, also to

identify the quality services offered and used by the

companies. The following is the technical card:

02

24

03 Evaluation development methodology

04

Table 3. Technical card of

the survey conducted

Source: Prepared by the authors

Information from secondary source is also collected. In this

activity information is gathered of SICAL actors and their

service offer, through documents on investigation, decrees

issued by the government, web sites, documents or

publications of the different organizations and previous

studies of the sector, among others.

Stage 4-5. Information collection and conclusions formulation

The relation of the information collected and the

accomplishment of each actor’s function in the quality

infrastructure is analyzed. In this stage strengths and

opportunities for improvement of the National Quality Sub-

system are determined in relation to the sector.

Stage 6. Results validation

At different times in the evaluation, the results are validated

with the main actors in the quality infrastructure, which

establishes the infrastructure state that support the

movement industry in Colombia and its service level to

promote the sector’s development.

Stage 7. Documentation and spreading

Once the conclusions are validated, documentation, layout

and spreading of this evaluation are carried out by UNIDO.

Universe total No. 341 companies including OEM

Sample size Universe

Final participant companies 34

Final persons surveyed 43

No. of covered cities 13

No. of covered departments 8

Existing and potential OEM suppliers. It includes OEM (they are intended to be consulted).

Population

25

Evaluation of the quality infrastructure services

for the movement industry 04

Evaluation of the quality infrastructure services for the movement industry 04

26

Below the services provided by the different SICAL actors

that lever the automotive sector are shown. The analysis is

done taking as structure the industrialization phases of the

sector, as well as the function accomplished by each quality

infrastructure member in each of them.

Table 4. SICAL actors in the industrialization phases

Function Entity intervening

in the non-regulated scope

ICONTEC

Entity intervening in the regulated

scope

Industrialization phase

Continual Specifications Conformity conformity definition demonstration demonstration

Standardization Sectoral Standarization units

Vehicle manufacturers

X

Technical Regulation

Homologation / Initial validation

According to the vehicle manufacturer

Accreditation

Ministry of Transportation

Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism

Ministry of Mines and

Energy

Ministry of Environment Ministry of Transportation

Ministry of Environment and

Sustainable Development Superintendence of Industry

and Commerce

ONAC

IATF

X

X

X X

Conformity assessment

Own companies’ resources

Conformity Assessment Bodies

Conformity Assessment

Bodies X X

Tests Accredited testing laboratories

Metrology - Calibration

Laboratories owned by the companies

INM

Accredited calibration laboratories

Superintendence of Industry and Commerce

X X

Superintendence of Industry and Commerce X X

In-house calibration laboratories

Inspection, Surveillance and Control


In-house calibration laboratories



Municipal Mayor’s Offices

DIAN

IDEAM

X X



27

A. National Standardization Body

Regarding standardization, ICONTEC is the adviser of the

National Government, as per Decrees 767 of 1964 and

2416 of 1971; it is recognized by the Government as the

National Standardization Body, by Decree 1595 of 2015.

Nowadays, ICONTEC coordinates in the country 253

technical face-to-face standardization committees that have

elaborated around 6 373 normative documents; the

National Government is represented by the third part of the

entity’s Directive Council members.

One of the main functions of the National Standardization

Body is to elaborate and approve the Colombian technical

standards. These standards should be based preferably on

international standards, either elaborated by ICONTEC

itself or by the Standardization Sectoral Units.

Table 5. Committees and number of the sector standards


In its standardization role, ICONTEC provides support to the

movement industry through thirteen technical committees,

which have developed 345 normative documents (334

NTCs, 7 GTCs, and 4 ENDs), of these 42 % take account

total or partially of international standards. This

percentage of international standards inclusion limits

de exporting potential for products and the inclusion in

the global chains, since the products designed and

produced under a merely local standard may have

conflicts of use and compatibility with other elements,

forcing the manufacturer to allocate an additional

budget to develop products for the same function in two

different markets: one adopting the national standard

and the other adopting the internationally accepted

standard.

N°. Committee name Estate N°. Normative documents

89 Tire industry Active 24

148 Motor vehicles. Transmission Inactive 17

149 Motor vehicles. Steering, suspension and wheels Active 26

150 Motor vehicles. Brakes system Active 46

151 Motor vehicles. Electric system Inactive 49

152 Motor vehicles. Accessories Active 71

153 Motor vehicles. Vehicle operation with LPG Inactive 4

170 Transport of dangerous goods Active 31

171 Ambulances Active 14

172 Land cargo transport Active 25

173 Land passenger transport Active 34

179 Motorcycles Active 2

194 Tire reconstruction and repair Active 2


28

14%

Currently, of the thirteen committees related to the

automotive technology, three are inactive. These are

relating to transmissions, electric systems and

vehicle operation with liquefied petroleum gas as

fuel.

Normative impact by sub-sectors in the automotive sector

Causes for their inactivity should be identified and

their possible re-activation promoted as much as

they contribute to the industry competitiveness.

Sub-sectors of the automotive sector include: Accessories (21 %),

electric system (14 %) and brakes (13 %), as those sub-sectors with

higher number of standards covering about 50 % of the sector technical

standards.

The accessories sub-sector includes standards related to fuel systems,

cooling and heating systems, radiators, horns, safety devices, fans,

filters, among others.

Accessories

Electric

Brakes Land passenger

Land cargo

Tires

7%

Transmission Steering

Vehicle with LPG

Retreat

system transport Dangerous goods transport

transport and suspension

Ambulances Motorcycles

Figure 12. Percentage share in number of standards developed by sub-sector

On the other hand, in conducting a

comparative analysis with the reference

countries stated in the chapter of study

context, Germany is found having a total of

74 783 standards that position it as the

country with the National Standardization

Body of higher development of technical

standards elaborated. For this same reason

it is considered as an international reference.

In descendent order, is Austria with 57 615

standards also showing a great development

in standardization matters and conformity to

voluntary standards in comparison with the

Latin American countries.

80000

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0

74783

Germany

57615

Austria

8900

Brazil

8820

Argentina

6915

Ecuador

6189

Colombia

In Latin America the number of

standardization bodies may be considered

as having a significant gap against the

stated European countries.

Figure 13. Number of standards in all sectors by country

Nowadays, the country in Latin America with higher number of standards issued is

Brazil with 8 900 technical standards followed by Argentina with 8 820, Ecuador with

6 915 and Colombia with 6 189.

21%

13%

10%

9%

7%

7%

5%

4%

1%

1%

1%


29

In the particular case of the automotive

sector, the results have the same trend,

that is, Germany and Austria are the

countries having the higher number of

standards, where the difference with the

Latin American countries is evident.

However, it is noted that Colombia and

Brazil, with 345 standards and 332

standards respectively have worked in a

higher number of standards for the

movement industry in comparison with

their peers in Latin America. It is also

observed that, in percentage, in

Germany the sectoral standards

correspond to 9,2 % of the total country’s

standards; in Austria it is 8,9 %; in

Colombia 5,5 %; in Brazil 3,7 %; in

Ecuador 2,3 %, and in

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

6902

Germany

5159

Austria

345

Colombia

332

Brazil

165

Ecuador

118

Argentina

30

México

Argentina it is 1,3 %. Figure 14. Number of standards in the automotive sector by country

The standards related to the automotive technology

correspond to 5,5 % of total standards in Colombia.

This fact points out a higher priority in the sectoral

standardization in the reginal countries and this

contrasts with the use of standards by the industry,

since only 12 % of the standards were recognized by

the companies surveyed.

The possible causes of this result can be associated

with the normative updating state due to

technological, technical or even environmental

cause, as well as the limited use of such

requirements in the trade transactions.

Knowledge of the related NTC

400 350 300 250 200 150

10 50

0

Total number of identified Colombian Technical Standards applicable to the sector

8

Number of Colombian Technical

Standards referred to by the

companies surveyed

Figure 15. Knowledge of the related NTC

As an activity in line with the support to

competitiveness, current standards issued by

ICONTEC should be reviewed to search for their

technological updating level, technical and scientific

reference and their relationship with the global

automotive industrial chain, in order to depurate this

list and state a standardization plan fully in line with

the automotive productive environment and needs.

Regarding the sectoral standardization units,

ICONTEC is in charge of supporting their work and

verifying that standards are developed according to

the international parameters. Today this sector does

not have a sectoral unit. The potential for its creation

could be a catalyst element for standardization and

support to increase sectoral quality and

competitiveness and, therefore, higher conformity to

the requirements by the industry focused on local and

international trade.

345

1

41


30

ICONTEC represents Colombia before regional and

international standardization bodies such as ISO

(International Organization for Standardization), COPANT

(Comisión Panamericana de Normas Técnica - Pan

American Commission of Technical Standards of the Pacific

Area Standards Congress), and RAN (Red Andina de

Normalización - Andean Standardization Network), and it

also provides support to the National Government in the

country’s trade negotiation activities. Because of the World

Trade Organization Agreement signing by the Colombian

government, ICONTEC signed the Code of Good Behavior

to elaborate, adopt and apply the standards that ratifies the

commitment of ICONTEC to perform its standardization

activities within the transparence parameters recognized

worldwide. ICONTEC takes part as permanent guest with

voice, but no vote, in the Inter-Sectoral Quality Commission

and through its knowledge it gives advice in matters related

to technical standardization and problems that could arise in

the standards elaboration.

ICONTEC has an information center through which the

interested parties have access to normative documents

found in its repository. Besides, it has different

communication channels to inform the interested parties

about normative news as ratification, update and annulment

of Colombian normative documents and it also calls the

technical committees.

Despite the multiple communication channels used by the

Institute, participation in the standardization committees is

very variable regarding number and representation of the

sectoral actors, which depends on the specific matters to be

addressed in the meetings.

On the other hand, the Institute has identified in its

committee minutes each attendant and a record is kept of

the technical discussion; however, the standardization

process can be improved insofar as a real statistical

characterization be done of the participants in terms of

company’s type and size, and the attendants be identified in

terms of their professional and work profile.

A digitized and traceable monitoring should be

done of proposals, technical and scientific

arguments, and decisions that imply normative

elaboration.

Dado su rol dentro de la infraestructura de la calidad

para el sector, ICONTEC debería participar de manera

más activa y contundente en la elaboración de los

Reglamentos Técnicos manifestándose como asesor y

entidad de apoyo al gobierno. Esto implica también que

desde los reguladores se convoque su participación y

haya una mayor articulación con sus funciones.

As representative of Colombia before the

international standardization bodies, the institute

should permanently participate in the international

sectoral committees. In this way the normative

contents can be influenced, from the position as a

country at the time of contents development and

information can be provided to the government and

other interested parties, in real time about the

industry progress at worldwide scale.


31

Can

ad

a

U

nit.

Kin

gdo

m

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Uru

guay

Cost

a R

ica

Spai

n C

hile

B

razi

l

Pa

na

ma

Co

lom

bia

P

eru

Arg

entin

a

Ecu

ad

or

Mé

xico

Bo

livia

H

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dura

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Ve

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zue

la

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lue

(0-1

)

B. Technical regulation

Technical regulations have been processed regularly

between 1996 and 2015, according to the provisions of the

TBT agreement of the WTO, decision 562 of CAN

(Comunidad Andina – Andean Community) and the legal

framework of the National Quality Sub-system of Colombia.

For the automotive industry, in general, the regulations

establish the technical requirements of mandatory

compliance for specifications and performance of systems,

components and vehicles, which look for complying with the

legal objectives (e.g., national security, prevention of

practices that may lead to error, health protection and

human safety, life, animal or plant health or environmental

protection), avoiding as the same time the technical barriers

to trade.

In issuing technical regulations for all the sectors, at

least 77 of the 190 entities of the executive branch at

national order take part and are discriminated as follows:

16 Ministries

8 Administrative departments

10 Superintendences

3 Regulation commissions

33 Special administrative units

7 Special nature State agencies

In general, between 2000 and 2016, the entities in charge

of elaborating regulations issued 94 748 documents, for a

daily average of 2,8 decrees, 11,2 resolutions, 0,3 circulars

and 15,4 standards. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned

that for 2016, Colombia was in 51st place among 103

countries regarding the Index of Regulatory Enforcement of

the World Justice Project that measures the level of

application of such regulations and how they are fulfilled in

a just, clear and effective way.

Figure 16. Index of regulatory enforcement – 2016

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

1 Reference from Approach to the normative inventory by pilot of the Big Data Regulatorio. DNP.

The Regulation Direction of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and

Tourism safeguards the adoption of good regulations practices by all

regulators and ensures that each of them has the sufficient capacity

to enforce them.

Normative impact analysis:

Regulation methodology based on risk analysis that tries to

choose the best regulation alternative according to its calculate

advantage for the cost-benefit relation.

The need to strengthen the regulation teams in

the regulating bodies is evident, in all the aspects

of the Normative Impact Analysis, from the

awareness about its significance and obligation to

the operational issues of this methodology.

0,8 0,8

0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7

0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5

0,5 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,4

0,2


32

Today, the regulating entities related to the movement

industry put on public consultation their regulation projects

and publish the technical regulations on their web sites.

Table 6. Regulating entities and their web sites

Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development

http://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/normativa/resoluciones

Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism

http://www.mincit.gov.co/publicaciones/33051/reglamentos_tecnicos

Ministry of Mines and Energy https://www.minminas.gov.co/reglamentos-tecnicos1

Ministry of Transport https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/Documentos/Normatividad/Resoluciones


http://www.sic.gov.co/reglamentos-tecnicos


In addition to the above, Decree 1595 of 2015 orders the

Regulation Direction of the Ministry of Industry, Commerce

and Tourism to maintain SUIN (Sistema Único de

Información Normativa – Single Normative Information

System) updated. Of the sectoral technical regulations

listed in the following table, Resolution 3753 of October 06,

2015 (Technical Regulations for Passenger Public Service

Vehicles) is the only one that currently is not in the system.

Projects as SUCOP (Sistema Único de Consulta Pública -

Single Public Consultation System), led by the National

Department of Planning, shall have the highest priority for

the sector since this will allow the regulating entities

facilitating the development of regulations, opening them for

public consultation and receiving feedback from all the

interested parties.

In the automotive sector, particularly, in relation to parts

manufacturing and trade, three ministries have taken part in

the issuance of regulations: Ministry of Commerce, Industry

and Tourism, Ministry of Transport, and Ministry of

Environment and Sustainable Development. In some

cases, technical regulations for automotive matters have

cross interest, thus there are also regulations jointly issued

by several regulating entities.

Industry-related regulating entity

Web sites for publishing regulations

http://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/normativa/resoluciones

http://www.mincit.gov.co/publicaciones/33051/reglamentos_tecnicos

http://www.minminas.gov.co/reglamentos-tecnicos1

http://www.mintransporte.gov.co/Documentos/Normatividad/Resoluciones

http://www.sic.gov.co/reglamentos-tecnicos

33


Table 7. Regulations for the automotive sector by entity Does it comply with all requirements of the technical regulations?

No. Issuing Mnistry Resolution Product YES NO Time since

issuance

1

Ministry of Commerce, Industry and

Tourism

Resolution 0934 of April 21, 2008

Safety glass for motor vehicles X

9 years

7 months

2 Resolution 0322 of April 19, 2002

Laminated and tempered glass for automotive use

X 15 years

7 months

3 Resolution 0481 of March 04, 2009

New pneumatic tires and retreated pneumatic tires

X 8 years

8 months


Brakes system X

5 years

11 months


Equipment for conversion to GNC

X 5 years 8 months

6 Resolution 1949 of July

17, 2009

Safety belts for use in motor vehicles X

8 years

4 months

7 Resolution 538 of February 25, 2013

Retroreflective tapes for use in motor vehicles and its trailers X

4 years 9 months

8

Ministry of Transport

Resolution 3752 of October

06, 2015

Measures related to active and passive safety for use in motor vehicles, trailers

and semi-trailers

X 2 years

1 month

9 Resolution 3753 of October

06, 2015

Passenger public service vehicles X

2 years

1 month

10 Resolution 1737 of July

13, 2004

Safety helmets for riding motorcycles, motorbikes and motor tricycles

X 13 years

4 months

11

Ministry of Environment and Sustainable

Development

Resolution 0372 of February

26, 2009

Post-consumption of used lead acid batteries

X 8years

9 months

12 Resolution 1457 of July 29, 2010

Systems of used tires selective collection and environmental

management

X 7 years

4 months

13 Resolution 910 of 2008 (modified by resolution 1111 of

2013)

Allowable contaminant emission levels that mobile sources shall fulfill X

9 years

14 Resolution 2604 of December 24, 2009

Clean fuels and maximum emission limits in dynamic test for vehicles

transporting passengers

X 7 years

11 months

15 Ministry of Mines and Energy and Ministry of

Environment and Sustainable

Development

Resolution 180782 of May 30, 2007

Biofuel quality for use in diesel engines X

10 years

6 months

16 Resolution 1180 of June 2006 Quality environmental criteria of liquid and solid fuels used in commercial and industrial furnaces and boilers and in

automobile internal combustion engines

X

10 years

6 months

Source: Prepared by the authors Analysis date: November 2017

de 2017


34

best global practices is of significant interest for the industry

given its role as supplier of post-combustion system components.

All the technical regulations identified for the sector require

the conformity to the Colombian Technical Standards,

considering the equivalences in international and foreign

normative schemes, except for technical regulations for

retreated tires, where it is not applicable.

For this exercise, regulators count on the standardization

entity or in sectoral standardization units in order to provide

equivalence concepts.

It is important to emphasize that only four of the technical regulations quoted above have been effective since less than five years and none, even those effective for more than five years, has been subjected to revision since then. This is against the best regulation practices where, in addition to a constant monitoring, a deep evaluation shall be done of the regulation effectiveness.

Likewise, the natural sectoral regulator, that is The Ministry of Transport, needs to enhance its capacities to review, adjust and develop the proper regulation of the movement industry that has been performed to date by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism.

Besides the above, under the Subsidiary Rigor principle

that allow local (regional, municipal, among others)

authorities with environmental responsibilities to set

requirements for environment care stricter than those

determined by national authorities, conditions have been

defined to have access to such markets. The

development of these regulations in coherence with the.

Out of the regulated framework, the conformity to technical

regulations may be obligatory based on technical

standards, either Colombian Technical Standards or

international standards, or own standards of the customer

or the vehicle manufacturer. This scenario is recognized as

the non-regulated scope of the quality infrastructure and it

is predominant in the relationships of the movement

industry chain. Even in the non-regulated scope, the

industry uses quality infrastructure services as testing and

calibration laboratories, metrology and certification bodies.

Having a clearer normative outlook of regulated and non-

regulated scopes, the comparison is presented of the

number of technical regulations and Colombian Technical

Standards in the automotive sector.

Figure 17. Comparison between regulations and technical standards of the sector Standards Regulations

Considering that even at regional level the obligation

and interest exist to achieve legal objectives, it is

important that authorities with ability to set market

requirements, be aware of the importance and

obligation to exert the best regulation practices. To

that end, it is essential that, among other things, the

awareness and training campaigns conducted, for

example by DNP in the regions, be accompanied, in

a determined and formal way by all the actors of the

quality infrastructure.



35

This allows identifying the sub-sectors which the sector has

been working on. Regarding this, both the National

Government and ICONTEC have worked in the same

proportion in sub-sectors as accessories, tires, brakes, land

passenger transport and LPG vehicles. And transmission,

steering and suspension are the sub-sectors where the

non-regulated scope predominates.

On the other hand, it is important to mention that at

international level the World Forum for Harmonization of

Vehicle Regulations (WP 29) is an interdisciplinary group of

the UNECE transport division and it is in charge of

elaborating documents named United Nations regulations

intended to make international trade easier regarding the

automotive sector. Currently, WP 29 is composed of 62

countries and to date it has issued about 143 United

Nations regulations in the sector.

Taking as reference and example the normative framework

of the UNECE working group 29 – WP29 and, under the

equivalence concept, the country has adopted twelve

UNECE regulations out of 143 available and updated

regulations. A plan for issuing regulations in line with

normative schemes worldwide accepted is mandatory by

the public policy for road safety and environment protection,

aimed at matching the global strategies, not only to achieve

legal objectives but also to support the industrial

development.

C. Accreditation

Through the Decree 4738 of 2008 ONAC was designated as the only body

in Colombia able to conduct accreditation activities. Its condition as

accreditation body was ratified by Decree 1595 of 2015.

Nowadays, ONAC accredits product certification bodies and management

system certification bodies, among other conformity assessment bodies,

and they are who support the industry in demonstrating that a third party

complies with the conditions set in any normative reference. For that

reason, when the conformity assessment bodies request for the

accreditation, they shall define the accreditation scope, that is, the

standards which the industry would be certified with. Likewise, the

economic sector that will be served (e.g., construction, textile, chemicals,

aerospace and automotive sectors, among others) shall be defined. This

sector division is called “IAF code” that is a classification by sectors of

products and activities set by the International Accreditation Forum (IAF).

This classification has been elaborated based on the statistical

nomenclature of the economic activities.

Based on the above, the management system certification bodies and

product, process and service certification bodies have the IAF sector stated

in their accreditation, reason why not all the certification bodies can certify

all the sectors. IAF sectors and products included in each are listed below.

Today, the active participation in the standardization

processes of the global regulation frameworks is not

in the agenda of the industry regulators and less the

signing of agreements adopting such standards.

Starting the evaluation is imperative of capacities,

environment and benefits for the country if it is part

of these agreements.


36

Sector Name of IAF sector Productos relacionados con el sector automotor

Table 8. IAF sectors and products related to the movement industry

4 Textile and textile products Safety belts

12 Chemicals, chemical products and fibers

Brake fluid

14 Rubber and plastic products New and retreated pneumatic tires for use in motor vehicles and their trailers, brake hoses.

15 Non-metallic mineral products

Safety glass for use in vehicles and their trailers; bullet-resistant safety glass for use in vehicles and their trailers.

17 Basic metals and products made of metal

Master bells for hydraulic braking systems; wheel cylinders for hydraulic bell braking systems; gray casting discs; valves used in components of CNG for vehicles; cylinders for CNG for vehicles: rigid conduction lines; gas injector; pressure relief device; filters.

18 Machinery and equipment Pressure indicator; pressure regulator; gas flow adapter; accessories; gas-air mixer.

19 Electrical and optical equipment Battery chargers for electric vehicles; wires and cables for electrical use; fuses.

20 Building of ships

21 Aerospace

22

Other transport equipment

Spark plugs; urban buses for mass passenger transport; school transport vehicles; bus bodies; safety elements for motor vehicles; friction materials for automotive braking systems; rivets for brake shoes and clutch discs; helical suspension springs; steel wheels for passenger automobiles; mechanized brake drum and discs; wheel cylinders for hydraulic drum brakes; master cylinders for hydraulic brakes; direct action servo brakes; braking systems; friction material for braking systems (bands, blocks and pads); safety belts.

31 Transportation, warehousing and communications

Aquatic coastal and marine transport; cargo warehousing and handling; other transport supporting activities.


Regarding the movement industry, ONAC provides

fundamental services by accrediting organizations that

support the value chain, such as: metrology verification

bodies, inspection bodies, testing laboratories, calibration

laboratories, bodies certifying personnel, product

certification bodies; management systems certification

bodies, proficiency testing providers, automotive diagnosis

centers and drivers’ certification. ONAC accreditation

activities are carried out according to NTC ISO/IEC 17011

standard applicable to accreditation bodies. Likewise,

technical standards globally required and accepted are

applicable to each modality of conformity assessment

bodies.


37

Type of organization Standard Guidelines

Table 9. ONAC services

Metrological verification bodies CEA-4.1-14 LA

CEA-4.1-15 LA

Inspection bodies ISO/IEC 17020

CDA (Centros de Diagnóstico Automotor - Automotive diagnosis centers)

ISO/IEC 17020

Testing laboratories ISO/IEC 17025

Calibration laboratories ISO/IEC 17025

Clinical laboratories ISO 15189

Bodies certifying personnel ISO/IEC 17024

CRC (Centros de Reconocimiento de Conductores – Centers of drivers’ recognition)

ISO/IEC 17024

Product certification bodies ISO/IEC 17065

Management system certification bodies

Sub-scopes: ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 22000, OHSAS

18001, ISO 27001, ISO 13485, ISO 28000, NTC 5555,

HACCP, NTC 6001, ISO 29001

ISO/IEC 17021-1

ISO/IEC 17021-2

ISO/IEC

17021-3

Proficiency testing providers ISO/IEC 17043

Digital certification entities CEA-4.1-10


According to Decree 1595 of 2015, issued by the Ministry of

Commerce, Industry and Tourism, the general accreditation

criteria can be complemented with specific criteria for a

conformity assessment sector or activity, defined in

documents named CEA (Criterios Específicos de

Acreditación – Specific Accreditation Criteria). When such

criteria have the same nature as an accreditation standard

are called CEA/LA (Criterios Específicos de

Accreditación/Lineamientos de Acreditación - Specific

Accreditation Criteria/Accreditation Guidelines).

CEA/LA documents are generated to meet the accreditation

needs in the national context, that is, when they do not obey

an international reference. Such criteria are approved by

ONAC and the corresponding interested parties take part in

their creation.

In Colombia, ONAC has developed twelve CEA and two

CEA/LA, of which only the following are related to the

movement industry:

For inspection bodies:

CEA-4.1-01, Specific accreditation criteria for

automotive diagnosis centers to ISO/IEC

17020:2012 standard.

For metrological verification bodies:

CEA-4.1-14/LA OAVM, Liquid fuels pumps,

dispensers and meters


38

It is important to evaluate jointly with the interested parties,

national accreditation body, industry and conformity

assessors, whether the sector needs to develop specific

accreditation criteria to complement the general criteria in

some scopes of conformity assessment activities in order to

support the efforts to improve competitiveness and inclusion

into the global value chains.

The multilateral recognition agreements are an advantage

for the industry as long as the accreditations are recognized

in more than eighty economies worldwide. These

agreements constitute a strategic advantage for the

movement industry and for productive and commercial

growth, elimination of technical barriers to trade and

avoidance of certificates duplicity.

D. Conformity assessment bodies

The objective of conformity assessment is to demonstrate

conformity (compliance) to the requirements defined in a

certification standard, such as a technical standard or

technical regulations, related to a management system,

product, process, system, person or body.

For that reason, conformity assessment includes activities

as: testing/trials, inspection, certification and calibration.

The development of conformity assessment shall have at

least the following:

a) Existence of a certification standard containing the

requirements, either a technical standard (NTC, ISO, IEC,

etc.) or technical regulations to be able to issue a conformity

statement.

b) Means or activity to confirm conformity, that is,

through testing/trials, inspection or certification.

Conformity assessment bodies are impartial entities

declaring, through a conformity certificate, the

compliance with the requirements of either a

management system, or product, process, service,

system or personnel, as per the requirements stated

in a certification standard. To demonstrate their

competence to declare conformity, the assessment

bodies shall obtain a body’s recognition called

“accreditation”. CABs are responsible for issuing a

certificate or similar document at the time they confirm

that the management system, product, process,

service or personnel provide objective evidences

about the conformity to the requirements set in the


Particularly for product, process and service certification

bodies, these shall be accredited by an accreditation body

under ISO/IEC 17065 standard that states that to be able to

issue a conformity certificate they shall require objective

evidence; in case of tangible products testing methods shall

be conducted in laboratories, since there one or more

characteristics of the object of the conformity assessment

Currently, ONAC has multilateral recognition

agreements with IAAC, ILAC, IAF and European

Accreditation. Its accreditations are accepted in

Colombia and other countries for accrediting product

and management systems certification bodies.

Competence to measure visible emissions by static

test in assembled, commercialized and in-circulation

vehicles is evaluated by IDEAM (Instituto de

Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales -

Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and

Environmental Studies). Such function should be in

line with the accreditation standards of competences

for assessing conformity.


39

can be determined. Based on this concept, the need

emerges for testing/trial laboratories to get the accreditation

of the particular test methods of the certification standard to

prove their competence against the test to be performed,

and thus generate confidence of the other interested

parties. Therefore, to achieve such confidence, the

testing/trial laboratories shall prove their competence

through the accreditation of the accreditation body to

ISO/IEC 17025 standard. Testing/trial laboratories are

responsible for conducting the tests and issuing a results

report. The product certification body is in charge of making

the decision on the product conformity against the

certification standard provisions.

In addition to ISO/IEC 17065 standard, ISO/IEC 17067 “Fundamentals of product certification and guidelines for product

certification schemes” also exists; this document is the basis for the product, process and service certification bodies to design

their certification schemes, thus, some schemes most used by the certification bodies are stated below:

Scheme 1a (Sample certification): It confirms the

conformity to a product sample’s requirements

by testing methods applied in laboratories, and

analysis of results, regarding the requirements

set in a technical standard, in technical

regulations or specifications agreed by the client

and the supplier.

Scheme 1b (Lot certification): Lot certification

confirms the conformity to quality requirements of

products composing, in particular, a number of

manufacturing lots by testing methods applied in

laboratories, and analysis of results, regarding the

requirements set in a technical standard, in technical

regulations or specifications agreed by the client and

the supplier.

Schemes 4 and 5: Conformity certification of

“permanent” nature covering the whole product,

process or service realized by an organization during

a given time (e.g., 1, 3, 6 years, etc.). For these

schemes, the product certification body shall ensure

the maintenance or surveillance of the conformity

certificate, and the development of tests or inspection.

The product samples shall be taken from the open

market or directly from the factory and how the

organization controls its production, service provision

or process operation shall be assessed.

The conformity evidence issued abroad is accepted

within the framework of the agreements which the

National Accreditation Body belongs to.

Nevertheless, today this aspect included into the

quality infrastructure definition is found pending

complete regulation in terms of reciprocal

acceptance by other countries. Such condition is

priority for a supply chain that, as the automotive

one, is globally present, not only in productive

aspects, but also in terms of its quality infrastructure.


40

*Certificates shall be issued under the certification schemes applicable to the NTC-ISO/IEC 17067

Table 10. Description of alternatives for product conformity assessment

included in Decree 1595 of 2015

CAB origin

Accreditation

place

Multilateral recognition agreement

Alternative 1

National CAB

Accredited at national level for product and technical regulations

Not applicable

Foreign CAB

Foreign accreditation body

Conditions Framework of the multilateral

recognition agreement

that ONAC is part of

Framework of the multilateral

recognition agreement that ONAC IS NOT

part of

Mutual recognition agreement between

Colombia and other country

Alternative 2

* The regulating entity can require an additional procedure. * MINCIT shall regulate this alternative. * The issuing country shall accept the Colombian certificates for national products.

Alternative 3

* Conformity to the requirements accepted as equivalent can be accepted. * The national CAB shall demonstrate to ONAC it has an agreement with its peer ensuring its competence to assess conformity.

Alternative 4


Figure 18. Product certification scope

Product certification scope producto

PRODUCT

CERTIFICATION

BODIES NTC – ISO/IEC 17065:2013

Management system requirements

NTC-ISO/IEC 17067:2013 Product certification schemes

Conformity assessment object: product to be certified

Conformity declaration on the product assessed (witnessing).

The laboratory report becomes one of the inputs


41

10 11 10 10

8 9 8

6 7 7

4 5

2

1.1 Management system certification

Certification bodies accredited by IAF for QMS

IAF 31 sector (transport, warehousing

and communications) is considered as

the economic sector with the highest

number of system certification bodies

with 11 bodies followed by sector IAF

14 (rubber and plastic products), and 19

(electrical and optical equipment).

12

0 IAF 31

IAF 14

IAF 19

IAF 17

IAF 12

IAF 22

IAF 15

IAF 4

Figure 19. Certification bodies accredited by IAF for QMS

1.2 Product, process and service certification

Product certification bodies 12 accredited by IAF for

voluntary scope 10

10

8 9 9 9

6

4

2

8

4 4 4

0 1 IAF 19 IAF 14 IAF 15 IAF 17 IAF 4 IAF 31 IAF 12 IAF 22 IAF 20

Figure 20. Product certification bodies accredited by IAF for non-

regulated scope

Product certification bodies accredited by IAF for

regulated scope

12

10 11

8 8

6

4 5 5 5 5 4

2 3 3 3

0 IAF 22 IAF 14 IAF 15 IAF 17 IAF 4 IAF 17 IAF 12 IAF 31 IAF 19 IAF 31

Figure 21. Product certification bodies accredited by IAF for regulated

scope

In the non-regulated scope, the IAF 19 sector (electrical

and optical equipment) with 10 certification bodies

accredited is considered as the IAF sector with the highest

number of certification bodies prepared to certify in this

sector. It is followed by IAF 14 (rubber and plastic

products), IAF 15 (non-metallic mineral products) and IAF

17 (basic metals and products made of metal), each with 9

bodies. In the regulated scope IAF 19 (electrical and optical

equipment) with 11 certification bodies accredited, is

considered as the

IAF sector with the highest number of bodies followed by

IAF 14 (rubber and plastic products) with 8 bodies.

It is worth noting that in the country product certification

bodies are available in all IAF sectors of interest for the

movement industry.


42

1.3 State of conformity assessment worldwide

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

318

Germany

115

Brazil

52

Mexico

46

Austria

28

Colombia

21 13

Figure 22. Product certification

bodies accredited in all the

sectors by country

Argentina Ecuador

0

Germany

Austria

28

Mexico Brazil

14 11 5

Figure 23. Management

system certification

bodies accredited in all

the sectors by country Colombia

Ecuador Argentina

Germany is the country with the highest number of product

certification bodies, 318 certification bodies duly accredited

to ISO/IEC 17065. In descendent order it is followed by

Brazil, Mexico, Austria and Colombia with 115, 52, 46 and

28 product certification bodies respectively. It could be

concluded that the trend is related to industrialization

capacity of each country, that is, Mexico and Brazil are

those with the highest number of product certification

bodies. For management system certification bodies, a

huge difference exists between Germany and the other

countries because while Germany has 650 management

system certification bodies, Colombia only has 14 bodies.

The trend has been changing in the certification bodies, i.e.,

despite that ISO 9001 standard has great relevance in the

world, ISO 9001 certifications trend to decrease and

product certifications have increased, reason why the

certification bodies have the same trend. In Colombia there are

28 product certification bodies and 14 management system

certification bodies. In Brazil there are 115 and 28 product and

management system certification bodies respectively.

One competitiveness factor of the movement industry is

the sufficient offer of conformity assessment bodies with

focus on the automotive industry. In the current state,

where industry is exposed to higher quality demands, in

order to achieve the global inclusion, the conformity

assessment bodies need to be prepared for this challenge.

800 650

700

600

500

400

300

200 70

100 55


43

E. Testing laboratories

Tests required for issuing the conformity certificates to

technical regulations shall be conducted in accredited

laboratories according to the product and the regulations.

These tests can be done in laboratories duly accredited or

evaluated by the product certification bodies under ISO/IEC

17025 standard, if there are no accredited laboratories in

the country; this will happen when in Colombia none

accredited laboratory is available to conduct the test.

The testing or trial laboratories, or both, are responsible for

conducting the tests and issue a results report. The product

certification body is responsible for making the decision on

the product conformity against the provisions in the


In an analysis for all the sectors, a relationship could be

established between the number of laboratories and what is

perceived as high industrialization level, since in the group

of countries used for comparison it is observed that in

Germany, Brazil and Mexico there are 2531, 950 and 934

testing laboratories respectively, while Colombia is in fifth

place with 222 laboratories. Such hypothesis would be

distorted insofar as, at least in number of vehicles

produced, Mexico produces much more than Brazil, and

Austria much more than Colombia, which constitutes a

possible sign of geographical concentration of the global

laboratory capacity. In the global movement industry, the

geographical concentration of laboratory infrastructure is

caused by complexity, technological specialization,

normative framework and testing frequency.

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

2531

Germany

950

Brazil

934

Mexico

238

Austria

222

Colombia

152

Argentina

147

Ecuador

Figure 24. Number of testing laboratories by country

Based on the IAF sectors analysis, the country is

determined as not having accredited laboratories for IAF

sectors 4, textiles; 12, chemicals; 18, machinery and

equipment, and 31, transport, warehousing and

communications.

It is observed that in Colombia there is a

complete lack of accredited laboratories

for regulations of equipment for

conversion to VNG, safety belts and

passenger public service vehicles. The

conformity demonstration to technical

regulations is then limited to the

alternatives included in each regulation.

This situation invites to evaluate the

causes of infrastructure absence and to

confirm this is not generating

nonconformity to such regulations

objectives.


44

Testing laboratory services in the automotive sector

5

4,5 5

4

3,5

3

2,5

2

1,5 2 2

1

Figure 25. Testing laboratories services in the automotive sector

0,5 1 0 0 0 0

0 IAF 14 IAF 15 IAF 17 IAF 22 IAF 4 IAF 12 IAF 18 IAF 31

From the point of view of IAF sectors of interest, it is also

observed that the sector in Colombia has conformity

assessment bodies accredited in each of them and that

for additional requirements, they would be very close to be

able to extend their accreditations scope.

Testing laboratory services in the automotive sector

8 CAB

LAB 7

6

5

4

3

Figure 26. Service portfolio 2

of CABs vs. laboratories 1

0

8

5

4 5 5 5 5

3 3

0 0 2

2

IAF 4 IAF 12

IAF 14 IAF 15

0 1

1 IAF 17

IAF 18 IAF 22

IAF 23


45

Magnitude Name of national

standard Measurement

interval Place where the standard rests

F. Scientific and industrial metrology

One of the functions of the national quality infrastructure is

to ensure the capacity in terms of metrology, so that the

products have a proper confidence level for the

competitiveness development and innovation to favor the

market of products at national and international level. In

Colombia, this function is performed by INM, technical body

with administrative and financial autonomy in charge of the

scientific and industrial metrology in the country. The INM

market comprises public and private sector organizations,

service users, scientific, academic, economic and industrial

community, and product, service and consultancy suppliers.

Created in 2011, INM is the competent authority to

administer the scientific and industrial metrology and it

provides reference materials, measurement standards

calibration, among others, while legal metrology is still

coordinated by the Superintendence of Industry and

Commerce. Currently, INM is responsible for providing

metrological services, supporting the metrological control

activities, as well as spreading and implementing

measurements traceable to the International system of

units. For this reason, INM constitutes one of three pillars of

the country’s quality system.

The Superintendence of Industry and Commerce, by

request of INM, officializes the national measurement

standards. In turn, INM safeguards or sets the guidelines

for custody according to international parameters, and

ensures the metrological traceability corresponding to the

magnitude under its responsibility.

INM has the following standards:

Table 11. List of INM’s measurement standards

Mass National mass standard 1 Kg

Force

Direct load machine 0,1 kN to 11 kN

Direct load machine 2 kN to 110 kN

Reference machine 20 kN to 1100 kN

Volume 50-liter container 50 L

Power and electrical energy Three-phase electronic comparator 0 Hz to 60 Hz

Torque Torque transducers kit from 1Nm to 3000 Nm

Pressure

Pneumatic pressure balance

Piston 1: 1,5 kPa to 8 kPa

Piston 2: 0,35 MPa to 1,75 MPa

Piston 3: 1,75 MPa to 7 MPa

Pneumatic pressure balance Piston 1: 1,5 kPa to 8 kPa

Piston 2: -100 kPa to -1,5 kPa

Pneumatic pressure balance Piston 1: -1,0 kPa to 1,5 kPa

Pneumatic pressure balance Piston 1: 0,14 MPa to 7 MPa

Piston 2: 7 MPa to 70 MPa



Angle Pattern block kit 0º to 45º

Direct electric voltage Direct voltage reference kit 10 V and 1,018 V

Electric resistance Materialized resistors kit 10 kΩ

Direct current intensity Multiple function calibrator 100 µA to 1 µA

La

bo

rato

rie

s o

f IN

M

Phys

ica

l Me

tro

log

y

Su

b-

Dir

ect

ion


46

Magnitude Name of national

standard Measurement

interval Place where the

standard rests

INM has achieved the CIPM membership and it is signatory

of the same entity, also it has a significant number of

services with DaaKs and BIPM recognition. Despite the

capacities developed in calibration, which are recognized in

the region, these are affected at the time of providing the

service due to logistical circumstances.

Services offered by INM have become a reference of

metrological quality in the country, so that measurements

can be done that are reliable and traceable to the

International system of units (SI), using the national

standards, safeguarded by INM based on quality systems

according to the international rules.

The Colombian Metrology Network is the synergetic union

of testing and calibration laboratories of public and private

nature, comparison programs suppliers, reference

materials producers, natural persons involved in

metrology matters and users of metrological products.

This network is coordinated by INM, specifically by the Sub-

Direction of Innovation and Technological Services and its

operation is guided by thematic and cross sub-networks.

The thematic sub-networks include: food, health, agriculture

and livestock, environment, pharmacy and cosmetics, mining,

oil and gas, energy, forensics and biomedicine. Cross sub-

networks include academy and industry. The automotive

sector, one of most relevant sectors in the country’s productive

machinery and in the demand for high exigence quality

standards, is not found in the thematic sub-networks of the

Colombian Metrology Network.

Alternating current intensity Multiple function calibrator 1 mA to 2 A (50 Hz to 1 kHz)

Alternate voltage Multiple function calibrator 2 mV to 1000V (50 Hz to 1 MHz)

Capacitance Capacitance bridge 100 pF to 100 nF (1kHz)

101 nF to 1 mF (100 Hz)

Time Atomic clock

Temperature

Gas humidity

Temperature fixed points 0, 0 1 º C, 2 9, 7 6 4 6 º C,

231,928ºC, 419,5270ªc

Kit of platinum resistance thermometers -197 ºC to 961,78ºC

Thermocouple kit 850 ºC to 1200 ºC

Density

System of relative humidity generation and measurement

10% HR to 95% HR

Density measurement system 6000 Kg/m3 to 2000 Kg/m3

La

bo

rato

rie

s o

f IN

M

Phys

ica

l Metr

olo

gy

Su

b-

Dir

ect

ion


47

G. Metrological products

Calibration and measurement The service of measuring instruments calibration consists of

a set of operations by which these are compared with

national measurement standards and their errors are

determined. For some instruments adjustment is also

conducted and other metrological characteristics are

defined, so calibrations or measurements, or both, are

offered in the following magnitudes:

Alternating and direct current

Density

Force

Temperature and humidity

Mass and balances

Dimensional metrology

Torque

Power and electric energy

Pressure

Time and frequency

Volume and flow

UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Filter certification in transmittance percentage

Filter certification in wavelength scale

Training on metrology Basic metrology

Measurement uncertainty

NTC-ISO 10012

Mass level 2

Geometric measurements

Dimensional level 2

Direct current

Torque

Force

Time and frequency

Small volumes

Basic concepts on chemical metrology

Good practices of conductivity measurement

Electrolytes

Uncertainty in quantitative chemical methods

Basic statistics

NTC-ISO 17025

Mass level 1

Mass level 3

Basic dimensional

Calibration of electric energy meters

Energy patterns and EPM

Pressure

Temperature and humidity

Density

Big volumes

Good practices of pH measurement

Validation of quantitative chemical methods

Technical assistance

SAM (Servicio de Asesoría Metrológica – Metrological consultancy service)

ECM (Evaluación de Capacidad Metrológica – Metrological capacity evaluation)

ECCT (Evaluación de Capacidad y Competencia Técnica – Technical capacity and competence evaluation) CFE (Cursos de formación específica – Specific training courses)

The movement industry highlights the function of the national metrology body as reference, representative and

manager of the country’s metrological services. Its mission before the industry, which today seeks the quality

performance improvement, is to strengthen such services. Providing support to this aspect, in terms of enhancing

its administrative capacities and human talent, as technical reference and trainer, is a strategic matter for the

competitiveness of the movement industry chain.


48


Participation in these benchmarking helps discovering

aspects to be improved in the measuring process and

proves reliability of data collected, if the evaluation results

are satisfactory.

Table 12. Magnitudes for which proficiency

testing service is provided

Production, certification and trade of reference materials

For the quality infrastructure in the movement industry all

the testing methods were identified for each requirement

related to technical regulations through which

manufacturers, traders or importers shall demonstrate the

conformity to the corresponding regulations.

Temperature pH

Electrolytic conductivity Temperature

Mass Volume

Length Force

Torque Density and Humidity

Pressure Direct and alternating current


H. Calibration laboratories

Accredited calibration laboratories have an important

function in the production control system of movement

industry products.

In the country, the quality infrastructure for the sector has

accredited laboratories in the following areas:

Table 13. Areas for accredited laboratories in Colombia

Angle Electricity, direct current

and low frequency

Mass (weighing

instruments, mass)

Acoustic pressure

Capacity – Electric generation Energy Water meters Optical systems properties

Electric capacitance Stress Energy meters Relation of A.C./D.C. transformation

(voltage and intensity)

Characterization of isothermal means in temperature

Spectrophotometry Gas meters Resistance

Flow (mass - volume) Photometry Gas mixtures Sensitivity

Colorimetry Frequency Level Electrical temperature simulation

(measurement and generation)

Conductivity Force Opacity Temperature

Electric current A.C. Relative humidity Torque Alternating current voltage

Electric current D.C. Alternating current intensity

Period Direct current voltage

Density Direct current intensity Power Transformers

Dimensional Time interval Hydrogen potential - pH Fluids velocity

Hardness Length Pressure Viscosity

Volume


49

In this case, the calibration laboratories show a

concentration in the sample similar to that of testing

laboratories. Germany, Brazil and Mexico have 476, 397

476

and 297 accredited laboratories respectively, in the different

calibration areas. Colombia has 129 accredited calibration

laboratories.

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Germany

397

Brazil

296

Mexico

129

Colombia

34

Austria

23

Argentina

18

Ecuador

Figure 27. Number of calibration

laboratories by country

Figure 28. Reference entities

of the automotive sector chain

to calibrate instruments.

I. Supervision and control

In line with Article 15, paragraphs 1 and 2, of Decree 4886

of 2011, the Investigations Direction has competence to

control and verify technical regulations and legal metrology,

supervise the instructions provided by the SIC regarding

technical regulations, as well as conduct the investigations

against conformity assessment bodies due to non-fulfillment

of their duties and obligations.

Currently, SIC surveils 32 technical regulations for all

sectors, of which five (5) are in the automotive sector.

Surveillance is done through monthly campaigns for two (2)

or three (3) technical regulations so that at the end of the

year all the technical regulations are covered.

One important finding in the

characterization of the demand

for calibration services is that

only 43 % of the times the

industry uses an accredited

laboratory. Nevertheless, this is

darkened by the fact that 25 % of

the times the measuring

instruments are not calibrated.

For the sector industrial

development awareness is

fundamental about the

significance of having

instruments calibrated with

recognized traceability.


50

Table 14. Technical regulations of the sector surveilled by SIC

Pneumatic tires Resolution 481 of April 4, 2008

Safety belts for motor vehicles use Resolution 1949 of July 17, 2009

Safety glass for use in motor vehicles

and their trailers Resolution 0322 of April 29, 2002

Motor vehicles braking systems Resolution 4983 of 2011

Bullet-resistant safety glass for use in motor

vehicle and their trailers Resolution 934 of April 21, 2008


Campaigns may be conducted unofficially or due to

reported complaints. Likewise, they may be conducted due

to documentary requirements or visits originating specific

requirements. Monitoring is done based on the technical

requirements covered in the corresponding technical

regulations.

The SIC team conducting the surveillance and control is

interdisciplinary. In charge of coordinating the technical

regulations is a team of fifteen (15) expert engineers and,

particularly, three (3) experts in coordinating the supervision

of automotive sector technical regulations. In the process

documented to conduct unofficial visits, SIC schedules to

each visit two (2) persons, one specialist engineer expert in

the technical regulations and the other is an accompanying

engineer who may be in training process on the specific

technical regulations.

The surveillance process to technical regulations

compliance by SIC is unofficially done for producers and

importers of products framed within the conformity to such

technical regulations.

SIC has tools that, without a doubt, enhance and improve

its management ability. This is the case of SICERCO

(Sistema de Información de Certificados de Conformidad -

Information System of Conformity Certificates), system that

incorporates, among others, the conformity certificates and

product inspection certificates subjected to compliance with

technical regulations, whose surveillance is under its

competence.

On the other hand, VUCE (Ventanilla Única de Comercio –

Single window for foreign trade) is the main tool to facilitate

trade in the country. Through it, foreign trade processes are

channeled for 62 000 users linked to 21 State entities, to

exchange information, eliminate redundant procedures,

implement efficient controls and promote transparent

administrative actions. To date, 4,5 million operations have

been carried out since 2005.

The following government entities take part in VUCE, which

are in charge of controlling foreign trade operations in the

national territory:

Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism Ministry

of Mines and Energy

Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development

ANLA Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales

(National Authority of Environmental Licenses)

Ministry of Transport

Ministry of Health and Social Welfare

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Ministry of National Defense

Ministry of Justice and Law


FNE (Fondo Nacional de Estupefacientes - National

Narcotics Fund)

AUNAP (Autoridad Nacional de Acuicultura y Pesca

(National Authority of Aquaculture and Fishing)

ICA Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (Colombian

Farming Institute)

INVIMA (Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de

Medicamentos y Alimentos - National Institute of

Medicaments and Food Surveillance)

SGC (Servicio Geológico Colombiano – Colombian

geological service)

Superintendence of Private Surveillance and Security

ANM Agencia Nacional de Minería (National Mining

Agency)

ANH Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (National

Hydrocarbons Agency)

INDUMIL Industria Militar de Colombia (Colombian

Military Industry)

DIAN (Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales

– National direction of taxes and customs)

National Police- Antinarcotics Direction


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35 38 30

25 30 28

20

15

10

5

21

12 9 7

0

The Direction of Foreign Trade of the MinCIT administers

the following processes and services, particularly those

related to the automotive sector:

Imports module

Exports module

Registry of National Assets Producers

Existence Certifications of national production

Qualification and verification of the

incorporation of national production materials

into the motorcycle assembly

Regime of transformation and assembly

Module of Simultaneous inspection system - SIIS

According to the registry of importers and manufacturers

registered and identified by SIC, in the charts it is observed that

in Colombia the highest number of manufacturers registration

corresponds to products related to conformity to Resolution

4983 of 2011, applicable to braking system or its components

for vehicles and their trailers. The following registration

corresponds to pneumatic tires manufacturers ruled by

Resolution 0481 of 2009, with a total number of thirty (30) registered

manufacturers.

In total, the number of manufacturers registered by regulations is

145. This is a low number for an industry having significant impact in

the country’s industrial machinery.

Figure 29. Manufacturers registered by regulations. 40

RES. 4983/2011

RES. 0481/2009

RES. 0322/2002

RES. 1949/2009

RES. 0538/2013

RES. 0934/2008

RES. 3753/2015

Source: Superintendence of Industry and Commerce-. Registry of producers, importers and service providers.

Requirements to demonstrate conformity and functions of

inspection, surveillance and control in the automotive

industry may vary according to the two main global

references: European standards as per the agreements of

the working group UNECE WP29 or the American scheme

monitored by NHTSA. For the first one, the conformity

assessment bodies certify the conformity to the

requirements. Since they have a legal responsibility stated

by accreditation standards, the surveillance authorities

have less activity in the market, while in the NHTSA

scheme, the vehicle producer states its conformity to the

requirements and, thus, the surveillance authority has a

more active role in conformity verification.


52

The movement industry has also two relevant requirements

to trade vehicles that are also subjected to surveillance:

- Vehicle homologation before the Ministry of Transport,

for private cargo vehicles and public service cargo and

passenger vehicles. This consists of a documentary

review and comparison of dimensional, geometric,

driving capacity, cargo and passenger characteristics,

and general aspects of other vehicle systems to

confirm the conformity to the legal limits in such

aspects.

- Obtaining of the emissions certificate by dynamic test,

whose process is today in charge of ANLA. It also

consists of a documentary review accompanied by

physical verification campaigns of the conformity to the

environmental requirements for mobile sources

emissions, before trading a vehicle. Such requirements

are set by the Ministry of Environment along with those

corresponding to the environmental control of vehicles

in circulation, known as static test.

Since vehicle homologation corresponds to a verification

to enter into the market, this activity needs to be in line

with the quality infrastructure regime set in Colombia.

This also involves, among other things, updating of

processes according to the best global practices of both,

automotive homologation and market surveillance.

Considering that normative structures for environmental

control of vehicles are standardized and are accepted

worldwide, these global regulation and control schemes

should be considered for the sector during the analysis

processes of normative impact, even more when such

references already include the implementation of

motorization technologies more environmental friendly

and with a higher potential of technological contribution

in the whole value chain.

The quality infrastructure, particularly regulators, accreditation body and surveillance authorities, needs having

capacity to support the industry within the two automotive normative frameworks, and in turn the industry can have

access to chains under both references. Based on the above, strategies need to be established to increase access

of such infrastructure actors to information sources, references and agreements with international entities, and

hence strengthen these capacities required specifically in the movement industry.


53

Conclusions

05

05 Conclusions

54

The movement industry is a global value chain, so that for

its products and services the borders are determined by the

links between buyer and supplier rather than political or

even geographical borders. This characteristic, despite

being global, it is not beyond the conditions promoting or

discouraging in each country the global buyer-supplier

interaction, conditions defined as infrastructure.

Infrastructure is, therefore, the supporting mechanism of the

industrial and commercial activity of a productive chain

having elements such as: communications and connectivity,

energy, traffic, utilities, legal, health and education elements

and, as the object of this study, quality. For the movement

industry, each quality infrastructure agent has an essential

role either for defining specifications, demonstrating

conformity or controlling the continual conformity to the

requirements, key matters, as stated before, for global

interaction.

Standardization is the function of the infrastructure

determining specifications and performance conditions for

products along the supply chain. Such function performed

by ICONTEC has resulted in the issuance of 345 standards,

of which currently only 12 % are used, behavior that may be

associated with updating status of the issued standards, low

adoption of international standards, technological evolution

or use of other standardization sources as vehicle

manufacturers or international or foreign rules. So, for the

movement industry it is essential that ICONTEC adopts a

strategy for normative updating, either turning to the

international scenarios specialized in standardization

according to its link as representative of the country, or

through consultation to the industry and government

entities. Likewise, the standardization process should

become continually more transparent and stricter before the

parties interested in standardization, by systematizing

discussions and technical arguments.

The Ministry of Transport shall enhance the institutional

capacities so that it conducts the regulation activities of the

movement industry that historically have been conducted by

the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism.

Technical regulation is one of the tools used by the State to

achieve the legal objectives as national security

preservation, prevention of practices leading to errors,

human health and safety protection, life, animal or plant

health, or environment protection. This function of the

quality infrastructure sets mandatory performance

requirements or specifications for the movement industry

products, either required to vehicles or the spare parts

for them to be traded in Colombia.

Technical regulation for the Colombian movement industry

consists of 16 administrative acts that, for requirement

included in the quality infrastructure definition, shall be

reviewed during 2018. This review shall be done

considering the methodology for AIN (Análisis de Impacto

Normativo - Normative impact analysis), and standards

and regulations ruling the global movement industry. To

accomplish this purpose, the personnel involved in

developing regulations for the industry need having the

capacity to apply in detail and depth the AIN methodology,

and, in short term, it is necessary to implement a training

plan to that end. In turn, the contents of the regulation

alternatives shall be harmonized and updated to the global

current regulations, in the global context of the WP.29 and

the US automotive regulations under surveillance of

NHTSA. This without demerit the implementation in the

medium term of a regulation plan of road and environment

safety in line with the methodology and the global

regulatory contents.

Accreditation, that confirms the competence of conformity

assessment bodies to develop their function, is an

essential aspect for the movement industry. This value

chain, although ruled by standards developed within the


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automotive assembly industry (that is by IATF), intensively

uses the public infrastructure, since conformity assessment

activities for management systems as ISO 9001, or testing

and calibration are carried out by conformity assessment

bodies accredited in the country. This function of the quality

infrastructure is still more relevant in the technical

regulations context, as it is active part of the official

mechanisms to control the accomplishment of the legitimate

objectives above mentioned.

Today, the accreditation function faces the challenge of

being a promoting factor of industry competitiveness by

keeping the continual improvement of accreditation costs

and procedures, on one hand, and not less important, by

ensuring the reciprocal recognition of both, the conformity

evidence issued in the country and that issued abroad.

Here it is worth remembering the global presence of the

movement industry value chain. Facing this, the

accreditation body shall set in its strategic plan a continual

surveillance of the global accreditation market which it

could be compared to and establish competitiveness goals

regarding price and procedure; also, it shall be an active

international participant and national guarantor of global

recognition of the conformity evidence.

Conformity assessment allows confirming the compliance

with the management system requirements, product

requirements or even work competences. For the

movement industry and the management systems, the

sufficient and competitive offer is fundamental of

certification services to ISO 9001, ISO 1400 or other quality

and sustainability standards required in the global market,

services that are accredited in the country. It is not less

important that also an offer exists of certification services

for management system standards distinctive of the

industry as IATF 16949 or VDA, accredited by

organizations linked to international automotive

associations.

To that end, the suppliers of management system

certification services shall be aware of not only the demand

by the movement industry, but also of the international

certification mechanisms, many of which are already

considered by bodies at national level.

For product conformity assessment, the conformity

assessment bodies shall set a strategy addressing the

Quality infrastructure for the Colombian movement industry

capacity to conduct tests in the country on the aspects

included in the technical regulations, either by supporting

the generation of these services demand, or as part of the

activation of schemes allowing using and recognizing the

international infrastructure. It is not redundant recalling the

need to consider the conformity assessment capacity in the

regulation alternatives.

Testing laboratories are key assets of the movement

industry chain, their use is recurrent in both, investigation

and development and control of processes and end

products. In principle, and as a general practice, the

laboratory competence shall be evaluated as per ISO

17025, but it shall not be the only consideration for their

installation and operation; aspects as characterization of

service demand, tests complexity and specialization,

accreditation for conducting tests, among other technical

and organizational aspects, shall be considered in the

feasibility analysis and the formulation of sustainable and

profitable business plans. This study shows that the

industry today needs to establish a clear strategy and,

depending on the case, to accredit the laboratories inside

the productive premises. To that end, the chain will need to

receive training on the planning of these assets.

Another pillar of the quality infrastructure is the scientific

and industrial metrology. This function, cross to any value

chain, is fundamental to ensure measurement traceability

and consistency in each magnitude used in industrial and

commercial processes. As essential support of the industry,

the national metrology body shall keep within its strategy

the continual improvement of services provided, as well as

the strengthening of metrological investigation in synchrony

with the technological challenges of the sector.

The metrological products requested to the national

metrology network and most used by the movement

industry, as calibration and measurement, training on

metrology, technical assistance, interlaboratory

benchmarking and production of reference materials,

complement the service offer of the country’s metrological

infrastructure. Such services are fundamental to enhance

the industry capacities, with efforts focused on increasing

productivity and access to more economies of scale the

industry will demand for them more frequently; based on

this and given the importance of the movement industry, it

is worth to prioritize the sector through the implementation

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05

05 Conclusions

56

of a dedicated services program.

Calibration or determination of errors of the measuring

instruments makes part of the essential activities to control

processes and products of the movement industry. In

general, the Colombian movement industry, unfortunately

does not recognize yet this importance, condition that limits

its capacity to take part in the global value chains. This

makes that training strategies on metrology focused on the

industry shall be implemented in the short term, as well as a

communication campaign allowing the calibration offer

recognizing its role in the movement industry

competitiveness. As a complement of this aspect, to

establish, in the movement industry strategies, the

accreditation activities for competences as per ISO 17025

of in-house calibration laboratories is decisive.

Finally, the supervision and control function allow

confirming that measures adopted in the technical

regulations are effective, and as a collateral result, ensuring

also the fair competence, by avoiding that products non

conforming to the minimum requirements included in the

technical regulations enter into the Colombian market. For

the movement industry, such function shall recognize the

value chain characteristics, its mechanisms for

demonstrating conformity and the best practices of

international regulators and entities for supervision and

control related to the global movement industry.

As stated for the regulation function, supervision and

control shall be aligned, both in strategic and operational

terms, with the global industry schemes: the WP.29 scheme

and that supervised by NHTSA; for this reason, the training

of personnel of the supervision and control institutions on

these aspects will lead, in the short term, to a higher

capacity to achieve the legitimate objectives and will be a

factor for higher competitiveness of the industry.

it is important to mention that the movement industry

recognizes today the Superintendence of Industry and

Commerce as supervision and control body, as well as the

Ministry of Transport and the National Authority of

Environmental Licenses which, with their approval related

to the compliance with regulations, vehicle homologation

and certificates of atmospheric emissions, allow that

vehicles and products be traded in Colombia.


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